British Business and Post-Colonial Malaysia, 1957-70: Neo-colonialism or Disengagement? (Routledgecurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia, 21)

232 BIBLIOGRAPHY

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

DEFE 7, General Series: Registered Files, 1963
DEFE 25, Chief of Defence Staff: Registered Files, 1964–65

MINISTRY OF OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT

OD 35, Department of Technical Cooperation and Successors: East Asia and Pacific
Department, Registered Files, 1965–66

OD 39, Malaysia and Singapore Department, Original Correspondence, 1967–70

PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE

PREM 11, 1961–63
PREM 13, 1964–68

TREASURY

T 296, Foreign and Commonwealth Division, 1962
T 317, Finance—Overseas Development Divisions and successors, 1967–68

The Bank of England Archive, Threadneedle St, London

ADM 14, Thompson-McCausland Papers, 1960–65
C 132, Government Broker’s Files, 1969
EC 5, Exchange Control Act: Files, 1959–72
EC 8, Exchange Control: Commodities Office, 1952–63
EID 12, Commodities, 1952–63
G 1, Governor’s Files, 1958–65
OV 44, Sterling and Sterling Area Policy, 1967–68
OV 65, Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo Territories, 1956–73

Business

The Guildhall Library, London

INCHCAPE ARCHIVES

MS 27008–403, Anglo-Thai Corporation Ltd, 1957–72
MS 27178–429, Borneo Co. Ltd, 1957–67

RUBBER GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION COUNCIL MINUTES

MS 24863/61–81, July 1957–March 1972

HSBC Group Archive, London

Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Uncatalogued files for Singapore and
Malaya, 1955–66

BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

MB Hist 1045–2166, Mercantile Bank records, 1961–69

Cambridge University Library, Cambridge

BARLOW PAPERS

Boxes 3–112, Personal and Business Correspondence of Thomas Bradwall Barlow and Sir
John Denman Barlow, 1956–71

Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge

BARLOW PAPERS

Uncatalogued boxes, Malaysian visits, 1960–64, 1965–68 and 1969–76
Uncatalogued box, Thomas Bradwall Barlow private and foreign correspondence, 1959–75

Maritime Archives and Library, Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool

OCEAN STEAMSHIP CO. ARCHIVE

4.A., Personal papers of the Managers/Directors, 1957–68
4.B., Reports, 1960
4.C., Correspondence, 1957–68

Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY RECORDS

MSS 200/F/3/D3/6/75, Sir Norman Kipping Papers, Reports on Malaya and Singapore,
1959–61

Malaysia and Singapore

Government
The National Archives, Singapore

PRO 007, Public Relations Office files, 1954–59

Business
Arkib Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

THE PENANG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

AE/99/M, Minute Books, 1957–72

234 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Private papers

Arkib Negara Malaysia

SP 33, Fatimah Hashim papers
SP 43, Nik Kamil papers
SP 45, Tan Siew Sin papers
SP 95, H.F.O’Brien Traill papers

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Library, Singapore

DM/217–8, David Marshall papers, 1965
SQW/XII, S.Q.Wong papers, 1958

PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

United Kingdom

Cmnd 1794, Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962,
London: HMSO.

Malaysia and Singapore

Official

First Malaysia Plan, 1966–1970, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1965.
Malaysia Official Year Book, 1963–72, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1964–74.
Second Malaysia Plan, 1971–5, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1971.
The Report of the Industrial Development Working Party, Kuala Lumpur: Government

Printer, 1957.

Unofficial

FMS Chamber of Commerce Yearbooks, 1957–62, Kuala Lumpur: the chamber, 1958–63
(copies at ANM, AE/97/A).

Singapore Chamber of Commerce Annual Reports, 1957–63, Singapore: Straits Times
Press, 1958–68 (copies in the SICC Library, Raffles Quay, Singapore).

Singapore International Chamber of Commerce Annual Reports, 1964–70, Singapore:
Straits Times Press, 1965–71 (copies in the SICC Library, Raffles Quay, Singapore).

States of Malaya Chamber of Commerce Yearbooks, 1963–66, Kuala Lumpur: the chamber,
1964–67 (copies at ANM, AE/97/A).

Straits Times Directory of Malay[si]a and Singapore, 1959–71, Singapore: Straits Times
Press, 1959–71.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

BOOKS AND PUBLISHED ARTICLES

Abdul Rahman, Tunku, Looking Back: Monday Musings and Memories, Kuala Lumpur:
Pustaka Antara, 1977.

Allen, G.C. and Donnithorne, Audrey G., Western Enterprise in Indonesia and Malaya: A
Study in Economic Development, London: Allen & Unwin, 1957.

Amarjit Kaur, Economic Change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850,
Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.

——, Historical Dictionary of Malaysia, 2nd edn, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001.
Amin, Samir, Neo-Colonialism in West Africa, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
Andaya, Barbara Watson and Andaya, Leonard Y., A History of Malaysia, 2nd edn,

Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001.
Ball, S.J., ‘Selkirk in Singapore’, TCBH 10 (1999):162–91.
Baran, Paul, The Political Economy of Growth, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957.
Barlow, Colin, The Natural Rubber Industry: Its Development, Technology, and Economy

in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Barlow, Colin, Jayasuriya, Sisira and Tan, C.Suan, The World Rubber Industry, Routledge:

London, 1994.
Barratt Brown, Michael, After Imperialism, London: Heinemann, 1963.
Blake, Lord and Nicholls, C.S. (eds), The Dictionary of National Biography, 1971–80,

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Brown, Rajeswary, Chinese Big Business and the Wealth of Asian Nations, Houndmills:

Palgrave, 2000.
Burke, Gill, ‘The rise and fall of the International Tin Agreements’, in Jomo K.S. (ed.)

Undermining Tin: The Decline of Malaysian Preeminence, Sydney: Transnational
Corporations Research Project, University of Sydney, 1990.
Butler, L.J., ‘Winds of change: Britain, Europe and the Commonwealth, 1959–61’, in Brian
Brivati and Harriet Jones (eds) From Reconstruction to Integration: Britain and
Europe since 1945, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993.
——, Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-imperial World, London: Tauris, 2002.
Cain, P.J. and Hopkins, A.G., British Imperialism, 1688–2000, 2nd edn, Harlow: Longman,
2002.
——,‘The peculiarities of British capitalism: imperialism and world development’, in Akita
Shigeru (ed.) Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism, and Global History, Houndmills:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Caldwell, Malcolm, ‘From “Emergency” to “Independence”, 1948–57’, in Mohamed Amin
and Malcolm Caldwell (eds) Malaya: the making of a neo-colony, Nottingham:
Spokesman, 1977.
Carter, Lionel, Chronides of British Business in Asia, 1850–1960: A Bibliography of
Printed Company Histories with Short Accounts of the Concerns, New Delhi:
Manohar, 2002.
Catteral, Peter (ed.), ‘Witness seminar: the East of Suez decision’, Contemporary Record
7 (1993):612–53.
Chee Peng Lim, Phang Siew Nooi and Margaret Boh, ‘The history and development of the
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation in peninsular Malaysia’, in Frank
H.H.King (ed.) Eastern Banking: Essays in the History of the Hongkong and Shanghai
Banking Corporation, London: Athlone, 1983.

236 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chin, James, ‘The politics of federal intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Sarawak,
Sabah and Kelantan’, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 35 (1997):
96–120.

Cleaveland, Norman, Bang! Bang! in Ampang: Dredging Tin During Malaya’s Emergency,
San Pedro, CA: Symcom Publishing, 1973.

