ভাটির দেশ - মোংলার ইতিহাস, ঐতিহ্য ও সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক ই-পত্রিকা

ϙϖ c ϣ ϡ ϛ Ϛc ϡ c
c ϣ ϙ ϙϦ
ϣ ϛ ϙ Ϥ ϥ c
c Ϛ b ϣ c bϤ Ϛ c
c c ϛ ϣ ϛ
c – c
, c ϡ ϛ
ϛ ϣϤ ϣ – c Ϥ ϡ ϣ
ϣ ϣ – ϛ ϡ
– b ϙ ϣ
– ϣ ϡ c ϣ
Ϛ b ϣ bϛ c c –
c c b b ϣ ϣ Ϧc ϡ
ϛϖ c c c ϣ ϥ c
bϛ ϣ ϛ Ϛ b ϣ
c ϥ ϝ c ϛ c ϡ ϖ –
ϥ– ϛ ϙc
c Ϥ c , “ ϣ c bϛ b ϣ
ϛ ϙϣ ϣ ϣ, ϕ ϡ ϙ ϡ ϥ
ϣ – ϥ bϛ c - ϙ Ϥ ϥ c ϡ b
ϣ c ϣ Ϧ ϛ ” ϣ c ϣ bϤ
– ϣ bϤ Ϛ c Ϥ c
ϣϝ c b ϡ ϣ ϡ ϙ – ϝ ϡ

ϙ ϣ ϡ ϡ c ϣϝ bϛ ϛ
ϡ c ϣ ϣ Ϛcϡ ϣ ϥ

47 |47

ϛ Ϛ b ϣ ϛϖ c c
ϣ ϡ bϣ Ϛ ϣ ϣ – ϡ ϣc c
c Ϛ ϣc Ϛ Ϛ ϣ c
Ϥ c bϛ Ϥ –

ϣ

c , -Ϥ ϛ
J. Rudd Rainey, The Sunderrban: Its Physical Features and Ruins. The Royal Geographical Society,
Vol. XIII, 1891
H. James Rainey, Jessore - III . Calcutta Review, Vol. LXV, 1877
J. Westland, Esq., CS, A Report on the District of Jessore: Its Antiquities, Its History, and Its
Commerce.
W. W. Hunter, BA, LL.D., A Statistical Account of Bengal

48

|48

ϣ c – ϣ

[c c – c} |49

49

ϙ cϥ
-

ϣ Ϥ ϡ c –
Ϧc c –
ϖ ϡ c c ϥ ϣ c
ϙϖ c c ϡ cϥ ϖ ϙ
ϖ c ϣ Ϛ Ϛϖ ϥ ϣ Ϛ c c Ϧc
b ϣ – ϖ bϣ c cϥ – ϣ
b ϝ c c Ϛ b ϣ
ϛ ϙ c ϙ ϣ “ c” bϣ c ϙ – –
ϙ ϖ “ ” ŀ ϙ Ϛϣ –
ϣ – “ c” b c bϛ “ ” c c ϖ
ŀ c ϣ ϣ ϝ ϣ ϣ c ( c )
ϡ c c Ϛϣϕ c b c ϣ
b c ϙ c Ϛϕϣ b ϖ bϣc
ϣ – ϣϛ (ϣ ϥc, ϣ , Ϛ
ϕ , ϙ – ϣc ) c – ϥ cϥ ϥ
ϛϖ c ϣ ϣ– b ϖ c ϝ ϖ
Ϛ ϛ c c Ϛ ϥ c ϛ ϣ c c Ϛϕϣ
c Ϛ Ϧ c c ϣ , ϝ

50 |50

c b ϖ b ϣ b ϣ bϣc Ϧ b ϣϣc c
Ϥ ϥ ϛ b ϖ
c ϣ Ϧc ϥ c bϣ
ϥ ϛ
ϥ ϣ c c
c c ϡ cϥ bϣ
: ϣ - ϕ c c Ϧ Ϛ ϡ, Ϛ c
Ϛ b ϣ cϥ
’ c cϡ bϣ bϛ b ϣ cϥ ϣc
Ϛ c ϡ
ϣ ϣ ϥ c ϝ Ϛϣϕ ϡ c ϣ ϣ c
cϥ ϝ
ϣ bϛ c
b ϣ cϥ
ϣ
) –ϣ c c ϣ Ϧc
Ϛcϕ ; ϙ ϣ ϛ c –
c c ϣ - –
– c Ϛϣϕ bϣc ϣ , ϣ c

Ϛ c ϣ ϡ b c ϛ c c bϣ ϣ ϣ
ϣ – bϣ c –ϣ c
Ϛϕϣ bϛ c Ϛϕϣ – c ϖ ϥ ϙ – c
– ϣ ϣ
– ϣ ϣ , ϛ ϣ ϥ ϕ ϣ Ϛ

