SENARAI AHLI JAWATANKUASA DAN URUSETIA
EKSESAIS PEMANTAUAN PROJEK PUSAT PENYELIDIKAN PADI DAN BERAS
(PR) TAHUN 2020
Penasihat
Dr. Asfaliza binti Ramli
Pengarah
Pusat Penyelidikan Padi dan Beras
Ibu Pejabat MARDI
Pengerusi Program
Dr. Hartinee binti Abbas
Timbalan Pengarah PR2
MARDI Seberang Perai
Ahli Jawatankuasa 1
En. NurulNahar bin Esa
Ahli Jawatankuasa 2
Pn. Shahida binti Hashim
Urusetia Program
En Mohd Fairuz bin Md Suptian
Setiausaha Program
Cik Nur Zeyreen binti Abdul Kudus
Cik Nuraini binti Muhamad
Jawatankuasa Tugas-tugas Khas
En Muhammad Naim Fadzli
Cik Eernie Suryati Mohamad Zain
En. Zaki bin Musa
ATUR CARA
TARIKH PROGRAM
01 SEPTEMBER 2020 (SELASA)
3.00 ptg Pendaftaran Masuk Hotel
6.00 - 8.00 mlm MAKAN MALAM
8.00 - 8.30 mlm Pendaftaran kehadiran Penolong Pegawai Penyelidik (ARO) dan
Pembantu Penyelidik (RA) Pusat PR
8.30 - 8.40 mlm Bacaan Doa
8.40 - 10.00 mlm Perjumpaan Pengarah Pusat PR bersama Penolong Pegawai
Penyelidik (ARO) dan Pembantu Penyelidik (RA)
10.00 - 10.15 mlm BERSURAI
02 SEPTEMBER 2020 (RABU)
8.00 - 8.30 pg Pendaftaran Kehadiran Pegawai (RO), ARO dan RA Pusat PR
8.30 - 10.30 pg Ceramah oleh Pusat Pengurusan Kewangan MARDI (FM)
10.30 - 10.45 pg MINUM PAGI
10.45 - 12.45 tgh Ceramah oleh Pusat Audit Dalam MARDI (AD)
12.45 - 2.00 ptg MAKAN TENGAHARI / REHAT / SOLAT
2.00 - 3.00 ptg Program Bersama Timbalan Ketua Pengarah MARDI dan
Pegawai-Pegawai Penyelidik (RO)
PEMBENTANGAN KEMAJUAN PENYELIDIKAN
3.00 - 3.30 ptg Projek Rintis Penanaman Padi Pulut - K/G0023510-0903
Pn. Shahida Hashim
3.30 - 4.00 ptg Development of SK Cote Fertilizer Package on Hill Rice
Cultivation - K/FS020211-1401
En. Zaki Musa
4.00 - 4.30 ptg Evaluation and Development of Softguard for Rice Cultivation in
Malaysia - K/FS023210-0903
Pn. Kogeethavani a/p Ramachandran
4.30 - 5.00 ptg Efficacy of Copper-Thiadiazole and Bronopole Application
Against Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease of Rice - NIRI118210
Pn. Kogeethavani a/p Ramachandran
5.00 - 5.30 ptg Co-development and Transfer of Rice Technology - K/FS021010-
0903
Cik Rahiniza Kamaruzaman
5.30 - 6.00 ptg Development of IBG Multipurpose Biofertilizer for Rice
Cultivation - K/FS023910-0903
En. Muhammad Naim Fazli Abd Rani
6.00 - 6.15 ptg MINUM PETANG
6.15 - 8.00 mlm MAKAN MALAM
1
TARIKH PROGRAM
03 SEPTEMBER 2020 (KHAMIS)
7.00 - 8.00 pg Pendaftaran
PEMBENTANGAN KEMAJUAN PENYELIDIKAN
8.00 - 8.30 pg Program Pelaksanaan Soil Profiling & Pengesyoran Pembajaan Lokasi
Spesifik bagi Kawasan Penanaman Padi Negara - K/G0017211-0903
En. Muhammad Naim Fazli Abd Rani
8.30 - 9.00 pg Evaluation of MPC on Rice - NIRI118910
En. Muhammad Naim Fazli Abd Rani
9.00 - 9.30 pg Potential of Revolt13.0EC® (Oxadiazon) to Control Weedy Rice and
General Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice System - NIRI217110
En. Dilipkumar Masilamany
9.30 - 10.00 pg Evaluation Of 3,4 – di Methly Pyrazole Phosphate (DMPP)- Treated
Urea on Plant Growth, Yield Components and Grain Yield for Rice
Cultivation - NIRI318810
En. NurulNahar Esa
10.00 - 10.15 pg MINUM PAGI
10.15 - 10.45 pg Evaluation of OSAB/ABY on Plant Growth and Grain Yield of Rice in
Malaysia - NIRI219910
En. NurulNahar Esa
10.45 - 11.15 pg Verification of New Silica Enriched NPK Compound Fertilizer by
NAFAS In Selected Rice Cultivation Area – NAFAS - NIRI317810
Dr. Chong Tet Vun
11.15 -12.45 tgh Evaluation on Eficacy of Nativo and Adjuvants Applied with Drone and
Other Spraying Equipment and Operator Exposure Level to Tracer -
NIRI018010
Pn. Siti Norsuha Misman
12.45 - 2.00 ptg MAKAN TENGAHARI / REHAT / SOLAT
2.00 - 2.30 ptg Evaluation of SYNGENTA’S Fungicides and Insecticides for Rice
Cultivation in Malaysia - NIRI218410
Pn. Siti Norsuha Misman
2.30 - 3.00 ptg Evaluation of BAYER Hybrid Rice - ARIZE 6444 Gold and TEJ Gold
– BAYER - NIRI118510
En. Elixon Sunian Sulaiman
3.00 - 3.30 ptg Evaluation of a Mutant Rice Variety NMR151 According to Rice
Varietal Release SOPs - NIRI119810
En. Elixon Sunian Sulaiman
3.30 - 4.00 ptg Verification on the efficacy of Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides
to Control Weed, Pest and Disease for Rice Cultivation in Malaysia -
NIRI218610
Pn. Maisarah Mohd Saad
4.00 - 4.30 ptg Evaluation of ADVANSIA’s Insecticides to Control Rice Leaf Folder
and Rice Stem Borers in Malaysian Rice Cultivation - NIRI319610
2
4.30 - 5.00 ptg Pn. Maisarah Mohd Saad
Verification on the Efficacy of ADVANSIA’s Insecticides, Fungicides
5.00 - 5.30 ptg and Herbicides to Control Pest, Disease and Weeds In Malaysian Rice
5.30 - 6.00 ptg Rice Cultivation - NIRI319610
6.00 ptg En. Mohd Fitri Masarudin
Rumusan oleh Pengarah Pusat PR
MINUM PETANG
PROGRAM TAMAT & BERSURAI
3
ABSTRAK
4
TAJUK PROJEK M/S
PROJEK RINTIS PENANAMAN PADI PULUT 7
11
EVALUATION OF SK COTE FERTILIZER ON HILL RICE CULTIVATION 19
25
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTGUARD FOR RICE CULTIVATION 29
IN MALAYSIA (DISEASES) 30
42
EFFICACY OF COPPER-THIADIAZOLE AND BRONOPOL APPLICATION 43
AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF RICE 48
52
CO-DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF RICE TECHNOLOGY
59
DEVELOPMENT OF IBG MULTIPURPOSE BIO FERTILIZER FOR RICE 63
CULTIVATIO 67
PROGRAM PELAKSANAAN SOIL PROFILING & PENGESYORAN PEMBAJAAN 76
LOKASI SPESIFIK BAGI KAWASAN PENANAMAN PADI NEGARA 77
EVALUATION OF MPC ON RICE : 3RD SEASON 78
79
MARDI-BASF COLLABORATION PROJECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
LOCAL RICE VARIETY TOLERANT TO THE IMIDAZOLINE HERBICIDE 82
POTENTIAL OF REVOLT13.0EC® (OXADIAZON) TO CONTROL WEEDY RICE 89
AND GENERAL WEEDS IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE SYSTEM.
93
EVALUATION OF 3,4 - DI METHLY PYRAZOLE PHOSPHATE (DMPP) -
TREATED UREA ON PLANT GROWTH, YIELD COMPONENTS AND GRAIN
YIELD FOR RICE CULTIVATION
EVALUATION OF OSAB/ABY ON PLANT GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD OF
RICE IN MALAYSIA
VERIFICATION OF NEW SILICA ENRICHED NPK COMPOUND FERTILIZER BY
NAFAS IN SELECTED RICE CULTIVATION AREA
EVALUATION ON EFICACY OF NATIVO AND ADJUVANTS APPLIED WITH
DRONE AND OTHER SPRAYING EQUIPMENT AND OPERATOR EXPOSURE
LEVEL TO TRACER
EVALUATION OF SYNGENTA’S FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES FOR RICE
CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA
EVALUATION OF BAYER HYBRID RICE - ARIZE 6444 GOLD AND TEJ GOLD –
BAYER
EVALUATION OF A MUTANT RICE VARIETY NMR152 ACCORDING TO RICE
VARIETAL RELEASE SOPS
VERIFICATION ON THE EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES AND
INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL WEEDS, PESTS AND DISEASES IN MALAYSIAN
RICE CULTIVATION
EVALUATION OF ADVANSIA’S INSECTICIDE TO CONTROL RICE LEAF
FOLDER AND RICE STEM BORERS IN MALAYSIAN RICE CULTIVATION
VERIFICATION ON THE EFFICACY OF ADVANSIA’S INSECTICIDES,
FUNGICIDES AND HERBICIDES TO CONTROL PESTS, DISEASES AND WEEDS
IN MALAYSIAN RICE CULTIVATION
5
COLLABORATION OF MARDI-BASF ON DEVELOPMENT OF ACCASE
TOLERANT HYBRID RICE VARIETY, AGRONOMIC PACKAGES AND THE
STEWARDSHIP GUIDELINES 98
6
PROJEK RINTIS PENANAMAN PADI PULUT
Shahida Hashim1, Asfaliza Ramli2, Muhammad Naim Fadzli Abd Rani1, Siti Norsuha Misman1, Maisarah
Mohamad Saad1, Kogeethavani Ramachandran1, Mohd Fitri Masarudin1, Chong Tet Vun3, Rahiniza
Kamaruzaman2, Elixon Sunian1, Badrulhadza Amzah2, Heri Yanto Mustafa1 and Hanisa Hosni2
1MARDI Seberang Perai, Kepala Batas, Penang
2MARDI Headquaters, Serdang, Selangor
3MARDI Alor Setar, Kedah
ABSTRACT
A pilot project of glutinous rice was conducted at four different locations in Pulau Langkawi with a total
area of 38.96 ha during Musim 2/2019 and Musim 1/2020. The cropping area was located outside the
irrigation scheme and it was fully depended on the rainfall for its irrigation requirement. The project is
responsible to several agencies under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (formerly known as
Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry) as one of the step to reduce import of glutinous rice
and infact RM30 million has been allocated by the Government through Budget 2020 for this aim. Pulut
Siding (MR47) which was released in 1981 was used for this project. The roles of MARDI for this project
were to produce and supply the Pulut Siding seed and as well as to deliver technologies related to glutinous
rice. For the first cropping season (Musim 2/2019), 5500 trays of Pulut Siding were prepared and the
seedlings were then transplanted to the pilot plot by MARDI. For the second season (Musim 1/2020), PPK
Langkawi was assigned to handle the cultivation activities by using 2.5 mt of seed produced by MARDI.