Collingwood, R.G., The Idea of History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.
Corlett, W.J., The Economic Development of Detergents, London: Duckworth, 1958.
Cullather, Nick, Illusions of Influence: The Political Economy of United States-Philippines

Relations, 1942–60, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
Cunnyngham-Brown, Sjovald, The Traders: A Story of Britain’s South-East Asian

Commercial Adventure, London: Newman Neame, 1971.
Darwin, John, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World,

Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988.
——,‘A third British empire? The dominion idea in imperial politics’, in Wm.Roger Louis

and Judith Brown (eds) The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume IV: The
Twentieth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
——,’Diplomacy and decolonisation’, JICH 28 (2000):5–24.
Dockrill, Saki, Britain’s Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice Between Europe and the
World?, Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002.
Drabble, John H., An Economic History of Malaysia, c. 1800–1990: The Transition to
Modern Economic Growth, Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000.
Drabble, J.H. and Drake, P.J., ‘The British agency houses in Malaysia: survival in a
changing world’, JSEAS 12 (1981):297–328.
Drake, P.J., ‘The new issue boom in Malaya and Singapore, 1961–64’, in David Lim (ed.)
Readings on Malaysian Economic Development, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University
Press, 1975.
Falkus, Malcolm, The Blue Funnel Legend: A History of the Ocean Steam Ship Company,
1865–1973, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1990.
Feinstein, C.H., ‘The end of empire and the golden age’, in Peter Clarke and Clive
Trebilcock (eds) Understanding Decline: Perceptions and Realities of British
Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Ferguson, Niall, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, London: Allen Lane, 2003.
Fieldhouse, D.K., Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational, 1895–1965,
London: Croom Helm, 1978.
——,‘Decolonization, development and dependence: a survey of changing attitudes’, in
Prosser Gifford and Wm.Roger Louis (eds) The Transfer of Power in Africa:
Decolonization, 1940–1960, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982.
——,‘“A new imperial system”? The role of the multinational corporations reconsidered’,
in W.Mommsen and J.Osterhammel (eds) Imperialism and After: Continuities and
Discontinuities, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
——, Merchant Capital and Economic Decolonization: The United Africa Company, 1929–
1989, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
Frank, Andre Gunder, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical
Studies of Chile and Brazil, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969.
Funston, N.J., Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of the United Malays National
Organisation and Party Islam, Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann, 1980.
Gale, Bruce, Musa Hitam: A Political Biography, Kuala Lumpur: Eastern Universities
Press, 1982.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 237

Gill, Ranjit, Razaleigh: An Unending Quest, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1986.
Gomez, E.T., Chinese Business in Malaysia: Accumulation, Accommodation and

Ascendance, Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999.
Gomez, E.T. and Jomo K.S., Malaysia’s Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and

Profits, 2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Green, Edwin and Kinsey, Sara, Paradise Bank: The Mercantile Bank of India, 1893–1984,

Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
Gullick, John, Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920,

Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1992.
——,‘Sir John Hay: a personal recollection’, The Planter (September 1995):439–42.
——,‘The London secretary’, The Planter (January 1998):43–9.
Hack, Karl, Defence and Decolonisation in Southeast Asia: Britain, Malaya and Singapore,

1941–68, Richmond: Curzon, 2001.
Harper, T.N., The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1999.
Healy, Allen, Tunku Abdul Rahman, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1982.
Heinlein, Frank, British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–63, London: Frank

Cass, 2002.
Heng Pek Koon, Chinese Politics in Malaysia: A History of the Malaysian Chinese

Association, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Hettne, Bjorn, Development Theory and the Three Worlds: Towards an International

Political Economy of Development, 2nd edn, Harlow: Longman, 1995.
Hillman, John, ‘Malaya and the International Tin Cartel’, MAS 22 (1988):237–61.
Hopkins, A.G., An Economic History of West Africa, Harlow: Longman, 1973.
——,‘Back to the imperial future: from national history to imperial history’, Past and

Present 164 (1999).
Hua Wu Yin, Class and Communalism in Malaysia: Politics in a Dependent Capitalist

State, London: Zed Books, 1983.
Huff, W.G., The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth

Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Hussainmiya, B.A., Sultan Omar Ali Saiffudin III and Britain: The Making of Brunei

Darussalam, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hyam, Ronald and Louis, Wm.Roger (eds), The Conservative Government and the End of

Empire, 1957–64, 2 vols, London: HMSO, 2000.
Jefferys, Kevin, Retreat from New Jerusalem: British Politics, 1951–64, Basingstoke:

Macmillan, 1997.
Jesudason, James, Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business and

Multinationals in Malaysia, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Johnson, Chalmers, MITI and the Japanese Miracle, Stanford, CA: Stanford University

Press, 1982.
Jomo K.S., A Question of Class: Capital, the State and Uneven Development in Malaya,

Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Jomo K.S. and Edwards, Chris, ‘Malaysian industrialisation in historical perspective’, in

Jomo K.S. (ed.) Industrialising Malaysia: Policy, Performance, Prospects, London
and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Jones, Geoffrey, Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

238 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jones, Geoffrey and Wale, Judith, ‘Diversification strategies of British trading companies:
Harrisons & Crosfield, c. 1900–c. 1980’, Business History 41 (1999): 69–101.

Jones, Matthew, ‘Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the
contours of British policy, 1961–63’, JICH 28 (2000):85–109.

——, Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965: Britain, the United States,
Indonesia and the Creation of Malaysia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2002.

——,‘A decision delayed: Britain’s withdrawal from South East Asia reconsidered, 1961–
68’, English Historical Review 472 (2002):569–95.

Jones, Stephanie, Two Centuries of Overseas Trading: The Origins and Growth of the
Inchcape Group, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1986.

Junid Saham, British Industrial Investment in Malaysia, 1963–71, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press, 1980.

Khera, H.S., The Oil Palm Industry of Malaysia: An Economic Study, Kuala Lumpur,
Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1978.

Khoo Boo Teik, Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Inteliectual Biography of Mahathir
Mohamad, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Kunz, Diane, ‘“Somewhat mixed up together”: Anglo-American defence and financial
policy during the 1960s’, JICH 21 (1999):213–32.

Lapping, Brian, The Labour Government, 1964–70, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
Lau, Albert, A Moment of Anguish: Singapore in Malaysia and the Politics of

Disengagement, Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1998.
Lee, Edwin, The Towkays of Sabah: Chinese Leadership and Indigenous Challenge in the

Last Phase of British Rule, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1976.
Legge, J.D., Sukarno: A Political Biography, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
Leys, Colin, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism,

1964–71, London: Heinemann, 1975.
Lim, David, Economic Growth and Development in West Malaysia, 1947–1970, Kuala

Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Lim Mah Hui, Ownership and Control of the One Hundred Largest Corporations in

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Lindblad, J.Thomas, Foreign Investment in Southeast Asia in the Twentieth Century,

Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.
Lipton, Michael and Firn, John, The Erosion of a Relationship: India and Britain since

1960, London: Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs,
1975.
Livingston, Jon, Moore, Joe and Oldfather, Felicia (eds), The Japan Reader 2. Postwar
Japan: 1945 to the Present, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973.
Loh, Grace, Goh Chor Boon and Tan Teng Lang, Building Bridges, Carving Niches: An
Enduring Legacy, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Louis, Wm.Roger, ‘The dissolution of the British empire in the era of Vietnam’, American
Historical Review 107 (2002):1–25
Louis, Wm.Roger and Robinson, Ronald, ‘The imperialism of decolonization’, JICH 22
(1994):462–511.
Low, D.A., Eclipse of Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
McIntyre, W.David, ‘The admission of small states to the Commonwealth’, JICH 24 (1996):
244–77.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 239

Mackie, J.A.C., Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute, 1963–66, Kuala Lumpur:
Oxford University Press, 1974.

McKinlay, Alan, Mercer, Helen and Rollings, Neil, ‘Reluctant Europeans? The Federation
of British Industries and European integration, 1945–63’, Business History 42 (2000):
91–116.

Mahathir Mohamad, The Malay Dilemma, Singapore: Times Books International, 1970.
Means, Gordon P., Malaysian Politics, 2nd edn, London: Hodder & Soughton, 1976.
——, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, Singapore: Oxford University Press,

1991.
Milner, A.C., ‘Colonial records history: British Malaysia’, Kajian Malaysia 4 (1986).
Misra, Maria, Business, Race and Politics in British India, c. 1850–1960, Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1999.
Mohd Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political

Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945–65, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti
Malaya, 1976.
Morais, Victor (ed.), Strategy for Action: The Selected Speeches of Tun Haji Abdul Razak
bin Dato Hussein Al-Haj, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Centre for Development Studies,
Prime Minister’s Department, 1969.
Murphy, Philip, Alan Lennox-Boyd, London: Tauris, 1999.
Nickalls, Guy (ed.), Great Enterprise: A History of Harrisons & Crosfield, London:
Hindsight, 1990.
Pocock, Tom, Fighting General: The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter
Walker, London: Collins, 1973.
Pointon, A.C., The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited, 1863–1963,
Southampton: Millbrook Press, 1963.
Porritt, Vernon L., British Colonial Rule in Sarawak, 1946–1963, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
Poulgrain, Greg, The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, 1945–1965,
London: Hurst, 1998.
Puthucheary, J.J., Ownership and Control in the Malayan Economy, Singapore: Donald
Moore for Eastern Universities Press, 1960.
Ramasamy, P., Plantation Labour: Unions, Capital and the State in Peninsular Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Ranjit Singh, D.S., Brunei, 1839–1983: The Problems of Political Survival, Singapore:
Oxford University Press, 1984.
——, ‘A dominion of Southeast Asia’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society LXXI (1998).
Robinson, Ronald, ‘The excentric idea of imperialism, with or without empire’, in W.
Mommsen and J.Osterhammel (eds) Imperialism and After: Continuities and
Discontinuities, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
Rudner, Martin, ‘Development policies and patterns of agrarian dominance in the
Malaysian rubber export economy’, MAS 15 (1981):83–105.
——, Malaysian Development: A Retrospective, Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994.
Saunders, Graham, A History of Brunei, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Schenk, Catherine R., ‘The origins of a central bank in Malaya and the transition to
independence, 1954–9’, JICH 21 (1993):409–31.
Searle, Peter, The Riddle of Malaysian Capitalism: Rent-seekers or Real Capitalists?, St
Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1999.

