UISEK GLOBAL N ° 8 SPECIAL ISSUE SOCIAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY FEBRUARY 2024 ISSN: 2773-7721
Editorial committee PhD. Raimon Salazar Rector PhD. Esteban Andrade Vice Chancellor PhD. Juan Carlos Navarro Director Investigación e Innovación Ing. María Gabriela Pons Admissions and Marketing Director PhD. Fernando Del Vecchio UISEK Global Director PhD. Carmen Amelia Coral Guerrero UISEK Global Editor Research team: Camila Ibarra Design and layout team: Octavio Medina Art direction Gissela Ramírez Correction and style Alejandro Villavicencio Layout Silvia Valencia y Sara Jácome Translation The opinions expressed in the UISEK Global Magazine are the responsibility of the authors and may not reflect the institutional opinion of the SEK International University. Copyright reserved, reproduction is authorized citing the source.
Editorial Boosting the Social and Solidarity Economy through Collaboration in the UN System and Beyond Transforming business and technology education Advances of the unesco chair of social and solidarity economy The candle of consciousness: towards other conceptions of reality myBank Theory: A Tale of Real-Time Wonders The Role of B Corporations as Catalysts for the Social Economy: A Case Study of Bodega Cero New academic proposals of Social and Solidarity Economy Reaping hope: The Popular and Solidarity Economy as a fertile field for sustainable development in Ecuador Entrepreneurship in feminine in social economy International Networks in Social and Solidarity Economy 1 2 5 8 11 14 18 23 25 29 33 Index
Special Issue Social and Solidarity Economy Carmen Amelia Coral Guerrero Editor - UISEK Global Magazine In this eighth volume of the UISEK Global magazine, I dive enthusiastically into the complex framework of the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), thoroughly exploring the contributions that significantly impact the development of our recently implemented Master’s Degree in Administration of Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations. From Switzerland, the Inter-institutional Working Group on Social and Solidarity Economy provides a comprehensive perspective on collaboration in the United Nations system, highlighting the strategic relevance of the SSE in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. These contributions will substantially enrich the academic content of our master’s degree. The advances of the UNESCO Chair of Social and Solidarity Economy with the leadership of the Universidad Cooperativa of Colombia provide a solid foundation for our students to immerse themselves in the forefront of research and practice in this field, thus raising the level of knowledge and analysis in our classrooms. From Spain, the University of Granada provides reflections on “The Candle of Conscience” that offer a deep philosophical perspective, enriching our students’ understanding of the intersection between social conscience and the fundamental principles of the SSE. The case study of University of Tetova, North Macedonia, on myBank theory constitutes a real-time innovation narrative, providing essential study material for understanding sustainable and efficient practices. The analysis by the University of Monterrey, Mexico on the role of B companies, highlighting Bodega Cero, provides practical knowledge and applicable strategies that can be the subject of discussion and in-depth analysis in the academic field of our master’s degree. Ecuador’s hopeful vision regarding the Popular and Solidarity Economy offers a potential model for the analysis and application of sustainable strategies in our own context, allowing for an enriching exploration of local dynamics. The contributions from the Complutense University of Madrid, on female entrepreneurship and the international networks of the SSE, enrich the thematic and geographical diversity of our master’s degree, reflecting the academic commitment of the SEK International University with gender equity and global connectivity. I am deeply honored by the international participation in this special issue of UISEK Global, which not only highlights contemporary developments in the Social and Solidarity Economy, our networking through RULESCOOP and UNESCO Chair, but also establishes a unique academic platform for our community of teachers, students and the general public to explore, understand and contribute to the advancement of this crucial field. I extend a warm welcome to you on this stimulating journey of learning and academic innovation. A supportive hug, 1
Boosting the Social and Solidarity Economy through Collaboration in the UN System and Beyond Co-Chairs of the UNTFSSE: Chantal Line Carpentier (Head of Trade, Environment, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development at UNCTAD Division on International Trade and Commodities) and Simel Esim (Head of the ILO’s Cooperatives Unit in the ENTERPRISES department) The United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy (UNTFSSE), was established in 2013 due to a growing concern within the UN system to rethink development in the wake of multiple global crises and in the context of the post-2015 development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda. This year the Task Force is celebrating its 10-year anniversary alongside historic policy achievements which demonstrate Members and Observers at the UNTFSSE 4th Technical Symposium in Montreal (October, 2023) its foundational role and effectiveness in fostering global collaboration. Since its establishment, the UNTFSSE has played a significant role in increasing visibility and recognition of the SSE globally, especially as a vehicle for achieving and localizing the Sustainable Development Goals; creating an enabling environment for the SSE at different levels; 2
contributing in knowledge creation and sharing around the SSE and its links to sustainable and inclusive development. Therefore, the UNTFSSE can be considered as a unique partnership between UN agencies that are engaged and experienced in the SSE, and a group of observers that are specialized in, and highly knowledgeable about SSE issues. The Task Force provides a singular platform for coordination, the exchange of knowledge, the design and implementation of joint events, and policy initiatives, which culminated in the recently adopted United Nations General Assembly Resolution. Values of UNTFSSE: The values of the UNTFSSE closely reflect those intrinsic to the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). At its heart, the Task Force embodies principles of cooperation, interdependence, and participatory governance. Collaboration is championed as a means of bringing diverse stakeholders together to foster solutions to collective challenges. The distinct bottom-up approach driven by Observer organizations and their networks, encourages and gives voice to grassroots initiatives, ensuring that strategic developments both empower and include marginalized groups. The dynamic, flexible structure alongside a commitment to shared values, underpins the Task Force’s commitment to promoting a more equitable and sustainable future by empowering people to localize implementation of the SDGs. Historic, global momentum on the Social and Solidarity Economy The year 2023 marked a significant turning point for SSE on the global stage. On April 18, 2023, the United Nations 3