Currently, 21.5 mt of Pulut Siding seed were processed and stored in MARDI Sbrg. Perai prior handed
to PPK Langkawi. It is estimated that by October 2020, approximately 8 mt of seed planted in MARDI
Sbrg. Perai will be produced. A trial on fertilizer requirement of Pulut Siding was also revised using an
omission technique. A variation of yield performance was shown depending on the nutrient elements
applied. A monitoring of pest and disease incidence at all pilot project plots was also conducted. At Kg.
Batu Duyong and Kg. Ayer Hangat, more than 5% incidence of sheath blight and sheath brown rot was
recorded. Others disease recorded were brown spot, sheath rot and false smut.
Keywords: seed, fertilizer, pest, disease, glutinous rice
INTRODUCTION
Glutinous rice or locally known as padi pulut is a sticky rice and it is classified as specialty rice.
Currently, Malaysia is importing glutinous rice from major world-producing countries where 4% of
total amount of rice import contributed from glutinous rice (Tapsir et al., 2017). By referring to this
fact, former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad had mooted an idea to turn
Pulau Langkawi into a major pulut or glutinous rice producer. The idea is not only to focus on reducing
the rice import but indirectly it may help to boost the income of local farmers. Hence, related agencies
under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (formerly known as Ministry of Agriculture and
Agro-based Industry) such as LPP, PPK Langkawi, DOA and MARDI was given a task to produce
glutinous rice in Pulau Langkawi and RM30 million has been allocated by the Government via Budget
2020 for this aim. Pulut Siding (MR47) which was released in 1981 is one of the glutinous rice produced
by MARDI other than Masria and Pulut Malaysia 1. This variety has been selected by breeders for
glutinous rice pilot project in Pulau Langkawi. Four locations which comprised of 38.96 ha were
selected for this project namely Kg. Batu Duyong, Kg. Ayer Hangat, Kg. Ulu Melaka and Kg.
Baru/Teluk. These areas were located outside of the irrigation scheme and plant water requirement is
depended largely on the rainfall. In this project, MARDI was assigned to produce and supply foundation
seed of Pulut Siding, provide cultivation workplan, revise fertilizer requirement and deliver technical
advice from time to time. For the first time, MARDI was appointed to introduce cultivation of Pulut
Siding using transplanting method in Pulau Langkawi. Thus, preparation of seeding tray was done in
order to transplant the seedling at all 38.96 ha of this pilot project plot.
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Seeding Tray and Transplanting
For first cropping season (Musim 2/2019), 5500 trays of Pulut Siding were prepared and the seedlings
were then transplanted to the soil using a transplanter.
Multiplication of Pulut Siding Seed
Six and two hectares of paddy field in MARDI Sbrg. Perai were used for multiplication of Pulut Siding
seed during main-season 2019/2020 and off-season 2020, respectively.
Fertilizer Requirement of Pulut Siding
The first season trial was conducted at using a randomly complete block design with four replications.
Location was used as a replication. The plot size used was 5 m x 5 m. The treatments of the trial were
consisted as follow:
T1 – Without nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), kalium (K)
T2 – Without N, with PK
T3 – Without P, witk NK
T4 – Without K, with NP
T5 – With NPK
Monitoring of Pest and Disease
A monitoring of pest and disease was carried out at two locations of pilot project plot namely Kg. Batu
Duyong and Kg. Ayer Hangat. The monitoring was done during dough (109 days after transplanting –
DAT) and milking (99 DAT) at Kg. Batu Duyong and Kg. Ayer Hangat, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Production of Pulut Siding Seed
To date, 21.5 mt of Pulut Siding were produced and stored in MARDI Sbrg. Perai before the seed
handed to PPK Langkawi for cultivation of following seasons. Concurrently, 6 ha of paddy field in
MARDI Sbrg. Perai have been used for multiplication of Pulut Siding seed and it is expected that by
October 2020, 8 mt of seed will be produced.
Fertilizer Requirement of Pulut Siding
Application of different nutrient elements to Pulut Siding recorded different yield performance as
shown in Table 1. The yield decreased by 37.1-39.7% when sources of N did not applied to the plants
throughout cropping period. This indicated that the available N in the soil was not sufficient for the
plants to grow as good as plants treated with full NPK fertilizer.
8
Table 1. Effects of fertilizer on yield performance
of Pulut Siding during Musim 2/2019
Treatment Yield (t/ha)
T1 (Without NPK) 2.62
T2 (Without N, with PK) 2.67
T3 (Without P, with NK) 3.18
T4 (Without K, with NP) 3.24
T5 (With NPK) 3.66
The fertilizer requirement of Pulut Siding in Pulau Langkawi will be recommended once two seasons
trial completed using a formulation suggested by Dobermann et al. (2002). The result of second season
trial is expected to be completed by November 2020.
Pest and Disease
Several major rice diseases were recorded in Kg. Batu Duyong and Kg. Ayer Hangat during Musim
2/2019 (Figure 1). The highest disease incidence was recorded by sheath brown rot (7-10.8%) followed
by sheath blight (5.2-6.6%) for both locations. Others disease such as bacteria panicle blight and
bacteria leaf blight were observed in Kg. Ayer Hangat with an incidence of 2.8%.
Incidence (%) 12 10.8
10 Kg. Ayer Hangat
Kg. Batu Duyong
8
7
6.6
6 5.2
4
2.7 2.8 2.8
BLB
2.1
2 1.5 0.9
0.1 0
0.2 0.5
0
Sheath blight Brown spot Sheath rot Sheath Grain Narrow BPB
brown rot discoloration brown spot
Disease
Figure 1. Disease incidence observed in Kg. Batu Duyong and Kg. Ayer Hangat
The population of pest was also recorded during Musim 2/2019 in Kg. Batu Duyong and Kg. Ayer
Hangat. Three major pests were recorded namely brown planthopper (BPH), green leafhopper (GLH)
and rice bug (Figure 2). The population of GLH recorded the highest number followed by BPH with
the population of 5.2-6.6 and 1.5-2.1, respectively. The incidence of stem borer was also recorded and
result shows that the incidence of stem borer was 26.9% higher in Kg. Ayer Hangat than Kg. Batu
Duyong (Figure 3).
9
No of population 7 6.6 Kg. Ayer Hangat
6 5.2 Kg. Batu Duyong
5
4 2.1
3 1.5
2
1 0.2 0.5
0
Rice bug Brown plant
Green plant hopper
hopper
Pest
Figure 2. Number of population of pest in Kg. Batu Duyong
and Kg. Ayer Hangat during Musim 2/2019
Incidence (%) 8 6.6 5.2
6
4
2
0
Kg. Ayer Hangat Kg. Batu Duyong
Location
Figure 3. Incidence of stem borer in Kg. Batu Duyong and Kg.
Ayer Hangat during Musim 2/2019
CONCLUSION
Cultivation of glutinous rice has a potential because it is one of the main sources of carbohydrate in
most Malaysian traditional dessert. By referring to the yield recorded from omission study, it can be
concluded that with an adequate of fertilizer and good management practices, the potential yield of
Pulut Siding can be reached 3 mt/ha in Pulau Langkawi.
REFERENCES
Tapsir, S., Rosnani, H., Engku Elini, E.A. and Nik Rozana, N.M.M. (2017). Senario Ekonomi
Pengeluaran Padi di Malaysia. Paper presented at Persidangan Padi Kebangsaan 2017, 26-28
September 2017, Dorsett Grand Subang, Selangor, pp 13-27
Dobermann, A., Witt, C. and Dawe, D. (2002). Performance of Site-Specific Nutrient Management in
Intensive Rice Cropping System of Asia. Better Crops Interntional, 16(1): 25-30
10
EVALUATION OF SK COTE FERTILIZER ON HILL RICE
CULTIVATION
Zaki Musa1, Mohamad Najib Mohd Yusof2, Ernie Suryati Mohamad Zain1, Helda Souki3, Adrian Wong4
1MARDI Kuching, Jalan Sultan Tengah, 93050
Petra Jaya, Kuching, Sarawak.
2MARDI Seberang Perai, Beg Berkunci No. 203,
Pejabat Pos Kepala Batas, 13200 Seberang Perai,
Pulau Pinang.
3MARDI Sabah, No. 1 (Lot 2), Malawa Zone,
Jalan 3, KKIP Selatan 2, Kota Kinabalu Industrial
Park, 88460 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
4SK Spesialties Sdn. Bhd., No. 2, Lorong Then
Kung Suk 3, Upper Lanang, P.O. Box 284, 96007
Sibu, Sarawak.
Corresponding author email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Hill rice is widely cultivated in Sabah and Sarawak with an estimated total area of more than 50,000
hectares. There was no specific assistance from the federal government for hill rice farmers before Skim
Baja dan Racun Padi Bukit (SBRPB) was introduced in 2015. Under the scheme, registered farmers
received 200 kg/ha of NPK compound fertilizer (15:12.5:17.5:1+TE+HA+NUE) to be applied at 15 days
after emergence (DAE), 15 litres/ha liquid Nitrogen fertilizer with application at 45 and 85 DAE
respectively, and weedicide (glufosinate ammonium 18%) for land clearing. Due to vast, scattered, and
hilly conditions of cultivation areas, yield reported due to the application of the fertilizer has been varied.
Multiple fertilizer application has also been reported to burden the farmers because of steep topography,
resulting in farmers to either skip the fertilizer application or applied through broadcasting which has
major effect on the nutrient uptake because of surface run-off. Therefore, a study consisting of five
fertilizer treatments (T1: Control with no fertilizer; T2: SBRPB; T3: NPK SBRPB + CRF Urea 43%; T4:
Controlled released fertilizer (CRF) and T5: MARDI’s Manual) with various application timing has been
conducted in Sabah and Sarawak to evaluate its effect on the growth and yield of padi bukit. From the
results, application of CRF at 150 kg/ha which was mixed with the seeds and dribbled together in the same
hole showed higher yield at both plot in Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah, this treatment resulted in yield
increment of 32.2% (2.97 t/ha), while in Sarawak the yield is significantly higher by 56.0% (2.63 t/ha) as
compared to the SBRPB (T2). Furthermore, the application of CRF fertilizer is only once compared to
SBRPB (3 times); T3 (2 times) and T5 (5 times). This will reduce the burdensome and the labour cost for
fertilizer application.