Ϛ ϖ, Ϥ c; |51

– ϣ Ϥc

- ϕ Ϧ

c c c c ϛ -c

c c c ϣ

bϣc ϣ

– ϕc c c bϣc Ϧ ϣ bϣ

ϣ ϙ –

ϝ ϕ , – ϕc c

bϣc bϣc ϣ c Ϥ

ϝ ϥ

ϛ ϣc ϣc ϛ Ϥ cϣ
Ϛ cϣ Ϧc – Ϧc ϣ ϣ ϣϛ bϛ
, cϥ c ϣ c c
Ϥ Ϥ c
Ϟ c bϣ ϣ ϕ c ϕ c ϣ c b ϖ ϥ ϥ
c ϥ ϥ c c ! ϥ b c

ϝ Ϥ ϙϖ cϥ – bϛ , bϤ –
ϙ Ϛ c c Ϥ ϣ c – ϥ c
ϛ bϣ c ϣ ϕ c –ϣ ϧ c Ϛc+c
ϙ ϣ c ϥ c c ϛ ϣ b ϖ ϛ
b ϖ ϣ ϣ c ϙ c ϛ
c - c Ϛ ϣ c ϝ , c bϣ bϣc c
c
c Ϥ c ϛ Ϥ c ϕ ϕ
ϥ c ) Ϥ ϣ c c
Ϧ -ϥ , c - ,
ϙ ϙϖ c c Ϥ ϝ ϙ , ϖ ,
ϛ - Ϥ c ϕ ϡ bϣc Ϧ , c, ϛ –
Ϧ ϡ c c Ϛϣ ϣc ϣc ϣ
b ϖ ϙ ϕϣ ϝ Ϥ ϡ Ϟ cϥ -
ϥ Ϥ

) ϙ Ϛ ϣ c ϥ Ϧ ϕ ϥ
bϛ c ϥ c ϣ c Ϧ b ϣ ϥ

|52

) Ϛ ϣϤ ϡ ϣϤ ϡ c c - b
ϙ ϣ ϙ ϣ c ϛ b ϙ
– ϣ c c cϥ ϡ ϝ Ϥ
b ϖ ϣ ϙc ϛ ϡ ,
ϝ ϥ c ,
Ϧ ϛ c Ϥ ϛ c !
ϥ c c c ϛ ϥ c ϥ bϣc ϙ Ϥ
ϛ/Ϛ c c ϛ c cϖ c Ϥ
ϙ ,
ϣ ϖ , ϡ c ϣ
bϣ c c Ϛ ϖ ϛ ϣ ।
ϣc c ϣ ϛ c c c
ϙ ϣ ϝ c ϛ
ϙ ϛ ϣϖ ,

) ‘c ϣ Ϧ’ bϛ ϣ c c ϣ c c !
bϛ ϙ c c c ϣ ϛ c c c
b ϖ ϝ Ϥ ϡ
c ϛϥ , ) ϖ
ϥ ϝ ϣ - , ϝ ϣ b ϣ ϙ ϖ
ϙ – ϡ ϝ c - -
ϙ ϖϤ– Ϥ - ϣϛ Ϧ Ϛ c
ϖϣ ϣ , c ϙcϥ , bϛ ϖ
c , ϥ Ϧ , Ϧ Ϥ , , bϛ ϣϛ Ϧ Ϛ c
bϛ ϖ -
bϛ c c
Ϧ ϣ Ϧ ϣ c

