CHAPTER 9 SPACE WEATHER

CHAPTER 9






SPACE






WEATHER

9.1 ACTIVITIES





OF THE SUN




THAT AFFECT





EARTH

STRUCTURE OF THE SUN






• Sun is a star



• Sun is a hot ball of glowing gases at

the centre of the Solar system


• 71% hydrogen



• 27% Helium


• 2% Other element



• Average distance sun from the

earth is 149, 680,000 km



• Surface temperature 6 000 C and
o
core temperature is about15 million

o C

STRUCTURE OF SUN










OUTER LAYER



INNER LAYER (SUN’S





CORE ATMOSPHERE)




RADIATION ZONE PHOTOSPHERE



CONVECTION ZONE

CHROMOSPHERE




CORONA





STRUCTURE OF THE SUN STATEMENT




CORE CENTRE OF SUN

THE PLACE WHERE NUCLEUS FUSION OCCUR

15 MILLION 0 C


RADIATION ZONE COLLECT ENERGY FROM THE CORE

5 MILLION 0 C



CONVECTION ZONE TRANSPORT ENERGY TO THE SURFACE OF SUN

2 MILLION 0 C


PHOTOSPHERE THE LAYER THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RADIATING HEAT AND

LIGHT FROM THE SUN

6000 0 C




CORONA THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF GAS OF SUN’S ATMOSPHERE AND


APPEARS BLUISH WHITE DURING THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE

1.5 MILLION 0 C

CHROMOSPHERE BRIGHT RED LAYER OF GAS WHICH CAN BE SEEN DURING THE


TOTAL ECLIPSE
10 000 0 C – 50 000 0 C

PHENOMENA










• GRANULES





• SUNSPOTS






• SOLAR CYCLES






• PROMINENCES






• SOLAR FLARE





• CORONAL MASS EJECTION






• SOLAR WINDS

GRANULES












• CLUMP OF GASES FORM IN SUN’


SURFACE DUE TO THE DIFFERENCE


TEMPERTURE BETWEEN CORE AND


PHOTOSPEHRE













• GRAINY STRUCTURE

SUNSPOTS (AT





PHOTOSPHERE)






• Dark regions on the surface of

sun that exist in pairs or groups.



• Appear darker because their

temperature is lower than

surrounding areas made up


granules.


• The activity of sunspot seems to

appear and disappear


according to a cycles that lasts

11 years known as the solar

cycles


• Droughts occur on earth when


the sunspot become active

(PROMINEN)








•Huge loop or arched



column of glowing



gases over sunspot out


from photosphere to



corona











•Consists of plasma, hot


gases electric charged



of hydrogen and helium

SOLAR FLARE











• A column of large amounts of charges

gases at chromosphere erupting from


the sun and often occurs near

sunspots.



• Released charged particles as


electron & proton



• Released x ray and gamma ray



• Can cause coronal mass ejection and

aurora

CORONAL MASS





EJECTION







• Occurs at corona



• Eruption of huge cloud of plasma


occurs together with solar flare



• Ejection of magnetic gas



particles



• Produce aurora

SOLAR WIND










•Release particles in




plasma such as



electron, proton,



and alpha particles



to outer space at




high speed.

EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE



AND ITS IMPORTANT












• Is a region of space surrounding an

astronomical object in which charged

particles are manipulated by that


object’s magnetic field


• It is created by planets that have active


hot iron and nickel or metallic cores. The

motion of convection currents of molten

in the planet’s core generated a


planetary magnetic field.

EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE


AND ITS IMPORTANT





• As biological shield to protect



life on earth from the adverse


affect of solar wind



• Block electrons, proton and



alpha particles in the solar


wind from reaching earth




• Reduces pressure exerted by


solar wind on Earth’s


atmosphere

SHAPE OF



EARTH’S


MAGNETOSPHERE







• Form by the


interaction between


magnetic field


brought by solar

wind and earth’s


magnetic field

SHAPE OF EARTH’S


MAGNETOSPHERE





Earth’s magnetic


field



9.2







SPACE








WEATHER

SPACE WEATHER







• Change of environmental


conditions in near-earth space or



space from sun's atmosphere to the


earth atmosphere



• Such as solar flare, sunspots and



coronal mass ejection



• Sun’s activities emits various ray and



particles that change space


weather



AURORA

EFFECT OF SPACE



WEATHER ON



EARTH






•Damage on



satellites

Exposed to the




high radiation

•Rusting





of pipe

•Energy of



charge particles



can damage


the cable of



electrical grid



tower cable.

THE END