Keywords: hill rice; yield; SK Cote; Sabah; Sarawak
INTRODUCTION
Most of hill rice in Malaysia is cultivated in Sabah and Sarawak with an estimated area of more than
50,000 hectares. Since 2015, Skim Baja dan Racun Padi Bukit/Huma (SBRPB) has been introduced
with inputs consisted of 200 kg NPK compound fertilizer (15:12.5:17.5:1+TE+HA+NUE), 15 litres
liquid Nitrogen fertilizer (25% N) and weedicide (glufosinate ammonium 18%). To provide an
alternative to the current fertilizer package, SK Spesialties Sdn. Bhd. has come out with controlled
released fertilizer (SK Cote) for hill rice. SK Cote is a water-soluble fertilizer coated with biodegradable
polymer to enable nutrients to be released over a period of times. Nutrients are released when moisture
penetrates the coating, then dissolves the nutrients inside the granule which in turn builds up an osmotic
pressure. Fertilizer can then diffuse through the coating over duration. The capsule then biodegrades,
and residual nutrients are released. The coating technology mechanism would be able to reduce labour
cost and improve fertilizer uptake.
11
SK Spesialties Sdn. Bhd. has requested MARDI to test the efficacy of the SK Cote fertilizer on hill
rice cultivation and a memorandum of agreement to conduct collaboration research between MARDI
and SK Specialties Sdn. Bhd. was sealed on the 5th October 2016. The project was extended until 15th
August 2018 as agreed by both parties to verify the earlier findings from the experimental plot to
upscaling plot in Sabah and Sarawak. The objective of this project is to evaluate the effects of SK
COTE fertilizer on plant growth and grain yield under hill rice cultivation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The project was conducted in experimental plot before being verified at larger plot using the best
treatment against SBRPB. In Sabah, the experimental plot was conducted at Kpg Melangkap while the
verification plot was at Kpg Kayangat. In Sarawak, both plots were conducted in Kpg Sepadah, Bau.
Evaluation of Different Fertilizer Package at Experimental Plot
The experiment which consisted of five treatments as shown in Table 1 was arranged in Randomized
Complete Block Design with four replications. The size of the experimental plot was 4 m x 4 m. The
variety used was padi Tambunan (Sabah) and padi Kuning (Sarawak). Both varieties are traditional
variety that has maturation period of between 150 to 160 days.
Table 1. Treatments to evaluate the effects of SK COTE fertilizer formulation on plant growth and
grain yield in hill rice.
Days after
Treatments Description Fertilizer type Amount/hectare emergence
(DAE)
T1 Untreated 0 00
T2 SBRPB Sebatian NPK 200 15-20
(33.75:25:35) (15:12.5:17.5:1+TE+HA+NUE) 10 liters 40-45
Coron (25:0:0+0.5B)
Coron (25:0:0+0.5B) 5 liters 80-85
T3 SK Cote 1 Sebatian NPK 200 15-20
(15:12.5:17.5:1+TE+HA+NUE)
SK Cote Coated Urea (43% N) 50 0
T4 SK Cote 2 Sebatian NPK (23:9:13:1 150 0
MgO+TE)
Sebatian NPK 200 15-20
T5 Manual Padi (15:12.5:17.5:1+TE+HA+NUE) 4 liters 65
Bukit by MARDI Foliar fertilizer (16:16:16) 50kg 85-90
Urea (46%) 50kg 115-120
(2015) Urea (46%)
Foliar fertilizer (16:16:16) 4 liters 130
Soil sampling for soil physico-chemical analysis was conducted before sowing and after harvesting to
determine the effect of the fertilizer on the soil. The types of data, parameters and collection time is
shown in Table 2.
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Table 2. Types of data, parameters, and data collection time.
No. Types of data Parameters Time (DAE)
1. Soil Physico-chemical properties before sowing
after harvesting
2. Plant growth Number of tillers. 15, 55, 75, 95 and at harvest
Plant height.
3. Plant nutrient indicator Chlorophyll contents using SPAD value 30, 55, 75, 95 and at harvest
4. Yield component Panicle number per meter square At harvest
Spikelet number per panicle
Percentage of filled grain
1000-grain weight
5. Yield CCT yield (3 m x 3 m) At harvest
The data collected were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare treatment effects
on parameters taken following the statistical procedure stated by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Mean
comparison was performed by using Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) test at 5% level of significance
upon obtaining significant F-value of the factor and interaction.
Verification of the Fertilizer Package
The best treatment from the experimental plot trial was selected and verified against SBRPB using an
acre plot. The yield from both plots were determined for comparison.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soils physico-chemical analysis
The soils physico-chemical properties from Sabah and Sarawak are shown in Table 3. The physical
analysis showed that the soil is categorized as sandy loam soil. The chemical analysis showed that the
field is less fertile with CEC value less than 10 cmol/kg. The soils collected were found to be slightly
acidic in nature, but pH values are not influenced by soil depths. The pH of the soil is lower than the
optimal pH required for paddy planting (pH 5.5 to 6.0) as recommended by MARDI (2000). The slightly
acidic nature of the soil may affect nutrient availability especially the micronutrients of Cu and Zn in
soil to plants (Fageria et al., 2011; Öborn et al., 1995). Total nitrogen was observed to be low in Kpg
Sepadah, Bau with only 0.12%, while in Kpg Melangkap was 0.22%. The optimal values of N for paddy
requirement as recommended by MARDI (2000) is between 0.2% to 0.3%. The low concentration of
total nitrogen at the experimental site may be attributed to low accumulation of soil organic matter
which was below 2% for both sites. The result of the available phosphorus obtained from both sites are
well below the optimal value recommended by MARDI (2000) for paddy planting of 40 ppm. The low
available phosphorus may be attributed to phosphorus fixation by iron and aluminium in soil. However,
the exchangeable potassium obtained was higher than the recommended value of at least 0.1 cmol/kg.
13
Table 3. Physico-chemical properties of soils of Kpg Melangkap, Sabah and Kpg Sepadah, Bau,
Sarawak
Physical properties Kpg Melangkap, Sabah Kpg Sepadah, Bau, Sarawak
Coarse sand (%) 4.20 5.08
Fine sand (%) 65.12 64.29
Silt (%) 12.22 11.11
Clay (%) 18.46 19.52
Chemical properties 0-20cm 20-40cm 0-20cm 20-40cm
pH (1:2.5 in distilled water) 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.3
Total N (%) 0.22 0.16 0.12 0.09
Organic C (%) 1.96 1.28 1.23 0.58
Available P (ppm) 3 2 8 3
Available Zn (ppm) 4 3 1 1
Exchangeable K (cmol/kg) 0.29 0.22 0.17 0.1
Exchangeable Ca (cmol/kg) 0.75 0.49 0.63 0.34
Exchangeable Mg (cmol/kg) 0.62 0.45 0.23 0.12
Total Boron (ppm) 8 5 4 4
Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol/kg) 7.79 10.9 8.18 6.55
Soil chemical analysis after harvest at 0 cm to 20 cm depth in Table 4 showed that the chemical changes
in soil was not affected by the fertilizer treatments (T1 until T5) as compared to soil’s chemical
properties taken before the experiment implemented.
Table 4. Soil chemical properties after harvest at Kpg Melangkap, Sabah and Kpg Sepadah, Bau,
Sarawak
Parameter Kpg Melangkap, Sabah Kpg Sepadah, Bau, Sarawak
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
pH (1:2.5 in distilled water) 4.8 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5
Total N (%) 0.2 0.17 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.11
Organic C (%) 1.65 1.5 1.82 1.6 1.34 1.14 1.04 1.41 1.27 1.21
Available P (ppm) 3333286878
Available Zn (ppm) 3332234133
Exchangeable K (cmol/kg) 0.24 0.17 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.13 0.15 0.13 1.27 1.21
Exchangeable Ca (cmol/kg) 0.66 0.64 0.54 0.85 0.34 0.66 1.02 0.52 0.67 0.79
Exchangeable Mg (cmol/kg) 0.93 0.54 0.47 0.57 0.38 0.21 0.30 0.19 0.28 0.27
Total Boron (ppm) 7787654443
Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol/kg) 11 9.45 11.2 9.69 9.37 7.24 7.25 7.92 7.03 8.34
Plant Growth Performance
The effect of treatments on plant height, number of tillers per hill and SPAD readings value is shown
in Table 5 and Table 6 for Kpg Melangkap, Sabah and Kpg Sepadah, Bau, respectively. Data from both
sites showed that T4 could promote the growth of rice plant at the early stage which could give an
advantage to the rice plant in competition against weeds and resources such as sunlight. However, the
plant heights in all treatments were similar when approaching maturity.
Number of tillers/m2 showed some differences especially between control (T1) and treatments receiving
fertilizer (T2, T3, T4, and T5). T1 consistently produced the lowest tiller in all sampling stages. This
showed the importance of fertilizer in producing more tiller number as one of the key determinant
factors in yield.
14
There were no obvious differences in SPAD meter readings for both sites although T1 recorded the
lowest value across data collection stages. A further study needs to be carried out to determine the
nutrient uptake especially Nitrogen to evaluate the effect of the fertilizer at different growth stages.
15
Table 5. Effects of different fertilizer package on plant height, n
Treatments Plant Height Num
15 DAE 55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE 15 DAE 5
T1 36.8 ab 103.2 b 148.3 a 145.7 a 80 b 1
T2 34.5 b 124.3 a 130.0 a 160.6 a 84 b 1
T3 35.2 b 121.2 a 132.5 a 159.2 a 104 ab 1
T4 44.0 ab 127.6 a 129.7 a 153.5 a 108 a 1
T5 35.0 b 126.1 a 136.0 a 159.6 a 112 a 1
Mean 37.1 120.5 135.3 156.7 98
CV (%) 10.44 5.76 12.32 6.6 9.81
Pr>F * * ns ns *
Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05; Mean follow
Table 6. Effects of different fertilizer package on plant height, num
Treatments Plant Height Nu
15 DAE 55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE 15 DAE 5
T1 26.3 b 31.9 a 106.1 a 115.6 b 88 a
T2 28.0 ab 34.5 a 111.1 a 123.0 ab 104 a
T3 26.8 ab 36.6 a 118.6 a 129.8 ab 128 a 2
T4 31.1 ab 37.0 a 117.2 a 129.8 ab 108 a 1
T5 26.8 ab 35.9 a 112.9 a 129.4 ab 112 a
Mean 27.8 35.2 113.2 131.8 a 108
CV (%) 6.95 7.82 5.72 125.9 19.12
Pr>F * ns ns * ns
Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05; Mean followed
number of tillers and SPAD readings value at Kpg Melangkap, Sabah.
mber of tillers/m2 SPAD readings value
55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE 15 DAE 55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE
112 d 124 a 104 b 36.3 a 35.9 a 36.0 a 38.9 a
124 c 128 a 108 ab 38.7 a 39.1 a 41.5 a 39.9 a
128 b 136 a 116 ab 38.1 a 39.1 a 39.2 a 41.9 a
128 b 140 a 120 ab 39.2 a 38.2 a 38.1 a 38.3 a
136 a 140 a 128 a 39.1 a 38.1 a 37.5 a 42.3 a
126 134 115 38.3 38.1 38.5 40.3
1.24 6.74 9.4 3.45 4.28 8.7 7.32
* ns * ns ns ns ns
wed with different alphabet is significant using Tukey’s Test
mber of tillers and SPAD readings value at Kpg Sepadah, Bau, Sarawak.
umber of tillers/m2 SPAD readings value
55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE 15 DAE 55 DAE 75 DAE 95 DAE
96 c 100 c 80 c 33.3 b 37.2 a 38.0 a 39.0 a
164 b 164 b 124 b 35.5 ab 38.9 a 39.9 a 37.5 a
212 ab 220 a 176 a 37.1 ab 39.6 a 40.2 a 40.5 a
184 ab 208 ab 184 a 36.7 ab 36.4 a 37.6 a 39.3 a
236 a 244 a 204 a 35.7 ab 37.9 a 38.1 a 41.5 a
178 187 154 36 38 39 40
13.8 10.09 10.9 3.46 5.08 4.83 6.96
*** * ns ns ns
d with different alphabet is significant using Tukey’s Test
16
Effect of Different Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Component
There was no significant effect on yield observed in Kpg Melangkap, Sabah as shown in Table 7.