General Assembly adopted the resolution “Promoting the Social and Solidarity Economy for Sustainable Development” (A/RES/77/281) . Co-led by Spain, Senegal, and Chile and co-sponsored by 43 countries, this resolution underscored the increasing recognition of SSE as a vehicle for achieving and localizing the Sustainable Development Goals. Throughout 2022, a series of events and developments contributed to this global momentum. These included the International Labour Conference adopting a resolution concerning decent work and the SSE, the ECOSOC/HLPF side-event on the “Role of SSE in achieving the SDGs,” the OECD’s Recommendation of the Council on the Social and Solidarity Economy and Social Innovation, and the Multi-stakeholder event emphasizing the international recognition of SSE for SDGs through social and inclusive innovation. Additionally, regional strategic developments, such as the EU action plan on social economy and consultations around the African Union 10-Year SSE Strategy (scheduled to be adopted in 2024), have further reflected the growing global interest in SSE. Looking towards the future The UNTFSSE stands at the forefront of these historic global developments. We look forward to strengthening the unique partnership between more UN agencies integrating SSE in their programming and a group of specialized observers. As we look to the future, the UNTFSSE continues to play a vital role in shaping inclusive and sustainable development, ensuring that SSE principles are integrated into policies and UN and other initiatives worldwide, and advancing progress towards the three dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals: social, economic and environmental. 4
5 Transforming business and technology education By Fernando Del Vecchio, Ph.D Dean UISEK Business & Digital School The merger of the UISEK Business School with the UISEK Digital School, resulting in the creation of the UISEK Business & Digital School, is a reflection of the significant evolution in business and technological education, especially relevant in the current context. This integration represents a crucial change in the preparation of future business and technology leaders, highlighting that knowledge in both areas is vital for success in the modern world. In today’s business world, marked by unavoidable digitalization, technology is central to all operations, from automation and data management to customer interaction and market expansion. Executives must understand how technology can drive innovation and maintain competitiveness. UISEK Business & Digital School responds to this requirement, providing students with an education in business principles and technological skills, essential in a digitalized world. UISEK Business & Digital School’s undergraduate programs include: 1. Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration 2. Bachelor’s Degree in International Business 3. Bachelor’s Degree in Marketing 4. Bachelor’s Degree in Finance 5. Computer Engineering 6. Software Engineering These programs are designed to merge business leadership with technology expertise, preparing students to lead at the intersection of business and technology.
6 At the postgraduate level, UISEK Business & Digital School offers programs that are at the forefront of business and technology education: 8. Master in Business Administration 9. Master in Digital Business Transformation 10. Master in Project Management 11. Master in International Business, mention in Supply Chain Management 12. Master in Administration of Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations 13. Master in Cybersecurity 14. Master in Information Systems, mention in Data Science This integration also promotes a mindset of innovation and adaptability. Executives trained at the UISEK Business & Digital School are better equipped to lead transformations in a constantly changing business environment. Take for example the rise of global technology companies, many of which had their origins in academic environments. These companies demonstrate how technological innovation in academia can be transformed into business success. The UISEK Business & Digital School prepares its students to be part of these types of innovations, equipping them with the skills necessary to excel in today’s job market. The merger of UISEK Business School and UISEK Digital School to form UISEK Business & Digital School is a progressive response to the demands of the modern business and technological world. It prepares business and technology leaders to not only meet current challenges, but also to anticipate and shape the future of the business and technology landscape. This educational approach provides students with a comprehensive understanding of how technology can be used to drive business success and equips them with the skills necessary to lead in an increasingly digitalized and globalized environment.
In the context of UISEK Business & Digital School’s integrated education, students gain a solid foundation in business principles such as strategy, finance and marketing, while developing skills in key technological areas. For example, in the Computer and Software Engineering programs, students learn to apply innovative technological solutions to business problems, while – in the Bachelor’s Degrees in Business Administration and Marketing – they acquire fundamental knowledge to understand and lead in the global market. The offer of postgraduate programs, such as the Master in Digital Business Transformation and the Master in Cybersecurity, shows a clear commitment to preparing professionals to lead in the digital era. These programs are designed to equip students with advanced skills and specialized knowledge that are critical in today’s world, where information management and cybersecurity are of utmost importance. This fusion is also essential to foster a culture of continuous learning. In a world where emerging technologies are constantly reshaping the business landscape, the ability to continue learning and adapting is critical. The UISEK Business & Digital School prepares its students to be lifelong learners, keeping up with changing trends and technologies. Additionally, the integration of these two schools fosters greater collaboration between business and technology professionals. Training in programs that emphasize both business and technology is more aware of the ethical and social implications of technology, preparing leaders who make ethical and responsible decisions. The UISEK Business & Digital School, through its diverse offering of both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, is uniquely positioned to prepare the leaders of tomorrow. It combines business rigor with technological agility, creating professionals capable of understanding and shaping the constantly evolving world. In a world where the boundaries between technology and business are blurring, this integration is not only beneficial, but essential. Graduates of the UISEK Business & Digital School are equipped not only to meet the challenges of the present, but also to be pioneers in creating the business and technological future. 7
In April 2023, the UNESCO Chair on Social Economy and Solidarity was launched, the first and only with this theme among the nearly a thousand chairs that UNESCO has in 117 countries. The UNESCO Chairs were created 30 years ago to foster cooperation, inter-university links on a global scale and strengthen institutional capacities through knowledge exchange and collaboration on issues related to education, natural and social sciences, culture and communication, to face the most pressing challenges and contribute to the development of their societies. These global educational spaces have the potential to establish bridges between academia, civil society, communities and governments to favor the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in the territories; in addition, they contribute to social and educational innovation. The Chair was proposed by the Cooperative University of Colombia and is held in alliance with the University of Mondragon (Spain), the University of Quilmes (Argentina), the Iberoamerican University of Puebla (Mexico) and the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain), with the endorsement of the International Cooperative Alliance, the ILO, the national Government and the world’s most recognized academic networks on the subject such as the OUI, Rulescoop, Ripess and Unicossol. It will have a duration of 4 years and opportunity for renewal as per its pertinence. The fundamental purpose is: To promote an integrated research, training, information and documentation ecosystem in social and solidarity economy that facilitates collaboration between high quality, internationally recognized researchers and professors from the University Advances of the UNESCO Chair of Social and Solidarity Economy By: Colombia Perez Munoz Director of the Institute of Social Economy and Cooperativism- INDESCO of the Cooperative University of Colombia. Director Unesco Chair of Social and Solidarity Economy. 8