bϛ b ϣ

|53

ϣ c ϙ ϣ b c b ϣ c cϥ
- ϣ cϥ ϡ
ϝ Ϥ – ϣ , ϝ Ϥ ϣ , Ϧ

ϕ ϛ ϣ ϣ c Ϛ bϛ ϙ Ϥ
bϣc ϣ ϥ c ϡ Ϥ
Ϥ bϤ

ϣ c ϙ ϥ ϡ

) c ϥ Ϛ bϣc ϖ c b ϣ

ϣ b ϣ ϙϖ Ϥ– ϙ – Ϥ ϖ

bϛ ϙϖ ϣ c ϡ Ϧ c ϙ ϛ c

bϛ ϙϖ c c Ϥ ϣ ϙ ϣ

Ϛ bϛ ϥ ϛ Ϟ ϙ

c ϝ bϛ Ϥ– , ϥ c Ϛ

c Ϛ – – c c ϙ

Ϛ -ϙ – ϛ ϡ Ϛcϡ – b ϖ c bϛ

ϛ ϛ ϣ ϥ c c ϙ ϣϛ c

Ϧc ϣ ϗϤ- ϣ c ϣ c ϝ ϣ

, ϣ Ϛ ϝ ϣ ϛ c

। , Ϥ c ϣϝ c

ϣ c c ϛ ϙ

ϡ ϛ Ϥ ϛ - c –
c c ϛ ϛ Ϥ ϛ
ϣc ϝ ϣ b ϖ

ϙ , Ϥ c Ϥ – b Ϛ ϡ

ϡ-ϡ , b c ϣ c c
ϣϡ ϣ
ϣ c ϣ ϣ

|54

bϛ ϣ Ϛ c bϛ b ϣ c bϣ Ϧ ,
“ϣ -ϣ c ” ϛ ϥ c ϣ c, Ϧ
ϖ ϣ c ϥ ϛ,
ϣ ϡ b ϣ ϣ c c ϣ ϥ ϛ
ϣ ϣ ϥc ϛ - Ϛ c ϣ c ϣ c c ,
ϣ ϣ , c , Ϥ c - c ϥ Ϥ c ϛ
ϛ – c c ϡ cϥ b ϣ c ,
bϛ Ϧc ϡ ϣ - ϣ -ϣ c ϙ –
– bϛ
b ϣ cϥ bϣc ( )
ϡ c c ϖ ϣ ϛ ϣ
ϣc cϥ ϝ ϣ ϥ ϣ c Ϧ Ϧ

( ) – ϣ ϣ Ϧ ϣ
ϡ- ϡ c - b Ϥ bϛ b ϣ ϣ
ϣ Ϥ c bϣ , c ϣ ϣ c bϣ
c ϥ ϛ c ϥ ϛ c ϛ , cc ϣ b
ϣ ϣ ϣ , ϣ ϣ ϣ c ϡ
ϥ ϥ c ϥ , ϥ ϣ ϕ b ϣ
c c ϣ ϥ
ϖ bϛ ϖ ϝ c , c ϥ Ϥ
c ϣ Ϧ ϣ Ϛϛ c bϛ b ϣ ϛ
ϖ , , c , c c Ϛ ϛ
ϥ c Ϧ ϣ ϣ c Ϥ
ϣ ϣ ,
Ϧ ϥ ϕ c Ϛϕc c Ϥ - ϣ
c – b ϣ ϣ , -ϣc Ϥ c
Ϧ ϣ । – c ϣ c
ϣ ϣ ϣ Ϛ ϣ
ϙ ϣ ϣ bϣ ϥ
ϣ ϣ c Ϥ cc ϣ c
ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϣ – c
ϥ c cϕ ϣ c ϡϣ ,
bϣ ϣ ϣ ϣ।

|55

( ) ( )
ϣ ϛ ϥ Ϥ ϣ , bϣϛ c ,
ϡ । Ϧ c ϣ
bϛ bϣ cϕ c Ϥ Ϧ, Ϟ- Ϥ ϣ c c Ϧ c ,
Ϟ Ϥ ϣ Ϛ c ϥ। ϣ
Ϛ bϣc ϥ– ϣ , b ϣ - cϕ ,
ϣ c c Ϥ Ϛ ϛ ϣ
ϣ Ϧ Ϥ ϣ Ϛ Ϛ c,
b ϣ ϛ bϛ c ϛ ϣ ϕ c ( )
Ϥ –
( ) Ϛ bϣ ϣ ,
ϣ , bϛ . . . . . . .
ϣ Ϧ ϣ
c ϣ Ϥ – ϣ
ϥ Ϥ , c Ϟ ϕ Ϧ ,

ϣ ϣ ,
– ϝ bϣ c ϥ ϕ , c ϣ Ϧ Ϛ ϣ ϙ
ϣ c ϕ ϛ ϥ c Ϧ ϣ c c,
ϣ Ϥ ϛ ϣ ϣ c c , - ϣ ϣ ϣ c
bϣ ccϣ Ϛ Ϛ Ϥ ϖ ϣ c ,
c Ϥ ϣ c – c , ϣ ϣ ϣ ϕc ,
c ϥ c ϛ ϣ - b ϣ Ϛc ϖ

( ) ϝ ϖ
, - – ,
ϣ c Ϛ ϙ । ϝ ϖϥ ϡ Ϥ cϥ
ϣ ϣ ϣ ϛ ϥ ϥ ϕ , b ϙ ϙ ϣ Ϧ c
ϡ ϣc Ϧc ϣc ϣc
c ϕ c c Ϟ । Ϧc ϣ c ϣ b ϖ
c ϣ Ϥ ϣ Ϛ ,
ϣ ’ |56
ϣ ϕ ϣ ϣ c ϣ ,
ϛ ϙ

ϙ ϣ ϣc Ϛ c c Ϥ Ϥ c ϣ cϥ ϛ c
c c c ϣ ϣ Ϥ Ϥ
ϥ ϣ ϛ bϛ cϥ – b ϖ – c ϣ
bϤ ϝ cϥ
, ϖ ϣ Ϛϣ