However, the yield of T3, T4 and T5 is higher by 4.2%, 32.2% and 23.4%, respectively, than T2
(SBRPB). In Sarawak, significant differences were observed in yield between T3, T4 and T5, against
T1 and T2 (Table 8). T4 from both sites recorded the highest yield although the application of the
fertilizer is only once at seed sowing. This will provide a better and practical choice for farmers in
application of fertilizer than the other treatments while reducing the cost of labour. Furthermore, the
fertilizer in T4 is mix with the seeds and dribbled together. This could help improve nutrient uptake and
reduce the surface run-off due to hilly condition as well as rain.
Table 7. Effects of different fertilizer package on yield and yield component at Kpg
Melangkap, Sabah.
Treatments Yield Panicle Spikelet Filled grain 1000 grain weight
(kg/ha) no./m2 no./panicle (%) (g)
T1 1805 a 141 a 90 a 47.6 a 25.11 a
T2 2245 a 146 a 114 a 45.6 a 25.08 a
T3 2340 a 147 a 95 a 50.4 a 24.12 a
T4 2967 a 149 a 100 a 40.4 a 25.86 a
T5 2770 a 149 a 94 a 44.0 a 25.00 a
Mean 2425 146 99 45.6 25.03
CV (%) 21.27 24.11 19.21 31.9 5.18
P>F ns ns ns ns ns
Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05; Mean followed with different alphabet is significant
using Tukey’s Test
Table 8. Effects of different fertilizer package on yield and yield component at Kpg Sepadah,
Bau, Sarawak.
Treatments Yield Panicle Spikelet Filled grain 1000 grain weight
(kg/ha) no./m2 no./panicle (%) (g)
T1 872 c 81 c 131 d 50.9 b 23.84 a
T2 1687 b 124 b 199 c 74.9 ab 25.31 a
T3 2420 a 174 a 254 bc 80.1 ab 24.85 a
T4 2632 a 186 a 322 a 79.0 ab 25.33 a
T5 2477 a 203 a 290 ab 78.4 a 25.23 a
Mean 2018 154 239 72.7 24.91
CV (%) 4.78 10.9 10.6 5.3 2.77
Pr>F * * * * ns
Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05; Mean followed with different alphabet is significant
using Tukey’s Test
Large-scale Verification
The large-scale verification was done in Kpg Sepadah, Bau, Sarawak and Kampung Kayangat, Sabah.
There were no significant effects of treatments on yield as in Sabah the different was 41% while 11%
in Sarawak. Although, there was no significant effect on grain yield, the total amount of fertilizer weight
was reduced by 30% from 215 kg/ha (200kg + 15 Litres) to only 150 kg/ha while still gave higher yield.
17
Table 9. Yield performance under large scale verification.
Treatments Sabah Sarawak
SBRPB 550 a 1527 a
CRF (150kg/ha) 780 a 1705 a
Mean 665 1616
CV 58.64 5.84
Pr>F ns ns
Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05. Mean followed with different alphabet is significant
using Tukey’s Test
CONCLUSION
Statistically the performance of SK COTE fertilizer application for hill rice as shown in this project
was proven to be at the same level as SBRPB. T4 which only use 150 kg/ha of fully coated fertilizer
could be an alternative to current subsidized fertilizer based on the increment in yield in both location
(32% in Sabah and 56% in Sarawak). By using this fertilizer, it could reduce the labour cost since the
frequency of application is only once during seed placement with total weight of fertilizer of only 150
kg/ha compared to 215 kg/ha (200kg + 15 Litres). This would also reduce the logistic and storage cost
which is remarkably high given the geographical condition in Sabah and Sarawak. Further verification
at more locations in Sabah and Sarawak is also needed to determine the effect of the CRF in other
areas while conducting nutrient uptake analysis for better understanding of the fertilizer uptake
requirement.
REFERENCES
Fageria, N., Carvalho, G., Santos, A., Ferreira, E. and Knupp, A. (2011). Chemistry of lowland rice soils
and nutrient availability. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42(16): 1913-1933.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2 ed.). John
Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) (2000). Requirement of rice after
two decades double cropping in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Paddy Soils,
Nanjing, China, pp. 283-289.
Öborn, I., Jansson, G. and Johnsson, L. (1995). A field study on the influence of soil pH on trace
element levels in spring wheat (Triticum aestiyum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and carrots
(Daucus carota). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85(2): 835-840.
18
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTGUARD FOR RICE
CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA (DISEASES)
Kogeethavani Ramachandran1*, Nurshamiza Mat
Yusoff1, Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya1, Fatin
Nurliyana Ahmad1
1 Pusat Penyelidikan Padi & Beras, MARDI
Seberang Perai, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang
ABSTRACT
Rice diseases are regarded of economic important in Malaysia due to potential yield losses. This study was
conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Softguard (chitosan) to major rice diseases at in field and glasshouse
located in MARDI Seberang Perai during Main Season (MS) 2016/2017 and Off Season (OS) 2017. The
diseases evaluated were panicle blast (Pyricularia oryzae), sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and bacterial
leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae). Softguard was tested against the selected disease pathogen by
artificial inoculation on the critical stages at different spraying intervals and concentrations. Based on the
evaluation, Softguard did not showed significant control to leaf blast, panicle blast and bacterial leaf blight
compared to farmer practice (commercial fungicide spraying).
Keywords: Softguard; Pyricularia oryzae; Rhizoctonia solani; Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae
INTRODUCTION
Pests and diseases incidence have caused yield losses of up to 25% per annum to global rice production
(Khush 2000). In Malaysia, rice fields infested with rice blast disease, bacterial leaf blight (BLB), brown
planthopper (BPH) or tungro disease may theoretically suffer yield decreases of about 50%, 15%, 30%
or 35 % respectively (Saad et al . 2004). Chitosan are natural molecule that are applied to crops with
the aim of reducing or replacing more costly and environmentally damaging chemical
fungicides/bactericides. Softguard is Chitosan Oligo Sachaarin that treat plant disease which was
manufactured by Leili production in Australia. In Malaysia, the product is distributed by Hextar
Sdn.Bhd. The product can be used for any field crops, fruit trees and horticulture crop and can be used
at any plant stage such as at seedling or at matured or fruiting stages. It promotes the improvement of
plant immunity, growth, and improve the capability of absorption and utilization of plant for macro and
micro element significantly. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the efficacy of Softguard in order
to control major rice diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Effects of softguard on against major rice diseases and grain yield (field trial)
The study was conducted at field in MARDI Seberang Perai with each plot size 4m x 4m following
RCBD experimental design with 4 replications during Main Season (MS) 2016/2017 and Off Season
(OS) 2017 using MR284 rice variety. The plot was split into three main sub plots which use different
disease inoculation. For panicle blast, artificial inoculation was conducted using spore suspension of
Pyricularia oryzae at 1 x 105 spores/ml at heading stage (80 DAS) as described by IRRI (Anon 2010).
Artifical inoculation for sheath blight was conducted by using Rhizoctonia solani inoculum rice straw
inoculum inserted between tillers during maximum tillering stage (50 DAS) as described by (Marchetti
& Bollich 1991). For bacterial leaf blight, bacteria suspension of Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae
bacteria suspension at 1 x 108 CFU/ml was done during booting stage (50 DAS) using clipping
technique (Kauffman et al., 1973). The disease scoring (precentage of disease incidence or severity)
were recorded at 30, 55, 75 and 100 DAS. The yield was harvested and assessed on 3m x 3m basis. The
treatment used in this glasshouse trial as shown Table 1:
19
Table 1: Treatments used in Field Trial
Labels Treatments Spraying days (day after Inoculation with
sown)
T1 Untreated Pyricularia
T2 SoftGuard (2 times application) Nil oryzae
T3 SoftGuard (3 times application) 40 and 75
T4 SoftGuard (4 times application) 25, 60 and 75 Sheath blight
T5 Farmer’s practice (Amistar) 25, 40, 60 and 75 (Rhizoctonia
T6 Untreated 30, 70 and 85 solani)
T7 SoftGuard (2 times application)
T8 SoftGuard (3 times application) Nil Bacterial leaf
T9 SoftGuard (4 times application) 40 and 75 blight
T10 Farmer’s practice (Score) 25, 60 and 75 (Xanthomonas
T11 Untreated oryzae)
T12 SoftGuard (2 times application) 25, 40, 60 and 75
T13 SoftGuard (3 times application) 45 and 65
T14 SoftGuard (4 times application) Nil
Farmer’s practice (Copper sulfate -
T15 Phyton) 40 and 75
25, 60 and 75
25, 40, 60 and 75
45 and 70
Efficacy of softguard to control leaf blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight (glass house
trial)
The study was carried out during OS 2017 at a pathology glasshouse in MARDI Seberang Perai and
MR 284 rice variety or respective susceptible varieties was used as a planting material with RCBD
experimental design with 4 replications. Disease inoculation for panicle blast, sheath blight and
bacterial leaf blight were applied using the same technique as field trial. Data on disease severity such
disease score (leaf blast) was recorded at 7 and 14 days after inoculation. For sheath blight, lesion length
was recorded at 14 and 21 days after inoculation while for bacterial leaf blight, lesion length was
recorded at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation. The treatment used in this glasshouse trial as shown
Table 2:
Table 2: Treatments used in Glasshouse Trial
Label Treatments Treatment Rate (ml/ha)
T1 Artificial inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae Untreated
T2 Artificial inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae 1000
T3 Artificial inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae 2000
T4 Artificial inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae Amistar
T5 Artificial inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani Untreated
T6 Artificial inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani 1000
T7 Artificial inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani 2000
T8 Artificial inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani Score
T9 Artificial inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae Untreated
T10 Artificial inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae 1000
T11 Artificial inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae 2000
Artificial inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae 3000
T12
T13 Artificial inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae 250 (Copper sulphate)
20
Data analysis
The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated by using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and ANOVA.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Efects of softguard on against major rice diseases and grain yield (field trial)
A) Panicle blast
The incidence of blast disease in MS2016/2017 and OS2017 is shown in Table 3. For MS2016/2017,
there was no significant difference of foliar blast incidence among the treatments. For panicle blast
incidence, plot treated with Amistar (T5) is the most effective in controlling panicle blast as showed the
lowest panicle blast incidence, 14.00% compared to plot treated with 4 times application of Softguard
(T4) that showed highest panicle blast incidence, 58.63%. In term of grain yield, the results showed
significant difference and highly significant for bulk weight and clean weight respectively between plot
treated with Amistar (T5) and other treatments. The highest grain yield was obtained from plot treated
with Amistar (T5) with 4167.00g and 3860.6g for bulk weight and clean weight respectively. Blast
disease during the OS2017 was low compared to MS2016/2017 due to the unfavourable weather
condition. At 100DAS, plot treated with Amistar (T5) indicated lowest incidence (3.1%) followed by
untreated plot (T1-8.1%). Plot treated with 4 times application of Softguard (T4-11.53%) was the lowest
incidence compared to other Softguard treated plot (T2 and T3).