240 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Shamsul A.B., ‘The economic dimension of Malay nationalism’, The Developing
Economies 35 (1997):240–61.

Shaw, William, Tun Razak: His Life and Times, Longman: London, 1976.
Shimizu Hiroshi and Hirakawa Hitoshi, Japan and Singapore in the World Economy:

Japan’s Economic Advance into Singapore, 1870–1965, London: Routledge, 1999.
Shunhong Zhang, ‘British imperialism and decolonization: a Chinese perspective’, in Akita

Shigeru (ed.) Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism and Global History, Houndmills:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Smith, Simon C., British Relations with the Malay Rulers from Decentralization to Malayan
Independence, 1930–1957, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995.
——, British Imperialism, 1750–1970, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
——,‘The making of a neocolony? Anglo-Kuwaiti relations in the era of decolonization’,
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 37 (2001):159–72.
Stockwell, A.J., ‘Malaysia: the making of a neo-colony?’, JICH 26 (1998):138–56.
——,‘Ending the British empire: what did they think they were doing?’, inaugural lecture,
Royal Holloway, University of London, 18 November 1999.
——,‘Britain’s grand design for Southeast Asia: the making of Malaysia and the
embarrassments of empire’, Discussion Paper No. 16, project on ‘Institutions,
networks and forces of change in contemporary South Asia’, Institute of Oriental
Culture, University of Tokyo, January 2001.
——,‘Britain and Brunei, 1945–63: imperial retreat and royal ascendancy’, Modern Asian
Studies, forthcoming.
‘Introduction’, in A.J.Stockwell (ed.) Malaysia, London: The Stationery Office,
forthcoming.
Stubbs, Richard, ‘The Malayan Emergency and the development of the Malaysian state’,
in Paul B.Rich and Richard Stubbs (eds) The Counter-Insurgent State: Guerrilla
Warfare and State Building in the Twentieth Century, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997.
Subritzky, John, ‘Britain, Konfrontasi, and the end of empire in Southeast Asia, 1961–5’,
JICH 28 (2000):209–27.
——, Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy
in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–5, London: Macmillan, 2000.
Tan, T.H., The Prince and I, Singapore: Sam Boyd Enterprise, 1979.
Tate, D.J.M., The RGA History of the Plantation Industry in the Malay Peninsula, Kuala
Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Tate, Muzaffar, Power Builds the Nation: The National Electricity Board of the States of
Malaya and its Predecessors. Volume II: Transition and Fulfilment, 1991.
Thoburn, John, Multinationals, Mining and Development: A Study of the Tin Industry,
Farnborough: Gower, 1981.
Tomaru Junko, The Postwar Rapprochement of Malaya and Japan, 1945–61: The Roles
of Britain and Japan in South-East Asia, Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000.
Tomlinson, Jim, ‘The decline of the empire and the economic “decline” of Britain’, TCBH
14 (2003):201–21.
Tosh, John, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of
Modern History, 3rd edn, Harlow: Longman, 1999.
Tregonning, K.G., Straits Tin: A Brief Account of the First 75 Years of The Straits Trading
Co. Ltd, 1887–1962, Singapore: Straits Times Press, 1962.
van der Kroef, Justus M., ‘The Sarawak-Indonesian border insurgency’, MAS 2 (1968):245–
65.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 241

van Helten, Jean-Jacques and Jones, Geoffrey, ‘British business in Malaysia and Singapore
since the 1870s’, in R.P.T.Davenport-Hines and Geoffrey Jones (eds) British Business
in Asia since 1860, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989

Vasil, R.K., Politics in a Plural Society: A Study of Non-Communal Political Parties in
West Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Capitalist World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1980.

——, Historical Capitalism, London: Verso, 1984.
Wasserman, Gary, Politics of Decolonisation: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue, 1960–

1965, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Wheelwright, E.L., Industrialization in Malaysia, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press,

1965.
White, Nicholas J., Business, Government, and the End of Empire: Malaya, 1942–57, Kuala

Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996.
——, ‘The frustrations of development: British business and the late colonial state in

Malaya, 1945–57’, JSEAS 28 (1997):103–19.
——, ‘Britain and the return of Japanese economic interests to South East Asia after the

Second World War’, South East Asia Research 6 (1998):281–307.
——, ‘Capitalism and counter-insurgency? Business and government in the Malayan

Emergency, 1948–57’, MAS 32 (1998):149–77.
——, ‘The diversification of colonial capitalism: British agency houses in Southeast Asia

in the 1950s and 1960s’, in Ian G.Cook, Marcus A.Doel, Rex Li and Yongjiang Wang
(eds) Dynamic Asia: Business, Trade and Economic Development in Pacific Asia,
Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.
——, Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945, Harlow: Longman, 1999.
——, ‘Gentlemanly capitalism and empire in the twentieth century: the forgotten case of
Malaya, 1914–65’, in Ray Dumett (ed.) Gentlemanly Capitalism and British
Imperialism: The New Debate on Empire, Harlow: Longman, 1999.
——, ‘British business groups and the early years of Malayan/Malaysian independence’,
Asia Pacific Business Review 7 (2000):155–76.
——, ‘The business and the politics of decolonizaton: the British experience in the twentieth
century’, Economic History Review 53 (2000):544–64.
——, ‘The survival, revival and decline of British economic influence in Malaysia, 1957–
70’, TCBH 14 (2003):222–42.
Yip Yat Hoong, The Development of the Tin Mining Industry of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur:
University of Malaya Press, 1969.

THESES AND UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Akashi Yoji, ‘Watanabe Wataru, the architect of the Malay Military Administration,
December 1941–March 1943’, paper presented at the Second International Malaysian
Studies Conference, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 2–4 August, 1999.

Mitomo Atsuko, ‘British decolonization in Malaya after World War II’, unpublished BA
dissertation, Faculty of the Department of Area Studies, Osaka University of Foreign
Studies, 2001.

242 BIBLIOGRAPHY

White, Nicholas J., ‘The state and economic development in twentieth-century Malaysia’,
paper presented to the Seminar on the Economic History of Africa, Asia and Latin
America, Department of Economic History, LSE, March 2003.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

Daily Telegraph
The Economist
Far Eastern Economic Review
Financial Times
Malay Mail
Mining Journal
Observer
Straits Budget
Straits Times
Sunday Times (Malaysia)
The Times

Index

Abdul Aziz bin Ishak 60, 77, 80, 171, 183 and Malaysianisation 67–8, 72–3, 75–6,
Abdul Rahman, Tunku 1, 2, 59–60, 78, 224; 90 n. 54, 197, 213, 215–7;
and military withdrawal 106–8, 112;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 25, 26, 34–6, and oil palms 163;
39, 45, 49; reorganisation of 8, 213;
and industrialisation 179, 184, 188; rivalries between 211;
and Malaysianisation 73, 74; and rubber 128;
and regionalism 216 n. 1; and rural development schemes 138;
and tin 147, 149; and shipping 4, 5;
and UMNO left 60 and special aid 113
Abdul Razak, Tun 59, 65, 224; see also individual groups
and bumiputera economy 64, 78; Akers, Clifford 203
and crony capitalism 77, 78– 79, 93 n. ‘Ali Baba’ system 77, 93–4 n. 111
108; All-Malay[si]a Chinese Mining
and European tour, 1968 111; Association 9, 146, 147, 149
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 38; Alliance Party/governments:
and Japan 196 n. 119; and British business funding 58, 81, 87
and industrialisation 182; n. 1;
and Malaysianisation 73, 74; and crony capitalism 77–9;
and land alienation 84; and diversification of Malaysian
and National Operations Council, 65; economy 163, 176, 207;
and New Economic Policy 215; economic thinking of 58–9, 65–6, 71–
and rural development 138, 171, 172, 2, 78, 86, 140, 174, 175, 177, 196–8,
197, 198–199, 217 n. 28 198–199, 215;
agency houses 3–4; and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 35–6, 40, 49, 51
and British industrial interests 22 n. 70; n. 38;
and Chinese business interests 80; and industrialisation 185;
and crony capitalism 214; and Malaysianisation 73–6, 215;
diversification strategies of 6– 8, 191 n. and neo-colonialism 1;
34, 203; and relations with British business 59,
and exchange banks 4; 86–8, 150–3, 215;
and ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ 14–15, and rubber 130, 131, 132–4, 154;
205; and tin 147, 149, 150, 154
and industrialisation 167–8, 176, 180, see also Malay[si]an Chinese
185; Association, Malay[si]an Indian
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 25–6, 30; Congress, United Malays National
and Konfrontasi 118 n. 30;

