WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Introduction to Research

1

Outline

• What is Research
• Scientific Research.
• Research Process
• Ethical Research.

2

What is Research?

• Research is a process to discover new
knowledge

• Research is searching for and gathering
information, usually to answer a
particular question or problem.

3

Research Methods

Non- Scientific
scientific

Research
Methods

4

Non Scientific Method

• Non-scientific research is acquiring knowledge and
truths about the world using techniques that do not
follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was
a large proponent of some of these, and Freud's
theories use several of them as well. Let's look at
several of the more often used non- scientific
methods to see what pitfalls are out there.

5

Non scientific methods

Intuition/ Personal Authority Informal
Belief experience/ Logic
Testimony

6

Non Scientific Methods

• What people based their knowledge on in
day to day life ?
– Intuition/ Belief

• Intuitive knowledge comes from understanding
and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct
or through personal insight. This is the 'I know it
because I know it' category of knowledge, where
someone cannot offer a good reason for
something, but they just know it to be true.

7

Non Scientific Methods

• What people
based their
knowledge on
in day to day
life ?

–Personal
experience

8

Personal experience

• Personal experience is information or
understanding derived from experiencing
something first-hand. There doesn't seem to be
a problem with this at first, but it is actually
incredibly flawed because experience is
subjective and not reproducible.

9

Non Scientific Methods

• What people
based their
knowledge on
in day to day
life ?

–Authority

10

Non Scientific Methods

• What people
based their
knowledge on
in day to day
life ?

–Casual
Observation

11

Non Scientific Methods

• What people based their
knowledge on in day to
day life ?

–Informal Logic

12

WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC
METHOD?

13

What is Scientific

Scientific • The scientific method is a body of
techniques for investigating phenomena,
acquiring new knowledge, or correcting
and integrating previous knowledge.

• Systematic observation, Formal logic,
consistently applied, Better change of
valid explanation, Evaluate plausibility of
hypothesis.

14

What is Scientific

15

16

RESEARCH PROCESS

17

RESEARCH PROCESS

18

Literature Review
Research Design

19

RESEARCH IDEAS

20

Research Ideas

Sustain Relevant Have some
your to your life personal
interest in
interest Research
Topic

21

22

23

Study Design

Research
Design

Observational Experimental

Descriptive Ecological Cross- Case Control Cohort RCT
sectional

√ √√

24

Study Design

25

Choosing a Research Design

Time Money

Disease Expert
guide
Study
Design

26

Research Proposal

• A research proposal is a document that provides
a detailed description of the intended program. It
is like an outline of the entire research process
that gives a reader a summary of the information
discussed in a project.

• The goal of a research proposal is to present and
justify the need to study a research problem and
to present the practical ways in which this
research should be conducted.

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1. Introduction
2.Literature Review
3. Methodology
4.Data collection
5. Ethics

28

Sampling method

Probability Simple
Systematic
Sampling method
Cluster
Non Stratified
probability Convenience
Purposive

Quota

29

Data Analysis

Categorical Frequency (Count)
and Percentage

Data Normal Mean (SD)

Numerical Non Median(Range/IQR)
Normal

30