JournalEdit

Lack of land ownership is an 94
integral problem in all countries .
Many families working in waste and excluded from economic
recovery live on the road side or planning and policies, informal
platform or near landfills and are livelihoods will remain insecure and
always at the risk of being evicted. less productive than they could be.
What is needed is a change in the
There are many challenges in the mindsets of policy makers to
informal workforce , which are recognize and validate informal
similar across all sectors and workers and their livelihoods
regions of the world. Some of the accompanied by changes in laws,
challenges are political and regulations and policies to protect
conceptual challenges , lack of and promote informal workers and
legal protection and clear their livelihoods. Even though both
negotiating counterparts, diverse the central and state governments
workplaces and insufficient have formulated many schemes to
resources. advocate informal workers , it fails
in meeting the real needs and
One of the common issues faced by requirements of the unorganised
all informal workers in all sectors of workforce.
the society is the non applicability of
social security measures. There are The government should make
many times when a worker cannot be efforts to improve their working
economically active , due to certain standards on a wide range of
circumstances like sickness, old age , issues. Despite the challenges and
or on account of personal calamities hindrances, the informal workers
such as an accident or are organizing and becoming
unemployment. visible locally, nationally and
internationally.
There are no proper social security
measures to ensure the maintenance Bibliography:
of basic living standards at times of 1.A.Muthusamy & Dr.M.Syed
crises such as unemployment or health Ibrahim. (April, 2016). “Problems
issues and to provide risk coverage. faced by informal workers in
As long as informal units, workers and different sectors in India”. Indian
activities are stigmatized by policy Journal of Applied Research
makers as illegal and non-productive,

95

Source: pinterest.com

Discrimination means treating one person or group

worse than the others.The groups that are

CASTE discriminated from getting due employment include
the so-called lower caste people like Dalits and
scheduled tribes. Discrimination in labour is also

DISCRIMINATION faced by women.
One kind of discrimination faced is based on what
sex a person belongs to. India’s status has improved
IN THE INDIAN in this case. There are a lot of places where women

LABOUR MARKET are getting employment. Yet, there is an existence
of a glass ceiling. There is no doubt that there are
successful female entrepreneurs in India. It is just

that the situation needs to improve. There are still a

By Amritha Satish Kumar lot of women who are not allowed to become board
members or occupy other authoritative positions like

I B.A. Economics president because of the existence of a glass ceiling.
On one hand, the success of development from not

providing education to seeking employment can be

enjoyed while on the other measures must be taken

to improve the existing situation.

96

The other case is the discrimination Dalits were not allowed to access
of labour based on caste. This
discrimination started with the even water from the same well as
advent of the varna system which
classified people based on the caste the “upper caste”. So, employment
and their employment. The Sanskrit
term Varna has many meanings was way out of the league.
which include type, class or order.
The Varna system comprised of 4 In a research made on caste
different classes. They were called
the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas discrimination, it was found that
and the Shudras. The first three
classes faced no discrimination. The for every 10 upper caste people
last class, the Shudras, bore the
brunt of discrimination. These appointed only 6 Dalits and 3
people were the only ones who did
the physical, unsophisticated and Muslims were chosen. Sanghmitra
menial jobs. They were the helpers
of the first three classes. Then came Acharya, a professor at JNU
the untouchables which were
termed during colonial rule. Dr wrote in one of her research
Ambedkar fought for the rights of
Dalits. Let alone, working in the papers that 7 out of 10 children
same atmosphere with others.
reported untouchability.
Source:NSSO
Discrimination causes 15 per cent

lower wages for SC/STs as

compared to equally qualified

others.

According to the 2011 Census of
India, they comprise 16.6 per cent
of India's population. The
unemployment rate among SCs
was 1.7 percentage points higher
than India’s average. The 2011-12
NSSO survey shows that SCs are
employed for a lesser number of
days compared with upper castes.
Study of 441 farm wage labourers,
indicates that about 41 per cent
were denied work by the high
castes due to caste prejudice. For
instance, in the case of the food-
related industries, Upper caste
people have owned more than 30%
of the industries in rural areas and
more than 10% in urban areas. SC
and ST own nearly 8 % and 11%
respectively. Upper caste possess
nearly more than 15-20%
ownership compared to SC and ST.

97

Source: Hindustan Times

Many leaders have tried to put to Bibliography: (2001).
an end to this issue of 1.Human Rights Watch. Global
discrimination in labour. People in “Caste discrimination: A
the society have to understand Concern”
how giving opportunities to all of
the above-mentioned oppressed 2.IDSN. (2016). “ Caste
sections can be of great value Discrimination in India”
addition to the country’s economy
and national income. A change can 3.Sukhdeo Thorat. (2018).
be brought about only with the “Scheduled Castes among worst
change in the mindset of every sufferers of India’s job problem”.
constituent of the society people The Hindustan Times.
live in. The need for change should
come from within and the goal of 4.Madhura Swaminathan. (2010).
the greater good of the nation “Caste & the labour market”. The
should be kept in mind while Hindu.
forming opinions and discriminating
people from getting employment.

98

Source: Global Gender Gap Report 2020, World Economic Forum

"Liberals say we should end employment
discrimination. I say we should end employment." ~
Bob Black

GENDER PAY Gender combat :Gender gap in the labour market is
one of the compelling challenges faced around

GAP- NOT JUST A globally, where the whole conceptual difference
rose due to the general assumption of women being
WOMEN’S ISSUE less capable, less reliable or committed compared to
men. This fences women’s access to good
employment opportunities and they still remain

restricted. Women are highly discriminated against

in terms of unequal pay, quality opportunities,

By Deepthi Balaji unfavourable hiring strategies of firms, prevalent

sexual harassment, bias and so on. According to a

III BA Economics research (1987) by Katz at Northeastern University,
an experiment was undertaken to measure the

degree of sex discrimination in the hiring process.

The results singled out the fact that men were given

preference in terms of reliability, salary, fit etc.

