Unit # 6 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

Biology

Unit # 6

Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, and Fungi

Chapters 18 through 20

Name Date Class

Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

18 Viruses and Bacteria Section 18.1 Viruses

In your textbook, read about the characteristics of a virus.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B
______c______ 1. Genetic material of a virus a. virus
______e______ 2. Where a virus attaches to a host cell b. T4 phage
______a______ 3. Nonliving particle that replicates inside a living cell c. DNA or RNA
______d______ 4. A virus’s protein coat d. capsid
______h______ 5. Interlocks with a molecular shape in a host cell’s e. receptor site
f. envelope
plasma membrane g. host
______f______ 6. Layer that surrounds the capsid of some viruses h. attachment protein
______b______ 7. A virus that infects E. coli bacteria

______g______ 8. A cell in which a virus replicates

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In your textbook, read about viral replication cycles.
Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement.

Statement Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle

9. Viral genes are expressed immediately after the virus
infects the host cell.

10. Many new viruses are assembled.

11. This cycle is preceded by a virus entering a host cell.

12. Viral DNA is integrated into the host cell’s chromosome.

13. Viruses are released from the host cell by lysis or exocytosis.

14. Reverse transcriptase is used to make DNA from the RNA
of a retrovirus.

15. A provirus is replicated along with the host cell’s
chromosome.

REINFORCEMENT AND STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 18 BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life 79

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

18 Viruses and Bacteria, continued

Section 18.1 Viruses,
continued

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

DNA white blood cells lysogenic
lytic AIDS proviruses

Many disease-causing viruses have both lytic and (16) _____ly__s_o_g_e_n__ic_____ cycles. For example,
when HIVs infect (17) ___w__h_i_t_e_b__lo__o_d__c_e_l_ls___ , the viruses enter a lysogenic cycle. Their genetic
material becomes incorporated into the (18) _______D__N_A________ of the white blood cells, forming
(19) ____p__ro__v_i_ru__s_e_s____ . When this happens, the white blood cells still function normally, and the
person may not appear ill. Eventually, the proviruses enter a (20) _______l_y_t_i_c_______ cycle, killing

the white blood cells. As a result, the person loses the ability to fight diseases and develops
(21) _______A__ID__S_______ .

In your textbook, read about viruses and cancer, plant viruses, and the origin of viruses. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Determine if the statement is true. If it is not, rewrite the italicized part to make it true.
________t_r_u_e_________ 22. Some viruses can change normal cells to tumor cells.

_______w__a__rt_s________ 23. Retroviruses and the papilloma virus, which causes hepatitis B,
are examples of tumor viruses.

________S_o_m__e________ 24. All plant viruses cause diseases in plants.

________t_r_u_e_________ 25. The first virus ever identified was the plant virus called tobacco mosaic virus.

________p_l_a_n_t________ 26. The patterns of color in some flowers are caused by tumor viruses.

________t_r_u_e_________ 27. Tumor viruses contain genes that are found in normal cells.

________t_r_u_e_________ 28. Scientists think viruses originated from their host cells.

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

18 Viruses and Bacteria, continued

Section 18.2 Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria

In your textbook, read about the diversity of prokaryotes and about the characteristics of bacteria.

Answer the following questions.
1. What are three types of environments in which archaebacteria are found? __o_x_y__g_e_n_-_f_r_e_e__e_n_v__ir_o_n__-
ments, concentrated salt water, and hot, acidic water of sulfur springs

2. In what three ways do eubacteria obtain nutrients? __f_r_o_m___d_e_a_d__o__r_l_iv__in__g_o__r_g_a_n__ic__m__a_t_e_r_ia__l,___
by photosynthesis, and by chemosynthesis

3. How does a bacterium’s cell wall protect it? _T_h__e__ce__ll__w_a__ll_p__r_e_v_e_n__ts__w__a_t_e_r__f_ro__m__e_n__t_e_r_in__g____
the bacterial cell by osmosis and causing it to burst.