Table 3. The performance of Softguard on blast disease incidence and yield in Main Season
2016/2017 and Off Season 2017.
Treatment Foliar blast incidence (%) Panicle blast incidence (%) Grain Yield
MS2016/2017 OS2017 MS 2016/2017 OS 2017 MS 2016/2017 OS 2017
30 55 30 55 75 100 75 100 Bulk Clean Bulk Clean
weight
DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS weight weigh weigh (g)
2134.2
(g) t (g) t (g) 0
1795.8
T1 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.00 45.68b 0.20 8.1 ab 1674.0 1561. 2351. 0
0b 10b 60 2488.9
0
T2 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.2 0.00 56.45a 0.05 14.23 2114.6 2092. 1997. 2598.6
b a 0b 20b 90 0
3419.5
T3 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.00 55.80a 0.10 14.35 1920.0 1322. 2740. 0
b a 0b 10b 90 2487.3
9
T4 0.2 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.00 58.63a 0.20 11.53 2156.2 1646. 2816. ns
a 0b 90b 20 27.94
T5 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.00 14.00c 0.10 3.23b 4167.0 3860. 3751.
0a 6a 70
Grand 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.1 0.00 46.13 0.13 10.29 2406.3 2083. 2731.
means 5 97 67
Treatment ns ns - ns - ** ns ** ** ns
CV 337.73 59.46 - 119.58 - 16.4 110.58 41.16 37.3 39.68 27.13
DAS = Day After Sowing; ns = not significant; * = Significantly different at p<0.05; ** = significantly different at p<0.01.
Means with the same letter within column are not significantly different by DMRT.
B) Sheath blight
Performance of Softguard on sheath blight disease incidence and yield in MS2016/2017 and OS2017
was presented in Table 4. The sheath blight disease is usually occurred during the maximum tillering
stage (~45DAS). In MS2016/2017, the incidence of sheath blight was observed at 55DAS (booting
stage) and was not significantly different in all experimental plots. At 75DAS, the lowest incidence of
sheath blight was at plot treated with Score (T10 - 29.00%) followed by plot treated with 4 times
Softguard application (T9 - 35.05%), the lowest incidence among plots treated with Softguard. There
21
was no significant difference on yield among all treatments in MS2016/2017.In OS2017, the incidence
was not much different as compared to MS2016/2017. The sheath blight incidence and grain yield were
not significantly different among all treatments.
Table 4. The performance of Softguard on sheath blight disease incidence and yield in Main
Season 2016/2017 and Off Season 2017.
Treatment Sheath blight incidence (%) Grain Yield
Main season 2016/2017 Off season 2017 Main season Off season
2016/2017 2017
30 55 75 100 30 55 75 100 Bulk Clean Bulk Clean
DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS DAS weight weigh weigh weigh
(g) t (g) t (g) t (g)
T6 0.00 19.93 42.45 61.30 0.00 20.95 42.28 61.93 1324.1 1192. 2136. 1781.
a 0 20 00 08
T7 0.00 16.00 40.85 56.60 0.00 17.53 40.13 61.20 973.20 644.2 2126. 1754.
ab 0 95 05
T8 0.00 18.78 36.65 62.58 0.00 17.05 39.73 62.10 1099.4 1032. 1435. 1153.
bc 0 10 43 63
T9 0.00 16.00 35.05 58.00 0.00 16.53 42.83 62.73 1070.9 847.7 2075. 1723.
c 0 58 93
T10 0.00 15.13 29.00 48.60 0.00 16.48 36.15 55.13 1547.5 1327. 2155. 1785.
d 0 80 18 05
Grand 0.00 17.17 36.74 57.42 0.00 17.71 40.22 60.62 1203.0 1008. 1985. 1639.
means 0 78 83 55
ns
Treatment - ns ** ns - ns ns ns ns ns ns
27.30
CV - 16.93 9.62 12.77 - 16.77 10.74 7.36 54.76 64.28 25.08
DAS = Day After Sowing; ns = not significant; * = Significantly different at p<0.05; ** = significantly different at p<0.01.
Means with the same letter within column are not significantly different by DMRT.
C) Bacterial Leaf blight
The results from combined two season (MS 2016/2017 and OS 2017) is presented in Table 5. At 30
DAS, no bacterial leaf blight (BLB) incidences were recorded in both season and in all treatments. At
55 DAS, significant difference were observed between season where BLB incidence were recorded at
MS 2016/2017 (season 1) only which is at 5 days after BLB inoculation which was done at 50 DAS.
Meanwhile there were no incidence at OS 2017 (season 2). There were no significant differences
observed between treatments however incidences were slightly higher on T12 (Softguard with 2x
spraying) followed by T11 (no spraying). At 75 DAS, no significant differences were observed between
seasons. There was also no significant differences between the treatments, however the BLB incidence
was high on T11 (no spraying) with 11.23% and lowest incidence was recorded on T13 with 9.57%. At
100 DAS, significant differences were observed between seasons where season 1 recorded higher
disease incidence (24.61%) compared to season 2 (14.40%). There were also significant differences
between the treatments studied. T11 showed highest disease incidence (22.07%) and T13 showed the
lowest incidence (18.35%) while T15 that uses copper spraying (popular farmer’s practice) recorded
incidence at 19.04% slightly higher than Softguard spraying. There were no significant differences
observed between season for both total yield weight and clean yield weight. Similarly, there were also
no significant differences observed between treatments. However clean yield weight were higher for
T14 and T15.
22
Table 5: The performance of Softguard on Bacterial leaf blight disease incidence and yield
BLB incidence (%) Grain Yield
Treatment 30DAS 55DAS 75DAS 100DAS Bulk weight (g) Clean weight (g)
T11 0.00 2.91 a 11.23 a 22.07 a 2087.60 a 1833.20 a
T12 0.00 3.08 a 10.41 a 18.85 b 2025.40 a 1704.00 a
T13 0.00 2.59 a 9.57 a 18.35 b 2374.90 a 2189.00 a
T14 0.00 2.65 a 10.91 a 19.22 ab 2439.00 a 2249.30 a
T15 0.00 2.32 a 10.22 a 19.04 ab 2429.00 a 2244.80 a
Grand means 0.00 2.71 10.47 19.51 2271.28 2044.50
Treatment - ns ns ns ns ns
CV - 42.57 15.91 14.45 30.63 35.74
DAS = Days after sown; ns = not significant; *Significantly different at p<0.05; **significantly different at p>0.01.
Means with the same letter are not significantly different (column)
Efficacy of softguard to control leaf blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight (glass house
trial)
A) Leaf blast
The efficacy of Softguard on blast incidence is determined (data not shown). Disease leaf area (DLA)
was significantly different at 35DAS where plants treated with T4 (Amistar) showed the best control
with the lowest DLA. There was no significant difference among plants treated with both Softguard
treatment (T2 and T3) at all recorded data. In term of blast symptom based on the lesion type, there was
no significant difference among all treatments. From the result, the lesion type of the symptom was
scored as lesion type 5 to 6 that showed narrow or slightly elliptical lesions, 1-2 mm in breadth, more
than 3mm long with a brown margin.
B) Sheath Blight
The efficacy of Softguard on sheath blight, the result is determined (data not shown) although the best
control was treatment T8 (Score) but there was no significant difference in term of relative lesion length
(%) among all treatments.
C) Bacterial leaf blight
There were no significant differences observed between treatments at 14 DAI (days after inoculation)
and 21 DAI (data not shown). At 14 DAI, T10 (Softguard-1000ml/ha) showed lower BLB incidence
followed by T13 (Phyton). At 21 DAI, T10 followed by T12 showed lower incidence compared to
control (T9).
CONCLUSION
Based on the result obtained, softguard application was found not effective to control leaf blast and
panicle blast and bacterial leaf blight compared to the current farmers practice (fungicide spraying) and
the yield was not indicated no significant different between the treatments. Fungicide spraying showed
the lowest disease incidence indicating it as the best option for managing disease especially blast and
sheath blight.
REFERENCES
Anon. 2010. International Rice Blast Nursery (IRBN) Manual. INGER, IRRI, Manila, Philippines
Khush, G. S. (2000). Rice germplasm enhancement at IRRI. Phillipp. J. Crop Sci, 25, 45-51.
23
Kauffman, H. E. (1973). An improved technique for evaluat-ing resistance of rice varieties to
Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Dis. Rep, 57, 537-541.
Marchetti, M. A., & Bollich, C. N. (1991). Quantification of the relationship between sheath blight
severity and yield loss in rice. Plant disease, 75(8), 773-775.
Saad, A., Othman, O., Azlan, S., Alias, I. and Habibuddin, H. (2004). Impact and contribution of
resistant varieties in rice pest management in Malaysia. Modern Rice Farming (Sivapragasam, A. et
al. eds.), pp: 356-363. Proc. International Rice Conference 2003., Alor Star, Malaysia
24
EFFICACY OF COPPER-THIADIAZOLE AND BRONOPOL
APPLICATION AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE
OF RICE
Kogeethavani Ramachandran1*, Nurshamiza Mat
Yusoff1, Suzianti Iskandar Vijaya1, Fatin
Nurliyana Ahmad1
1 Pusat Penyelidikan Padi & Beras, MARDI
Seberang Perai, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang
ABSTRACT
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the main disease on
rice. This study evaluated the efficacies of Copper Copper-thiadiazole (C4H4N6S4Cu) and Bronopol that
was conducted at laboratory by using agar well diffusion assay and field trial with artificial inoculation of
Xoo during Off Season (OS) 2018 and Main Season (MS) 2018/2019. Products was applied at 2 intervals;
45 and 70 DAS for field trial and the data for disease severity was recorded at 14, 21, and 28 days after
inoculation. In the laboratory trial, Xoo growth showed a 100% inhibition to all the rates tested against
Bronopol, while 71-75% inhibition against Xoo for Copper-thiadiazole. Based on the field trial result, T3
(Copper-thiadiazole rate at 100 g ai/ha) showed the lowest disease severity compared to other treatments
followed by T6 (Bronopol at 160 g ai/ha). Hence, the 100 g ai/ha of Copper-thiadiazole and 160 g ai/ha of
Bronopol have a potential as an optimum concentration to control BLB disease.