99

Looking at the Indian market of A case of the number of men and
labour statistics, the situation is women employed was studied in the
notoriously unpleasant to women. banking and financial sector, to judge
This is a matter of exorbitantly the prevalence of recruitment bias. The
significant issue as women constitute occupational distribution in companies
one- third of our population. Only a like IBM was studied, the outcome of
little per cent of women are placed in which revealed that high-paid positions
better conditions in terms of both such as specialists, accountants,
payment and infrastructure. For investment specialists, appraisers of
instance, in the utility industry (one loans and collateral etc. are all handled
of the high payment sectors), women by men.
constitute only 0.08 per cent. Urban
labour markets are specifically Despite the law prohibiting
unfriendly to women. The gender discrimination on grounds of
gaps in urban areas are much wider. gender in the workplace, there are
Female unemployment prevailed deviations in today’s reality.
over 7 per cent compared to 3 per Around the 1940’s, equal pay was
cent in the case of male not really an issue in banks,
unemployment. Against over one- because men and women were not
third of rural workers, only around 17 employed on the same job kinds.
percent of urban workers are Women were hired exclusively for
women. In larger cities, their share is common daily routine jobs , filing,
still lower ( around 15 percent only). and routine clerical jobs, and not
This condition is all-pervasive, not for any major specialized jobs in
just in our nation, but across the banking areas. During World War
globe. Gender-based pay gap, in II , the employment of women was
today’s world, has grown into a the first time for main jobs such as
concerning conundrum in both clerks and in other significant
developed and developing countries, positions at the same rate of pay
despite efforts being made by the as men, and this policy has been
governments, in the form of continued since then.
legislation and laws.
Conclusion:
How impactful are these laws Management of firms considered
and legislation? Do they truly that women should receive the
bring an effectual change in the same pay as men for the same kind
state of women? et us look at one of work, although women will be
of many case studies undertaken more content and are more likely
by the Department of Labour in to be dedicated to working harder
the United States that throws than men when they were treated
light on equal pay better. fairly.

Taking an overall look, the equal- 100

pay policy was fair to women, Therefore, it is time to accept
,realize and work towards helping
making them immensely to foster gender equality by
raising awareness through equal
happy.Even top companies like training and ensuring fair
treatment, shine spotlight on
Duolingo and Bloomberg etc., have talented and successful women by
giving fair chances of
tried to correct the gender gap opportunities, clearly formulate
strict anti- discrimination rules and
based on ‘recruitment ratio of polices, implement gender - neutral
recruitment processes so on.
50:50, where employment wasn’t
Bibliography
based on gender classifications, 1.Christina Pavlou. (n.d.). “Gender
inequality in the workplace: A lack
but that we should hire the best of women in leadership”.Workable.

people instead’. Prior to this, 2. Cailin Susan Stamarski, Leanne
Son Hing. (2015). “Gender
Iceland got in legislation requiring inequalities in the workplace: the
effects of organizational
firms to provide authentic proof structures, processes, practices,
and decision makers’ sexism”.
that both men and women are University of Guelph.

being compensated equally and 3. Harvard Summer School. (2014).
“Gender Inequality and Women in
fairly, or face daily fines based on the Workplace”. Harvard Summer
School Blog.
their work positions alone.

Apart from this,the constitutions of
almost all nations are making room
for favouring and uplifting women,
who are indeed considered as the
weaker sex in this male- dominant
society. According to the
International Labor Organization
(ILO), women are made to work
longer hours only to receive low or
no wage compared to men,
although jobs performed are
significantly identical.

Women’s participation in the

workforce remains low on a global

scale, where severe poverty, lack

of affordable care for family and

children influences their

participation negatively. In

developing countries, access to a

safe environment , transportation

is also a huge hindrance to their

participation.

101

Source: orfonline.org (Yawar Nazir/ Getty)

THE PLIGHT OF Migration in the labour market has been happening
MIGRANTS IN A for many years due to various reasons. It can be
because of poverty, lack of proper education,
PANDEMIC unemployment, skewed infrastructural development,
ECONOMY pay disparity, lack of opportunities and many such
factors. Many labourers from Bihar and Uttar
By Amritha Rao. S.B. Pradesh migrated to Gujarat and Maharashtra and
to other metro cities. Due to the pandemic, the
I BA Economics central government announced a nationwide
lockdown, millions of labourers across India lost their
jobs and income and went back to their hometowns.
They boarded busses and trains in order to reach
their hometowns and many migrants died on Shramik
Special trains, and when the public transportation
was stopped, they were forced to walk all the way
with their children and belongings. Manfur Nishad,
from a village near Kalpi, Uttar Pradesh was
working in a sari firm in Gujarat and it shut down
when the lockdown happened.

He had no income, ration and left 102
with no other option, he decided to
return back to his home state. He She said that she was scared
along with his twelve colleagues had that she has to probably restart
to travel by bus for which he didn’t her career because of COVID –
own even a rupee, but they managed 19. She has stopped working
to somehow get financial help from a from mid – March and also
senior policeman at Rajpipla. Despite been supporting her sister’s
all these struggles he could reach education.
Jalaun which was still 45 km from his
home. The plight of the migrant
labourers is that they do not
The home states are benefited come out of poverty since all
through migration as the labourers their earnings just barely
send remittances in a regular time provide them and their family
period which are stable as well. the basic needs, the quality of
Migrants are mostly young and they their life seldom improves.
also have a positive impact on public
money. They promote the employable Though migrant labour is
population in the economy. They also organized, it is not quantifiable to
contribute to the human capital a large extent; so it becomes
development of the receiving states increasingly difficult for the
with their skills. government to reach out to this
Migration cannot be quantified, but it segment for its various schemes.
benefits both, the employer and the The flip side of labour migration is
labourer in the sense that labour gets that the local population is
comparatively better paid and the deprived of jobs thereby resulting
former gets comparatively cheap in the lack of motivation to
labour. Migration prevails in almost all acquire, upgrade and master a skill
sectors of the economy, be it in the set. The large influx of migrant
service sectors like beauty salons and labour breaks down the already
hotels, manufacturing, construction heavily inadequate infrastructure
and skilled labour like carpenters, in large cities leading to the
welders etc. creation of newer slum areas,
encroachments and rise in criminal
Grace Niangsianchin is a 24- activities due to the frustrations of
year-old girl hailing from the local labourer.The migrant
Churachandpur district in labour can be dissuaded from
Manipur, was working as a migrating if the conditions in the
beautician in Chennai, Tamilnadu. home states are conducive to their
expectations of a decent well
being, but this does not appear

103

feasible in the foreseeable future 2.Khanna, A. (2020). “Impact of
because of various factors such as Migration of Labour Force due to
lack of political will and their Global COVID-19 Pandemic with
corrupted ways, alternate means Reference to India”. Journal of
of livelihood in the home state, the Health Management,
annual ritual of the migrant labour
to move elsewhere, and labour 3.Globalization 101. (2018).
contractors or agents who exploit “Economic effects of Migration”.
and manipulate labour for their The State University of New York.
own selfish needs. 4.OECD. (2014). ”Migration Policy
Debates”
Bibliography:
5.Rashid, O. (2020). “Coronavirus
1.Jebaraj, P. (2020). “Less than 34,000 lockdown | Back in U.P., migrants
inter-State migrant workers in 2019-20, stare at an uncertain future”. The
says government”. The Hindu Hindu.