and other institutions in Colombia, America, Europe and other regions of the world. The launch of the new UNESCO Chair on Social and Solidarity Economy took place with two high-impact events, the first in Colombia, with a multi-campus free chair where a dialogue was generated around the opportunities of the solidarity economy in the framework of the new National Development Plan 2022-2026 Colombia World Power of Life. National and local government officials and a variety of organizations participated; 2,079 people attended and from there several projects were derived to strengthen the advancement of Solidarity Territories in the country as tools for the economic, social and environmental development of solidarity organizations and communities within their range of action. On the other hand, Chancellor Maritza Rondón, together with the Chancellors of the 4 founding universities of the Unesco Chair of Solidarity Economy, made the global launch during the 38th ASCOOP Cooperative Opinion Day, with the participation of representatives of the foreign ministry, the ACI, the ILO and international advisers who highlighted the importance and potentialities of this new international scenario. The event was broadcast virtually reaching international audiences, in the audience there were more than 300 members of cooperatives, in addition it was reviewed on numerous portals, including that of the Iberoamerican Observatory of Employment and the Social and Cooperative Economy Since that moment, the chair has generated varied spaces of dialogue and reflection in face-to-face and virtual formats in different countries that determine lines of action for the following years, among them: • A The Dialogues for the social and solidarity economy, on gender issues, cooperative communication networks, alternative economies, economic networks and circuits, social innovation • Internships, two students from Cooperative University of Colombia, participated in the Summer School of Cooperative University of Colombia and one of them performed a semester with a scholarship at the Metropolitan Polytechnic University of Hidalgo. On the other hand, a group of graduate students visited the experience of the “Tianguis “with the Iberoamerican University of Puebla. • Publications, the book Economies for Transformation and Sustainability of Life, Social, Solidarity and Popular Economies was launched, conducted in collaboration with other academic networks. • Rymel Serrano Uribe Prize for solidarity entrepreneurship and social innovation was held. • Participation in academic events such as: the VI CIES-EESCOOP Congress Malaga, Spain, June 1-2, the Second National Congress of Social and Solidarity 9
Economy, Tandil. RUESS, Argentina, June 8-9 and the IV University Week of Social Economics in April. In October 2024, the appointment is at the Cooperativa University of Colombia, at the Santa Marta campus at the XVII Congress of Rulescoop which will be held in alliance with the UNESCO Chair in relation to the territorial experiences of the ESS as a contribution to the SDGs. • In October, the launch was held at the SEK International University in Quito with an international event on social innovation, where an inter-university team of young people emerged that will participate in 2024 in the contest promoted by Ecuador’s Super Solidaria to support financial inclusion of the ESS organizations. To the Unesco Chair of Social and Solidarity Economy, 24 new organizations from different parts of the world such as Ecuador, Spain, Italy, Canada, Portugal, Mexico and Chile have already joined. In 2024 an action plan is being constructed that includes: education activities with and without certificate, we are particularly interested in linking to dynamics such as those of micro credentials to make visible the competencies of students and researchers for ESS; comparative research between universities; new publications; inter university competitions; spaces with colleges and educational institutions of sensitization on associative and solidarity entrepreneurship; events linked to Unesco and other of its chairs, among other possibilities. We invite you to link up to continue adding to the collective brainchild of the Social and Solidarity Economy around the world! 10
The Sufi poet Rumi says that a powerful sultan had a great desire to educate and enlighten his people, so he brought an elephant from India to show that masterful animal. To prevent such an extravagant animal from causing panic among the city’s inhabitants, he locked it in a stable, and sent his most precious wise men with the task of examining the elephant and explaining to the people what an elephant was like. The solicitous wise men went to the stable to observe him, but it was a new moon night, the place was plunged into complete darkness, and they had no lamps with them. So they decided to analyze it by touch. Each of them, driven by the desire to be the first to transmit their learned explanations to the people, felt a different part of the elephant, and once they thought they knew what it was about, they quickly went out to explain it: “That animal is like a hose,” said the one who touched the trunk. “Not at all!” –replied the one who had touched an ear. “It’s more like a fan.” “You’re crazy!” –The one who felt the elephant’s back intervened. “It’s like a mount.” “All three of them are lying,” snapped the one who had touched one of the legs. “This animal is like a column.” “How wrong you all are,” shouted the one who felt one of the fangs. “He is hard and sharp as a spear.” “How absurd,” said the one who felt the tail, “it’s like a rope similar to a snake with a feather duster at the end to scare away flies.” The candle of consciousness: towards other conceptions of reality By: PhD. Jorge Guardiola University of Granada 11
12 And so, a heated discussion began between them, because they all claimed to be possessors of the truth and accused the others of being crazy or liars. The wise men did not carry a candle, a symbol of an enlightened conscience, and they had the desire to show the people their knowledge. But far from enlightening the people, the wise men were prepared to confuse them after spending the entire night arguing. However, at the arrival of dawn, when it was light, everyone could see the real elephant. This story teaches us that all people have a truth, our truth, which we encompass according to our perceptions of reality, and which depends on our experiences, manias, expectations, and other conditioning. Economists, and perhaps social scientists in general, are taught a narrative of reality, told that the “elephant” (let me use this beloved mammal as a metaphor for reality) is a certain way. But the truth is that most of us are observing only part of the elephant: when I studied Economics, it was taken for granted that reality was univocal: Human beings are individualistic and selfish, companies want to maximize profits and States... well, the States are there to correct market failures. These are the basic assumptions of most models in economics, and they are taken for granted: these are the correct questions on the exam, here is the elephant. Actually, the elephant is equipped with political points of view, and when we study Economics we are normally taught a political perspective close to the way of seeing the reality of capitalist societies. Donna Haraway, a scholar who studied the elephant from the point of view of feminist economics, spoke of situated knowledge, that is, the need to identify in Social Sciences the point of view and perception of the researcher, when to postulate hypotheses and formulate theories. “If you don’t see it my way, then you’re wrong,” thought each of the sages in the Sufi story, without realizing that their way of seeing the world depended on where they were located. Unfortunately, most Western economists are all touching the same elephant’s foot, interpreting this as the only reality.
