BUILDING SERVICES II ASSIGNMENT BOOKS

HIGH SPEED

LIFT attached directly to one end of

APPLICATION AND SYSTEM the motor where can

In general, lift is an equipment which accommodate passenger in the
functional as transportation that
carries out people to access up and high speed to the highest floor. A
down inside the building especially
for high rise building. High speed lift counterweight will hooked to the
is a new innovative technology that
have been improve by engineer to other end of the cable that can
counter out the problem arises when
using the elevator. Actually, there is help in raises and lowers in the
no different between low speed lift
and high speed in terms of working hoist way. Then, the
principle but the method that
applied to accommodate the lift in counterweight and weight of the
high speed has been improved.
Other than that, safety features need cab will together press the cable
to consider during install the lift to
ensure it safely used for occupants. which make the lift functional.
High speed lift will help by gearless
traction which a drive sheave The counterweight will balance

between the weight of half load

of passenger and lift cab to

ensure the electric motor in the

minimum load. This system

depend on the electric motor

which it more effectively

compare with hydraulic system.


































46

ESCALATOR

APPLICATION AND SYSTEM and safety features to ensure
there will no problem occurs
Escalator is mechanical equipment while using this services. In
that used as a transportation people general, escalator known as
between one floor to other floor moving staircase that form by a
vertically. This technology has been chain of single piece stainless
commercial used and applied in steel or aluminum step guided
shopping mall, multi-story parking by a set of rails in a continuous
and air port. Most of the escalator will loop. Basically, escalator is
installed with the moving handrail more convenient to used by the
which move un sync with the people in order to accessibility
movement of the steps to ensure the up and down the building in the
passenger safely used. Usually, short distance compare with
escalator will used in pairs elevator which need more time
combination where the one is going consuming in waiting the
up and another one is going down or elevator.
it can be in both direction. The
direction of escalator can be
adjusted and controlling by personal
based on the heavier traffic on that
places. Furthermore, many factor
need to consider before installed
escalator such as space, design

47

FUNCTION AND
INSTALLATION

HIGH SPEED LIFT THE FUNCTION

THE INSTALLATION CARS
- To design as a
Columns must be setting up in transportation for
the suitable places to ensure that passengers and goods.
the places of lift in the good
condition and options. BUFFERS
-To provide safety features
Then, add the carriage of the lift such as giving protection
based on the drawing to ensure for the passenger in
the carriage installed in the right reducing impact of
places. The carriage will install on pressure during accident.
the column and wheel block will
fit into the columns. Thus, it will COUNTERWEIGHT
bolted together. Lift chain install -To reduce the amount of
and connect to the wheel block to energy apply on the moor
ensure the carriage run off the gear.
sprocket when raise up.
48
The drive base will be lift on the
top of the column and bolted,
welded together after motor drive
has fitted correctly.

Assemble and setting the
enclosures by welded firmly to
the place to avoid slipping off.

Lastly, wiring the electrical
component and final checking
for the elevator to ensure the
elevator can functional well and
safely used.

FUNCTION AND
INSTALLATION

ESCALATOR THE FUNCTION

THE INSTALLATION HANDRAILS
- To provide the stability of
Basically, escalator will pre- passenger when using the
fabrication from the factory escalator.
based on the design,
specification and requirement LANDING PLATFROM
that have been stated by the - To provide the place for
client. passenger to stand before
stepping the step of
Then, escalator will delivery to the escalator.
site. Mobile crane will be setting
up to the location that strategic BALUSTRADE
to lifting the escalator to ensure - To support the structure
the escalator fit the design of of the escalator
building.

Next, escalator will lifting by the
mobile crane and the workers will
planning and prepare the
equipment for the install of
escalator.

Thus, the escalator will
lowering by mobile crane
and putting it to the
suitable place on the
building.

Lastly, the engineer need to
checking and testing the
escalator before use for the
public.