243

244 INDEX

Organisation and individual ministers and UK taxation 207
and MPs see also individual officials
America, American see United States Baring Brothers 14
Anderson, Keith 140 Barisan Socialis (Singapore) 28–9
Anglo-Malayan commission of enquiry in Barlow Boustead Estates Agency Ltd see
Borneo see Cobbold Commission Barlow group
Anglo-Oriental (Malaya) Ltd. 3, 6, 148, Barlow group 3, 5, 8;
151; Bousteads merger 8, 22 n.70;
see also London Tin Corporation and diversification of 203;
individual directors and Malaysianisation 76, 215–7;
Anglo-Thai Corporation Ltd 3, 45; and Tun Mustapha 95 n. 143;
and Malaysianisation 76; and oil palms 168;
and May 13th incident 116; and rubber 159 n. 81, 212
and industrialisation 167, 177 see also Barlow family members
see also Sir Denys Lowson Barlow, Henry 65, 212
Associated Chinese Chambers of Barlow, Sir John 14, 21 n. 66, 22 n. 70, 224–
Commerce 80 6:
Associated Malay Chambers of Commerce and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 28, 30, 49;
64 and Malay[si]an politics 62, 63, 77–9;
Association of Natural Rubber Producing and military withdrawal 107;
Countries 142 and rubber 132, 133
Association of Southeast Asia 196, 209, Barlow, Tom 9, 14, 225:
216 n. 1 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 30;
Australia, Australian 7, 72, 203 and Malaysianisation 74, 204;
automobile assembly 35, 55 n. 113, 176–7, and Malayan Commercial Association
178, 183–4, 184 of Great Britain 212;
and rubber 140–3;
Bank Bumiputera 78, 198 and Sabah politics 95 n. 143;
Bank Negara 25; and Tan Siew Sin 200;
and Wilson government 207
and devaluation of sterling 216 n. 3; Barrett, R.G. 5, 37, 38–9, 54 n. 79, 213
and exchange banks 70–71, 197; Bateman, Dr Leslie 129, 136, 139, 214, 215
and exchange control 71; Batu Tiga see Shah Alam
and Malay[si]an Stock Exchange, 65, Ben Line 4, 211
197; Berjuntai Tin Dredging Ltd see Anglo-
and Singapore 55 n. 101, 55 n. 104 Oriental group
see also Ismail bin Mohamed Ali bicycle assembly 177
Bank of China 46, 60 Blackman Committee 135
Bank of England, 8, 14, 208; Blue Funnel Line see Ocean group
and crony capitalism 81; Board of Trade 13, 14, 69, 162 n. 166, 207;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 32–3; and industrialisation 189;
and Sir John Hay 212; and oil palms 169;
and Konfrontasi 105; and rubber 125, 129, 130, 131, 132,
and military withdrawal 109; 133–5, 140, 143, 153, 205;
and reorganisation of agency houses 94 and tin 125, 144, 147–9, 149, 153
n. 112; see also individual officials and
and rubber 126, 129, 135, 140, 143; ministers
and tin 144, 148; Boestamam, Ahmad 61

INDEX 245

Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation 5, British High Commission 12–13, 41, 72,
97, 105, 120 n. 64 182, 187, 198, 199;
see also A.W.Paton and relationship with British business
204–6, 208, 209–11
Borneo Company Ltd 3, 5, 19 n. 25, 27; see also individual officials
and crony capitalism 79–2;
diversification of 6, 155 n. 16, 203; British investment in Malaysia:
and gentlemanly capitalism 14–15; estimates of 2–3, 4, 5, 18 n. 11, 108,
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 39, 46, 52 n. 43; 110, 205;
and Inchcape merger 14, 15, 203; profitability of 6
and industrialisation 167, 176, 177,
178, 179, 183, 184; British military 13, 32, 107–9;
and intercommunal violence 114; commitment during Konfrontasi 105;
and Konfrontasi, 100, 101, 104, 118 n. and protection of British property and
28; personnel 110, 123 n. 131, 208–10;
and Malaysianisation 67–8, 73–4, 75–6, withdrawal from ‘East of Suez’ 12, 106–
214; 12, 202, 206–8, 208, 220 n. 70
and Rejang timber trade 203, 211;
and rivalries with other agency houses British Motor Corporation 7, 176–7
211; British multinationals 4:
and Southeast Asian politics 201;
and UK trade missions, 1961 204 and industrialisation 165–7, 196, 200–2;
see also individual executives and Malaysianisation 73, 88 n. 19, 197
see also Confederation of British
Borneo states/territories: Industry, Federation of British
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 25, 27, 30–1, Industries and individual firms
38– 40, 49 n. 18, 51 n. 22, 54 n.78; British Overseas Airways Corporation 72,
and industrialisation 184; 209
separatism in 202, 217–9 n. 35 British Petroleum 134
see also Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak British Rubber Development Board 135
British Rubber Producers’ Research
Boustead & Co. 3, 4, 5, 8, 79, 216 Association 135, 136
see also Barlow group British shipping lines 4, 102, 200
see also individual groups
Bowden, Herbert 210 British trade with Malaysia 6–7, 9, 205;
Boyd, Lord 104 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 34
British aid 113–5, 122 n. 117, 123 n. 121, Brook, Sir Norman 11
Brown, Alan 45
139, 206 Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar 196 n. 121
British American Tobacco 184 Brunei 71;
British business associations 8–9, 13–14; British investment in 5;
economic prospects of 27, 33–4;
competition between 212–4 rebellion, 31, 46
‘British European Association’ 212–4 bumiputera see New Economic Policy
British exchange banks 4, 19 n. 20: Burgess, A.L. 130, 140
Burhanuddin Al-Helmy, Dr 60
and agency houses 4; Burke, Gill 143
and Bank Negara 70– 71, 91 n. 66, 216 Butterworth see Penang, Perai
n. 3;
and crony capitalism/economic Cabinet (UK) 63, 144–7
nationalism 81–3; cables manufacturing 166, 167, 178, 189
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 42–3, 55 n. 104;
and industrialisation 166, 177–8;
and Malaysianisation 75
see also individual banks

246 INDEX

Cain, P.J. see gentlemanly capitalism and economic significance of Southeast
Callaghan, James 131–3, 206 Asia 12, 205;
Calver, Alan 140 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 44–5, 49;
Canada, Canadian 166, 169, 189, 200, 203, and industrialisation 112, 183, 186;
and investment guarantee, 112–4;
210 and Malaysian politics 63;
Capital Investment Committee 64–5, 180 and military presence 110
Catling, Sir Richard 15 see also individual officials and
Central Electricity Board of Malaya 95 n. ministers
Commonwealth Relations Office 13, 91 n.
144, 113 65;
Chan Kwong Hon 147 and Board of Trade 153, 162 n. 166;
Chappel, J.T. 160 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 48;
Charlesworth, F.G. 67 and Konfrontasi 104–6;
Chartered Bank of India, Australia and and oil palms 169;
and representation of British business
China 4, 5, 74, 102, 144–7, 211, 213 in Malaysia 212–4;
see also individual directors and rubber 126, 131, 134;
Cheah Theam Swee 182 and tin 148, 149
Chemical Company of Malaysia see see also individual officials and
Imperial Chemical Industries ministers
chemicals manufacturing 60, 167, 182–3, Confederation of British Industry 5, 15;
184 investment mission to Malaysia and
China 128 Singapore, 1968 112, 180, 184, 186–8;
City of London see gentlemanly capitalism and Malaysian bureaucracy 180
Clandestine Communist Organisation see also Arthur Norman
(Sarawak) 47, 101, 114 Conservative governments (1957–64,
Clark, N.E. 60 1970–4):
Clay, Sir Geoffrey 136 economic difficulties of 154, 160 n.
Clayton, D.F. 116, 195 n. 100 108, 207;
Cleaveland, Norman 144, 149 and European Economic Community
Cobbold Commission 31, 37, 38, 39 207, 208;
see also Lord ‘Kim’ Cobbold and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 11;
Cobbold, Lord ‘Kim’ 31, 38, 39, 52 n. 44, 62 and Malayan decolonisation 11;
Collingwood, R.G. 16, 22 n.76 and military presence ‘East of Suez’
Colombo Plan 174, 182 106–8, 208, 220 n. 70;
Colonial Development Corporation see and tin crisis 144–7
Commonwealth Development see also individual ministers
Corporation Conservative Party (UK) 14, 21 n. 66
Colonial Office 13, 29, 38, 39, 48, 52 n. 44 Consolidated Tin Smelters 3, 144–7
common market (for ‘Greater Malaysia’) see also Eastern Smelting Company
27, 38, 40–1, 43–5, 204–6 copra 80, 169
Commonwealth Development Corporation corruption 83, 198, 200
172, 189 Corry, W.C.S. 13, 63, 123 n. 130, 202, 212
Commonwealth: Crawford, Jim 20 n. 49, 99
Malay[si]an membership of 11, 32, Cromer, Lord 14, 208
104–6; Crown Agents 113
economic conference, 1958 146, 147; Cullen, Michael 64–5, 115, 189
importance of to Britain 12, 205;
preferences 7, 169, 206
Commonwealth Office 13;