I was not aware of this issue for a long time, but a candle illuminated me in Guatemala, allowing me to observe that there are many parts of the elephant that are out of sight. At 27 years old, I moved from Alicante (Spain) to Guatemala City (Guatemala) to do my doctorate in Economics on hunger in this country, which welcomed me for seven months. I did field work in the Altiplano, the poorest area of the country, and one of the poorest on the continent, according to the maps that marked the poverty of each region. The night before we moved I was very nervous, because I knew I was going to interview very poor people, who were suffering a lot. The next day, I left with a team of interviewers, and after a long four-by-four trip and a walk through a narrow pass, we arrived at the first community. The nerves from the night before were still with me, but shortly after, after talking to the first people, my feelings went from nervous to surprise. After two weeks, at the end of the fieldwork, I would still need a few days to assimilate that most of the people we interviewed seemed to me to be very happy people, happier than myself and the people I generally interacted with in my developed city of origin. For an economist like me, to whom it has been explained that as money increases, happiness (or utility, in economistic language) increases, this seemed absurd, since many of these people had experienced, at some point, not having enough food to put in their mouth. I spent a long time researching this, and I came to the conclusion that these people were very happy because they lived in community, with strong emotional ties with others, without unattainable expectations, without stress, without competitiveness, with a strong connection to nature, and a sincere spirituality; all this despite material scarcity. I realized that other visions are possible. Experience helps to be able to see other parts of the elephant, and different ways of seeing the world that are more human are needed. We require a conception of Economy that allows all people to enjoy a good life, lighting candles that allow us to see the elephant. 13
Once upon a time, in the quaint village of Everwood, there stood an ancient grove where the winds carried whispers of a magical transformation that was about to unfold. At the heart of this enchanted forest, a mystical tree, known as the Everflow Oak, possessed the power to bring about a revolutionary change in the lives of the citizens. Legend had it that the Everflow Oak was not just a tree but a gateway to a parallel world where time moved differently. One day, a curious citizen named Tereza ventured into the 14 myBank Theory: A Tale of Real-Time Wonders Author: Artina Kamberi, PhD(c.) in Economics, South East European University Teaching Assistant in the Faculty of Economics, University of Tetova grove and discovered a hidden portal beneath the roots of the Everflow Oak. As she stepped through, she found herself in a bustling digital realm known as “Real-Time Haven.” In this realm, Tereza encountered a vibrant community of borrowers and lenders, each connected by a remarkable application called “Everflow.” The app, named after the ancient tree, allowed its members to borrow and lend money in real-time, transcending the limitations of the
15 conventional banking world. Tereza marveled at the dynamic interest rates that seemed to dance like leaves in the wind, changing in response to the ebb and flow of the financial currents. As Tereza explored Real-Time Haven, she encountered fellow cizens who had also discovered the Everflow Oak’s secret. They shared stories of instant access to funds that helped them during times of need, competitive interest rates that felt like a fair breeze, and flexible repayment options that were as adaptable as the grove itself. The Everflow community flourished, not just as a financial hub but as a haven of support and collaboration. Villagers no longer hesitated to lend a helping hand or a few coins to their neighbors, forging bonds that echoed through the digital branches of the application. Word of Real-Time Haven and the Everflow app spread throughout Everwood, and soon the entire village embraced the magical transformation. The grove became a meeting place for villagers to discuss their financial endeavors, share wisdom, and celebrate the newfound sense of community. The Everflow Oak, having witnessed the positive change it brought to the lives of the villagers, continued to stand tall and proud, its branches swaying in harmony with the winds of progress. As seasons passed in the village of Everwood, the influence of the Everflow app continued to shape the lives of its inhabitants. The enchanted grove became a symbol of unity and progress, and the real-time wonders it offered transformed the way the villagers approached their financial endeavors.