6.Vangamla Salle K.S. (2020).
“COVID-19 crisis: Uncertainty

ahead for migrant workers”.
EastMojo.

DID YOU KNOW?

Inemuri is a Japanese practice , which means 'sleeping on
the job','being present while asleep'. In Japan, napping in

office, during work is normal and is seen as a sign of
hardwork. The practice is more prevalent among senior

employees in white-collar professions.

104

Source: sabrangindia.in

INFORMAL Outside the mainstream work environment exists a
SECTOR- THE creamy layer of jobs which unfortunately withstands
UNDERDOGS OF most of the working force of the country. This is the
informal sector of India. Contributing to the unequal
INDIAN status quo in employment, it also breeds quite the
ECONOMY amount of labour issues that go unnoticed most of
the time.
By Akshara M.V. The informal sector is where work which people
carry out on a daily basis is not recognized under
III B.A Economics. the mainstream jobs undertaken in the society as a
whole. The informal sector mostly consists of those
classes of people who fail to get employment in the
organized sector due to inadequacy in education,
and lack of interest and professionalism.
Such job seekers, with no choice left, go for the
alternative source of employment to earn income,
under a cloak which does not ensure security of jobs
like the organized sector does. This ‘cloak’ is what is
termed as informal or unorganized sector.

The informal segment is responsible 105
for maintaining India’s unequal
status quo. In fact, it is responsible In this manner,the process of
for aggravating the existing divide savings and investing is naturally
in the standards of living amongst restricted to the mainstream
the population. economy under the organised
sector.From the data collected by
Concerning Issues faced by the Ministry of Labour and
Informal Sector Workers: Employment, the real average
Firstly, low-skilled labourers who daily wage in India’s organised
are desperate enough to work for sector was Rs. 513 whereas the
miserly wages in order to meet their corresponding wage in the
subsistence requirements largely informal sector stood at Rs. 166 in
constitute the labour force of the the year 2011.
informal sector. Since unorganised While the introduction of the
firms operate outside of the Unorganised Workers’ Social
jurisdiction of corporate law, Security Act, 2008 and The Code
workers in their employ are assured on Social Security, 2019 are
of neither job-security nor social conducive to the conservation of
protection, making their condition the rights of unorganized
deplorably bad. India’s elephant- labourers, they have not been
like population makes it easy for very effective.
malicious entrepreneurs to exploit
an oversupply of menial labour with Thirdly, the unorganised firms are
ease. Secondly, the expendable disadvantaged in comparison to the
nature of the unorganised labour organised ones in terms of access to
force causes wages to remain at financial services from banks,
minimal levels, sometimes lower exposure to new information and
than the legal minimum. technology, etc. The plight of the
workers magnifies as they come
Several institutional factors such together jointly in an enterprise –
as lack of technical and they are unable to expand and thrive
vocational education, lower due to their unorganised nature.
socio-economic status contribute These enterprises prioritise cutting
to the workers’ inability to costs wherever they can to compete
improve their work-expertise in with firms under the organized sector,
such a paradigm. As a result, henceforth operating as boorish and
they are deprived of career backward as the can.This ‘boorish’
growth opportunities and finally behaviour acts as a setback to the
are deprived from the capacity to unorganised sector in terms of
accumulate significant savings. infrastructure and accessibility to
market.

Tainted by disguised 106
unemployment due to an
oversupply of labourers, the Source: knowledgeone.ca
agricultural sector is a ‘stellar’
example of how the informal Suggestions to improve the
economy functions; it employed working conditions of Informal
55% of the nation’s labour force in sector labourers:
2017 but contributed a meagre Organising the ‘unsecure’ chunk
16% to the GDP. As V.K.V.Rao of population is the first step
once said, “..progress in towards pulling them out of
development has to be preceded, marginal poverty. As iterated
accompanied and followed by before, unemployment is a
progress in infrastructure...”, the pressing issue in this innumerably
lack of which hampers economy’s populous country, which
smooth functioning.Therefore, forcefully nudges these people
these industries are in a desperate towards settling to any kinds of
need for infrastructural jobs that pay them, secure or
transformation. unsecure.
With the economy facing a
Fourthly, the automation of manual dilemma of simultaneously
labour is revolutionising labour- securing the future of an ever-
intensive production worldwide increasing labour-force and
and is predicted to result in the sustaining high levels of
obliteration of millions of jobs. economic growth through the
Raising efficiency in production adoption of capital-intensive
negates the need to employ such technology in production, it is
additional inputs, in this case, the role of the government to
labour, if such are present: those prevent the economy from
jobs which do not require high reaching an impasse.
skill-sets are most vulnerable to
obsolescence. A report by the
World Bank suggests that 69 per
cent of jobs in India are under
threat due to automation.

In order to yield increased profits 107
and facilitate growth, government
support for improving Bibliography:
infrastructure is essential, in
particular for small and medium- 1.Kris Punia, March 2020, “Future
sized enterprises. As things of unemployment and the informal
currently stand, India’s semi-skilled sector of India”, Observer
labour force is a major hindrance Research Foundation
to the nation’s overall development
and poses perturbing challenges to 2.Dr.V.K.R.V. Rao. (1981).
which there are a few solutions “Infrastructure and Economic
which can majorly contribute to Development”. Commerce Annual.
the development of the country.

DID YOU KNOW?