INDEX 247

currency 4, 69, 70, 71, 207, 216 n. 3, 223; investment and aid from member
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 26, 42–3, 44, 45 countries 111, 184, 185, 206
see also devaluation of sterling Export Credit Guarantees Department 112,
186, 206
Dalyell, Tam 105 export-oriented industrialisation 184, 195
Darling, George 207 n. 99, 195 n. 100, 216
Darwin, John 11, 207
David, Sir Edgeworth 8 Falle, Sam 152–5, 184
Davidson, Leslie 165, 213 Far Eastern Economic Review 131
Davies, Alun 180 Fauconnier, Henri 191 n. 35
Davis, Leslie 8, 67, 137, 225 Federal Industrial Development Authority
Dean, Sir John 178
Democratic Action Party 61, 93 n. 86 180, 184
devaluation of sterling (November 1967) Federal Land Development Authority

107; (FELDA) 9, 59, 197;
Malaysian reaction to 111, 114, 206, and Barlow group 216;
216 n. 3; and Jengka Triangle 200;
and oil palms 170; and oil palms, 172, 173, 190;
and rubber 129; and rubber 138, 139, 140, 165
and tin 150
Dewan Negara 20 n. 49 Federated Malay States Chamber of
disengagement, concept of 15–16 Commerce 9;
dollar earnings see sterling area Douglas- and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 40;
Home, Sir Alec see Home, Lord and Sir John Hay 211;
Drabble, J.H. 53 n.74 and industrialisation 188;
Drysdale, W.D. 66, 148, 162 n. 166 and land alienation 84;
Dudley, Sir Alan 180 and PCC 213;
Duff, A.A. 65 and rubber 124, 126, 140
Duffy, Tom 86 see also individual executives
Duncan, Guy 61, 64, 65
Dunlop Rubber Company 4, 134, 166, 178, Federated Malay States Chamber of Mines
181–2 9, 144, 150–3
see also Donald Hawkins see also individual executives

Eastern Bank 4 Federation of British Industries 7, 16, 65–6
Eastern Mining and Metal Company 70 see also Sir Norman Kipping
Eastern Smelting Company 3
Fenner, Sir Claude 8, 9, 91–3 n. 86, 225;
see also Consolidated Tin Smelters and insecurity/instability 99, 114, 115;
Eastern Sun 111 and Malaysianisation 73, 75, 76;
Eccles, David 146 and oil palms 171;
Economic Planning Unit 152, 180, 200 and RGA weaknesses 201, 212;
elections (federal) 62, 63–64, 115 and rubber 140, 142
English Electric 113
Erroll, Lord Freddie 63, 153, 183 Ferguson, Niall 2
Eu, Robert 181 Fergusson, Sir Ewen, 6, 199
European Economic Community 12, 16, Fieldhouse, David 178
Financial Times 129
111, 169–70, 207, 208, 219 n. 64; five-year plans 59, 131, 138, 139–1, 154,

206
Fleming, W.A.(Wicky) 103
Foreign and Commonwealth Office 13,

186, 187, 205, 215

248 INDEX

Foreign Offlce, 13: reorganisation of 8, 79, 94 n. 112;
and economic significance of Southeast and rubber 128, 130, 135, 139, 157 n.
Asia 12, 110, 205; 72, 172
and Konfrontasi 105; see also individual executives
and military withdrawal 109
Hall, Henry 37, 39
Free Trade Zones, 96 n. 161, 185, 195 n. 100 Hambros Bank 14, 144, 146
Fuller, H.M. 150, 150–3 Harper, Gilfillan & Co. 3, 5, 211
Fulton, James 15
see also H.B.Hussey
Gan Teck Yeow 140–3 Harrisons & Crosfield Ltd 3, 4, 5, 14, 27;
Gent, Mark 79
gentlemanly capitalism 11–12; and Indonesia 102;
and Malaysianisation 73, 216, 221 n.
and agency houses 14–15, 205 112;
Georgetown see Penang and oil palms 165;
Gerakan 61 reorganisation of group 8;
and rivalry with Borneo Company Ltd
see also Lim Chong Eu 211;
Ghazali Shafie, Mohamed 38, 196 n. 119 and rubber 130, 135
Glaxo Laboratories 166 Haslam, Eric 51 n. 32
Glen Line see Ocean Steamship group Hawkins, Donald 127, 132
globalisation, concept of 2 Hay, Sir John 4, 9, 15, 211–3, 220 n. 92,
Goh Keng Swee 28, 44 225–7;
Goode, Sir William 52 n. 43, 100 and economic nationalism 86;
Grierson, Ronnie 186–8, 195 n. 113, 204 and Malayan politics 62;
Griffith-Jones, Sir Eric 15, 225; and reinvestment 68;
and rubber 130, 132, 137, 157 n. 72;
and diversification of Guthrie group and trade unions 88 n. 19
218 n. 40; Head, Lord 204, 208, 218 n. 50
and Lord Head 204; Healey, Denis 109
and industrialisation 181; Heath, Edward 207–9
and investment guarantees 112–4; Heinlein, Frank ix, 21 n. 53
and Malaysianisation, 68, 73; Hettne, Bjorn 2
and oil palms 170; Highlands & Lowlands Para Rubber
and rubber 128 Company Ltd see Barlow group
Guinness 104 Holt, George Palmer 101, 102
Gullick, John 17 Holts see Ocean Steamship group
Guthrie group 3, 4, 5, 214; Home, Lord 59, 72, 96, 110, 205, 226
and crony capitalism, 79; Hong Kong 37, 65, 166, 199, 203
diversification of 203, 218 n. 40; Hong Teck Guan 80, 94 n. 132
and gentlemanly capitalism 14–15; Hongkong and Shanghai Banking
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 45; Corporation 4, 5, 14, 214:
and Sir John Hay 211–3; and Alliance funding 58, 81;
and industrialisation 167; and economic nationalism 81–3;
and intercommunal violence 115; and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 28, 42–3, 49, 53
and investment guarantee 112–4; n. 75, 71;
and Konfrontasi 103; and Konfrontasi 102, 103, 106;
and Malaysianisation 68, 72, 76, 216;
and oil palms 163, 169, 170, 172, 172–3;
and reinvestment 68;

INDEX 249

and Oversea-Chinese Banking Internal Security Council (Singapore) 29–
Corporation 214; 30
and Lord Selkirk 204
see also individual executives International Synthetic Rubber Company
Hopkins, A.G. see gentlemanly capitalism 134
Hua Wu Yin xvii, 23
Huff, W.G. 54 n. 99 International Tin Agreement 9, 94 n. 112,
Hughes, Cledwyn 104, 104–6 125, 143–8, 149–2, 207
Humphrey, Hugh 68–9
Huntley & Palmer Ltd 177 International Tin Council see International
Hussey, H.B. 59, 97, 199 Tin Agreement