ϣ c

|57

c

-

[ ϥ c ϥ ϣ c
( ϗ)-b ϖ c ϡ ϣ ϣ ϣ ϣ ϥ
c ϣ “ϣ ” Ϧ ϣ b ϖ ϣ
ϣ ϣ ϧ b Ϛ ϥ ( c )
ϣ ϣ ϣ ϥ ϥ Ϥ ϡ
ϥ bϣ c c ϝ ϣ
ϡ c c ϡ Ϥ b ϣ
Ϥ ϡ c ϝ ϣ bϛ ϝ ϝ ϖ
ϛ ϣ 8 c – c – –
b ϖ Ϧc ϡ ϣ c ϝ c Ϟ ,
ϙ ϣ, Ϥ ϣ ϣ c
ϙ ϖ b ϛ c – ϣ ϣ, – c
ϣ ϣ ϡ b ϣ Ϧc Ϛ ϣϤ Ϧ c ]

Ϥ c c Ϛc Ϥ ϣ ϣ c
ϙ c ϣ Ϧ c ϣ Ϛc
ϙ
Ϛ Ϛ Ϥ ϣ ϣ
ϥ c . . ϣ c Ϛϛ. ϣ . Ϛ c c ϣ
ϣ ϣ – ϣ
c ϣ bϣ ϝ c c
c ϣc ϛ

|58

Ϧ Ϛ Ϛ Ϧ c ϛ
b Ϥ ϣ ϣ c c
Ϛ bϣ ϛ

c Ϛ ,

b ϛ – ϣ ϣ, ϡ ϡ c

c ϥ ϣ ϣ c c

( ϗ)-b c c Ϧc ϣ b c

Ϧ c b Ϧc ϣ ϣ ϣ c ϕ Ϛ

- Ϛc ϣ c ϣ ,

Ϥ ϣ ϣ cϡ ϣ ϣ c ϣ – ϣ b ϖ

c ϣ c ϙ ϣ ϣ Ϛ ϣ c ϣ

ϣ ϥ c – b ϥ ϣ ϣ c c ϣ ϡ

, ϛ ϥ Ϛ ϥ b

ϥc ( ϣ b ϥ ϣ - Ϥ

) ( Ϧ ) Ϥ –

Ϛ Ϥ ϝ Ϥ ϥ ϛ Ϛ ϡ bϣc

ϛ ϣ c c Ϧ c Ϛ c ϡ

ϣ ϥ bϣc c c c

Ϛ ϣ c c ϣ ϣ c

c c c ϣ , ϣ ϣ ϛ ϡ

ϣ ϣ b ϖ c ϣc

Ϧ Ϛ ϕ ϕ

Ϛ c ϣ ϣ

Ϥ ϕ c

|59

– ϝ b –
Ϧ c – ϣ c ϣ c
bϣ ϥ Ϛ c ϙϖ Ϥ
/ c ϥ ϣ c b ϖ
Ϛ c ϝ ϣ ϣ - ϣ, -
ϣ ϣ c ϣ ϣ ϛ – Ϟ
c ϣ ϣ c c b c ϣ ϛc
ϡ c ϣ ϣ
c ϥ ϛ Ϧ ϡ c ϣ ϣc Ϛ ϡ
c c ϣ
ϙ ϣ ϙ – ϙ ϣ ϥ– ϣc
ϣ ϣ ϡ ϣ

Ϧ c c ϛ ϣ ŀ ϣ c c
, ϥ c ϣ
ϣ ϡ , “ ϛ, Ϛ b
c ϥ c ” ϕ ϣc c ϣ ϣ
ϖ ϣ ϣ ϣ c c c c
c b ϖ c ϖ ϖ ϣ c ϣ ,
ϣ ϣ ϙ ϣ c ϡ
Ϛ ϡ Ϥ b c
ϣ ϡ , ϙ c ϣ ϣ ϡ
“ ϣ ” ϡ “Ϛ Ϛϣ ” ϣ ϛ Ϥϕ ϣ
ϝ c ϣ ϣ
ϣ ϛ c ϝ Ϥ Ϛ ϣ b

|60

ϣ ϣ ϛ – ϛ ϣ ϣ b ϖ Ϧ Ϛ
ϛ – c c
ϥ c ϣ ϕϤ ϣ ϣ Ϛ
ϣ ϣ
ϥ bϣ ϣ ϛ ϣ c ϣ , ϣ
Ϧ
Ϥ c ϝ Ϧ Ϥ
c ϣ b ϖ
ϣ ϛ –
ϥ ϣ c ϛ ϣ – ϣ
ϡ c c ϣ b ϥ
ϣ Ϧ Ϛ ϣ c
Ϛ ϖ
ϥ ϕ c c ϝ b
b ϖ ϖ c ϛ ϣ
ϙ ϣ Ϛ ϣ b
ϙ ϝ ϣ ϡ ϣ c ϣ ϣ ϣ
c ϣ c b bϣϛ c ϛ ϣ
ϥ c ϙ b ϖ Ϛ ϣ ϛ ϥ c
ϣ– ϡ c ϣ c c b c ϛ
ϣ ϥ ϣ c – c –
ϣ Ϥ bϣ , bϣ ϣ
ϣ ϡ bϣ ϣ c ϥ– ϣ ϥ
c ϣ c ϛ ϣ – ϣ , c c – bϣc ϣ c c
ϙ ϣ b
ϣ ϛ ϥ c ϝ