As per the Global Workers Rights Index (2020) of the
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC),
Austria, Ireland, Denmark, Finland and Germany
emerged to be top 5. The ITUC ranks countries

according to the violations of workers rights. These are
the five countries with the least violations to workers’

rights. Burundi, Central African Republic, Libya,
Palestine, Somalia are among the worst rated countires.

108

Source: c&en (chemical and engineering news)

PANDEMIC AND What’s up fellow travel junkies? Did you guys also
THE TANKING promise yourselves that this is the year you are
finally going to start travelling and exploring the
TOURISM world outside of your house? Don’t worry, you are
SECTOR not alone. This year has definitely been a massive
rollercoaster of what might just be the beginning of
By Priyamvada Snigdha the worst times yet. We went from packing our
Ayyagari suitcases to last for weeks to packing groceries to
last for weeks. We went from sulking to wake up
III B.A.Economics every day to go to colleges to sulking to wake up
every day to attend online classes. Okay, enough
with the sob story. Let’s get serious guys!
Tourism generates foreign exchange, supports jobs
and businesses, drives regional development and
underpins local communities. Last year, 2019, was a
wonderful year for the countries that earn a major
amount of their revenue from their tourism sector
because the tourism sector all over the world was
reaching a new level of sky-high.

Countries, where tourism is a major 109
driver of economic activities,
experienced higher contributions to first three months of the lockdown.
the GDP, such as France (7.4% of The revenue also saw a 65% to 75%
GDP), Greece (6.8% of GDP), fall per available room.
Iceland (8.6% of GDP), Mexico (8.7%
of GDP), Portugal (8% of GDP), Source: Business Today
Spain (11.8% of GDP) and India
(9.2%). The decrease in the prices of According to the United Nations –
plane tickets and the rise in incomes World Tourism Organisation
was getting all the globe-trotters (UNWTO):
really excited. Just when people
thought that this trend was going to International tourism fell down
last long enough for them to by 22% in the first quarter of
complete their travel plans, they 2020. It was estimated that it
were stumped. could decline further by 60% to
The tourism sector contributes 80% over the whole year.
about 8.1% of the total employment The total number of
in India. The Federation of international tourists up to
Associations in Indian Tourism and March fell by 67 million which
Hospitality (FAITH) declared that translates into US$80 billion in
about 3.8 crore people lost their lost exports.
jobs due to the pandemic and the This leads us to a very crucial
lockdown. aspect of this entire sector –
The pandemic caused what would employment. This sector is one of
look like a typical ‘domino effect’ in the most labour-intensive sectors
the tourism sector. First, the of the economy.
transportation industry took a hit.
All the flights and trains were
cancelled because of which people
had to cancel their tickets as well.

A whopping 1.78 crore Indian
Railways tickets got cancelled in
the first five months of the
lockdown, leading to a refund of
Rs. 2727 crores. Then the
hospitality industry took a blow.
The occupancy rates in hotels
experienced a steep 20% to 40%
fall during the

110

The World Travel & Tourism Make use of digital technology.
Council (WTTC) made a statement
saying that despite a slight This will ensure that tourism
improvement driven by the return
of domestic travel in a number of services continue to accelerate.
economies; should the current
barriers to global travel continue It will include higher use of
to exist, a staggering 174 million
travel and tourism jobs could be automation, contactless
lost this year. This pandemic has
definitely caused some severe payments and services, virtual
damages, a few irreparable
damages too. Here a few steps we experiences, real-time
must take to make sure that this
sector can bounce back to its information provision.
previous glory:
The tourism policies all over the
Sustainability must be made more
prominent as people now have a world need to be made more
greater awareness of climate
change and its adverse impacts. reactive and in the long term, it
We need to start travelling in a
way that will ensure that we lower needs to move to more flexible
the environmental impact of
tourism. systems, the ability to adapt
Stay domestic! Try and enrich
domestic travel and tourism. faster to changes to policy focus.
Given the amount of uncertainty of
our surroundings, the traveller Crisis management will be a
confidence is expected to decline.
All the required measures need to particular area of focus.That’s all
be taken to make sure that the
traveller(s) feel safe to travel folks!
again.
Big gatherings need to be avoided. Let’s make this world safe and
People will prefer ‘private solutions’
when travelling. sustainable enough to travel again!
The workers that have lost jobs in
this sector might need to be Bibliography:
redeployed to different sectors. 1.Manon Dambrine and Hannah
Steinkopf-Frank. ( Aug 2020),
“How Countries Are Coping With
A Tanking Tourism
Industry”.WorldCrunch.

2.Devanjana Nag. ( Aug 2020).
“Whopping 1.78 crore Indian
Railways tickets cancelled in five
months due to COVID-19; Rs 2,727
crore refunded”. Financial Express.

3.Anonymous.( March 2020).
“Hotels may see 20-40% fall in
occupancy rates in Mar-May due
to COVID-19: Report”. The
Economic Times.

111

4.UNWTO Reports. ( May 2020). 6.OECD. ( December
“International tourist numbers 2020).“Rebuilding tourism for the
could fall 60-80% in 2020”. future: COVID-19 policy
responses and recovery”.
5.Anumeha Chaturvedi. ( October
2020). “174 million travel and
tourism jobs could be lost in 2020
due to Covid-19 and travel
restrictions: WTTC”.The Economic
Times.

DID YOU KNOW?

The OECD uses GDP per hour worked as a measure of
labour productivity and it gauges how efficiently labor
input is combined with other factors of production and
used in the production process. Ireland is at the very top

of the scale with a GDP per hour worked of $99.5,
followed by Norway with $83.1 and Germany's $72.2.

112

Source: Pep Bonet

THE ETHICAL The prosaic position labour violations hold in the
media is symptomatic of a larger fracture in the

DILEMMA OF supply chains of large corporations. The abuses
perpetrated by subcontractors, by providing less

than a living wage for millions of poverty-stricken

SUBCONTRACTED workers in developing countries, while exploiting
enormous quantities of output is a matter of dire

LABOUR: A LENS concern for both consumers and manufacturers. The
consumer, unaware of the cruelty that entails in
factories, is a blind participant in the atrocities
INTO NEO- committed. This disorder in supply chain

SLAVERY management traces a problem that takes root in
human rights abuses, which continues to shoot out in
the form of unsustainable consumerism, and

By Anuradha Jaishankar perpetuates a dismal cycle of poverty among millions

of poor workers. This essay seeks to discuss the

I B.A.Economics unsustainable labour practices that are practised by
several large industries, by maintaining the focus on

the Sportswear industry.