Keywords: Bacterial leaf blight; Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; Copper-thiadiazole; Bronopol
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial leaf blight of rice (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (Swings et al.,
1990), is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of rice. Chemical application is commonly
used to control this disease such as copper based bactericide. Copper-thiadiazole (C4H4N6S4Cu) is a
systemic, broad spectrum, protective compound this effective against fungal and bacterial diseases of
rice, orange, cabbage and some other vegetables. The thiazolyl group and the copper element control
bacterial pathogens. Cupric ions provide the protective property, while its antiseptic or antimicrobial
property halts the spread of disease. Copper-thiadiazole should be applied to plant foliage as
preventative application, before disease is observed in the field. Whereas, Bronopol is a broad-spectrum
immuno-modulator and a plant defense activator. Plant activators provide an effective management
solution for bacterial diseases of plants. They induce plant defense responses known as systemic
acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR). It induces resistance development in
host plant through activating respective plant centres for protection against bacterial pathogens; it has
no direct activity against target pathogens. Bronopol exhibits a unique mode of action, which mimics
the natural SAR response found in most plant species. Bronopol helps the plant to develop resistance
against most bacterial diseases. Some of the diseases are bacterial leaf spot, soft rot, bacterial blight,
bacterial leaf blight, bacterial wilt, as well as stem rot. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency
of Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol against BLB disease on rice and to determine the optimum
concentration of Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol for effective BLB control.
25
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Efficacy of copper-thiadiazole and bronopol to control BLB disease (laboratory)
The inhibition effect of Copper-thiadiazole or Bronopol against Xoo was carried out during OS 2018 at
the pathology lab in MARDI Seberang Perai using agar well diffusion assay. The treatment used in this
lab trial as shown in Table 1:
Table 1: Treatments used in lab trials
Labels Treatments Active ingredient (%w/w) Rate (g ai/ha)
T1 Control (water) Nil As required
T2 EXPT I Copper-thiadiazole 20%w/w 50
T3 EXPT I Copper-thiadiazole 20%w/w 100
T4 EXPT II 80
T5 EXPT II Bronopol 40% w/w 120
T6 EXPT II Bronopol 40% w/w 160
Bronopol 40% w/w
Efficacy of copper-thiadiazole and bronopol to control BLB disease (field)
The study was carried out at experimental plot in MARDI Seberang Perai during OS 2018 and MS
2018/19 by using MR 284 rice variety or respective susceptible varieties. Bacterial leaf blight was
artificially induced by Xoo bacterial suspension at 1 x 109 CFU/ml at booting stage using clipping
technique (Kauffman et al., 1973). The product was applied 2 times, at 45 and 70 DAS and data on
disease severity was determined at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation. The yield was harvested and
assessed on 3m x 3m basis. The treatment used in this field trial as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Product and rate evaluated against BLB disease
Code Treatments Active ingredient (%w/w) Rate Number of
(g a.i/ha) Applications
T1 Control (water) Nil
T2 EXPT I Copper-thiadiazole 20%w/w - 2 times
T3 EXPT I Copper-thiadiazole 20%w/w 50 2 times
T4 EXPT II 100 2 times
T5 EXPT II Bronopol 40% w/w 80 2 times
T6 EXPT II Bronopol 40% w/w 120 2 times
Bronopol 40% w/w 160 2 times
Data analysis
The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated by using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and ANOVA.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Efficacy of copper-thiadiazole and bronopol to control blb disease (laboratory)
The percentage of inhibition by Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol against Xoo was presented in Table
3. Based on this result, it was cleared that Xoo growth was completely inhibited by Bronopol for all
rates tested, while Copper-thiadiazole showed 71-75% inhibition against Xoo. T3 (Copper-thiadiazole
26
rate at 100 gai/ha) showed significantly higher inhibition of Xoo bacterial growth and T4-T6 (Bronopol
80 -160 g ai/ha) all showed 100% inhibition Xoo bacterial growth. This experiment suggested the use
of Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol treatments may have the potential to control BLB disease.
Table 3: Percentage of inhibition by Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol against Xoo
Source Median Radii (cm) Diameter (cm) % Inhibition
Treatment ** ** **
T1 2.20 a 3.43 a 0.00 c
T2 0.50 b 0.90 bc 71.40 b
T3 0.53 b 1.06 b 75.00 b
T4 0.00 b 0.00 c 100.00 c
T5 0.00 b 0.00 c 100.00 c
T6 0.00 b 0.00 c 100.00 c
Total mean 0.54 0.90 74.40
CV 81.15 56.55 16.58
**Means within the same column having the same letter are not statistically different at P≤ 0.01 based on Least
Significant different (LSD)
Efficacy of copper-thiadiazole and bronopol to control BLB disease (field)
The results from OS 2018 and MS 2018/19 field trial were presented in Table 4. Significant differences
in disease severity were observed between the Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol treatments compared
to control in the field trials. Significant difference was also observed between seasons. At 14 DAI and
21 DAI, T3 (Copper-thiadiazole rate at 100 g a.i/ha) showed the lowest disease severity at 0.96%
compared to other treatments. At 28 DAI, T6 (Bronopol rate at 160 g a.i/ha) showed the lowest disease
severity at 5.37% compared to other treatments. There were no significant differences observed between
treatments for total yield weight, clean yield weight and 1000 grains weight. However, T2 (Copper-
thiadiazole rate at 50 g a.i/ha) and T6 showed slightly higher clean weight.
Table 4: Analysis on % of BLB disease lesion and yield in field trial
Source 14 DAI 21 DAI 28 DAI Total Clean 1000
Weight (g) Weight (g) weight (g)
Treatments ** ** ** NS NS NS
T1 1.54 a 2.75 a 6.44 a 3086.83 ab 2470.21 a 26.46 a
T2 1.14 b 2.13 b 5.70 b 3263.68 a 2816.32 a 26.60 a
T3 0.96 b 1.91 b 5.80 b 2543.65 b 2467.56 a 25.85 a
T4 1.16 b 2.02 b 5.82 b 2969.28 ab 2403.70 a 26.63 a
T5 1.09 b 2.10 b 5.68 b 2821.45 ab 2385.02 a 26.07 a
T6 1.09 b 2.08 b 5.37 b 3152.52 ab 2656.62 a 25.94 a
Total mean 1.17 2.17 5.81 2972.91 2533.24 26.26
CV 17.48 13.65 10.04 22.09 23.95 5.85
Season ** ** ** ** ** NS
OS2018 1.68 a 3.20 a 4.34 b 3581.37 a 3153.92 a 26.48 a
MS2018/19 0.64 b 1.13 b 7.26 a 2364.43 b 1912.55 b 26.03 b
DAI = Days after inoculation; NS = not significant; **Means within the same column having the same letter are
not statistically different at P≤ 0.01 based on Least Significant different (LSD)
27
CONCLUSION
Based on the results which were carried out at the laboratory and field to evaluate the performance of
Copper-thiadiazole and Bronopol as preventive and curative control against BLB as well as their yield
performance, T3 (Copper-thiadiazole rate at 100 gai/ha) showed good control over the bacterial disease.
This followed by T6 (Bronopol at 160 g ai/ha). The results from both field and laboratory were
promising. In term of yield, no significant differences were observed which could be due to low disease
pressure (incidence recorded less than 7%) which most probably does not affect the yield. Both Copper-
thiadiazole and Bronopol have potential to control BLB disease.
REFERENCES
Swings, J., Van den Mooter, M., Vauterin, L., Hoste, B., Gillis, M., Mew, T. W., & Kersters, K.
(1990). Reclassification of the Causal Agents of Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
oryzae) and Bacterial Leaf Streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) of Rice as Pathovars of
Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) sp. nov., nom. rev. International Journal of Systematic
and Evolutionary Microbiology, 40(3), 309-311.
Kauffman, H. E. (1973). An improved technique for evaluat-ing resistance of rice varieties to
Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Dis. Rep, 57, 537-541.
28
CO-DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF RICE TECHNOLOGY
29
DEVELOPMENT OF IBG MULTIPURPOSE BIO FERTILIZER FOR
RICE CULTIVATIO
Muhammad Naim Fadzli Abd Rani, Shahida Hashim and Shajarutulwardah Mohd Yusob
Agronomy and Crop Production Programme, Rice Research Centre,
Malaysian Agricultural and Development Institute (MARDI),
13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang.
*e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
A memorandum of agreement to conduct collaboration research between MARDI and IBG Manufacturing
Sdn. Bhd. was sealed on 11 April 2017. The project was conducted for a period of 40 months. The primary
objectives of this project are to determine the rate of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer for rice cultivation
and to identify proper combination of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer and subsidy fertilizer (Padi 1) for
rice cultivation. This project consisting of field experiments conducted in MARDI Tanjong Karang and
MARDI Seberang Perai. The treatments consist of the rates of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer at 9, 10,
11, 12 and 13 liter/hectare with 3 times of applications (25% at 25 DAT, 37.5% at 50 DAT and 37.5% at 75
DAT) and combination used of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer and subsidy fertilizer in percentage at
20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40 while the use of Padi 1 as a control. Application T17 (combination of
50:50 (IBG:subsidy) ratio with dosage of 5 L/ha) was concluded the best overall treatment since it exhibited
highest significant yield in season 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Keywords: rice; biofertilizer; IBG; yield;
INTRODUCTION
IBG Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. (IBG) is a pioneer in manufacturing biofertilizer by utilizing local
technology and have been conducting microbe biofertilizer production for over 20 years with Bio-
Nexus status accredited by Malaysia Bioeconomy Development Corporation Sdn. Bhd. The IBG's
factory is the only one factory in Malaysia completes with internationally recognized Research &
Development facilities and has certification of ISO 9001 and ISO/IEC 17025 (ISO for Microbiology
and Chemical Laboratory). With advanced technology, IBG intends to collaborate with the government
and private sector in Malaysia and other countries to help planters and farmers recover damaged and
infertile lands, as a result of the overuse of chemical fertilizer, insecticides, and herbicides. Recovered
soil will strengthen crops and increase yields in the future. With the existing IBG technologies, IBG
biofertilizer can lead the agriculture sector to a more technologically advanced future and benefits the
farmers and planters. IBG produces a large volume of microbial liquid biofertilizers and supply in large
quantities to plantations in Malaysia, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, China, etc. Also, IBG has
testimonials from the private sector that shows IBG products can help restore soil and increase yield.