|61

b ϣ ϛ ϣ c ϙ
Ϧ Ϛ ϝ ϣ c ϣ Ϥ
ϣ Ϛ ϣ ( c Ϧ c ϣ ϖ
- ϣ ϖ b c ϕ ϛ c ϣ Ϛ c
ϣ c ϝ - ) ϥ Ϥ c ϕ ϡ ϝ Ϥ ϕ c
( Ϥ ϣ c) Ϛ c ϣ
Ϥ Ϥ ϝ ϣ c ϙ
ϕ ϣ c , Ϥ ϣ ϛ Ϛ ϣ ϣ
ϕ ϣ c ϣ c c Ϛ ϣ ϣ b ϥ
ϣ
ϛ ϣ Ϥ ϣ , “ Ϛ b
ϡ c – ϣ Ϥ cϕ ϣ b ϖ ϥ c, Ϛ ϣ ϛ,
ϣ c bϣϤ Ϥ Ϛ c Ϛ ” “Ϛ
ϣ Ϥ ϛ Ϥ ϣ ϛ,” bϣ
Ϛ ϥ c ϛ ϣ c ϕ ϣ
c ϣ ϣ
Ϛ c ( c ) c c ϙ – ,
ϖ Ϛ ϥ ϣ c ϡ c
Ϛ ϣ Ϥ c ϛ
Ϧ c -c ϣ ϣ ϣ ϙ ϣ
ϡ / c ϡ ϛ ϣ ϙ
c ϡ ϣ Ϥ Ϛ ϣ c c
ϛ c ϕ Ϛ c ϖ ϥ c Ϥ
c ϣ ϣ

|62

c c Ϥ ϖ –
c c ϡ Ϥ b ϛ ϥ ϝ
ϣ c ϡ ϣ ϣ c
ϣ c ϣ ϥ bϛ c ϣ
Ϛ ϣc ϛ c ϛ ϣ ϣ c
, ϣ ϣ ϣ ϝ ϣ ϝ Ϥ c Ϧ
ϛ – c c Ϛ c Ϛ - ϣ
c b c c ϣ
ϡ bϣϛ ϙ ϣ ϣ Ϛ
b ϛ ϣ ϝ ϝ ϣ Ϛ
cϕ c b ϣ ϥ ϣc c
Ϧ ϣ ϣ ϛ ϣϛ ϥ , ϥ Ϧ ϡ Ϧ ϡ
Ϛ
ϣ c c ϣ Ϧ ϖ b Ϥ c
ϖ – ϣ ; bϣϛ ϣ ϣ c ϥ bϛ –
bϣϛ – ϣ c c Ϥ ϣ
c ϣ ϛ ϛ ϣ ϕc c ϣ
c b c ϣ ϡ
Ϛ ϣ ϣ
ϣ ϣ – ϣ
- - ϝ
c ϕ c ϣ – Ϛ – bϣ
ϝ - ϣ ϣϛ – ϙ ϥ c – ϛ ϣ
ϣ Ϛ c ϣ – ϥ ϛ c ϛ ϥ
ϡ Ϛ c

|63

c ϣϡ ϛ , ϣ ϣ ϕ ϡϤ ϛ ϣ Ϥ
c ϛ ϣ ϣ Ϧ c c
Ϛ ϥ c Ϥ c
ϣ Ϛ c
ϡ ϡ Ϛ
ϡ ϣ c c c c
ϕ Ϛ ϣ Ϛ - ϥ
c ϣ c
ϖϣ ϥ - c c c c Ϛ
c ϣ ϥ c ϣ ϡ
c ϣ bϥ c c
ϣ Ϥ ϣ Ϛ c ϣ Ϟ Ϛ
c ϣ c c
ϡ ϡ c
; ϚϦ ϥ– ϙ ϣ ϕ c ϥ
Ϥ ।
ϣ ϣ , ϥ ϡ c
ϣ ϣ
c ϣ c ϛ ϙ ϣ Ϛ ϙ ϖϤ– c
ϣ c – ϣ
c ϣ ϣ c – ϣ ϚϦ Ϥ ϡ ϕ c c Ϧ
ϡ ϣ ϣ
c ϣ ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϕ c ϙ Ϛ
ϛ ϣ c ϛ ϣ
– ϣ ; c ϣ bϣ c (Ϥ c c