113

While scrolling through an endless The difference between a living
wage and a minimum wage would
collection of cheaply priced be startling. Workers can barely
manage to meet their basic needs
sportswear in stores, the like food, rent, healthcare, and
education. In fact, the Asia Floor
profitability for sellers seems to be Wage Alliance calculated that a
living wage in India is around 283
a matter of puzzlement. Several USD / month, which happens to be
four times the minimum wage.
large online and retail stores are Moreover, 80% of the workforce of
the sportswear industry is women,
capable of providing clothes that who would require additional income
for maternity leave and feminine
are highly competitive in pricing care.

throughout the year. These sales Socially the face discrimination, and
are intimidated from joining unions
are made possible through the costs to protect their labour rights These
companies have deep pockets
cut in production, a large part of when it comes to what can be
considered unnecessary expenses,
which is owed to labour and also seem to have shrunken pockets
when it comes to protecting one of
continues to promise huge profits to the most significant factors of
production. To make matter worse,
companies. Brands like Adidas, these jobs aren’t stable throughout
the year, as most contracts run out
Nike, Puma, Reebok etc, employ in short time periods.
Despite mounting evidence that
workers on short term contracts, do suggests that subcontracting—and
indeed, the very way that supply
not align with the unionized factory chains are organized—fuels
exploitative labour practices,
system. Workers who are employed discussions of how to eradicate
forced labour from supply chains
under ‘flexible’ arrangements are have scarcely mentioned the
political economy and ethics of the
discouraged from joining unions due business models that promote
subcontracting.
to their fear of employers not

renewing their contracts.

Companies often argue that the

employment they provide is

significant to the extent that it at

least provides a job to a largely

unemployed workforce.

Desperation is often the leading factor
that leads these workers to undertake
jobs in these sectors. Even the
European Parliament uses the term
“slave labour” to describe the current
working conditions of garment
workers in Asia.

114

There have been very few These corporations have been the
academics that have questioned
the ethics of subcontracting cause for the rise of complexity
because there isn’t any law that
deems it illegal, despite the and high levels of subcontracting
conditions of work pointing
towards a form of slavery. within both labour and product

It has been recorded that over supply chains, as they have
one-third of the GDP, as well as 70
percent of employment in continually restructured
developing countries, is controlled
by large retail firms. It’s often production in recent decades to
imperative for companies to
maintain these practices to remain cut costs and reduce legal
competitive in their markets.
Moreover, the power these firms ownership to curtail liability. When
exert over the global market
makes these problems almost modern supply chains are this
impossible to solve.
complex, it propels us to question
After all, forced labour, slavery,
and other forms of labour the extent of responsibility that
exploitation do not usually occur
randomly, as observable patterns large retailers must extend, to
reveal a nexus of colluding factors.
These are coherent management ensure that workers are treated
practices that are used by suppliers
to balance contractual demands for with dignity.
low-priced production with quick
turnaround times, short contracts, The power these retailers now
unstable demand, and quickening enjoy has been cultivated by
speed to market. consumers, and the problems
perpetuated by irresponsible
Suppliers of these large companies supply chain management should
usually subcontract activities to also be addressed vocally by
other firms, who further subcontract consumers to protect workers.
or outsource activities which results
in a layered and dynamic multi-tier It has become embarrassingly
system of production common for us to come across
accounts of human rights abuses
exercised by companies, yet little
has been done at these
awakenings to prevent further
damage to workers. It is an
irrefutable fact that productive
and healthy workers are ultimately
better contributors to the
economy. The power consumers
hold in the free market must be
exercised to eradicate these horrid
practices of labour abuse.

Source: corpwatch.org 115

Bibliography
1.Connor, Tim & Dent, Kelly.
(2006). “Offside! Labour Rights
and Sportswear Production in
Asia”. Oxfam International

2.Sustain Your Style. (n.d). “Most
Of Our Clothes Are Made In
Places Where Worker’s Rights
Are Non-existent”

3.LeBaron, G. (2014).
Subcontracting Is Not Illegal,
But Is It Unethical? Business
Ethics, Forced Labor, and
Economic Success. The Brown
Journal of World Affairs, 20(2),
237-249. Retrieved December
21, 2020

DID YOU KNOW?

As per Gallup, an American analytics and advisory
company based in Washington, 18% of American workers
are actively disengaged, meaning they are “emotionally
disconnected from their workplaces and less likely to be
productive.” The same number for Danish workers is only

10%, hinting high labour happiness in Denmark.

116

WINNING POSTERS 117

118

WINNING POSTERS

119

WORLD LABOUR TRIVI1A19

NORTH EUROPE ASIA
AMERICA AFRICA

SOUTH
AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

ANTARCTICA

G R A P H S T I M A T E 120

THIS GRAPH SHOWS THE
FUNDAMENTAL POINT OF VIEW OF

THE ECONOMISTS OF THE 18TH
AND 19TH CENTURIES WHO SAID
THAT THE ECONOMY COULD NOT

OPERATE IN THE ABSENCE OF
THIS STATE.

THIS CURVE IS NAMED AFTER
AN ECONOMIST FROM NEW
ZEALAND.IT DEPICTS THE
INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN INFLATION AND
UNEMPLOYMENT.

TGLHAIGVEBI OEVONREUNIRAE,.BSFWOIPVGIRTEUOHRAPETROHEUOENUGDTHREEAWDLPHPHBASOYTFRDTETIHFLHEFAEETGDRERIEDAANPGTTHOREAICCLMOOLSNUNCSAOETNMPRDITASHSTTIESANSNTO. SDN

G R A P H S T I M A T E 121

THIS DIAGRAM IS
PROPOUNDED BY THE

PRIME OPPOSER OF
THE CLASSICAL
ECONOMISTS. IT

SHOWS THAT WAGES
CANNOT BE
ADJUSTED

DOWNWARDS,AND
RESULTS IN

WORKERS BEING
UNEMPLOYED.