16 The tale of Real-Time Haven and the Everflow app concluded with a grand celebration in the heart of the grove. Villagers gathered under the ancient branches of the Everflow Oak, their laughter and joy echoing through the magical realm. Tereza, the adventurous soul who first discovered the hidden portal, stood alongside other villagers as they shared stories of triumphs, newfound friendships, and the ways in which the app had empowered them. The Everflow Oak, seemingly imbued with a spirit of contentment, radiated a soft glow as a testament to the positive impact it had on the community. The once quaint village had evolved into a thriving ecosystem of support and collaboration, with the grove at its center. The celebration was not just a farewell to the tale but a welcoming of a new chapter in the village’s history. The Everflow app had not only provided financial solutions but had also fostered a sense of interconnectedness that transcended the digital realm. Villagers continued to borrow and lend in real-time, but the true magic lay in the bonds they had forged and the shared prosperity that touched every corner of Everwood. And so, the tale of Real-Time Haven faded into the whispers of the wind, becoming a cherished legend that inspired generations to come. The Everflow Oak stood as a timeless witness to the transformative power of innovation, community, and the belief that even in the most enchanted
17 groves, progress could be a force for good. The village of Everwood, now forever connected to the magic of the Everflow, continued to thrive, its story echoing in the winds for years to come. Moral of the tale: The story encourages individuals to embrace innovation and technological advancements that can bring positive change to their lives. The Everflow app symbolizes the power of adapting to new ways of managing finances, breaking free from the constraints of traditional systems, and harnessing the benefits of realtime solutions. Furthermore, the tale emphasizes the importance of fostering a sense of community. The Everflow app not only provided financial tools but also became a catalyst for collaboration, mutual support, and shared prosperity. It highlights the idea that true success and fulfillment are often found in building connections and supporting one another, creating a community that thrives together. In essence, the moral encourages individuals to be open to change, to embrace the possibilities that innovation brings, and to recognize the strength that comes from working together for the greater good. The Everflow Oak stands as a symbol of the potential for positive transformation when people unite, adapt, and support each other on the journey toward progress and prosperity.
The literature on social economy and B Corporations underscores the pivotal role of social capital in corporations, notably its impact on firm value and stock market performance (Servaes, 2017). This theme gains practical significance through the experiences of social entrepreneurs within Chilean tourism B Corporations, where a delicate equilibrium is maintained between profit and social impact obligations in their business models (Žebrytė, 2017). The emergence of the Benefit Corporation (BC) as a novel legal business entity, mandated to prioritize public benefit alongside returning profits to shareholders, is viewed as an ethical step toward empowering socially committed commercial entities (Hiller, 2013). Delving into the theoretical intricacies of corporate social reporting, the exploration spans from “classical” political economy interpretations to perspectives rooted in more “bourgeois” ideologies (Gray, 1995). This rich tapestry of literature resonates with the shared vision of social economy and B Corporations, centered around sustainability and positive social impact. The social economy, driven by models prioritizing ethical and social values over exclusive financial gains, aligns with the ethos of Benefit Corporations (B Corps), commercial entities inherently committed to generating a positive impact on both society and the environment. Both paradigms advocate for businesses to be not only profitable but also responsible and aware of their role in constructing more equitable and sustainable communities. Together, social The Role of B Corporations as Catalysts for the Social Economy: A Case Study of Bodega Cero María Eulalia Chávez Rivera, PhD, Manuel Rodríguez Arizpe, Fernanda García Marenc and Pablo Esteban Escalante Blachere. Universidad de Monterrey 18
economy and B Corporations represent a transformative shift towards a more ethical and sustainable business landscape, where success is measured not just in financial terms but also in substantial contributions to social and environmental well-being. In the current landscape, many companies have chosen to shift their core mission towards pursuing the triple impact: social, environmental, and economic. Meanwhile, others, like Bodega Cero, have envisioned achieving these three purposes from their inception. In 2018, Bodega Cero was born with the aim of promoting a zero-waste lifestyle, fostering the development of a community of conscious consumers by providing them with everyday products that are packaging-free. Bodega Cero sells a diverse selection of over 600 items that stand up for local, fair, agroecological, and sustainable commerce. Positioned as a central hub for those striving to minimize their environmental footprint and endorse ethical business practices, Bodega Cero, a certified B Corporation, actively addresses Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through its operations. As one of the pioneering zero-waste, bulk grocery stores in Mexico, Bodega Cero introduces an innovative business model that focuses on reducing the environmental impact associated with daily consumption. Offering a wide array of food, personal hygiene products, and household items, the store distinguishes itself in a cultural context where disposable packaging consumption is deeply ingrained. The core of Bodega Cero’s innovation lies in waste reduction, allowing customers to purchase products in bulk and consequently decrease their reliance on disposable packaging. This approach positively impacts the environment by reducing waste sent to landfills and promoting the use of natural ingredients in organic products, minimizing pollution and chemical usage. Founder Karla González’s inspiration to lead a more sustainable life is a driving force behind Bodega Cero’s success. Her passion for sustainability permeates every aspect of the enterprise, particularly in its commitment to waste reduction. Since its establishment in 2008, Bodega Cero has prevented the generation of over 43,000 tons of plastic packaging, showcasing its significant positive impact on the community. Bodega Cero’s impact is measurable across various dimensions. Environmental benefits include a marked reduction in waste generation, the promotion of sustainable practices, and support for local producers. Socially, the store 19