4. Where is the genetic material of a bacterium found? __o_n__a__s_in__g_l_e_c_i_r_c_u_l_a_r_c_h__r_o_m__o_s_o_m__e__a_n__d___
sometimes on small circular chromosome pieces called plasmids

5. What structure do some bacteria use to move? __f_la_g__e_l_la______________________________________

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. What is the difference between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria? _______________
Gram-positive bacteria are purple after gram staining, and gram-negative bacteria
are pink because they have different cell walls. The bacteria also are affected by
different antibiotics.

7. What are three different shapes of bacteria? _r_o_d__, _s_p_h_e__re__, _a_n_d__s_p__ir_a_l_________________________

8. Describe the three growth patterns of bacteria and state the prefix used to identify each growth pattern.
paired cells: diplo-; cells bunched like grapes: staphylo-; cells arranged in chains:

strepto-

Identify the type of bacterial reproduction described. Use these choices: binary fission,
conjugation.
____c_o__n_j_u_g_a_t_i_o_n_____ 9. Bacterium with a new genetic makeup is produced.

____b_in__a_r_y__f_is_s_i_o_n____ 10. Circular chromosome is copied.

____c_o__n_j_u_g_a_t_i_o_n_____ 11. Genetic material is transferred through a pilus.

____b_in__a_r_y__f_is_s_i_o_n____ 12. Two identical cells are produced.

____c_o__n_j_u_g_a_t_i_o_n_____ 13. Sexual reproduction occurs.

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

18 Viruses and Bacteria, continued

Section 18.2 Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria, continued

In your textbook, read about adaptations in bacteria and the importance of bacteria.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.

14. Scientists think the first bacteria on Earth were

a. aerobic. b. anaerobic. c. fatal. d. oxygen-dependent.

15. Bacteria that are obligate anaerobes release energy from food by

a. cellular respiration. b. using oxygen.

c. using nitrogen. d. fermentation.

16. As an endospore, a bacterium c. causes diseases. d. is protected.
a. produces toxins. b. dries out.

17. Botulism is caused by endospores of C. botulinum that have

a. been killed. b. produced toxins.

c. germinated. d. reproduced.

18. Nitrogen is important because all organisms need it to make

a. proteins. b. ATP. c. DNA. d. all of these.

19. The process by which bacteria use enzymes to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia is called

a. nitrogenation. b. atmospheric separation.

c. nitrogen fixation. d. eutrophication. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

20. Bacteria return nutrients to the environment by breaking down

a. dead organic matter. b. inorganic materials.

c. enzymes and sugar. d. nitrogen in legumes.

21. Bacteria are not used to make

a. vinegar. b. jams. c. cheese. d. yogurt.

22. Bacteria are responsible for the following diseases:

a. strep throat and tetanus. b. gonorrhea and syphilis.

c. tuberculosis and diphtheria. d. all of these.

23. Due to reduced death rates from bacterial diseases and improved sanitation and living conditions,

the average person born in the United States today will live to be about

a. 25 years old. b. 50 years old.

c. 75 years old. d. 90 years old.

82 CHAPTER 18 BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life REINFORCEMENT AND STUDY GUIDE

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

19 Protists Section 19.1 The World of Protists

In your textbook, read about what a protist is.

Determine if the statement is true. If it is not, rewrite the italicized part to make it true.
1. The kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all six kingdoms. _t_r_u_e______________________________
2. Protists can be grouped into three general types—animal-like, plantlike, and viruslike.
animal-like, plantlike, and funguslike

3. All protists are eukaryotes that carry on most of their metabolic processes in membrane-bound
organelles. __t_r_u_e_______________________________________________________________________

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In your textbook, read about the characteristics and diversity of protozoans.

Complete each statement.
4. The __________a_n__im__a_l__________ -like protists are all unicellular heterotrophs known as protozoans.

5. Amoebas move and change their body shape by forming extensions of their plasma membranes called
_______p__s_e_u_d__o_p_o__d_i_a______ .