A FAMOUS ENGLISH
ECONOMIST’S

THEORY OF DETERMINING
EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT,

THAT SHOWS THE POINT
WHERE

WHAT ENTREPRENEURS
EXPECT TO RECEIVE EQUALS
TO WHAT THEY MUST RECEIVE

IN
ORDER FOR PROFITS TO BE

MAXIMISED.

TGLHAIGVEBI OEVONREUNIRAE,.BSFWOIPVGIRTEUOHRAPETROHEUOENUGDTHREEAWDLPHPHBASOYTFRDTETIHFLHEFAEETGDRERIEDAANPGTTHOREAICCLMOOLSNUNCSAOETNMPRDITASHSTTIESANSNTO. SDN

G R A P H S T I M A T E 122

THIS SHOWS A TYPE
OF UNEMPLOYMENT

THAT RELATES
TO HOW WELL AN

INDUSTRY OR
BUSINESS IS DOING.
IF THERE IS A FALL

IN DEMAND FOR
THE GOOD, THERE
WILL NATURALLY BE
A SLUMP IN LABOUR

DEMAND.

THIS UNIQUE CURVE, UNLIKE
OTHER CURVES, IS NAMED

AFTER ITS LOOKS. IT SHOWS
HOW PEOPLE EVENTUALLY
SUBSTITUTE LEISURE FOR

PAID-WORK TIME, AS WAGES
INCREASE BEYOND A CERTAIN

LEVEL.

TGLHAIGVEBI OEVONREUNIRAE,.BSFWOIPVGIRTEUOHRAPETROHEUOENUGDTHREEAWDLPHPHBASOYTFRDTETIHFLHEFAEETGDRERIEDAANPGTTHOREAICCLMOOLSNUNCSAOETNMPRDITASHSTTIESANSNTO. SDN

G R A P H S T I M A T E 123

THE
CURVE IS NAMED
AFTER ITS FOUNDER,
WHOSE NAME IS
REMINISCENT OF ANY

DRINK- COKE,
JUICE, WATER, YOU

NAME IT. IT
REPRESENTS THE

RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN

UNEMPLOYMENT AND
THE JOB VACANCY
RATE.

AN
ECONOMIST WHO CHANGED

THE COURSE OF
MACROECONOMIC THEORY

PRESENTED THIS GRAPH
THAT SHOWS HOW THE
ECONOMY DOESN’T
NECESSARILY HAVE TO

HAVE FULL EMPLOYMENT AT
THE EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL.

TGLHAIGVEBI OEVONREUNIRAE,.BSFWOIPVGIRTEUOHRAPETROHEUOENUGDTHREEAWDLPHPHBASOYTFRDTETIHFLHEFAEETGDRERIEDAANPGTTHOREAICCLMOOLSNUNCSAOETNMPRDITASHSTTIESANSNTO. SDN

124

GUESS THE
ECONOMIST

HE PRESENTED THE LABOUR
THEORY OF VALUE (LTV),
WHICH ARGUES THAT THE

ECONOMIC VALUE OF A GOOD
OR

SERVICE IS DETERMINED BY
THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF
"SOCIALLY NECESSARY
LABOUR". GUESS WHO?

HE PRESENTED
LABOUR

POWER AS A KEY
CONCEPT IN HIS

CRITIQUE OF
CAPITALIST
POLITICAL
ECONOMY.
GUESS WHO?

125

GUESS THE
ECONOMIST

HE WON THE IZA PRIZE
IN LABOUR ECONOMICS IN

2007. HIS ANALYSIS AND
STUDIES WERE EXTREMELY

INFLUENTIAL AND
SOMETIMES EVEN
CONTROVERSIAL. HIS
FAMOUS CONTRIBUTION TO

LABOUR
ECONOMICS WAS HIS

PROPOSITION THAT
"UNIONISM ON NET
PROBABLY RAISES SOCIAL
EFFICIENCY”. GUESS WHO?

HE IS KNOWN AS THE
FATHER

OF MODERN DAY
LABOUR ECONOMICS.
HE HELPED DEVELOP

THE EMPIRICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
THE HUMAN CAPITAL

THEORY. GUESS
WHO?

126

GUESS THE
ECONOMIST

HE IS A FRENCH
ECONOMIST AND IS ONE OF
EUROPE'S LEADING LABOUR
ECONOMISTS. HIS RESEARCH

IS
PRIMARILY FOCUSED ON
LABOUR ECONOMICS AND ITS

RELATIONSHIP WITH
MACROECONOMICS.
HE IS CURRENTLY PROGRAM

DIRECTOR OF IZA
INSTITUTE'S "LABOUR

MARKETS"
PROGRAMME. GUESS WHO?

HE IS MOST WIDELY
KNOWN

FOR HIS 1974 BOOK
LABOUR AND MONOPOLY

CAPITAL: THE
DEGRADATION OF WORK

IN THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY, "A

TEXT THAT LITERALLY
CHRISTENED THE

EMERGING FIELD OF
LABOUR PROCESS

STUDIES" GUESS WHO?

127

GUESS THE
ECONOMIST

HE WON THE LABOUR
IZA AWARD IN 2018
FOR
HIS ANALYSIS OF
LABOUR SUPPLY,
FAMILY ECONOMICS

AND DISCRIMINATION.
GUESS WHO?

HE WON THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN 1992 FOR HIS

WORK ON HUMAN
CAPITAL AND EXTENDING
ECONOMIC CONCEPTS TO
OTHER DISCIPLINES LIKE

SOCIOLOGY,
DEMOGRAPHY AND
CRIMINOLOGY. GUESS

WHO?

128

AA CC RR OO SS SS DD OO WW NN

2. By law, this is the minimum wage that can be given to 1. Ola, Uber, Swiggy and Zomato: what kind of economic
employees. setup do their employees work in?
8. I just left my job, and I'm searching for a new one. I undergo
unemployment. 3. A term referring to the skilled labour force. Also,
9. I get lower wages than I deserve, and my employer treats me straighten your ties.
terribly.Where do I go? 4. A retirement plan that provides a monthly income in
10. There's a mismatch between the jobs available and the skill retirement.
levels of the unemployed. This is called ____ unemployment. 5. The coefficient-based measure of the distribution of
income across a population, developed by an Italian
12. What kind of labour is not recruited directly by the firm but statistician.
through a third party? 6. He's responsible for India's labour force
7. Total expenses spent by an employer on an employee in
a year
11. Working-class people, usually the lowest economic
class.