engages the community through events, workshops, and education initiatives, fostering environmental awareness and job creation. Economically, Bodega Cero’s sustainable business model sets an example, reducing reliance on plastics and supporting a circular economy. Through these initiatives, Bodega Cero contributes to a broader cultural shift towards sustainability. The quantifiable benefits, including reduced waste, environmental protection, and community engagement, position Bodega Cero as a trailblazer in the realm of ethical and sustainable business practices. Bodega Cero stands as a thriving social enterprise, making a significant positive impact on its community with a robust business model and a clear mission. Positioned for continued success, the enterprise could strategically enhance its reach and influence by focusing on the following key areas: 1. Expansion into New Cities: Bodega Cero has the potential to broaden its impact by extending its presence to other cities in Mexico. This strategic move would enable a larger audience to benefit from its sustainable business model, contributing to a more substantial reduction in waste generation. 2. Sustained Education and Awareness Initiatives: To foster a culture of sustainable consumption, Bodega Cero could persist in its education and awareness efforts. This might involve organizing additional workshops and educational events, or establishing partnerships with other organizations to amplify its message and reach a broader audience. The expansion into new cities holds the promise of a significant leap in waste reduction, and collaboration with local organizations could identify opportunities for 20
growth. This may involve partnering with municipalities to implement bulk food programs or collaborating with community centers to offer informative workshops. Moreover, Bodega Cero’s ongoing success could hinge on innovative product offerings. Exploring new avenues such as online ordering or delivery services could make its products more accessible and appealing to a wider customer base. Lastly, Bodega Cero’s commitment to education and awareness remains pivotal in advancing its mission of promoting sustainable consumption. Targeting new demographics, including young people or those new to the concept of zero waste, ensures a continuous and expanding impact on building a more conscious and environmentally responsible community. References: B Corporation. (2023). Zero Waste Market S.A. de C.V. Bodega Cero. Retrieved from https://www.bcorporation.net/en-us/find-a-b-corp/company/zero-wastemarket-s-a-de-c-v-bodegacero/ Bodega Cero. (2023). Bodega Cero. Retrieved from https://bodegacero.com/ Business Insider México. (2022, January 25). Bodega Cero: Producción de basura, vida libre de residuos. Retrieved from: https://businessinsider.mx/bodega-ceroproduccion-de-basura-vida-libre-de-residuos/ Gray, R., Kouhy, R., & Lavers, S. (1995). Corporate social and environmental reporting: a review of the literature and a longitudinal study of UK disclosure. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 8(2), 47-77. Hiller, J. S. (2013). The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 118, 287-301. Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2017). The role of social capital in corporations: a review. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(2), 201-220. Zebryte, I., & Jorquera, H. (2017). Chilean tourism sector “B Corporations”: evidence of social entrepreneurship and innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(6), 866-879. 21
Since the promulgation of the Ecuadorian Constitution in 2008, the popular and solidarity economy (EPS) has been officially recognized as an integral part of the country’s economic system. This area covers various forms of organization, such as cooperatives, associations and community entities. Several studies argue that EPS represents a new business paradigm that has not yet been explored in depth by conventional economic science. The EPS, in essence, fosters relationships based on trust, reciprocity and the search for the common good. The Superintendency of the Popular and Solidarity Economy New academic proposals of Social and Solidarity Economy Silvia Noroña, Mg and Carmen Amelia Coral Guerrero, Phd. Innovalab UISEK Business and Digital School (SEPS) highlights that the organizations that comprise it are governed by fundamental principles, among them, the search for good living and common good, fair trade and ethical and responsible consumption, as well as equitable distribution and solidarity of surpluses. Until December 2023, the EPS brings together 16,249 associations, cooperatives and active community organizations, distributed in productive activities (49.7%), services (48.8%), and consumption activities and construction or acquisition of homes (1.5%), with a total of 541,134 members. While, in the real sector it groups 408 23
entities and 9,824,310 partners, concentrating most of it in segment 1 of the sector, most of the credit granted is for non-productive consumption, followed by wholesale and retail trade; vehicle and motorcycle repair. In the last decade, the popular and supportive financial sector has granted 8.5 million loans, benefiting 2.5 million Ecuadorians, with an investment of 47,000 million dollars, mainly aimed at microenterprises. It is imperative, from a broad perspective, to understand the various interactions present in the economy, not only monetary in nature, but also interpersonal, and, even more so, their contribution to the growth and development of the country. Aware of the crucial role of the EPS in the Ecuadorian economy, the UISEK Business & Digital School has conceived the Master’s Degree in Administration of Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations. This master’s degree aims to train professionals trained to efficiently lead and manage social and solidarity economy organizations. This will be achieved through the application of practical and updated tools for the management of socioeconomic and cultural initiatives, based on the collaborative work of people, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the sector and Ecuadorian society. Among the key benefits are the specialized focus on the social and solidarity economy, the incorporation of a strong research component, the development of specific management skills, the promotion of a sustainable approach, the adequate management of sectoral administration and finances, the application of data intelligence and emphasis on digital transformation. These characteristics, combined, will provide participants with the necessary skills to face the current challenges of the business environment, while maintaining a commitment to the principles and values that underpin the social and solidarity economy. 24
The Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), in its essence, advocates the practice of economic activity under fair and equitable conditions, where solidarity and reciprocity take precedence over the exclusive search for economic benefits. In the Ecuadorian context, this economic philosophy manifests itself as the Popular and Solidarity Economy (EPS). Although it inherits the fundamental principles of the EPS, it incorporates the term “popular”, encompassing various forms of production, such as selfemployed workers where small merchants and artisans are found. These individuals, marginalized by the system, Reaping hope: The Popular and Solidarity Economy as a fertile field for sustainable development in Ecuador Pablo Hidalgo-Romero UISEK Researcher, Doctoral Candidate in International Studies 25 operate on a small scale and are mainly found in informality and underemployment. The Popular and Solidarity Economy has been labeled as an “economy of the poor for the poor”, insinuating the need for state intervention from a welfare rather than a productive perspective. However, this perception, although widespread, is significantly removed from the real complexity and dynamism of this economic sector. Although the EPS offers opportunities for the inclusion