With the existing IBG technologies, IBG microbes are kept in dormant status inside the bottle. The
microbes will be activated for field application when mixed with water, thus easing
transportation/storage and shelf life. IBG biofertilizer has the following key characteristics:- liquid
form, combination of organic elements (aloe vera, seaweed extract, humic acid, amino acid, fish
emulsify, etc), chemical elements (N, P, K, etc), and microbes (no less than 108 cfu/ml), save on
fertilizer storage capacity, and ease in transportation process, application dosage is 4 liters/ha per season
in paddy field and shelf life up to 2 years. A memorandum of agreement to conduct collabration research
between MARDI and IBG Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. was sealed on 11 April 2017. The project was
30
conducted for a period of 40 months. However, the implementation schedule may be subjected to
extension to accommodate unexpected circumstances as agreed by both parties. The primary objectives
of this project are to determine the rate of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer for rice cultivation and to
identify proper combination of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer and subsidy fertilizer (Padi 1) for rice
cultivation. This project consisting of field experiments conducted in MARDI Tanjong Karang and
MARDI Seberang Perai. This report comprises results of work as planned and stated in the MoA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment with 3 replications was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) that
was conducted in MARDI Tanjong Karang and MARDI Seberang Perai. 81 plots were layout. The
treatments consist of the rates of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer at 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 liter/hectare
with 3 times of applications (25% at 25 DAT, 37.5% at 50 DAT and 37.5% at 75 DAT) and combination
used of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer and subsidy fertilizer in percentage at 20:80, 30:70, 40:60,
50:50 and 60:40 while the use of Padi 1 as a control. The plot size for each treatment was 5m x 5m
using MARDI Siraj 297 rice variety. Soil sampling was carried out before and end of trial for soil
nutrient analysis and soil sampling before and after each planting season for microbe counts. Data on
plant growth were taken at 4 sampling point at 35, 55 days after transplanting (DAT) and at maturity
stage, the whole plant was taken at the same point during maturity stage for yield component and
harvesting index. While grain yield data was sampled at centre point of each plot with size of 4m x 4m.
Table 1. Treatments and rate of fertilizer application.
Code Ratio Bio fertilizer*: Subsidy Code Dosage L/ha
R1 20:80 D1 9
R2 30:70 D2 10
R3 40:60 D3 11
R4 50:50 D4 12
R5 60:40 D5 13
C1 No fertilizer
C2 Subsidy Padi 1 without Foliar subsidy
* IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer
31
Label Treatments Label Treatments Label Treatments Label Treatments Label Treatments
T1 R1D1 T6 R2D1 T11 R3D1 T16 R4D1 T21 R5D1
T2 R1D2 T7 R2D2 T12 R3D2 T17 R4D2 T22 R5D2
T3 R1D3 T8 R2D3 T13 R3D3 T18 R4D3 T23 R5D3
T4 R1D4 T9 R2D4 T14 R3D4 T19 R4D4 T24 R5D4
T5 R1D5 T10 R2D5 T15 R3D5 T20 R4D5 T25 R5D5
T26 No fertilizer (Code C1)
T27 Padi 1 without Foliar subsidy (Code C2)
T28 3 ml @ 25DAT,3ml @50 DAT and 4ml @ 75 DAT of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer and without NPK
Tambahan
The data collected from location and seasons were subjected to combined analysis of variance
(ANOVA). Treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) where F-
test was significant. All the analyses were done followed Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Location: MARDI Tanjong Karang
Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Yield Components under 6 seasons
Mean square ANOVA analysis (Table 2) suggest that panicle number, panicle length, 1000 grain
weight, harvest index and yield was significantly affected by treatments. Consequently, yield is also
significantly affected by interaction between season and treatments. Percent filled and spikelet per
panicle was not significantly affected by treatments.
Table 2. Combined season ANOVA Analysis on the Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer
on Rice Yield and Yield Components under 6 seasons
Sources of Paramter spikelet per Harvest index Yield
variance Panicle number Percent filled Panicle length 1000 grain panicle
16078.41
Season 354223.95 1258.03 49189.08 weight 2153.48 1.604 321330343.0
Rep 4805.33 154.81 17.16 9.38 1178.57 0.009 755036.0
8.32 162.46 0.007 6921681.0
Rep (season) 3401.33 129.56 34.56 9.19 138.43 0.006**
Trt 1765.16* 21.36 5.45* 2.94** 107.77 0.002 2600195.0**
1003.29 24.35 3.29 1.25 11.5 0.48 1418313.0*
Trt * season 84.82 33.14 27.71
Grand mean 203.83 3.8 9.2 7077.3
14.1 5.4 5.3 13.2
C.V. (%)
Note: Mean followed by* is significant at 0.05
Note: Mean followed by ** is significant at 0.01
Panicle number
Both treatment T24 and T26 contributed to highest significant reading compared to lowest reading by
T9 (Figure 1). The difference is at least 20.88%. The rest of the treatments exhibits statistical parity
among each other. According to Jafari et al., (2013), panicle was significantly affected by nitrogen level.
This may suggest that this product may have the potential increasing N uptake in rice. Another study
on the use sulphur foliar fertilizer also contributed significantly higher number of panicle number in
32
rice (Badawi et al.,2019). Application of 20 kg of foliar P2O5/ha contributed to the highest panicle
number in rice. Phosphate in foliar application has the potential to increase panicle number.
Spikelet per panicle
No significant difference can be observed for spikelet per panicle (Table 2). Highest observation was
found under treatment T28 which is 118.2 (Figure 2). T11 contributed to the lowest reading which is
103.4.
Percent filled grain
Percent filled was not significantly affeced by treatments (Table 2). T5 and T7 contributed to highest
observation which is 86.8% whereas T13 recorded lowest reading with only 83.1% (Figure 3).
Panicle length
Panicle length was significantly affcted by treatments in where T5 contributed the highest significant
reading which is 34.5 cm. T28 contributed to lowest significant reading which only 24.0. The rest of
the treatments are at par with T26 which contributed to the second lowest reading (Figure 4).
1000 grain weight
1000 grain weight was significantly affected by treatments applied (Table 2). T9 exhibitted highest
significant reading with value of 28.5 g (Figure 5). T28 contributed to the lowest reading with only 26.8
g. The difference is 6.34%.
Harvest Index
Harvest index was significantly affected by treatments (Table 2). Highest significant observation was
discovered for treatment T17 which is 0.52. T25 contributed to the lowest significant reading which is
0.45 (Figure 6). The difference was 15.5%.
Yield
Combined season analysis suggest there is no significant difference in season 1 (Figure 7). As entry to
season 2, a significant results as T10 contributed the highest significant yield compared to control. A
trend can be observed in both season 3 and 4 as T17 contributed to highest significant yield. This may
suggest the product application achieved stability in season 3. In season 5, T16 contributed to the highest
yield. T16 is slightly lower concentration compared to T17. This may suggest that a different
concentration in season 5 should be applied. Finally in season 6, T17 and 22 contributed to the highest
significant yield compared to T26. The difference is at least 40%.
Figure 1. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Panicle Number.
33
Figure 2. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Spikelet Per Panicle.
Figure 3. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Percent Filled Grain.
34
Figure 4. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Panicle Length.
30.0
25.0
eight 20.0 cbdea fhg ab fgh fghcde ecfgdh hg eabcdf a abc eghdf fegh edbacf abcde bcead decbaf acfedb fedcba bacedf gfehabcd defgh abcde acdb efabdchg cdefgh gfh fhge h
w 8.72 2.27 82.4 4.72 5.72 72.6 7.12 0.82 .528 32.8 .472 723. 8.72 28.1 8.27 820. 27.8 8.02 28.0 28.0 .472 2.81 .228 .627 742. 72.2 27.3 .826
raing 15.0
1000 10.0
5.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Treatments
Figure 5. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on 1000 Grain Weight.
35
Figure 6. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Harvest Index.
Figure 7. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Yield.
36
Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Rice Growth Performance under 6 seasons
Tiller number
Table 3. ANOVA Analysis on the Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on
Tiller Number.
Parameter
Sources of
variance Tiller 35 Tiller 55 Tiller
DAT DAT 90DAT
Season 4723.02 7111.20 672.30
Rep 89.57 46.66 13.24
Rep 109.87 35.66 4.88
(season)
Trt 10.61 3.02 7.97*
Trt * season 8.54 3.76 4.18
Grand 21.4 23.5 17.8
mean
C.V. (%) 13.41 8.72 12.12
Note: Means followed by * is significant at 0.05
There was no significant effect on tiller number at 35 and 55 DAT (Table 3). At 90 DAT, T13
contributed to the highest significant height while T9 was the lowest (Figure 8).The difference was
2.7%. No significant interaction between treatment and season observed. Attaining higher number of
tiller was not necessarily advantegous since it has significant negative association with yield.
Height
Height is significantly affected by treatments at 90 DAT (Table 4). No significant effect at 35 and 55
DAT. There was no significant interaction between treatment and season. At 90 DAT, T28 scored
highest significant reading with value of 101.4 cm while T1 contributed to significant lowest reading
with value of 82.9 (Figure 9). The difference was at least 18.5%.
37
Table 4. ANOVA Analysis on the Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Height.
Parameter
Sources of Height 35 Height 55 Height 90
variance
DAT DAT DAT
Season 9649.00 29135.53 79794.33
Rep 170.97 104.56 29.15
Rep (season) 115.95 61.58 14.61
Trt 11.00 7.89 32.02*
Trt * season 11.76 6.29 7.44
Grand mean 54.4 75.3 86.2
C.V. (%) 5.79 3.75 2.87
Note: Means followed by * is significant at 0.05
SPAD
Table 5. ANOVA Analysis on the Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on SPAD.
Sources of SPAD SPAD
Variances 90DAT
SPAD 35 SPAD 55
DAT DAT
Season 651.03 1103.54 752.32
Rep 50.88 11.88 56.36
Rep (season) 8.30 13.65 9.64
Trt 3.70* 7.03** 3.63*
Trt * season 2.87 2.75 1.81
Grand mean 35.9 36.6 33.0
C.V. (%) 4.27 4.60 4.55
Note: Means followed by * is significant at 0.05
There was significant effects on SPAD at all growth stages (Table 5). No significant interaction between
treatment and season. At 35 DAT, T28 contributed to highest significant reading with value of 36.7 while
T20 was the significant lowest with value 35.0 (Figure 10). The difference was 1.7%. At 55 DAT,both
T11 and T15 recorded highest significant reading with value of 37.8 and 37.7 respectively. Both T26 and
T28 contributed to lowest significant reading with value of 35.4. At 90 DAT, T1 scored the highest
significant reading with value of 33.7 while T26 contributed to lowest which is 31.9.
38
Figure 8. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Tiller Number.
Figure 9. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on Height.
39
Figure 10. Effect of IBG Multipurpose Bio Fertilizer on SPAD.