6. Amoebas use ____c_o_n__t_ra__c_ti_l_e_v__a_c_u_o__le_s___ to pump out excess water from their cytoplasm.
7. Most amoebas reproduce by ___a_s_e_x_u__a_l_r_e_p__ro__d_u_c_t_i_o_n___ in which a parent produces one or more

identical offspring by dividing into two cells.
8. One group of protozoans are called _________f_la_g__e_l_la_t_e__s_______ because they move by whipping

one or more flagella from side to side.
9. A paramecium moves by beating thousands of hairlike _____________c_il_ia___________ .

10. When food supplies are low, paramecia may reproduce by undergoing a form of
________c_o__n_j_u_g_a_t_i_o_n_______ .

11. Parasitic protozoans called ________s_p__o_r_o_z_o__a_n_s_______ live inside their hosts and may reproduce

by means of a spore.
12. Malaria is caused by protozoans of the genus ________P__la_s_m__o__d_i_u_m_______ .

13. The insect that is responsible for transmitting malaria-causing protozoans to humans is the
__________m__o_s_q_u__it_o________ .

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

19 Protists, continued Section 19.2 Algae: Plantlike Protists

In your textbook, read about what algae are and about their diversity.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the item in Column B that completes the

statement correctly.

Column A Column B

______e______ 1. The euglenoids, diatoms, and dinoflagellates are a. algae
______d______ ______________ . b. phyla
______a______ c. pigments
______f______ 2. Unicellular protists that are major producers of d. phytoplankton
oxygen in aquatic ecosystems are ______________ . e. unicellular

3. Unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists are
______________ .

4. Most green, red, and brown algae are ______________
algae.

______c______ 5. Photosynthetic ______________ are used to classify algae. f. multicellular
______b______ 6. Algae are classified into six ______________ .

Identify the phylum of the alga shown below and label its parts. Use these choices: flagellum,
mitochondrion, pellicle, chloroplast, nucleus, eyespot, contractile vacuole, Euglenophyta.

7. Phylum _______E_u__g_le__n_o_p__h_y_t_a________ 11. _________f_l_a_g_e_l_l_u_m__________ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8. ____c_o_n__t_ra__c_ti_l_e__v_a_c_u_o__le_____ 12. __________e_y_e__s_p_o_t__________
9. ________n_u_c_l_e_u__s_______ 13. __________p__e_l_li_c_le___________

10. ________c_h_l_o_r_o_p__la__s_t______ 14. ______m__i_t_o_c_h_o__n_d_r_i_o_n_______

84 CHAPTER 19 BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life REINFORCEMENT AND STUDY GUIDE

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

19 Protists, continued

Section 19.2 Algae: Plantlike Protists,
continued

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.

15. When diatoms that have been reproducing asexually reach about one-fourth of their original
size, they

a. die. b. triple in size.

c. reproduce sexually. d. all of these.

16. Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae that

a. have two flagella. b. create red tides.

c. have thick cellulose plates. d. all of these.

17. Red algae are a kind of seaweed having pigments that absorb green, violet, and blue light waves,
which allows the algae to

a. live only in fresh water. b. photosynthesize in limited light.

c. live only in salt water. d. both a and b.

18. The air bladders of brown algae allow the algae to

a. breathe. b. reproduce.

c. float near the water’s surface. d. live in salt water.

19. A green alga that forms colonies is

a. Spirogyra. b. Ulva.

c. Chlamydomonas. d. Volvox.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In your textbook, read about alternation of generations.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

diploid gametophyte alternation of generations meiosis
haploid sporophyte spores zygote

Some algae have a life cycle that has a pattern called (20) __a_lt_e_r_n__a_t_io__n__o_f_g__e_n_e_r_a__ti_o_n__s_ .
These algae alternate between a(n) (21) __________h_a_p__lo__id___________ form that is called the
(22) _______g_a_m__e__to__p_h_y__te________ because it produces gametes, and a(n)
(23) __________d__ip_l_o_i_d___________ form called the (24) ________s_p_o_r_o_p__h_y_t_e_________ . When the
haploid gametes fuse, they form a(n) (25) __________z_y_g__o_t_e___________ from which the sporophyte
develops. Certain cells in the sporophyte undergo (26) __________m__e_i_o_s_i_s__________ to form haploid
(27) __________s_p__o_r_e_s___________ that develop into gametophytes.