49

BENEFIT AND
PROBLEM
HIGH SPEED LIFT

THE BENEFITS

EASE OF TRANSPORT SAFELY USED FOR WHOLE
- Easily to access the next level or FAMILY
floor of the building without to -The functional and safety features
climb the staircase especially for that applied on the lift make
older people and pregnant women. parents feel safe to used. Other
It help to bring the heavy good than that, it easy for the older
easily and effortlessly. For instance, people that used wheelchair and
in the shopping mall buying a lot of the parents that have stroller to use
grocery, passenger can use lift or lift because of the convenient
escalator without to climb the space and reducing time
staircase in order to drop the good consuming rather than use
at the carpark. staircase

THE PROBLEM

COSTLY MAINTENANCE LIMITED LOAD CAPACITY
- Since the high speed lift installed - Each of the lift has their own
at the high rise building which limited load capacity based on the
consist over 40 storey high. The specification of the lift. So,
maintenance of the lift could be passenger need to waiting the lift if
expensive in order to hire specialist the load is exceeded from the
that expert to maintenance the lift. actual load that have been
Thus, the equipment and approved by the Department of
machinery that applied during the occupational safety and health to
maintenance need to be included ensure the lift can accommodate
on the additional fee. safely.

50

BENEFIT AND ESCALATOR
PROBLEM

THE BENEFITS

FLEXIBILITY CAN CARRY MANY PEOPLE
- Escalator easily access to the next - Escalator can carry many people
floor of the building in the short in one time compare with lift
direction without waiting to use the because escalator no have
because of the flow that limitation capacity load to carry
continuously compare to lift. Apart people. Other than that, it save the
from that, escalator is flexibility time for people who want access in
because of the direction of the the short direction without to
escalator can change and control waiting around to start moving.
depend on the traffic flow in that
places.

THE PROBLEM

UNFRIENDLY USER NEEDED LARGER SPACES
- Escalator is not suitable for the - Installation of escalator
whole family especially for the consume more space as
older people that used wheelchair staircase compare to lift. As a
and the parents that used stroller result, when install the
to carry their children because of escalator, strategic planning
the safety issued and the structure need to be consider especially
steps of the escalator. As a result, for space in order to install the
many parents or older people escalator.
choose to use lift compare to
escalator because of the safety
issued. For instance, when the
escalator has stopped suddenly.

51

SPACE IMPLICATION

& BUILDING

REGULATION

SPACE IMPLICATION

Space implication is important in designing especially in the
building because it provide the facilities to the occupants of the
bHuigilhdisnpgeiendolridfter to make their life more productive. The strategic
space or location of the services is depend on their functional.

Usually, high speed lift will install near to the staircase or at the end
of the building. The location of lift near to staircase because of the
safety features that applied on the building. When there has fire at
the building, occupants need to use staircase as their exit away
from the building rather than lift to avoid stuck. While, escalator
located at the middle and corner of the building to provide the
accessibility to the next level of the building.

BUILDING REGULATIONS

EUROPEAN SAFETY STANDARD EN81-
41
-This standard building regulations has
explain details regarding the safety and
specification needed of the lift to
ensure the lift follow the requirement of
the building.

-Thus, maintenance work, method of
installation and the emergency
operation has stated on the clauses
has accordance to the safety
procedure.

52

3.4

MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
SYSTEM

53

DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

Mechanical ventilation system that used for Menara
Telekom Berhad Malaysia is district cooling system.
Chilled water requirement for Menara Telekom is
supplied by TNEC (District Cooling System) through a
500mm diameter supply and return pipes.Centrally
monitored and control by EMCS (Energy Management
Control System) at BCR

54

WHAT IS DISTRICT COOLING
SYSTEM ?

The growing desire for improved indoor climate and comfort, particularly
in offices and commercial buildings, along with an increase in the use of
heat-emitting technical equipment, is driving interest in air conditioning.
Instead of using local systems for each building, the goal is to use a
single central source. This will assist both the economy and the
environment. District cooling is a green, energy-efficient, and cost-
effective cooling technology. The cooling is generated centrally and
provided to each building as cold water via a closed distribution network.

HOW DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM WORKS?

A single central source of cooling is used for numerous buildings in district
cooling. The district-cooling system provides operational flexibility and ease
by allowing each building to utilise as much or as little cooling as needed
without worrying about chiller size or capacity, as well as the ability to use
the same electricity supply.
Heat exchangers that are energy efficient will convey almost all cold to the
top of the structure with minimal loss. As a result, Alfa Laval employs a
"close approach," in which the plate heat exchanger loses as little energy as
possible, allowing for temperature exchange of less than 0.5°C/0.9°F.