Table 6. Correlation for yield components with yield
Panicle Panicle Percent Panicle 1000 spikelet Harvest Yield
number number filled length grain per index
weight 0.40 0.58
Percent 1 0.10 0.27 -0.10 panicle **
filled ** -0.05 ** 0.31
* -0.05 * -0.20 **
Panicle ns 0.07 ns 0.03
length 1 ns 0.39 ** ns
0.10 ** -0.03 -0.02
1 -0.06 ns
* ns ns 0.15
1000 grain -0.09 0.03 **
weight 1 ns -0.06
* -0.44 ns
spikelet per **
panicle 1
Harvest 1
index
Yield 1
40
CONCLUSION
Application T17 (combination of 50:50 (IBG:subsidy) ratio with dosage of 5 L/ha) was concluded the
best overall treatment since it exhibited highest significant yield in season 3, 4, 5 and 6. The mechanism
behind this result this product significantly increase panicle number per m2 production which in return
contributed to higher yield (Table 6). Panicle number reading of T17 is at par with T24 and T26 which
is the highest significant (Figure 1). Panicle number is both significantly affected by treatment and
positively correlated with yield.
REFERENCES
Badawi, A.M., Seadh, S., Naeem, E.S., El-Iraqi, A.S.E. (2019). Productivity and Quality of Some Rice
(oryza sativa l.) Cultivars as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels. International Journal of Crop
Science and Technology 5(1):28-37.
Jafari, H., Dastan, S., Nasiri, A.R., Valaei, L, Eslamii, H.R., (2013). Nitrogen and Silicon Application
Facts on Rice Growth Parameters at Alborz Moutain Range. Electric Journal of Biology 9(4):72-76.
41
PROGRAM PELAKSANAAN SOIL PROFILING & PENGESYORAN
PEMBAJAAN LOKASI SPESIFIK BAGI KAWASAN PENANAMAN
PADI NEGARA
42
EVALUATION OF MPC ON RICE : 3RD SEASON
Muhammad Naim Fadzli Abd Rani
Agronomy and Crop Production Programme, Rice Research Centre,
Malaysian Agricultural and Development Institute (MARDI),
13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang.
*e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
One of the alternatives that can be used to increase yield is through the use of potential product in the
market. A memorandum of agreement to conduct contract research between MARDI and Agrow Synergy
(M) Sdn. Bhd. was sealed on 07 December 2015. The primary objectives of this project are to evaluate and
determine the effects of MPC on plant growth and grain yield of rice variety MR 297. This project was
conducted at MARDI Seberang Perai (field experiment) for four consecutive seasons. The experiment
consists of four treatments and treatments were arranged in RCBD with five replicates. The findings of the
experiment for third season found no significant different for all parameter compared to control (subsidy
fertilizer package).
Keywords: rice; MPC; yield; yield component; growth
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the main staple food of Malaysians. So that, rice industry was given a special intention from
government to ensure that the supply of rice is sufficient for Malaysians. Rice production in Malaysia
is still a major focus on the National Agro-Food Policy (2011-2020) and the 11th Malaysia Plan (RMK
11-2016-2020). In RMK 11, the main focuses were to devoted the agricultural food security, increased
productivity, improved the skills of the farmers, improving service delivery and support.
The sufficiency level of rice production in Malaysia is still low at 72.3 per cent in 2015. The statistics
show that the rice growing area in 2015 is about 682,118 hectares. The annual growth rate shows
negative trends at -0.15% per year for the last 34 years. Although hectare was declining, the average
growth rate for rice production was increased by 0.84% for the period 1980 to 2015. The total of rice
production in 2015 is about 1.756 million metric tons. Meanwhile, the average yield for 2015 is 4.5
(tones/ha). One of the alternatives that can be used to increase yield is through the use of potential
product in the market. A memorandum of agreement to conduct contract research between MARDI and
Agrow Synergy (M) Sdn. Bhd. was sealed on 07 December 2015. The primary objectives of this project
are to evaluate and determine the effects of MPC on plant growth and grain yield of rice variety MR
297. This third season report comprises results of work as planned and stated in the MoA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This project was conducted at MARDI Seberang Perai (field experiment) for four consecutive seasons.
Rice variety MR297 was planted with 3 plant/point with planting distance 25 cm x 25 cm. The
experiment consists of four treatments (Table 1) and treatments were arranged in RCBD with five
replicates. The size of the experimental plot for each treatment was 5 m x 5 m.
Soil sampling was carried out before and end of trial for soil nutrient analysis. Data on plant growth
were taken at 4 sampling point at 25, 50, 70 days after transplanting (DAT) and maturity, the whole
plant was taken at the same point during maturity stage for yield component and harvesting index.
While grain yield data was sampled at center point of each plot with size of 4 m x 4 m.
43
Table 1. Treatments and rate of fertilizer application.
Treatments Description
T1 Subsidy fertilizer package + normal practices
T2 T1 + MPC (after each fertilizer application)** at 5, 25, 50 and 70 days
after transplanting (DAT) only
T3 T1 + MPC 30 ml/20 L/pesticide application only***
T4 T1 + MPC (after each fertilizer application)** at 5, 25, 50 and 70 days
after transplanting (DAT) + MPC 30 ml/20 L/pesticide application***
Padi 1 : 240 kg/ha NPK.
Urea : 80 kg/ha.
NPK Tambahan :150 kg/ha.
**spray volume : 3 ml MPC/1 kg fertilizer/application.
***spray volume : 30 ml MPC/20 L water/application.
The data collected from seasons were subjected to combined analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment
means were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) where F-test was significant.
All the analyses were done followed Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of MPC on Rice Performance 3rd Season
Yield and Yield Component
ANOVA analysis suggests that none of the yield and yield component parameters were significantly
affected by treatments (Table 2).
Table 2. Mean Square ANOVA for the Effect of MPC on Rice Yield and Yield Component
Parameter
Sources of Panicle Panicle Spikelet Percent 1000 Harvest Yield
variances length number per filled grain index
grain weight
panicle
Rep 0.10 337.65 43.40 17.48 0.87 0.00063 0.273
Trt 0.13 1102.58 119.95 30.10 0.98 0.00084 0.524
Grand mean 25.9 292.9 111.9 81.8 26.8 0.56 6.4
C.V. (%) 1.36 10.57 9.30 7.66 3.02 3.95 4.53
Note; mean followed by * is significant at 0.05
Yield (t/ha)
T2 recorded highest yield reading (6.61 t/ha) whereas T1 recorded the lowest reading (6.41 t/ha).
Despite the differences in observation these figures contribute to no significant difference (Table 3).
Panicle length
T3 contributed to the highest panicle length reading with reading of 25.9 cm while T2 exhibited lowest
panicle length reading with 25.6 cm (Table 3). These observations lead to no significant difference.
44
Panicle number
T1 managed to score highest panicle number reading with value of 304 whereas T3 scored the lowest
reading which is 284 (Table 3). These observations indicates no significant difference.
Spikelet per panicle
Highest spikelet per panicle reading was observed under treatment T2 which is 115. Lowest spikelet
per panicle reading was recorded for treatment T3 with reading of 109 (Table 3). These observations
indicates no significant difference.
Percent filled grain (%)
T3 contributed to highest percent filled grain reading with value of 83.5 while T2 recorded lowest
reading with value of 79.17 (Table 3). None of these readings indicate significant difference.
1000 grain weight (g)
Highest 1000 grain weight was recorded for T3 with value of 27.3 g while T4 scored the lowest reading
with value of 26.3 g (Table 3). No significant effect observed.
Harvest index
Both T2 and T3 managed to score highest harvest index reading with value of 0.57. T4 recorded lowest
reading with value of 0.55 (Table 3). These observation lead to no significant difference.
Table 3. Mean comparison of yield and yield component.
Treatment Panicle length Panicle number spikelet per percent filled 1000 grain Harvest index Yield
panicle grain (%) weight
1 m2 6.41 a
2 6.61 a
3 25.94 a 304.00 a 113.80 a 82.62 a 26.8 a 0.56 a 6.58 a
4 25.66 a 292.00 a 115.00 a 79.17 a 26.8 a 0.57 a 6.10 a
25.98 a 284.20 a 109.00 a 83.50 a 27.3 a 0.57 a
25.84 a 291.20 a 109.80 a 81.92 a 26.3 a 0.55 a
Growth Performance
Height
Analysis suggests that MPC treatment contributed to no significant different towards height reading at
all data sampling (Table 4). At final height sampling, T1 recorded the highest reading with value of
91.1 cm. Lowest reading at final sampling is T4 with reading of 87.9 cm (Figure 1).
Table 4. Effect of MPC treatments on rice height at 5 sampling
Source of Height Parameter Height
Variance 25 DAT Final
Height Height Height
55 DAT 70 DAT 90 DAT
Trt 0.33 6.36 5.13 22.57 8.68
Rep 5.58 4.63 3.93 7.79 7.35
Grand 22.1 37.5 64.2 89.9 89.4
mean
C.V. (%) 7.91 3.86 5.62 4.76 3.23
Note: Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05
45
Figure 1. Mean Comparison on Effect of MPC Towards Rice Height at 5 Data Sampling.
Tiller number
Tiller number was significantly affected at 70 DAT (Table 5). T1 was significantly higher than T4 while
T2 and T3 exhibit statistical parity (Figure 2). The difference between T1 and T4 was 25.5%. The rest
of data sampling indicates no significant difference.
Table 5. Effect of MPC treatments on rice tiller number at 5 sampling
Source of Parameter Tiller
Variance Final
Tiller 25 Tiller 55 Tiller 70 Tiller 90
DAT DAT DAT DAT
Trt 0.48 1.90 9.20 2.66 2.66
Rep 1.15 6.27 1.72* 2.67 8.77
Grand mean 2.0 6.0 14.4 13.2 18.9
C.V. (%) 22.42 23.70 10.47 12.04 8.52
Note: mean followed by * is significant at 0.05
Figure 2. Mean Comparison on Effect of MPC Towards Rice Tiller Number at 5 Data sampling.
46
SPAD meter reading
SPAD meter reading was not significantly affected by treatments at all data sampling (Table 6). At
final, T2 managed to score the highest reading which is 37.2 while T4 contributed to the lowest reading
with value of 36.5 (Figure 3).
Table 6. Effect of MPC treatments on rice SPAD meter reading number at 5 sampling
Source of Parameter
Variance
SPAD SPAD SPAD
(1st) (2nd) (3rd)
Trt 1.08 6.03 1.82
Rep 2.44 7.63 2.61
Grand mean 39.2 38.8 36.7
C.V. (%) 3.64 5.14 4.82
Note: Mean followed by * is significant at 0.05
Figure 3. Mean Comparison on Effect of MPC Towards Rice SPAD Reading at 3 Data
Sampling.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the experiment for third season found no significant different for all parameter compared
to control (subsidy fertilizer package). The study will be continue for the fourth season to evaluate the
effectiveness of MPC product before the final report is prepared.
REFERENCES
Badawi, A.M., Seadh, S., Naeem, E.S., El-Iraqi, A.S.E. (2019). Productivity and Quality of Some
Rice (oryza sativa l.) Cultivars as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels. International Journal
of Crop Science and Technology 5(1):28-37.
Jafari, H., Dastan, S., Nasiri, A.R., Valaei, L, Eslamii, H.R., (2013). Nitrogen and Silicon Application
Facts on Rice Growth Parameters at Alborz Moutain Range. Electric Journal of Biology 9(4):72-
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