Imperial Chemical Industries 4, 60, 166, investment guarantees 62, 112–4, 122 n.
167, 183, 184 114, 123 n. 123, 185–7, 207
see also G.E.M.Jones
Ipoh 40, 174
import-substitution industrialisation 4; iron ore 70
British role in 166–7, 176–9, 184–8, Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rahman, Dr 226;
189, 193 n. 69;
effectiveness of 190; and Alliance economic philosophy 58;
government role in 174–6, 180–4, 196; and crony capitalism 77, 78;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 26–7, 55 n. and Claude Fenner 93 n. 86;
113, 183; and industrialisation 182
research into 174, 180–1 Ismail bin Mohamed Ali 70–1, 81–3, 91 n.
65, 214, 226
Inchcape group see Borneo Company Ltd
Inchcape, Lord 9, 14–15, 20 n. 51 J & P Coats 184, 186
India 16, 169, 212 Jakeway, F.D. 75
Indonesia, Indonesian: James Warren & Co. 3, 124
Japan, Japanese:
British business in 47–8, 76, 101, 101–
3, 106; and crony capitalism 82–4, 214;
communism 102, 106; and industrialisation of Malaysia 166,
Confrontation with Malaysia 42, 100– 178, 179, 181, 184–5, 185, 188–90, 196
7, 118 n. 30, 119 n. 33, 119 n. 34, 120 n. 119;
n. 74; and International Tin Agreement, 147,
Confrontation with The Netherlands 160 n. 115;
101; trade with Malay[si]a 7, 34, 37, 81, 111,
influence in Borneo territories 31; 206, 209–11
and oil palms 169, 171; Jardine Waugh Ltd 3, 151, 211
and rubber 124; Jengka Triangle project 200, 217 n. 28
and tin 150 Jenkins, Roy 108, 109
see also Ahmad Sukarno Jesudason, James 110, 197, 216 n. 7
informal empire: Johnson & Johnson (Malaya) Ltd 167
and Malay[si]a 11, 21 n. 53 Johor 103, 172
insurance 68–9, 90 n. 57, 116, 178 Johor Bahru 40
Intergovernmental Committee on Malaysia Joint Intelligence Committee (UK) 205
38, 52 n. 47 Jomo K.S. 1, 64, 173, 192 n. 60, 197, 198
Internal Security Act 63 Jones, G.E.M. 31, 40
Jones, Geoffrey 75
Jones, Matthew, 54 n. 88
Junid Saham 19 n. 32, 90 n. 54, 176, 185,
193 n. 69, 195 n. 100

250 INDEX

Kalabakan, battle of 105, 120 n. 64 and attitude to British business 28, 46,
Kanapathy, Dr V. 180 107, 108, 210, 215;
Kelang 26, 35, 38, 44, 55 n. 109, 184 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 36, 41, 44, 48,
Kelantan 78, 81, 85 49, 201–3;
Kellett, W.G.G. 142–4, 210–2 and investment guarantee 123 n. 123;
Khaw Kai Boh 132, 133, 154, 184 and Konfrontasi 101;
Khir Johari, Mohamed: and military withdrawal 108, 109
Lee Loy Seng 77, 94 n. 112
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 35, 38; Lee Rubber Company see Lee Kong Chian
and industrialisation 183, 189; Lever Brothers see Unilever
and rubber 98, 131, 142 Lewis & Peat 140
Khoo Siak Chiew 78, 82 Lim Chin Siong 30
Kipping, Sir Norman 7, 62, 178, 202, 226–8 Lim Chong Eu 61, 85, 96 n. 161
Kissin, Harry 140 Lim, David 173
KL-Kepong see Lee Loy Seng, Rubber Lim Mah Hui 1, 6, 93 n. 107, 153
Estate Agency of London Lim Swee Aun, Dr:
Kleinwort Benson 14 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 43;
Kongres Ekonomi Bumiputera 64, 78, 79, and industrialisation 175, 176, 184;
198 and Malaysianisation 73;
Kuala Lumpur: and rubber 135;
economic development of 184, 201; and tin 149
rubber exchange 140–4 Lim Yew Hock 26, 28
Kuok, Robert 77, 79, 82, 83, 189 Ling Beng Siew 80
Linton, P.M. 48
Labour governments (1964–70): Lintott, Sir Henry 138, 174
and British interests in Southeast Asia Liverpool 4, 82, 101, 201
110; Loch, Tony 112, 174
and the Commonwealth 12, 205; Loke Wan Tho 72
fiscal and financial policies of 154, 185, London Chamber of Commerce 204–6
205–8; see also Lord Freddie Erroll
and Konfrontasi 105, 205 London Metal Exchange 14, 144, 150, 161
see also individual ministers n. 141
London Stock Exchange 66, 67
Labour Party of Malaya 61, 63 London Tin Corporation 3, 79, 146, 149,
Laithwaite, Sir Gilbert 9, 178, 182, 227 213
land alienation 83–5, 151–4 see also Anglo-Oriental (Malaya) Ltd
language issue 63 and individual directors
Lansdowne, Lord 31–2, 52 n. 47, 101 Lowson, Sir Denys:
Laos 201 and diversification of Anglo-Thai
Lau, Albert 22 n.78 group 203, 218 n. 45;
Lee, Edwin 78 and industrialisation 189–1;
Lee, H.S. 77; and intercommunal violence 114;
and Malaysian/Southeast Asian politics
and British business links 79, 94 n. 122; 201;
and financial orthodoxy 59, 91 n. 65; and military withdrawal 208;
and industrialisation 177; and taxation 199
and taxation 199; Loynes, J.B. 52 n. 44
and tin 147
Lee Kong Chian 6, 142–4, 210–2
Lee Kuan Yew 26;

INDEX 251

MacEwen, Ian 4, 28, 101 Malay[si]an Oil Palm Selling Pool 169, 173
Mackie, J.A.C. 119 n. 33, 120 n. 74 Malay[si]an Rubber Fund 136, 172
MacLaine, Watson & Co. 3 Malay[si]an Stock Exchange 6, 66–7, 90 n.
MacLeod, Dato W.M. 79, 147, 149, 150,
43, 104, 120 n. 58, 197
161 n. 131 Malayan Banking Ltd 77
Macmillan, Harold: Malayan Cables Ltd see Telegraph

and the Commonwealth 154, 205; Construction and Maintenance Company
and the European Economic Malayan Chamber of Mines 13, 67, 108–10
Community, 12;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 32, 39–40, 54 see also Sir Douglas Waring
n. 88; Malayan Civil Service 13
and military withdrawal 107 Malayan Communist Party 62, 96–8, 98,
Mahathir Mohamad, Dr 65, 89 n. 38, 115,
210, 216 114, 117
Mahmud bin Mat, Dato 72 Malayan Estate Agency Group Ltd 75, 171
Malay[si]an Airways Ltd 71–2, 83 Malayan Estate Owners’ Association 9
Malay[si]an Chinese Association 1, 77, 85, Malayan Railways 213
198 Malayawata Steel project 83, 189
see also individual politicians Malaysia-Singapore Airlines 45, 72, 209
Malay[si]an Chinese business interests 6, 9; Malaysia-Singapore Commercial
and Alliance government 77, 89 n. 39,
118 n. 19; Association of Great Britain 13, 108, 135
and industrialisation 166, 167, 181–2; see also individual executives
and Japan 189, 196 n. 121;
and military withdrawal 111; Malaysia Solidarity Consultative
and NEP 215; Committee 49 n. 5, 80
and rubber trading 140;
and takeover of rubber estates 8, 77, 156 Malaysian Agricultural Research and
n. 16, 206; Development Institute 171, 172
and timber 197, 217 n. 9;
and tin 152, 197 Malaysian International Chamber of
see also Malay[si]an Chinese Commerce 9
Association and individual towkay and
business associations Malaysian International Shipping
Malay[si]an Commercial Association of Company 82
Great Britain 13, 212:
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 29, 31, 39, 52 n. Malaysian Rubber Development
44; Corporation 139
and Konfrontasi 106;
and Malaysian politics 202; Malcolm, Alec 39, 67, 80, 204, 227
and military withdrawal 107; Mann, Charles 136
and UK economic policy 206 Mansfield & Co. see Ocean group
see also individual executives MARA (Majlis Amanah Rakyat) 200, 215
Malay[si]an Indian business interests 9, 215 Marshall, David 56 n. 117
Malay[si]an Indian Congress 1 Martin, Sir John 36, 39
Malay[si]an Industrial Development Mason, Roy 184
Finance Ltd 174, 177–8, 180, 182, 192 Mathieson, Bill 186, 204
n. 60 Maudling, Reginald 14, 29, 2
May 13th incident 114, 115–7, 209
McAlister & Co. 3
McKelvie, J.N. 139–1, 209
Melaka 151, 185
Mercantile Bank of India 4, 19 n. 21, 79,