55

CENTRAL CHILLER PLANT

Compressor-driven chillers, absorption chillers, or other sources such
as ambient cooling or "free cooling" from deep lakes, rivers, aquifers,
or oceans are used to produce chilled water at the central chiller
plant.

Groups of large and energy-efficient water-cooled chillers are usually
installed in a central chiller plant to take advantage of the economy of
scale and the cooling demand diversity between different buildings
within a district. Sea water condensers or fresh water cooling towers
can be utilized to reject waste heat from the central chillers.

(Water-cooled chillers) (Central chiller plant)

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

District chilled water is delivered to user stations via supply pipes from the
cooling source(s) and returned after extracting heat from the building's
secondary chilled water systems. By producing a pressure differential
between the supply and return lines, pumps distribute chilled water.

CONSUMER CONTRIBUTION

The consumer substation is the connection between the district cooling system
and the building cooling system. In most buildings, the consumer substation
consists of air handling devices, heat exchangers, and chilled water pipelines.Each
user's building must have a consumer substation to connect the DCS distributed
chilled water pipe to the building. Heat exchangers are installed inside the
consumer substation to transfer heat between DCS' chilled water supply and the
air-conditioning system of the user building.

56

BENEFITS OF DISTRICT COOLING
SYSTEM

01 Reduces green house 02 reduce noise pollution

gas emission Noise, vibration, thermal plume, and waste
heat pollution can all be decreased
Due to better energy efficiency, reducing dramatically by removing chiller plants
energy consumption by adopting a and heat rejecting condensers from
district cooling system helps to minimise individual buildings. The central District
fossil fuel use for power generation. As a cooling system plant's equipment can be
result, greenhouse gas emissions like kept under better acoustic, vibration, and
carbon dioxide, which contribute to waste heat management.
global warming, can be minimised.
04 cost saving
03 improve city skyline
A district cooling system allows the building
The removal of the roof-top chiller owner to eliminate their on-site chiller
plant gives the architect more operation and maintenance. By doing this, the
freedom when planning the building building owner no longer needs to operate
envelope. Because the chiller is no and maintain chillers, and replace chillers at
longer required, the roof of the the end of their life cycles. Therefore, building
building can be constructed with owners using DCS can minimize the capital
more artistic components like investment and the subsequent maintenance
recreational facilities and sky costs for their air-conditioning plants.
gardens. This will eventually aid in the
improvement of the city's 57
appearance.

AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

Air condition to typical floors is by underfloor air
conditioning system. the external fresh air is cooled
before supplying to the under supply unit at each
zone/wing. furthermore, continuos extract fans also
provided for each wing at Menara Telekom Berhad.
Ventilation arrangement prevents recirculation of room
air without supplement of external fresh air. EMCS is able
to monitor and control 15 chilled water pump, >500 units
USU, FCU, AHU, >1000 ventilation fans according to pre-
programmed schedule from BCR

58

WHAT IS UNDERFLOOR AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM ?

Underfloor air conditioning (UfAC) distributes air through the space beneath
a raised access floor, obviating the need for ductwork and plumbing.

Friendly to both humans and the environment. Underfloor air conditioning
system to make the office space more comfortable and easy for workers to
work in good environment

Entire floor blowing type (FSB500CAZ) Blowing outlet type (FSB500SPZ)

HOW DOES UNDERFLOOR AIR CONDITIONING
WORK?

This systems are proven to offer solutions to unique design challenges. UfAC
systems are inherently flexible, modular in design and equipment is installed at
floor level, making it easy to maintain and re-arrange to suit the demands of
today’s commercial workspace. Create high quality indoor workspaces with
superior flexibility, adaptable and easily reconfigured. Ideal for commercial
offices, learning centres and mixed use space.

Underfloor air conditioning (UfAC) systems make use of
the space beneath a raised access floor to create the air
ventilation zone, eliminating the need for ceiling based
services and associated duct and pipework

59

BENEFITS USING UNDER
FLOOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Underfloor air conditioning (UfAC) makes use of the space beneath
a raised access floor for the distribution of air, eliminating most
ducting and pipework.

space saving

Less waste, a better use of space is our ethos. By
eliminating ceiling based services and ductwork our
systems have helped achieve around 10-18% reduction of
building height in new build projects, and increase floor
to ceiling heights in height restricted refurbishment
projects, helping to achieve British Council for Offices
(BCO) recommended standards.