Ϥ ) ϣ ϣ

Ϧ c ϣ ϣ

ϣ bϣc Ϥ ϣ

ϣ ϛ ϣ c

ϚϦ ϣ ϙ ϛ ϣ

, Ϛ ϚϦ

|64

ϣ b ϙ ϖϤ– ϣ Ϥ ϡ ϡ Ϛ ϙ c c
ϕ c ϣ ϛ ϥ ϣ ϕ c ϛ Ϛ c ϛ
ϣ ϚϦ ϥ ϛ ( c c )

c ( c – ϣ -
•
) c c c c • c c c
• ( c )
( c c c ϛ) ϣ • c ( c c c )
• c ϣ ( c )
bϣc Ϛ ϛ c c • ( c c c
c )
Ϛ bϣc ϣ ϕ • – ϥ

ϣ c Ϥ ϕc Ϥ ϕc – ϣ -
• c
c c c Ϛ ϣ • c

Ϥ ϣ ϕ ϝ - ϥ –
ϣ -
c ϣ Ϧ ϣ ϣ
•
bϣ c ϣ •
• c
ϣ ϥ c ϣ • c
• c c c
ϣ ϣ Ϥ c • c c c
•
ϣ ϥ ϣ • c
•
ϚϦ ϥ , ϣ ϕ c Ϛ c

c ϣ ϣ c ϙ ϣ ϣ
bϣ c ϣ ϣ c ϥ ϕ c
ϙ Ϧ ϙ ϖϤ– ϣ ϕ Ϥ ϡ ϣ Ϛ ϛ (

Ϧ ϕ c c |65

Ϛ ( c
c ) Ϥ Ϧ

















ϝ Ϥ ϥ– c Ϛ ϙ b ϣ ϣ ϡ , Ϥ bϛ
ϥ c c ϡ b ϣ b ϣ
Ϛ c ϥ c – ϣ – Ϥ c ,
- , c ϡ b ϥ
ϥ b c ϡ ϣ ϣ c ϛ
ϣc ϥ c ϣ c – ϣ ϣ ϡ
, , ϥϡ , ϣϡ , ϛ ,
, ϛ – ϙ b ϣ ϝc –
- c – ϣ c c ϕϣ, ϛ –
Ϛϣ ϡ – c b b ϣ ϣ
– ϣ b ϣ c ϡ ϡ Ϥ ϡ c
ϙ – ϣ ϥ bϣc ϣ Ϛ ,
b Ϧ c c
ϥ, – , ϣ c ϡ c ϖ c ϕ ϛ ϡ
ϥ c – bϛ – ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϥ ϙ ϣ
– c ϙ b ϣ Ϥ Ϥ ϣ ϣ ϣ
, , ϣ ϛ ϛ – Ϛ b
c ϣ ϣ ϥ ϣ Ϣ
b b ϣ b c ϣ ϗ
ϣ Ϥ ϛ Ϣ
ϣ ϛ
ϗ c
ϥ ϡ ϣ, , ϗ Ϥ c
ϙ ϣ Ϥ Ϥ c b ϖ

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Ϥ c – ϛc ϝ Ϥ ϥ– ϛ ( ) ϕ Ϥ - ϕ
Ϥ c ϡ ϣ ϕ Ϥ Ϛ ϙ ϝ
bϛ b ϣ c c c c ϣ ϣ
Ϥ c c bϛ
c ϡ c c b Ϥ c
Ϥ c ϡ ϣ , ϣ ϣ c Ϛ ϛ
ϕ –
bϛ ϖ ϝ c c bc ϗ Ϥ
Ϥ c ϖ ϣ Ϥ c –
c c bϣ c c c
Ϛ ϙ c Ϥ
ϗ Ϥ ϥ ϕ ϣ ϖ
Ϥ c ϝ
Ϥ c b ϖ ϙ ϣ Ϥ Ϥ ϡ c bϛ
ϣ c Ϛc Ϛ ϛ bϛ
ϣ c Ϥ Ϥ ϣ ϥ ϣ – Ϛ ϡ
ϣ bϛ ϖ ϣ
– c ( ) – Ϥ - c c ϛ c ϣ
c – c bϛ
– Ϥ Ϛ ϙ ϝ ϣ