LABOUR LAWS AND 129
REFORMS

INDIAN INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT 1961
ACT, 1947
AIM:IT PROTECTS THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
AIM: TO SECURE INDUSTRIAL PEACE
DURING THE TIME OF HER MATERNITY AND ENTITLES
AND HARMONY BY PROVIDING HER OF A 'MATERNITY BENEFIT' - I.E. FULL PAID
MECHANISM AND PROCEDURE FOR ABSENCE FROM WORK - TO TAKE CARE FOR HER
THE INVESTIGATION AND SETTLEMENT CHILD. ... 12 WEEKS MATERNITY BENEFIT TO A
OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES BY COMMISSIONING MOTHER' AND 'ADOPTING
CONCILIATION, ARBITRATION AND MOTHER'. • FACILITATE WORK FROM HOME'.
ADJUDICATION WHICH IS PROVIDED
UNDER THE STATUTE. FACTORIES ACT, 1948

AIM: THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE ACT IS

NOT ONLY TO ENSURE ADEQUATE SAFETY
MEASURES BUT ALSO TO PROMOTE HEALTH
AND WELFARE OF THE WORKERS EMPLOYED
IN FACTORIES AS WELL AS TO PREVENT
HAPHAZARD GROWTH OF FACTORIES.

1947 1948 1952 1961

THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT (1948)

AIM: TO ENSURE THAT THE EMPLOYEE CAN HAVE THE

BASIC PHYSICAL NEEDS, GOOD HEALTH AND A
LEVEL OF COMFORT. TO ENSURE A SECURE AND
ADEQUATE LIVING WAGE FOR ALL LABORERS
IN THE INTEREST OF THE PUBLIC. TO ENSURE THAT THE
EMPLOYEE HAS ENOUGH TO
PROVIDE FOR HIS FAMILY

. THE EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUNDS
AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
ACT, 1952

AIM: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE INSTITUTION

OF PROVIDENT FUNDS PENSION FUND AND
DEPOSIT-LINKED INSURANCE FUND FOR
EMPLOYEES IN FACTORIES AND OTHER
ESTABLISHMENTS.

LABOUR LAWS AND 130
REFORMS

PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT MRTU AND PULP ACT 1971
1965
AIM:MAHARASHTRA RECOGNITION OF TRADE
AIM: IT AIMS TO REGULATE THE AMOUNT
UNIONS AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR LABOR
OF BONUS TO BE PAID TO THE PERSONS LAWS PRACTICES ACT 1971 SANCTIONED BY THE
EMPLOYED IN ESTABLISHMENTS BASED ON GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR REGULATIONS OF
ITS PROFIT AND PRODUCTIVITY. THE ACT IS INDUSTRIES IN THE COUNTRY TO ATTAIN THE
APPLICABLE TO THE WHOLE OF INDIA FOR GOAL OF EMPATHETIC BETWEEN EMPLOYEE AND
ALL ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH HAD TWENTY EMPLOYER.
OR MORE PERSONS EMPLOYED ON ANY DAY
DURING THE YEAR.

1965 1970 1971 1972

CONTRACT LABOUR (REGULATION &
ABOLITION) ACT, 1970

AIM: AN ACT TO REGULATE THE EMPLOYMENT OF

CONTRACT LABOUR IN CERTAIN ESTABLISHMENTS AND
TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ABOLITION IN CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED
THEREWITH

THE PAYMENTS OF GRATUITY ACT, 1972

AIM: THE PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT,1972 WAS

ENACTED WITH SOLE OBJECTIVE OF PROVIDING
GRATUITY I.E., A MONETARY AWARD GIVEN FOR
SERVICES RENDERED TO THE EMPLOYEES
WORKING IN THE FACTORIES, OILFIELDS, MINES,
PLANTATIONS, RAILWAY COMPANIES, SHOPS OR
OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS UPON THEIR
SUPERANNUATION (E.G.,OLD AGE RETIREMENT
AMOUNT,)

LABOUR LAWS AND 131
REFORMS

EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT, CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND ABOLITION)
1976 ACT 1986

AIM: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE AIM:AN ACT TO PROHIBIT THE ENGAGEMENT OF CHILDREN

PAYMENT OF EQUAL REMUNERATION TO IN CERTAIN EMPLOYMENTS AND TO REGULATE THE
MEN AND WOMEN WORKERS AND FOR THE CONDITIONS OF WORK OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN OTHER
PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION, ON THE EMPLOYMENTS.
GROUND OF SEX, AGAINST WOMEN
IN THE MATTER OF EMPLOYMENT AND FOR
MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR
INCIDENTAL THERETO.

1976 1979 1986 1993

THE INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKMEN
(REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND
CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1979

AIM: AN ACT TO REGULATE THE EMPLOYMENT OF

INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKMEN AND TO PROVIDE
FOR THEIR CONDITIONS OF SERVICE AND FOR MATTERS
CONNECTED THEREWITH.

AN ACT TO PROHIBIT THE ENGAGEMENT OF CHILDREN IN
CERTAIN EMPLOYMENTS AND TO REGULATE THE CONDITIONS

OF WORK OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN OTHER EMPLOYMENTS.

AIM: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF MANUAL

SCAVENGERS AS WELL AS CONSTRUCTION OR CONTINUANCE OF DRY LATRINES
AND FOR THE REGULATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER-
SEAL LATRINES AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL
THERETO.

LABOUR LAWS AND 132
REFORMS

THE UNORGANISED WORKERS THE CODE ON SOCIAL SECURITY, 2019
SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 2008
AIM:THE SOCIAL SECURITY BILL PROPOSES TO SIMPLIFY,
AIM:AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE SOCIAL
AMALGAMATE, RATIONALIZE AND REPLACE
SECURITY AND WELFARE OF UNORGANISED THE FOLLOWING CENTRAL LABOUR LEGISLATIONS: ... THE
WORKERS AND FOR OTHER MATTERS UNORGANISED WORKERS' SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 2008.
CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL
THERETO. THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND
WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2019

AIM:TO CONSOLIDATE AND AMEND THE LAWS REGULATING

THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND
WORKING CONDITIONS OF THE PERSONS EMPLOYED IN AN
ESTABLISHMENT AND THE MATTERS CONNECTED
THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.