Flexibility

UfAC systems are designed to be flexible and
modular, with equipment positioned at floor level,
making them simple to install, maintain, and
rearrange to meet the needs of today's agile
workplace. The plug-and-play Fantiles may be
simply moved, saving you money when it comes to
redesigning and modifying your workstation.

Sustainability

UfAC systems are sustainable by design, with
prefabricated and modular fan air terminals and zone
downflow units. As there is no ductwork, individual zones
operate at very low pressure, encouraging energy
efficiency. Our systems have helped attract LEED, BREEAM
and other Green Building points, with up to 30% savings in
energy costs and 29% reduction in CO2 emissions
reported compared with ceiling systems.

Comfort cooling

“I’m too hot or I’m too cold” is a commonly heard

complaint about air conditioning, as well as

complaints of draughts and cold feet. Underfloor

systems create minimal draughts, and feature

high levels of filtration and individual control of

temperature and fan speeds, creating

comfortable and adaptable working 60

environments.

SPACE IMPLICATION &
BUILDING REGULATION

SPACE IMPLICATION

The space for providing air conditioning system focuses just on
the room walls and ceilings, The story height was not reduced
due to a suitable source or the available space. Although there is
a lot of space required, it is not a major issue because the space
above the ceiling is only used for plumbing and lighting, leaving
pHliegnhtyspoeferdoolimft for the SVS, which requires space to construct
ducting to supply and discharge air from outside. Because the
case or grill is small and does not disrupt the entire construction,
there isn't much space required to install the vents on the ceiling
or walls.

BUILDING REGULATIONS

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 2006 OF MALAYSIA (UBBL)

Building regulations provide criteria for the design and construction of buildings in
order to ensure the safety and health of those who live in and around them,
including individuals with disabilities, as well as to conserve energy and fuel.
The construction requirements for the ventilation system will include all critical
demands in order to constantly monitor the equipment' proper operation.
The operation of the equipment and controls will be harmed if the space becomes
too hot. As a result, the room has a clever ventilation system that includes an
exhaust fan and make-up air to keep the space cool and provide fresh air to the
occupants. Part VIII of Malaysia's Uniform Building by Laws 2006 stipulates this under
clause 41 of the mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning section.

61

3.5

ELECTRICAL
SUPPLY SYSTEM

62

THREE PHASE SMART
METER SYSTEM

What is 3P smart meter system ?

Three-phase electric power is a type of polyphase
system which is the method of distributing
alternating-current electrical power and is most
commonly used to provide heavy loads of
electricity, such as those used by industry,
business or very high energy-consuming homes.

The 3-phase electric meter is used for measuring
the power of three-phase electrical supply, most
commonly for commercial use. Currently,
consumers using three-phase electricity have not
been able to get a digital smart meter installed,
however some business users have been able to
take advantage of AMR technology such as
three-phase advanced meters to log their
electrical consumption.

Systems of 3P smart meter
system

Smart meters serve as the connection between

the consumers and energy suppliers in the smart

grid. This is because a smart meters will receive

signals from the energy supplier that will assist

the users in cut the energy cost. In addition, smart

meters also provide utilities with more

information on how much electricity being used

within their services area. Such as by installing

smart meters at home, it will assist the users in

keeping track of how much energy has been used

as being checked on the my TNB apps. This

energy information coming from the smart

meters will be displayed in an easy-to-

understand style on the user's device 63

THREE PHASE SMART
METER SYSTEM

Benefits of 3P smart meter system

MORE INFORMATION ON ENERGY BILLS
- Users monthly electricity bills will become
'smart' as well. Through the ‘smart’ bills will
provide users with lots of invaluable information

High sopn etehdeirlifetnergy consumption, including year-

over-year comparisons of their energy usage,
useful infographics, as well as suggestion and
advice to help them manage their energy better.

THE USERS CAN SEE THEIR USAGE
- Users can track their consumption in real time
on the smart display. They can easily determine
how they are using energy and whether any of it
is unneeded. By changing their behavior in
response to the readings on the smart display, it
is possible to make savings on your gas and
electricity bills.