Ϛϥ ϣ ϣ ϗ Ϥ Ϥ
c – c
Ϛ cc – ϣ – ϥ c , c , c ϡ
ϣ c ϝ c
ϝ Ϥ c bϤ c
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ϥ c b c bϣϛ ϣ

c ϛ Ϥ

ϥ , Ϛϥ ϣ – c

ϡ , ϣ b ϣ c

– ϣ – c ϥ Ϛ
ϙ – c ϣc ϣ ϙ ϥ bϣ c ϣ Ϛ c
ϣ c ϣ c ϣ ϣ ϣ c ϣ
Ϛ c ϛ c ϣ ϣ
c ϙ ϥ ϝ
c ϙϖ ϣ ϙ – ( ) ϣ ϣ ϙ
ϡ ϣ ϛ c Ϥ c ϖ
Ϛ b c
ϣ c – ϣ – ϣ
ϣ c b c
ϗ Ϥ ϙ
Ϥ c b – bϤ ϕ c ϛ b ϣ
, ϣ ϣ ϡ c ϝ c
ϣ ϝ Ϥ ϥ– ϙ Ϛ c b c
c b ϖ b ϡ
( ) ϙ c ϣ c
c ϥ c c
ϥ ϝ c ( ) ϣ ϡ
c ϙ ϥ ϙ c Ϥ
bϤ ϕ c ϛ b ϣ c
ϖ bϛ c Ϛcϡ ϙ – b c ϣ
c ϣc ϣ Ϛ c ϣ Ϛ c , bϤ ϕ c ϛ
ϣ bϛ c c b ϣ c
b ϖ ϣ ϣ c b c Ϛ c

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ϗ ϙ ϣ ϛ “c c” ϡ ϣ ϣ “ ϣ”
c – ϝ Ϥ ϥ– ϛ bϤ Ϛ ϣ
– Ϛϣ “ Ϧ c bc ϙ ϣ
ϥ ϡ c cϡ ϥ
ϗ Ϥ Ϥ bϣc ϥ – c ϣ ϡ ϣ ϥ
bϤ Ϥ ϛ, c Ϥ
bϣc ϣ c ϣ c ϛ ϙ ϣ ϥ Ϛcϡ
Ϛ ϛ ϣ c ϛ
bϛ Ϛ ϣ – ϛ bϛ b ϣ
c ϣ c b – ( )
ϣ c ϛ ϝ ϕ ϣ ϣ
ϣ c ϣ , – , ( ) ϕ ϣ
cϕ ϡ ϣ ϛ
ϣ – ϡ ( ) Ϛ cc
bϤ Ϛ c c – ϣ – ϝ Ϥ ϥ– ( )
ϥ ϣc c ϣ ϝ ϕ ϣ ϣ
ϣ – ϛ – ϝ ϕ ϙ b c
ϣ ϛ ϛ c ϣ – c
bϛ c ϣ ϛ
ϣ ϣ c c – ϣ ,
ϣ ϥ c , ϥ Ϥ ϕ , ϣ
Ϛ ϣ , Ϥ ϕ ϡ Ϥ ϝ ϣ
Ϥ Ϥ ϕ ( ) ϕ ϣ
ϙ c ϣ c
– ϛ c ϥ ϕ c ϣ – ϕ
ϥ Ϥ ϙ b c ϣ c

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” ϡ “ ϝ c ϥ”, b ϖ
“ ” b
c ϙ ϣ c
c , ϣ

bϛ – ϣ c ] bϛ –
ϙ – ϣ ϣ ϝ Ϥ Ϥ ϣ
ϣ c – ϣ , ϣ c c
ϛc ϣ c , ϙ c ϡ ϖ bϛ
ϥ Ϛ ϣ b ϣ ϛ Ϛ cc – ϣ –
ϕ Ϛ c
ϙ ϥ c – bϣ ϣ Ϛ Ϧ c
ϣ ϣ bϣ ϣ ϙ ϣ ϣ ϡ
– ϣ c ( ) bϛ c ϖ c c
b ϣ Ϟ – – Ϧ bϛ – ϣ
Ϛ cc – ϣ – ϕ ϣ c b ϖ Ϛ c
ϥ c – b ϙ ϛ Ϛ c
ϙ b ϖ b b ϣ ϣ ϥ
bϛ – ϣ ϣ bϛ b ϣ
ϣ b ϖ ϣ c c c c
b ϣ ϙ ϣ c ϛ ϝ c ϣ c Ϛ cc
ϙ ϣ ϙ – – ϣ – Ϧ ϣ
c Ϛc bϛ Ϛ cc ϣ
– ϣ – b b ϣ c
ϡ – bϛ c ϣ ϝ
[b – ϙ Ϥ Ϛcϡ
bϛ bϣ c – ϣ ϣc Ϛ ϣ– ϣ
c c ϕ Ϛ c b b ϣ –
bϣc c Ϥ bϛ
ϣ – ϣ Ϛ ϥ ϝ Ϥ