of traditionally marginalized individuals in productive activity, it is necessary to dispel the myth that this sector is exclusively made up of a single type of actors. In the Ecuadorian case, the population linked to the social and solidarity economy system, that is, those who are part of the EPS organizations, represents approximately 9% of the Economically Active Population (PEA). However, when considering the “popular” aspect, which covers selfemployed workers, this sector could cover more than 60% of the EAP. Consequently, we are talking about a sector that deserves to be promoted, since it has the potential to exert a significant impact on the economy as a whole. On the other hand, the solidarity mentioned is not about conventional philanthropy, but rather about horizontal solidarity that manifests itself between individuals in relatively equal conditions. Furthermore, in the context of the EPS, although profit is very important to provide economic sustainability to ventures, it does not occupy the same predominant position as in the hierarchy of values of the capitalist economy. The EPS stands out for integrating economic activities related to local culture, such as agricultural production through the chakra or the manufacturing of clothing using ancestral methods. Its objective goes beyond the exclusive generation of income, since it seeks to preserve the ancestral knowledge of the territory. This knowledge may or may not have a market value, but it undoubtedly has a high social value due to the underlying cultural charge that is worth protecting. Likewise, this economy is governed by the principle of respect for nature and environmental sustainability in productive activity. This environmentally conscious approach contrasts sharply with prevailing capitalist thinking, which, in many instances, overlooks or underestimates the value of environmental goods. The EPS emerges as an alternative response, not only recognizing 26
the importance of these resources, but also promoting the generation of income in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. What are the reasons and importance behind undertaking scientific research in this particular economic sector? In Ecuador, the absence of specific statistics or national accounts that quantify the contribution of the EPS to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contrasts with the situation in countries like France, where this economic sector is measured annually and represents approximately 12% of the GDP. This lack of data limits the ability to develop comprehensive knowledge that supports the formulation of public policies to support the sector and expand the frontiers of knowledge through scientific research. Despite this, the available administrative records, generated by some state institutions, are essential to achieve certain advances, although they are still insufficient to produce specialized knowledge on a large scale and of high quality. Given the wide range of realities present in the Popular and Solidarity Economy (EPS), its academic approach requires an exploration from multiple perspectives. The essence lies in a thorough characterization that highlights both the actors involved and the productive activities, thus providing a holistic vision of the complex structure of this sector. In this analysis, statistical information plays a crucial role by integrating the virtues of conventional metrics and adopting alternative metrics, thus providing a measurement that reflects the true social nature of this economic sector. 27
This approach must be complemented with the research that numerous authors have adopted, exploring the intricate dynamics of EPS through qualitative methodologies. These methods, such as case studies or comparative analyses, allow us to unravel the richness of diverse experiences based on EPS, offering a more complete and enriching perspective. It is notable that in Ecuador, despite its geographically compact territory, a vast diversity of climates, cultures and languages is displayed. This complex amalgam manifests itself in a wide range of approaches to economic activity, all worthy of exhaustive research with a view to proposing alternatives for local development. For this reason, carrying out research in EPS not only provides the opportunity to produce strategies that improve the living conditions of its participating actors, but also contributes to society in general. These strategies consider the cultural load, the environmental impact and, consequently, allow establishing medium and longterm development processes that are fundamental for sustainable and equitable growth. Ultimately, what sets EPS apart is its strategic vision that not only focuses on maximizing short-term profits, but carefully considers long-term impact. By adopting this responsible mentality, the Popular and Solidarity Economy not only responds to the demands of the present, but also stands as a driving force for the construction of a more equitable and sustainable future. In a world where environmental awareness is fundamental, the EPS stands out as a beacon of hope and concrete action towards economic development in harmony with our environment. 28
The Global Gender Gap Index annually compares the current state and evolution of gender parity in 146 countries (102 countries that have been included in each edition of the index since 2006 provides a large consistent sample for time series analysis) and measures scores on a scale from 0 to 100 so that scores can be interpreted as the distance traveled toward parity (i.e., the percentage of the gender gap that has been closed). Well, the global gender gap score in 2023 stands at 68.4 percent. The “top ten” of countries with the smallest gender gap starts from Iceland, with 91.2 percent, to Belgium, with 79.6 percent, passing through Norway, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden, Germany, Nicaragua, Namibia and Lithuania. And it does so in four key dimensions: • Economic participation and opportunities, • Educational achievements. • Health and survival. • Political empowerment. Of the four dimensions reviewed, only health and survival and educational achievements pass; an approval that means that the gender gap will be closed within 16 years, which shows that there are countries in the world in which not even women have the same opportunities to educate themselves and survive. If this is bad news, it is worse to know that it will take around 170 years to eliminate the gap in terms of political participation and economic equality. Entrepreneurship in feminine in social economy Paloma BEL DURAN and Gustavo LEJARRIAGA PÉREZ DE LAS VACAS Complutense University of Madrid The situation in the world is bleak as can be seen in the following map. Looking at the labor market, it is recognized that substantial disparities between women and men continue to exist; that 29 Figure 1: The gender gap in the world Source: self made.