GOOD ENERGY HABITS
- It will motivate everyone in the household to
practice energy- saving behaviors. Because the
features a section that displays how much energy
they have consuming. They can even set an
hourly rate that as a household users happy with,
and their smart meter will help users stick to that.

64

THREE PHASE SMART
METER SYSTEM

Building Services Function

An electrical meter mainly counts the electricity
usage. In addition to count the electricity usage,
smart meters in the AMI solution provide other
functions such as payment, electricity theft
prevention and intelligent management of
electricity usage

High speed lift ELECTRICITY USAGE STATISTIC
- A smart meter can track
POWER SUPPLY MONITORING the electricity used by a
- A smart meter monitors the connected load through time,
electrical use of each phase, whereas a getaway meter
including voltage loss, under can track the power used by
voltage, overvoltage, phase loss, a line or transformer district.
negative phase sequence of
voltage and current, voltage and
current unbalance, current loss,
overcurrent, reversal tidal
current, overload, and neutral
line backward metering. An alert
is generated in the application
system when an exception
occurred in a smart meter.

EVENT REPORT

- Power off, meter cover open,

terminal cover open, switch-off,

switch-on,

clock different exceed,

inadequate balance and

repeater fault all been recorded

and transmitted by smart meter

Smart meters notify the

application system of events,

report events, and events or

alarms can be removed

remotely.

65

THREE PHASE SMART
METER SYSTEM

INSTALLATION PROCESS

1.You will receive an Installation Notice via mail a
month before Smart Meters are installed in your
neighborhood.

2.Our technicians will contact you a few days prior to
installation to confirm your availability. We

Higrhecsopmemeedndliftthat a TNB registered customer/an

adult be present during the installation.
3.On the installation day, our technicians will contact

you when they are arriving and show you their ID
card specifying that they are a TNB subcontractor.
4.Installation will take approximately 30 – 60
minutes. We will need you to turn off all appliances
temporarily.
5.Once installation is complete, our technicians will
show you how you can monitor and track your
energy usage using the my TNB App and/or the my
TNB Portal.

PROBLEM

POOR SINGNAL PREVENTS THE SMART METERS
FROMWORKING
- Smart meter need digital technology (network
coverage) to interact with energy suppliers, and a
poor signal might break this connection. If users
reside in a rural area or in an area known for having
poor mobile phone connection, a smart meter may
fail to function in their TM Towel.

SMART METER STOP SENDING READINGS.
- In relation to the preceding statement about bad
signals, if users have low coverage in their location,
the smart meter may not provide any readings at all.
While their supply will not be shut off, this may result
in delayed energy bills.

66

THREE PHASE SMART
METER SYSTEM

Building Regulation

The aim of these recommendations is to specify
the conditions that must be satisfied in the
implementation of new technology for energy
metering(smart meters) and its accompanying
infrastructure, as well as the respective
organizations' duties in this regard.

Installation and Electronic Notice

Smart Meter Installation
- The licensee may determine the appropriate
type of smart meter to be installed at a
consumer’s premises and the location of the
meter which shall be reasonably placed without
requiring any further costs to be incurred by the
consumer.

Electronic Bill and Disconnection Notice

- (Once a smart meter has been commissioned
successfully at consumer’s premises, the licensee
may render the consumer’s monthly bill via
electronic means, and any other means which is
in accordance to Energy Laws.
- The licensee may enable the option of serving a
notice to disconnect electricity supply via
electronic means for all consumers who have
been fitted with smart meters, subject to such
consumers providing their email address to the
licensee.

67

CONCLUSION

To summarise, smart building is a very useful system in view of the
world's technological advancements. A building should be smart and
equipped with devices that can execute tasks that humans commonly
perform. Furthermore, a smart building requires an internet connection
to work properly. Smart devices are normally installed in the exact
location and at the proper distance without the need for any major
modifications, and they are linked to an app on the building owner's
smartphone so that they can have complete control even while they
are away from the building.

After we have studied the entire system, its characteristics, and so on,
we will undoubtedly benefit in a variety of ways. Based on our findings,
we believe the TM Tower is a smart building with a high rating. The
conclusion is backed up by material from the internet, which tells us
about the TM Tower, which is packed with high-tech equipment.
Today's world, which is characterized by globalization and advanced
technology, has made life easier for us. It's the same with a building
that employs cutting-edge technology to make everything easier and
more efficient for people. People nowadays are usually looking for a
simple way of living. As a result, we as people nowadays have to know
and study about this smart building to give knowledge about the new
technology use in the buildings.