81, 211
see also Charles Pow

Metal Box 79

252 INDEX

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and crony capitalism 78, 81, 82, 95 n.
(Malay[si]a) see Abdul Aziz bin Ishak, 143, 197;
Malaysian Agricultural Research and and federal intervention in Sabah 85–7,
Development Institute 218 n. 35;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 38
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Malay
[si]a) 9, 41; Narayanan, P.P. 61
and industrialisation 179, 180, 183; National Electricity Board of the States of
and Malay[si]an Stock Exchange, 66–7;
and oil palms 170; Malaya see Central Electricity Board
and rubber 129–1, 136, 140; National Operations Council 65, 115
and tin 149 Natural Rubber Producers’ Research
see also individual officials and
ministers Association 136
neo-colonialism:
Ministry of Defence (UK) 186
Ministry of Finance (Malay[si]a) 9, 41, 64, theory of xvii–2,
New Economic Policy 2, 76, 215–7, 221 n.
137
see also individual offlcials and 114;
ministers origins of 64–65, 76, 78–79, 197–9
Ministry of Food (UK) 169
Ministry of Home Affairs (Malay[si]a) 103 Nigeria 142, 190 n. 9, 203
Ministry of Labour (Malay[si]a) 88 n. 19 Nik Ahmad Kamil, Dato 79, 147, 189, 228
Ministry of Labour (UK) 13 Nik Daud, Dato 74, 76
Ministry of National and Rural Ningkan, Stephen Kalong, 30, 218 n. 35
Development (Malay[si]a) 59 Norman, Arthur 167, 175–6, 184
see also Tun Abdul Razak North Borneo Chamber of Commerce 37
Ministry of Overseas Development (UK) North Borneo see Sabah
14, 21 n. 65, 154; North Boraeo Timbers Ltd see Bombay
and industrialisation 180, 186;
and special aid 112, 113, 123 n. 120, 139 Burmah Trading Corporation
see also individual officials Northcote, Sir Stafford 107, 109
Ministry of Transport (Malay[si]a) 200,
217 n. 26 Ocean Steamship group 4, 19 n. 19, 55 n.
see also Sardon Jubir 109;
Ministry of Transport (UK) 13, 82 and crony capitalism 82;
Ministry of Works, Post and diversification of 204–6;
Telecommunications (Malay[si]a) 120 n. and Konfrontasi 118;
53 and Malaysianisation 71–2, 76, 209;
Misra, Maria 221 n. 102 and Malaysian politics 201;
Mitchell, David 147, 148, 151 and rivalry with Ben Line 211
Mohar, Raja 227; see also George Palmer Holt
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 35, 44;
and industrialisation 83, 177–8, 185, Official Secrets Act (Malaysia) 17, 22 n.77
196 n. 119 Oil Palm Growers’ Council 9, 172, 213
Moreton, John 15, 186, 227 oil palms 3, 142, 143;
Morford, Howard 15, 30, 101, 144, 202
Musa Hitam 65, 89 n. 38 British position in industry 163–5, 190
Mustapha bin Harun, Tun Datu 228; n. 6;
diversification into 127, 163–5, 168,
169;
Malaysianisation of industry 74–5, 76–
7;
marketing 169;

INDEX 253

prices 163, 169, 170; see also Penang
production figures 163–5; Perak 117, 151, 174
research 171–2, 192 n. 38, 200; PERNAS 79, 198, 215
smallholders 138, 172–3; Persian Gulf 205, 219 n. 55
substitution 168–7, 202, 205; Petaling Jaya 39, 40, 166, 174, 176, 177, 183
UK consumption of processed oil 190 petroleum 33–4, 47–8, 53 n. 57, 84;
n. 9, 205
Omar Ali, Sultan of Brunei 46, 47 refining 166, 182;
Ong Yoke Lin 198 revenues 215
Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation 6, Philippines:
192 n. 54, 214, 215 claim to Sabah 86, 100
see also Tan Chin Tuan Phillips, A.E. 39
Overseas Trade Corporations see taxation pioneer industries see import-substitution
industrialisation
Pahang 81, 200 police 99, 115;
Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia -planter liaison committees 99, 103
Polymer Corporation 210
192 n. 38 Port Dickson 182
palm oil see oil palms Port Swettenham see Kelang
Pan-Malayan Islamic Party 60–61, 62, 63, Poulgrain, Greg 23, 47, 56 n. 125, 56 n. 130,
105
78, 197 Pow, Charles:
[C.A.] Parsons Ltd 113, 122 n. 118 and Bank Negara 91 n. 66;
Parti Rakyat 61, 63 and crony capitalism 79, 81;
Party Negara 79 and future of Malaysia 201–3;
Paterson, Simons & Co. 3 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 41;
Paton, A.W. 37 and Konfrontasi 101;
Pearson, J. P. 31, 81 and the Tunku, 59
Penang 84–6, 200; Province Wellesley see Perai
Pulau Pinang see Penang
industrialisation of 174, 185, 195 n. 100; Puthucheary, James 3
intercommunal violence in 114–6, 116,
202; Qantas Empire Airways 72
and Konfrontasi 118, 121 n. 77;
unemployment in 97 Raleigh Industries 177
see also Penang Chamber of Commerce Rampton, J.L. 70
Penang Chamber of Commerce 9; Ramsay, A.J. 41, 180
and economic development of Penang Ranfurly, Lord Dan 14, 49, 100
84–6, 96 n. 161, 200; Ranjit Singh, D.S. 47
and insecurity/instability 96; Razaleigh Hamzah, Tengku 78–79, 198
and merger with States of Malaya Rediffusion 31
Chamber of Commerce 85, 213 Reid, Sir Edward 14
see also individual executives Rennell of Rodd, Lord 72
Peninsular & Oriental 19 n. 19 Rhodes, Lord 184
People’s Action Party (Singapore) 26, 28– Rio Tinto Zinc 84, 112
9, 41, 108
see also Goh Keng Swee, Lee Kuan see also Alun Davies
Yew River Estates Ltd see R.G.Barrett
People’s Progressive Party 60 road development 26, 85, 184, 200
Perai 40, 83, 188, 189

254 INDEX

Robinson, Ronald 215 and military withdrawal 108;
Rothmans of Pall Mall Ltd 79 new planting 139;
[N.M.] Rothschild & Co. 14 and oil palms 165, 171;
Rothschild, Lord 47, 56 n. 123 and research 135, 136–8;
Royal Dutch Shell Group 5, 33–4; and rubber replanting 137–9;
rubber sales to communist bloc 128;
and crony capitalism 79; and smallholders 139;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 46, 47–8, 49 n. special representative in Malay[si]a 8,
5, 57 n. 132, 57 n. 133, 84; 9, 130, 212;
and industrialisation 166, 182; and trade unions 88 n. 19;
and Konfrontasi 106, 118 n. 30 and UK taxation 206;
rubber: and US stockpile 131
British ownership of estates 3; see also individual executives
competition between natural and Rubber Producers’ Council 9, 137–9, 139,
synthetic 33, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 211, 212, 213
137, 155 n. 7, 202, 210; Rubber Research Institute 135, 139, 192 n.
importance of in Malaysian economy 38
124; Rubber Trade Association of London 14,
Malaysianisation of industry 74–5, 76– 116, 127, 140–3
7; Rudner, Martin 216–8 n. 8
marketing 140–44; Rueff Mission 35, 40, 43, 44
new planting 138–40; Russia, Russian see Soviet Union
possible international agreement 132–4;
prices 125–30; Sabah:
processing 139; British investment in 5;
production 129; crony capitalism and corruption in 78,
replanting 137–9, 157 n. 72, 163, 197; 80–2, 82, 95 n. 142, 198;
research 135–8; export boom 27, 37;
sales to communist bloc 127, 128, 129, and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 37–40;
134; insecurity/instability in 97;
smallholders 128, 137–41, 154–7, 197; and Konfrontasi 104, 105;
stealing 97, 98–99; and labour shortage 85;
stockpiles 129–3; Malaysianisation in 73;
tyre manufacturing 166, 178, 181–2; and oil palms 165;
UK consumption of 125, 134, 205; petroleum exploration in 34, 53 n. 57;
UK synthetic industry 129, 134, 142, separatism in 217–9 n. 35;
205 timber industry in 197, 217 n. 9
Rubber Estate Agency of London 3, 8, 139,
155 Sabah Chinese Association 54 n. 79, 78
see also Alan Calver Sabah Planters’ Association 86, 213
Rubber Growers’ Association 13, 21 n. 64;
and Alliance funds 58; see also R.G.Barrett
divisions on Council 211, 212; Sabah Timber Company 5
and International Rubber Study Group Salleh, Mohamed 99
205, 211; Sandilands, Buttery & Co. 3
and investment guarantee 112;
and Malay[si]an politics 62; see also D.F.Clayton
and marketing 140, 140–4; Sandys, Duncan 48
and May 13th incident 116; Sarawak:

British investment in 5;