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

19 Protists, continued

Section 19.3 Slime Molds, Water Molds,
and Downy Mildews

In your textbook, read about the different kinds of funguslike protists.

Use all the terms in the list below at least once to complete the concept map for funguslike protists.

cell division three phyla spores cellular slime molds
flagellated reproductive cells
plasmodial slime molds water molds and mildew

Funguslike protists
obtain energy by
decomposing organic materials
and can be divided into
1. _______t_h__re__e_p__h_y_l_a_______

2. _p__la_s_m__o__d_i_a_l_s_l_im__e_____ which are 4. _w__a_t_e_r__m__o_l_d_s__a_n_d_____ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
_m__o_l_d_s________________ _m__i_ld__e_w_______________
3. _c_e_l_l_u_l_a_r_s_l_im__e_________
_m__o_l_d_s________________

that reproduce by that reproduce by that reproduce by

5. __s_p_o_r_e_s_______________ 6. _c_e__ll_d__iv__is_i_o_n__________ 7. _f_l_a_g_e_l_l_a_t_e_d__r_e_p_r_o_-____
______________________ _s_p__o_r_e_s_______________ _d_u__c_t_iv_e__c_e_l_l_s_________

In your textbook, read about the origin of protists.

Answer the following question.
8. What does scientific evidence show is the relationship between protists and other groups of organisms?
The scientific evidence is inconclusive as to whether ancient protists were the
evolutionary ancestors of fungi, plants, and animals or whether the different
groups of protists evolved separately.

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

20 Fungi Section 20.1 What Is a Fungus?

In your textbook, read about the general characteristics of fungi.

Answer the following questions.
1. What are the threadlike filaments in a multicellular fungus called? What do they form?
The threadlike filaments are called hyphae, which branch out to form a mycelium.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Some hyphae are divided into individual cells by cross walls with pores in them. What are these cross
walls called? What purpose do the pores serve?
The cross walls are called septa. Cytoplasm and organelles flow through the
pores. The free-flowing cytoplasm quickly moves nutrients to different parts
of the fungus.

3. What is one way that fungi are like plants and one way they are unlike plants?
Like plants, fungi have cell walls, and some fungi anchor themselves in soil.
Fungi are unlike plants because their cell walls are made of chitin instead of
cellulose, and they are not autotrophs.

In your textbook, read about adaptations in fungi.
Determine if the statement is true. If it is not, rewrite the italicized part to make it true.

4. Many fungi are decomposers, which break down organic substances into raw materials that can be used
by other organisms. ____________t_r_u_e____________

5. Fungi use cellular digestion to obtain nutrients. ___e_x_t_r_a_c_e_l_lu__la_r__d_i_g_e_s_t_i_o_n___

6. Hyphae release digestive enzymes that break down molecules in their food source.
____________t_ru__e____________

7. Mutualistic fungi are decomposers. _______S_a__p_r_o_p_h__y_t_ic________

8. Parasitic fungi grow spores into host cells and absorb the cell’s nutrients.
___P_a_r_a_s_i_ti_c__fu__n_g_i__g_r_o_w___h_a_u__s_to__r_ia___

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

20 Fungi, continued Section 20.1 What Is a Fungus?,
continued
In your textbook, read about reproduction in fungi.
Complete each statement.

9. Fungi reproduce _________a_s_e_x__u_a_l_ly__________ by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores.

10. In ______f_r_a_g__m__e_n_t_a_t_i_o_n_______ , pieces of hyphae grow into new mycelia.

11. The process of a parent cell undergoing mitosis and producing a new individual that pinches off,
matures, and separates from the parent is called __________b_u_d__d_i_n_g__________ .

12. When environmental conditions are right, a ___________s_p_o__r_e___________ may germinate and
produce a threadlike ___________h_y_p_h__a___________ that will grow into a mycelium.

13. Some hyphae grow away from the mycelium to produce a spore-containing structure called a Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
________s_p_o_r_a_n__g_i_u_m_________ .

14. In most fungi, the structures that support _________s_p_o__ra__n_g_i_a_________ are the only part of the
fungus that can be seen.