Finally, all of the previously listed services, such as electrical, fire
protection, security system, ventilation, and telecommunication, will
reap significant benefits from the device in terms of energy savings,
occupant safety, and security. No matter how advanced the
technologies we installed in the building are, they still have
advantages and disadvantages that must be overcome. As a result, in
order to install these smart appliances, a greater grasp of all building
laws should be taken into account in order to avoid any future hazards.
A smart building with a smart device is, without a doubt, a wise
investment for anyone seeking a better life and peace of mind.

68

REFERENCES

‌Smart building: everything about them. (2020, February 13). Nexus
Integra EN. https://nexusintegra.io/smart-building-everything-about-
them/

Mohd. Ikhwan. (2014). Intelligent building. Slideshare.net.
https://www.slideshare.net/wanrempit/intelligent-building

Wellener, P., Michalik, J., Manolian, H., & James, G. (2020). Smart

buildings Four considerations for creating people- centered smart,

digital workplaces.

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/fina

ncial-services/DI_Smart-buildings.pdf

Ma, Z., Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen, & Billanes, J. (2021). Smart buildings

and urban spaces. ResearchGate; unknown.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345487726_Smart_buildin

gs_and_urban_spaces

Matsuoka, H., Higashida, Y., Ohnuma, N., Abe, T., Nakayama, T.,
Kawamura Y., (2017). Development of Ultra High Speed Elevator that
Achieved the World's Fastest Elevator with a Speed of 1,200m/min.
Hitachi Review Vol 66. Retrieved from
https://www.hitachi.com/rev/archive/2017/r2017_03/pdf/P45-57-R3-
06.pdf

Fischetti, M., (2009). New Design Going Up-Working Knowledge on

Elevators. Scientific American. Retrieved from

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-elevators-work/

Kone. (2017). Planning Guide for Escalator and Autowalks. Retrieved
from https://www.kone.my/Images/planning-guide-kone-escalators-
and-autowalks_tcm94-19920.pdf

Kaysar, N., (2015). Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks, Bangladesh
National Code, Building Services, chapter 4. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/16562240/LIFTS_ESCALATORS_AND_MOVI
NG_WALKS

Al-Sharif, L., (2017). Planning Elevator Installations in Buildings.

Professor, Mechatronics Enginnering Department, The University of

Jordan. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825761_Planning_Eleva

tor_Installations_in_Buildings

69

REFERENCES

A‌ l- Kodmany, K., (2015). Tall Buildings And Elevators: A Review of
recent Technological Advances. Department of Urban Planning and
Policy, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607. Retrieved from
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/5/3/1070/pdf?
version=1442483669

Electronic Surveillance. (2020). PInow.Com - Find Local Investigators.
https://www.pinow.com/investigations/electronic-surveillanc

Agarwal, T. (2022, March 5). Understanding about Types of Access
Control Systems. ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering
Students. https://www.elprocus.com/understanding-about-types-of-
access-control-systems/

Lubos Ovsenik, Anna Kažimírová Kolesárová & Ján Turán (2010) Video
Surveillance System, Department of Electronics and Multimedia
Communications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228708805_VIDEO_SURVEIL
LANCE_SYSTEMS

Umar Farooq, Mahmood ul Hasan, Muhammad Amar, Athar Hanif, and

Muhammad Usman Asad. (2014) RFID Based Security and Access

Control System. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and

Technology. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umar-Farooq-

15/publication/275685766_RFID_Based_Security_and_Access_Contr

ol_System/links/57f79c5308ae280dd0bcaed7/RFID-Based-Security-

and-Access-Control-System.pdf?

_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail

Lutkevich, B. (2020, September 3). access control. Search Security.
https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/access-
control#:%7E:text=Access%20control%20systems%20perform%20identif
ication,tokens%20or%20other%20authentication%20factors.

Venkatesh Kodur, Puneet Kumar, Muhammad Masood Rafi (April,
2020). Fire hazard in buildings: review, assessment and strategies for
improvingfiresafety.
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PRR-12-2018-
0033/full/html

70