INDEX 255

business rivalries in 211; Singapore Manufacturers’ Association 25
crony capitalism in 80; Singapore Peoples’ Alliance 26
economic stagnation of 27, 33–4; in 103, 114;
and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 30–1, 39;
and industrialisation 184, 193 n. 88; investment in Malay[si]a 166;
and Konfrontasi 101, 102, 118 n. 28; politics 26, 28–30;
Malaysianisation in 75–6; split with Malaysia, 41–2, 43, 44, 45–6,
and petroleum revenues 84; 56 n. 117, 56 n. 118, 183, 187, 202
separatism in 217 n. 35; Socialist Front (Malay[si]a) 60, 61, 62, 63
timber trade in 203, 211 Soviet Union 111;
Sarawak Chamber of Commerce 31 and rubber 128, 134, 155 n. 7;
Sarawak United People’s Party 30 and tin, 143–6, 148
Sardon Jubir 44 Spencer, Oscar 143, 175, 177
Saunders, Jake 51, 59, 127, 169 Spens, J.Ivan 146
Scanlon, Peter 170, 191 n. 34 Sri Lanka 69, 76, 128, 203, 212
Scott, A.W. 26, 176 Standard Malaysian Rubber 139, 159 n. 85
secret societies 98, 99 States of Malaya Chamber of Commerce 9:
Selangor 97, 98–99, 103–5, 167, 185 and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 27;
Selangor Malay Chamber of Commerce 182 and intercommunal violence 115;
Selangor Planters’ Association 97 and Konfrontasi 100;
Selby-Boothroyd, Charles 127, 132, 153 and Malaysianisation 74;
Selkirk, Lord 3, 40, 204, 208 and merger with Penang Chamber of
Shah Alam 113, 167, 184 Commerce 85;
Shah, H.M. 182 and telephone service 119–1 n. 53
Shamsul A.B. 78 see also individual executives
sharebrokers 66, 90 n. 45 States of Malaya Chamber of Mines 150
Shearn, Errol 148, 212, 213 Stemson, I.V. 172–3
Shell see Royal Dutch Shell Group Stephens, Donald 38, 49 n. 5, 81, 218 n. 35
Shepherd, Lord 14, 132, 133, 154, 184, 185 sterling area 4, 113, 215;
Shum Kwai Hong 181 Malay[si]an membership of 11, 33, 69,
Sime Darby Ltd 3, 5, 6, 14, 27; 71, 110, 169
and industrialisation 177; Stewart, Michael 209
and Jengka Triangle 200; Stockwell, A.J. 34, 52 n. 44
and Malaysianisation 72, 90 n. 54, 215 Straits Steamship Company see Ocean
see also individual directors Steamship group
Simms, G.W. 67, 148–1 Straits Times 26, 129, 144
Singapore Chamber of Commerce 9, 26–7, Straits Trading Company 3, 6, 79, 85
29 see also Sir Ewen Fergusson
see also individual executives Subandiro, Dr 119 n. 33, 120 n. 74
Singapore International Chamber of Subritzky, John 11, 119 n. 33
Commerce 9, 44, 108, 109 Suharto, General 106
see also individual executives Sukarno, President Ahmad, 23, 31, 101,
Singapore ix; 102, 105, 106, 120 n. 74
British military presence in 32, 106–8; Swinton, Lord 134
economic development of 41, 174, 185; Syed Ja’afar Albar 64, 83
and economic links with Malaya 25–6,
28, 40–5; Taiwan, Taiwanese 184, 185
intercommunal violence Tan Chin Tuan 6, 71, 214

256 INDEX

Tan Siew Sin 6, 77, 198, 228; Thomson, George 107, 108, 111, 186
and British business funding for Thornton-Jones, H.I. 124, 167
Alliance 58, 81; timber:
and friendships with British business
leaders 9, 181, 200; British interests in 5, 82, 197, 203, 211,
and ‘Greater Malaysia’ 30, 40, 41, 42– 217 n. 9;
4, 47, 51 n. 32, 55 n. 109; crony capitalism and 78, 80, 82;
and industrialisation 175, 176, 179, export duty 38
181–2; tin:
and land alienation; British ownership of dredges and
84; smelters 3;
and overseas remittances 59, 107; dulang-washing 97;
and Malaysianisation 66, 68, 73, 75; gravel-pumping 152, 154, 197;
and military withdrawal 111; importance of in Malaysian economy
and Penang 85; 124;
and 1969 riots 64, 65, 89 n. 39; land alienation 151–4;
and Rubber Growers’ Association 211; marketing 14, 161 n. 141;
and rubber 131–3, 132, 132–4, 136, offshore mining 84, 151–4, 153;
138, 154–7; prices 143–5, 150, 202;
and Sime Darby 215; production figures 151, 152, 153, 155
and taxation 199–1; n. 2;
and tin 149, 152; research and development 152, 153;
and United Chambers of Commerce of smelting 3, 118, 143, 151;
Malay[si]a 80 substitution 143, 159 n. 99, 161 n. 129,
202;
Tan, T.H. 77, 95 n. 144, 198, 229; taxation of industry 152;
and Central Electricity Board 122 n. unemployment in mines 97, 143;
118; UK consumption of 125
and Japan 83, 189 see also International Tin Agreement
Tin Advisory Committee 9, 144, 213
Tariff Advisory Board 41, 180 Tory, Sir Geofroy 229:
Tariff Advisory Committee 174, 182 and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 33, 35;
Tawau, 31, 80, 100 and Malayan politics, 62, 63;
Tawi Sli 218 n. 35 and industrialisation 179;
taxation: and investment guarantee 122 n. 114;
and rubber 130, 134
Malay[si]an 38–9, 40–1, 42, 136, 137, trade unions 61, 88 n. 19:
152–5, 168, 199–1, 215; in Singapore 28–30
UK 112, 122 n. 113, 139, 156 n. 16, 206, Traill, Harry O’ Brien 76–7, 97, 135, 171–
207–9, 219 n. 57, 219 n. 68 2, 229
Taylor, Leon 187 Treasury (UK) 13, 14:
Telegraph Construction and Maintenance and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 33;
Company 166, 167, 189 and investment guarantee 112–4, 122 n.
see also Sir John Dean 116, 186;
telephone service 103–5, 119–1 n. 53 and rubber 132, 156 n. 41;
Templer, Sir Gerald 15 and tin 144
Terangganu 81, 85, 159 n. 81 Tronoh tin group 3, 18 n. 14, 66–7, 204, 213
Thailand, Thai 114, 117, 151, 200 see also individual directors
The Times 128 Turner, Sir Michael 72
Thompson-McCausland, Lucius 68, 106,
140, 146, 208, 229

INDEX 257

UK Commissioner-General for Southeast Waite, Clifford 144, 146, 148–50
Asia 13 Walker, Sir Michael 12, 229:
see also Henry Hall, Lord Selkirk
and British interests in Malaysia 112,
UK Trade Commissioner see British High 209–11;
Commission and individual and crony capitalism, 83;
commissioners and ‘Greater Malaysia’, 49;
and industrialisation 184;
unemployment 97, 143, 175, 199 and Malaysianisation, 75;
Unilever 5; and special aid 113
Walker, T.M. 45
and industrialisation 165, 178; Wallace Brothers see Bombay Burmah
and Konfrontasi 118 n. 30; Trading Corporation
and oil palms, 165, 168, 169; Wallerstein, Immanuel 2
and Sarawak agency 211 Waring, Sir Douglas 230:
see also Michael Cullen, Leslie and Malaysian politics 79, 94 n. 122;
Davidson and rivalries with Tronoh group 213;
United Africa Company 178 and tin, 144, 147, 148;
United Chambers of Commerce of Malay and UK taxation 206
[si]a 9, 121 n. 77, 213 Wearne Brothers Ltd 176, 178, 183, 192 n.
United Malayan Banking Corporation 93 n. 54
108, 180 West Irian dispute 101
United Malays National Organisation 1, 60, Wheelwright, E.L. 211
63, 64, 65, 78 Wilcock, W.H. 70
see also individual politicians William Jacks & Co. 3
United Nations Organisation 31, 106 see also A.J.Ramsay
United Planting Association of Malay[si]a Wilson, Harold:
8, 212: and the Commonwealth 12, 154, 205;
and Lord Head 218 n. 50; and the European Economic
and insecurity/instability 97–9, 98–99; Community 207;
and land alienation 84; and military withdrawal 109, 111;
and Malaysianisation 75, 76; and special aid, 113
and oil palms 169–70; Wilson, John 71, 79
and Sabah 85, 213; Wimpey construction group 83
and taxation 199; Windom’s Way xvii, 116
and telephone service 119–120 n. 53 Wong Pow Nee 85
see also Harry O’ Brien Traill Wong, s.Q. 6
United States: World Bank see Rueff Mission
economic penetration of Malaysia 111,
178, 181, 182, 184–5, 185, 206;
and Indonesia 101, 102, 104, 119 n. 33;
and oil palms 169;
rubber stockpile 129, 129–3, 133;
synthetic rubber industry 33, 126, 129,
130, 131;
and tin 143, 144, 147–9, 148–50, 150,
160–2 n. 125, 161 n. 129

Vietnam 119 n. 33, 176, 186, 201