THE CODE ON WAGES , 2019

AIM:AN ACT TO AMEND AND CONSOLIDATE THE LAWS

RELATING TO WAGES AND BONUS AND MATTERS
CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.

2008 2013 2019 2020

THE SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT
WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION

AND REDRESSAL) ACT, 2013

AIM: AN ACT TO PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST SEXUAL

HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE AND FOR THE
PREVENTION AND REDRESSAL OF COMPLAINTS OF SEXUAL
HARASSMENT AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH
OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE 2020

AIM: AN ACT TO CONSOLIDATE AND AMEND THE LAWS

RELATING TO TRADE UNIONS, CONDITIONS OF
EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT OR
UNDERTAKING, INVESTIGATION AND SETTLEMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED
THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO.

133

WALL
OF
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STONKS

134

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1230 LIKES

arthmemes #labourmemes

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FUN CORNER REFERENCES

World Map Trivia and Did You Know:
1.Kaitlin Sopoci - Belknap. (May 2020). “Happy May Day: Don't Cross the Picket
Lines!” Move to Amend
2.Faiza Kondokar.( March 2021). “May Day - how it came to be.” The Daily Star
3.“How many hours do Kosovars work in a week?” (May 2017). Riinvest 1995.
4.Eric Chase. (1993). “The Brief Origins of May Day”. Originally published by
Industrial Workers of the World. Global Climate Convergence
5.Randy Stancovici. “7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise
You.” The job Network
6.“11 Facts About Labour Day : The holiday has been celebrated since 1882.” Do
Something.Org
7.“Nine interesting facts you need to know about Labours' day.” (May 2019). The
Indian Express
8.“Labor Day 2021.” Original: April 2010. Updated: October 2020. History.com
9.“Canada: Labour and Employment.” Blaney McMurtry LLP.Mondaq

10.Reid Maki. (July 2018). “10 Basic Facts about Child Labor Globally.” The Child
Labour Coalition

11.“6 Fun Facts About Labor Day!” Hydroworx
12.“Labour Program.” Employment and Social Development Canada Portfolio.

Government of Canada
13.“Labour Day: Dignity, Community & Solidarity.” (May 2015). Jamaica Information

Centre
14.“The History of the JLP.” Jamaica Labour Party
15.“Ten things to know about labour and employment law in France.” (March 2017).

Norton Rose Fulbright
16.Aldo M.Leiva.(November 2000) “Cuban Labor Law: Issues and Challenges.”

Association for the study of the Cuban Economy

Graphstimate:
1.“Chapter 21.” Socialist Economies in Transition.
2.Essential Graphs for Microeconomics
3.Prateek Agarwal. (November 2020). “Cyclical Unemployment.” Intelligent
Economist
4.S Nyol. “Keynesian Theory of Employment.” Macro Economics Notes

140

Guess the Economist:
1.Harry Braverman. “Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in
the Twentieth Century.” Monthly Review“
2.Joseph Altonji wins IZA Prize in Labor Economics.” (May 2018). YaleNews“
3.Press release.” (October 1992). Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien- Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Prize
4.Freeman, Richard B. and James Medoff. (1984). “What Do Unions Do.” New
York: Basic Books, pp. 247 and 250.“
5.Remembered: Jacob Mincer, Father of Modern Labor Economics.” (September
2006).Columbia News.
6.Pierre Cahuc. IZA - Institute of Labor Economics
7.Investopedia Staff. Reviewed by: Robert C. Kelly. (November 2020). “Labor
Theory Of Value.” Investopedia
8.David Prychitko. “Marxism.” The Library of Economics and Liberty
9.Investopedia Staff. (January 2021) Reviewed by: Eric Estevez. “David Ricardo.”
Investopedia

Labour Reforms:
1.“Minimum Wages Act 1948 - Objectives, Components, Case Laws.” (August
2018). Law News and Network
2.“Statistics of Factories 200.” Labour Bureau. Government of India
3.“Payment of Bonus Act.” India Fillings
4.“MRTU and PULP Act, 1971.” Toppr“
5.MCQ on payment of Gratuity Act, 1972.” The Behavioural Growing Tree“
6.Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Bill, 2016 passed in the Parliament.” (March
2017). Press Information Bureau. Government of India. Ministry of Women and
Child Development.

141

Fun Corner: Answer Key

Crossword

Across Down

2. Floor wage 1. Gig economy
8. Frictional 3. White-collar
9. Trade union 4. Pension
10. Structural 5. Gini
12. Contract labour 6. Santosh Gangwar
7. Cost to company

11. Proletariat

Graphstimate

1. Classical Model of employment/labour market
2. Phillips Curve
3. Keynes’ Price Flexibility and Money Wage Rigidity
4. Keynes’ Determination of Employment
5. Cyclical unemployment
6. Backward-Bending Supply Curve of Labour
7. Beveridge Curve
8. Keynes’ Underemployment Equilibrium

Guess The Economists

1. Adam Smith 5. Pierre Chuck
2. Karl Marx 6. Harry Braverman
3. Richard B Freeman 7. Joseph G Altonji
4. Jacob Mincer 8. Gary S Becker

Curators of Fun Corner 142

World labour trivia

Pragnya V (I BA Economics)
S.V.Shruthi Shri (I BA Economics)
Harshini G (I BA Economics)

Graphstimate

Disha Chaturvedi (II BA Economics)
Sarayu M (II BA Economics)
G.Keerthana (II BA Economics)

Guess the economists

Padmapriya K (I BA Economics)
Kaveri G (I BA Economics)
Keerthana Shankar (I BA Economics)

Crossword

Amritha Satish Kumar (I BA Economics)
Padmapriya K (I BA Economics)
Shravya Sukumar (I BA Economics)
Sarayu M (II BA Economics)

Labour laws and Reforms

Disha Chaturvedi (II BA Economics)
Sarayu M (II BA Economics)
Padmapriya K (I BA Economics)

Wall of memes

Joshita D (II BA Economics)