women have entered the labor market at a slightly higher rate than men (we were starting from very low, obviously) and that the labor participation rate is growing slowly (in 2022, 63 percent and in 2023, 64 percent. We continue facing higher unemployment rates for women than men (4.5 percent vs. 4.3 percent). Even when women do find employment, they face poor working conditions (a significant part of the employment recovery since 2020 can be attributed to informal employment, whereby for every five jobs created for women, four are in the economy informal) and the sectors in which women maintain higher employment rates are consumer services, retail trade and education (some of which have lower remuneration levels). Women represent nearly half (49.3 percent) of total employment in occupations known as STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), but only 29.2 percent of all workers in those disciplines. This is exacerbated because there continues to be a digital gap, so access to online training presents inequalities (with the importance that this type of training has had since the pandemic), fundamentally in those that can be considered to have a greater future (technological literacy, “big data” or Artificial Intelligence), and this even though it has been shown that when they access it, they achieve the skills in shorter periods than men. Still, increasing women’s economic participation and achieving gender parity in leadership, both in business and government, are two key levers for addressing broader gender gaps in households, societies and economies. Collective and coordinated action by public and private sector leaders will be critical to accelerate progress toward gender parity and drive renewed growth and greater resilience, and action is urgently needed. 30 These measures must be aimed, on the one hand, at promoting the employability of women, and on the other, at encouraging female entrepreneurship. In this sense, and although we are far from achieving total parity, we can say that Spain can be taken as a reference for women’s economic participation and opportunities. Focusing on entrepreneurship as one of the options that
31 can allow the inclusion of women in the labor market in better conditions than through employed work, it is observed that according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report (GEM, 2023), the percentage of women increases in all phases of the entrepreneurial process (potential entrepreneurship, active entrepreneurship, and consolidated companies), with the increase of five tenths (from 6 to 6.5 percent) in the percentage of women who consolidate in the entrepreneurial process being especially relevant. And in this regard, two issues are striking; The first is that the training level of women entrepreneurs is higher than that of men, which justifies the fact that there are increases in the consolidation of companies given that training is one of the key factors for the survival of companies; The second is that the projects in which women participate and promote are usually related to the care economy, the people’s economy and those initiatives that seek to maintain the so-called Sustainable Development Goals of the Organization of the United Nations. The above allows us to say, without the risk of being wrong, that women promote social and solidarity entrepreneurship initiatives, understood as those initiatives that create social value fully coinciding with the definition promoted by the Chair of Cooperatives and Social Economy UCMFECOMA, that is, initiatives that through market or nonmarket formulas aim to create sustainable social value, either by simple social orientation and intention or by their contribution to social cohesion based on the primacy of people over capital and its governance democratic and/or participatory. And in this order of things, cooperative societies, labor 2021 2021 2021 2021 Emprendimiento potencial Empresas consolidadas TEA Emprendimiento potencial Empresas consolidadas TEA 8,1% 8,8% 5,6% 5,9% 6,0% 6,5% 9,9% 9,9% 5,4% 6,0% 8,3% 7,5% Figure 2: Comparison of entrepreneurship rates by gender Source: GEM, 2023.
32 societies, associations, foundations and mutual societies, all of them members of the social economy, are the natural forms of social entrepreneurship, as well as those others in which the partners participate democratically in all the flows of the organization, in which the primacy of people over capital is clearly manifested because the promoters set the objectives and make decisions in democracy. In this way, it is necessary to establish measures to promote the social economy, as has been demanded by different international bodies (the European Commission, the OECD, the UN and even the World Economic Forum), recognizing that any action that favors the promotion of social social economy will be favoring inclusion and the elimination of the gender gap. For this to be possible, the coordination of administrations, the sector and educational centers is required, and it is vitally important to promote education programs in classrooms from the lower levels of education (nursery schools) to university centers and vocational training. Continuing the promotion of entrepreneurial education. and more specifically, education in the values that support social entrepreneurship will ensure that we do not have to wait 170 years for boys and girls, men and women to have the same opportunities. In the words of Amina J. Mohammed “When we finally achieve full and fair women’s participation, we will be closer to an inclusive and prosperous society, a society that is more peaceful, sustainable and equitable, that reflects our shared Sustainable Development Goals and “the future we all want”
SInternational Networks in Social and Solidarity Economy By: Carmen Amelia Coral Guerrero PhD Teacher and researcher UISEK Business and Digital School International networks in the field of social and solidarity economy play a crucial role in the academic environment of the Master of Administration of Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations at the SEK International University in Ecuador. In this context, two significant initiatives stand out that strengthen collaboration and exchange of knowledge: the UNESCO Chair in Social and Solidarity Economy and participation in the Euro-Latin American University Network in Cooperative Studies and Social Economy (RULESCOOP). The UNESCO Chair, launched in April 2023, represents a significant milestone as it is the first and only of its kind among the thousand chairs that UNESCO has in 33
34 117 countries. Proposed by the Cooperative University of Colombia, it has the collaboration of academic institutions from Spain, Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. This four-year initiative, with the possibility of renewal, has as its main objective to establish an integrated ecosystem of research, training, information and documentation in the social and solidarity economy. The Chair seeks to foster collaboration between high-quality, internationally recognized researchers and professors from various regions of the world. The UISEK joins it in September 2023. On the other hand, RULESCOOP, the Euro-Latin American University Network in Cooperative Studies and Social Economy, emerged as a result of an ALFA project funded by the European Commission between 2003 and 2005. With the purpose of putting universities in Europe and America in permanent contact, RULESCOOP’s central objective is to establish forms of collaboration in the area of social economy, cooperativism and solidarity economy. The incorporation of new universities from both sides of the Atlantic is open, promoting a continuous exchange of students, professors, information and research results, and UISEK has been part of the 16 Universities that make up RULESCOOP since October 2022. The Master of Administration of Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations at the SEK International University, in Ecuador, stands out for its active participation in the UNESCO Chair of Social and Solidarity Economy and the Euro-Latin American University Network in Cooperative Studies and Social Economy (RULESCOOP). This connection to these international networks provides students with significant benefits, such as academic exchanges, academic outings, and the presence of renowned international professors. Participation in joint research projects and specialized events not only enriches the academic experience, but also prepares students to lead in the dynamic field of the global social and solidarity economy.
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