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ϕ ϣ Ϧ ϡ ϖ ϣ - ϣ, , b ϛ
ϣ Ϥ ϣ ϣ c bϛ c c
ϥ Ϥ
ϣ Ϧ ϣ bϛ b ϣ Ϛ cϝ Ϥ
b Ϧ ϛ ϣ ϣ Ϥ– bϣ c c
Ϛcϡ Ϧ b ϥ , ϕ , ϣ ,
c ϥ , , ϣ ϣ , ϣ , Ϧ ϣ, ϥ ϡ ϛ
c ϣ bϛ ϣ c c –
ϣ Ϧ ϣ ϙ ϣ Ϥ c
ϛ c -b Ϛ ϣ–
Ϛcϡ “ ” ϣ ϛ ϙ ϣ c c ϡ
Ϥ c c bϛ b ϣ
ϖ bϛ – ϙ c- c ϣ c ϛ bϤ
ϣc c ϣ ϣ c b ϖ
ϕ ϕ ϣ bϣ c Ϛcϡ ϛ
c c Ϛcϡ Ϛ c bϛ
c c ϖ c ϣ ϝ b b ϣ ϣ cϣ
Ϛ Ϥ Ϥ ϝ ϙ ϣϤ b
ϝ ϕ ϙ - ϛ c b ϣ c ϙ
Ϛ ϣ Ϛcϡ c b c Ϛ c
Ϛ c b c ϡ ϙ b ϣ ϖ
c ϣϤ ϣ bϣ c c ‘ ’ bϛ b ϣ
, c ϣ bϛ
ϖ “ c c ” c ।
c ϣ Ϥ

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ϗ c Ϥ Ϥ Ϥ ϣ
bϣ c cϣ Ϧc ϣ
ϖ ϕ ϥ Ϛ ϣ ϣ ϥ Ϛ b
bϣ c Ϥ Ϥ–
c ϛ bϣ ϣ Ϥ ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϡ ϙ
Ϛ Ϛ Ϥ Ϛ ϣ
Ϥ ϣ Ϥ ϡ ϣ
c Ϛ ϥ – ϣ
ϙ b ϣ bϣ c Ϛ c ϗ Ϥ Ϥ
, ϣ – ϣ c Ϥ ϣ c
– ϣ c ϣ c ϣ c – ϣ
ϥ c – ϣ Ϥ ϥ
Ϛ c ϣ ϛ ϣ Ϥ c b ϖ
b ϣ ϣ ϣ ϣ c ϣ c Ϛ
ϥ - Ϛ c ϣ ϣ Ϛ ϛ c ϣ ϣ
Ϛ Ϛ – ϣ ϛ bϣ c ϣ
Ϛ c ϣ c Ϛ c
c c ϛ ϗ Ϥ ϣ
ϣ ϣ c cϤ ϙ – ϣ ϛ c
ϣ ϣ c ϣ , ‘ ϣ
Ϥ ϙ ϣ ϣ ’ ϙ – , ‘ϣ– ?’
Ϥ ϡ ϣ , bϛ ϣ , ‘
b ϣ ϥ Ϛ ϣ ‘ ϡ ϙ ϣ
ϝ ϙ ϗ , ‘
c , Ϟ – Ϥ...’ ϥ c c
Ϛ c “ ” Ϧ Ϧ ϣ

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ϡ ϡ c ’ ,
Ϥ Ϥ Ϧ c ‘ bϛ Ϟ Ϥ Ϧ
Ϛ ϣ c – – Ϛ c bϤ ϣ c ’
ϥ c Ϥ ϣ c ϣ Ϥ ϛ
c ϣ Ϥ ϥ ϣ c c
ϣc c Ϛ ϛϤ Ϧ Ϛ Ϛ
Ϧ Ϥ b Ϛ ϣ
ϣ Ϧ ϣ c ϣ
ϣc Ϛ c Ϛ ϛ ϣ
c ϣ ϣ ϥ Ϛ ϣ
ϣ c Ϥ c
ϣ ϣ [ϣ ϣ – c ϣ ,
, ‘ ϣ ϝ ’ ϣ, Ϛ cc ϝ – ϡ
ϡ ϣ , ϥ ϥ ]
ϝ Ϛ , ‘ ϣ

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c

ϖ ϛ , Ϟ – ϡ ϖ ϣ ϛ- ϣ

ϖ - - ϙ ϛ , c , c c ϥ ϣ, cϣ ϡ
ϙ ϣ ϣ b ϖ b ϡ ϣ , , ϖ -
ϖ -ϝ , –, ϣ – ( ϣϣ , ϣ , , , ϥ , ϣ ϥ ,
ϣ , ϛ – ), c ϣ , , ϣ ϣ Ϧc , ϣ ϡ ϣ ϣ , ϛ –
ϝ Ϥ ϡ Ϥ ϣ ϣ c ϛ ϛ- ϛ ϥ ϥ c – ϙ
ϣ Ϥ ϥ ϙ ϣ c Ϛ ϡ ϛ ϣ ϛ
– Ϥ ϡ ϥ – c ϡ ϥ ϣ

ϥ ϥ

– c c , ϛ ϛ – [email protected]
. ϙ c , ϛ ϛ - [email protected]

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