science folio : CHAPTER 9 AND 10 SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN, PERAK teacher : MRS.RAHAYU BINTI AMAT TOSIRIM
NO. CONTENT PAGE 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 2 INTRODUCTION:CHAPTER 9 2 3 9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT THE EARTH 3 - 10 4 9.2 SPACE WEATHER 11 5 CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 9 12 6 INTRODUCTION:CHAPTER 10 13 7 10.1 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY 14 - 16 8 10.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND IT’S APPLICATION IN SPACE EXPLORATION 16 - 21 9 CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER 10 22 10 REFERENCE 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the creation of this folio. Firstly, I would like to thank my science teacher Pn.Rahayu for her guidance and support throughout my journey. Her advice and suggestions were really helpful to me during this project’s completion. I would also like to thank my partner Sharifah for her unwavering support and encouragement. She helped me a lot by gathering information from various sources and worked hard to complete this folio. I am also grateful to my family and friends who have provided me with access to the resources I needed to complete this project. Without them, I could not have done this folio in such a short period. Thank you all for your support and assistance in bringing this folio to fruition..
Student's name : Sharifah Arissa & Bhavesha IC Number : ( 080813080486) & (081201080834) Form: 3 Lily Theme 4 : Earth & Space Exploration Learning Area : Space Weather Content Standard : 9.1 Activities of the Sun that Affect Earth : 9.2 Space Weather Learning Standard : 9.1.1 Explain the structure of the Sun and phenomena that occur the Sun’s Surface : 9.1.2 Justify the importance of the Earth’s magnetosphere : 9.1.3 Communicate about space weather and its effects on Earth SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN, PERAK
9.1 Activities of the Sun that Affect Earth Structure of The Sun Convection zone = energy continues to move toward the surface through convection currents of heated and cooled gas in the convection zone Radiation zone = energy moves slowly outward - taking more than 170,000 years to radiate through the layer of the Sun Core = where nuclear fusion occurs Corona = uppermost part of the atmosphere millions of miles thick Chromosphere = orange red layer of atmosphere thousands of miles thick Photosphere = the lower atmosphere and what we see nuclear fusion : process by which nuclear reactions between light elements form heavier elements The sun appears as a ball of glowing gases and consists almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.
Looks like an arrangement of cells on the surface of the photosphere Occurs due to the plasma convective current in the convection zone Granules Dark spots in the Sun's photosphere It is the cooler part of the photosphere layer and is influenced by the strength of the Sun's magnetic field granules,sunspots & solar cycle PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR ON THE SURFACE OF THE SUN Extremely hot = 5800°C and average diameter is 1000 km Sunspots Solar Cycle The electrically charged sun produces a strong magnetic field, the magnetic field undergoes a cycle of activity called the solar cycle A solar cycle takes about 11 years In a solar cycle, the poles of the Sun's magnetic field will change places The Sun’s magnetic field at the north pole and south pole changes each solar cycle The solar cycle affects activity on the surface of the Sun.
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A strong eruption of radiation caused by the release of magnetic energy around the sun's spots Releases electrons, ions and atoms and also emits long radiation The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays and into outer space Emitted to Earth causes aurora events and disrupts telecommunication systems and satellite functions A large plasma and magnetic field structure extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. A typical prominence may last for several days or months and extends over many thousands of kilometers; the largest on record was estimated at over 800,000 km A strong eruption of radiation caused by the release of magnetic energy around the sun's spots Releases electrons, ions and atoms and also emits long radiation The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays and into outer space Emitted to Earth causes aurora events and disrupts telecommunication systems and satellite functions prominence,solar flares,coronal mass ejections & solar wind Prominence Solar flares Coronal mass ejection Solar wind In the corona, the temperature of about 1 million ° C of the Sun's gravitational pull is not strong enough to withstand the fast-moving charged particles and then be released into space - The flow of charged particles released from the corona is known as the solar wind Characteristics such as magnetic field, velocity, temperature and density of the solar wind depend on the activity on the surface of the Sun according to the solar cycle
prominence solar flare
coronal mass ejection solar wind
HOW DOES THIS PHENOMENAN OCCUR? An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. Blue, red, yellow, green, and orange lights shift gently and change shape like softly blowing curtains. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions.Auroras are visible almost every night near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are about 66.5 degrees north and south of the Equator. In the north, the display is called aurora borealis, or northern lights. In the south, it is called aurora australis, or southern lights. WHAT IS MEANT BY AURORA? When a solar storm comes toward us, some of the energy and small particles can travel down the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into Earth's atmosphere.There, the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the sky known as aurora.
EARTH’ S MAGNETOSPHERE AND IT’S IMPORTANCE a region in the outer space surrounding the Earth where the magnetic field in the Earth’s magnetosphere is a combination of Earth’s magnet field and the magnetic field in the region in outer space DEFINITON OF EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE FORMATION OF EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE formed by the interaction between the magnetic field brought by the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetic field IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE to protect the life on the Earth from adverse effect caused by the dangerous particles from the Sun such as solar wind prevents charged particles such as electrons,protons and alpha particles in the solar wind from reaching the Earth. reduces the additional pressure exerted by solar wind on the Earth’s normal atmospheric pressure
EFFECTS OF SPACE WEATHER ON EARTH DISRUPTION IN ELECTRIC POWER LINES 9.2 Space Weather Space weather defined as the phenomenan that occurs: on the surface of the Sun such as coronal mass ejections, solar flares, prominences and sunspots in space such as solar wind, solar radiation storm and geomagnetic storm AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH DISRUPTION IN TELECOMMUNICATION DISRUPTION IN NAVIGATION SYSTEM
CONCLUSION And that's a wrap! Our journey beyond the stars was truly a cosmic blast. As enthusiasts of space, documenting this scrapbook allowed us to take our extraterrestrial game to the next level. We're ecstatic to continue our discoveries of the universe and unravel more of its intriguing mysteries. Here's to more out-of-this-world adventures!
SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN, PERAK Student's name : Sharifah Arissa & Bhavesha IC Number : ( 080813080486) & (081201080834) Form: 3 Lily Theme 4 : Earth & Space Exploration Learning Area : Space Exploration Content Standard : 10.1 Development in Astronomy : 10.2 Development of technology and its application in space exploration Learning Standard : 10.1.1 Explain the historical development of the Solar System model : 10.2.1 Communicate about the importance of the development of technology and its application in space exploration : 10.2.2 Justify the need to continue space exploration
10.1 Development in Astronomy Historical Development of the Solar System 1) Claudius Ptolemy ( 90-168 A.D.) : Greek astronomer , astrologer and geographer : build geocentric model with Earth at the centre and circular orbits ‘Geo’ means Earth ‘Centric’ means centre Earth is at centre of solar system Earth is stationary and all the objects such as the Sun and other planets revolve around Earth in circular orbits. geocentric model
2) Nicolas Copernicus ( 1473-1543) : Polish astronomer , mathematician, economist and doctor : Built heliocentric model with the Sun at the centre and circular orbits heliocentric model ‘Helio’ means Sun ‘Centric’ means centre Sun is at the centre of the Solar System Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun in a circular orbit.
3) Johannes Kepler ( 1571-1630) : German astronomer , mathematician and astrologer . : modified the heliocentric model with the Sun at one common focal point on the elliptical orbits of the planets according to Kepler’s Law modified heliocentric model 10.2 Development of Technology and its Application in Space Exploration 11th century : Chinese invented gunpowder and used primitive rockets in battles 1609: First telescope used in the field of astronomy by Galileo Galilei
1969 first human to set foot on the moon-Neil Armstrong, US Apollo 11 1961 first human to orbit the Earth-Yuri Gagarin,aboard USSR Vostok 1 1957 first satellite-USSR Sputnik 1 launched in space 1973 first Jupiter flyby-US Pioneer 10 1981 first flight of US space shuttle-Columbia 1989 first Neptune flyby-US Voyager 2 1990 US launched Hubble Space Telescope from space shuttle Discovery
2011 Construction of International Space Station completed 1996 Malaysian Satellites, MEASAT 1 and 2 launched 2000 Malaysia’s first microsatellite TiungSAT-1 launched 2002 National Space Agency (ANGKASA) established 2018 Nasa Space shuttle InSight successfully landed on the surface Mars Applications of technology in space exploration and their importance Space Telescope -used to observe and collect information about objects and phenomena in the outer space -for example , radio telescope , sextant and spitzer space telescope
Sextant -used to measure the altitude of a star Galileo’s Telescope -became the most widely used astronomical tool Hubble space telescope -placed in an orbit 500km from the surface of earth Spitzer space telescope -detects activity in distant outer space The uses of telescope Radio telescope -used to detect radio waves from outer space
Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4th October 1957 under the Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer.It sent a radio signal back to Earth for three weeks before its three silver-zinc batteries ran out.An aerodynamic drag caused it to fall back to the atmosphere on 4th January 1958. Rocket -used to launch satellites,space probes,space shuttles and also send astronauts to outer space Satellite -an object that orbit around a bigger object -sputnik 1 satellite was the first satellite sent to outer space (1957) Space Probe -used to gather information from the outer space and sends it back to the earth
Remote Sensing -method used to gather and record information from a distance -for example , the information about the surface of earth is scanned by satellite and then gathered and recorded DISASTER MANAGEMENT : detect pollution , location of fires , landslides and other geohazard that occur AGRICULTURE : detect suitable regions for agriculture developments such as paddy fields GEOLOGY: detect locations of mineral sources , mass depletion and land depletion NAVIGATION : helps ships and aeroplanes to determine direction and location DEFENCE : detect missile attacks , the intrusions of enemy ship or aircraft into a country’s space METEOROLOGY : detect the changes of atmospheric pressure , temperature , wind and cloud direction
CONCLUSION Our science class embarked on a wondrous journey, charting the furthest reaches of space. Every star was a beacon calling us to reach for the heavens, and we were eager to quench our thirst for knowledge. Beyond the pages of books, we scoured the corners of the internet to broaden our celestial horizons. Our quest led us to a trove of cosmic lore, which we meticulously gathered into a glittering scrapbook – a testament to our cosmic voyage. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to our teacher, whose guiding hand helped us explore the universe in all its splendor.
REFERENCE INTERNET https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 https://www.britannica.com/science/nuclear-fusion https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/247-solarwind-plasma-and-the-magnetosphere BOOK FORM 3 SCIENCE TEXTBOOK WOW GRAFIK KENDURI PT3