15. Fungi may produce spores by __________m__i_t_o_s_i_s__________ or __________m__e_io__s_is___________ .

16. Many adaptations of fungi for survival involve __________s_p__o_r_e_s___________ .

17. ________S_p__o_r_a_n_g__ia__________ protect spores and keep them from from drying out until they
are released.

18. A single puffball may produce a cloud containing as many as _________1__t_r_i_ll_io__n__________ spores.

19. Producing a large number of spores increases a species’ chances of __________s_u_r_v_i_v_a_l__________ .

20. Fungal spores can be dispersed by ___________w__a_t_e_r___________ , ___________w__in__d____________ ,
and __________a_n_i_m__a_l_s__________ .

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

20 Fungi, continued Section 20.2 The Diversity of Fungi

In your textbook, read about zygomycotes.

Order the steps of growth and reproduction in zygomycotes from 1 to 5.
______2______ 1. Hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the food, anchor the mycelium, and absorb nutrients.
______1______ 2. An asexual spore germinates on a food source and hyphae begin to grow.
______5______ 3. Spores are released and another asexual cycle begins.
______3______ 4. Hyphae called stolons grow across the surface of the food source and form

a mycelium.
______4______ 5. Special hyphae grow upward to form sporangia that are filled with asexual spores.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

yeasts conidia multicellular conidiophores yeast cells
sac fungi ascospores unicellular vaccine ascus

Ascomycotes are also called (6) _________s_a__c_f_u_n__g_i_________ because they produce sexual spores,

called (7) ________a__sc_o__s_p_o_r_e_s_________ , in a saclike structure, called a(n) (8) ________a_s_c_u_s_________ .

During asexual reproduction, ascomycotes produce spores called (9) conidia .

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. These asexual spores are produced in chains or clusters at the tips of structures called
(10) _______co__n_i_d_i_o_p_h__o_r_e_s_______ , which are elongated hyphae.

Morels and truffles are (11) _______m__u__lt_i_c_e_ll_u_l_a_r________ ascomycotes that are edible. Yeasts are
(12) _________u_n_i_c_e_l_lu__la__r________ ascomycotes. (13) __________Y__e_a_s_t_s___________ are used to make
beer, wine, and bread. They are also used in genetic research. A(n) (14) __________v_a__c_c_in__e__________
for the disease hepatitis B is produced from rapidly growing (15) _________y_e_a_s_t__c_e_ll_s_________ , which

contain spliced human genes.

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Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide

20 Fungi, continued Section 20.2 The Diversity of Fungi,
continued
In your textbook, read about basidiomycotes.

Answer the following questions about the life of a mushroom.
16. What are basidia and where are they found?

Basidia are spore-producing club-shaped hyphae found on gills, the thin tissues

under the mushroom cap.

17. What happens when mycelia of two different mating strains meet?
Their hyphae fuse and form a mycelium with two nuclei in its cells.

18. What does a mycelium with two nuclei in its cells form?
It forms a button, which develops into a mushroom.

19. What does a diploid cell inside a basidium produce as a result of meiosis?
A diploid cell produces four haploid nuclei, each of which becomes a basidiospore.

In your textbook, read about deuteromycotes, the mutualistic relationships of mycorrhizae and lichens, and
the origins of fungi.

Write the letter of the item in Column B that best completes each statement in Column A.

Column A Column B Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
______d______ 20. _____________ is an example of a deuteromycote. a. basidiomycotes
b. mycorrhizae
______h______ 21. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a c. alga
fungus and a(n) _____________ . d. Penicillium
e. pioneer species
______g______ 22. _____________ is an antibiotic produced by a f. deuteromycotes
deuteromycote. g. penicillin
h. plant
______b______ 23. Plants that have _____________ associated with their
roots grow larger.

______f______ 24. _____________ make up a division of fungi that have
no known sexual stage.

______c______ 25. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and
a(n) _____________ or cyanobacterium.

______e______ 26. Lichens are _____________ in all parts of the world.

______a______ 27. Scientists think that ascomycotes and _____________
evolved from a common ancestor.

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