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Peaches and Nectarines 113

PRE-HARVEST SPRAYS1

Disease Effectiveness Suggested Chemicals 100 Gal Dilute Acre Concentrate

Brown rot E = 1, 8, 4, 5, 6, 8 1. Topsin-M 70W + 4-6 oz 12-18 oz +
G = 3, 7 Captan 50W 1-2 lb 3-4 lb

Rhizopus rot 2. Topsin-M 70W + 4-6 oz + 12-18 oz +
Sulfur 95W 4-6 lb 12-15 lb

3. 2Captan 50W 2 lb 5 lb

4. 3Tilt 3.6E - 4 fl oz

5. 4Indar 2F - 6 fl oz

6. 5Elite 45WP 2.0 oz 5 oz

7. Elevate 50WDG - 1.0-1.5 lb

8. 6Pristine 38 WDG - 10.5- 14.5 oz

1 Starting two to three weeks before harvest, shorten the spray interval to 7-10 days. Where a range of rates is presented, use the
higher rates under heavier disease pressure (rot present or rainy, humid weather).

2 IF FRUIT IS TO BE SHIPPED TO CANADA, DO NOT APPLY CAPTAN CLOSER TO HARVEST THAN 2 DAYS. The residue tolerance
for Captan in Canada is 5 ppm.

3 Do not exceed two applications of Tilt in the pre-harvest period.
4 Do not apply more than 48 fl oz per acre per year of Indar 2F.
5 Do not apply more than 3 lb of Elite per acre per year.
6 Do not make more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating to a fungicide with another mode of action.

HARVESTED FRUIT TREATMENT1

Diseases Fungicide Rate per 100 Gal

Brown rot Scholar 50W or 1.92SC, EZ 8-16 oz (see label for specific information on
Rhizopus rot application methods, mixtures, etc.) or 16 fl oz of SC.
See label for thermal fogging instructions for Scholar
EZ.

1 Do not make more than one post-harvest application to the fruit by any application method.
CAUTION: Flush and clean the hydrocooler daily. With the losses of postharvest uses of Benlate, Topsin-M and Botran, there is
increased interest in the use of chlorine as a postharvest hydrocooler treatment for stone fruits. The main value of chlorine is to kill
viable spores of brown rot and other fungi to reduce the likelihood of serious infection in the hydrocooler water. Although chlorine
kills fungal spores in the hydrocooler, it provides no residual fungicidal activity. Several registered chlorine-generating materials
are available as calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite. Use only products which are registered for the desired use and use
according to the label. Carefully monitor the concentration and maintain a “dirt-free” hydrocooler because chlorine is quickly de-
activated by particulate matter. Because chlorine is pH sensitive, water must be monitored frequently and adjusted to neutral pH.
Even with these factors controlled, chlorine lacks residual activity for protecting bruised fruit.
As with any new practice or product, caution is advised. Some possible drawbacks to chlorine use are: 1) it is corrosive to metal, 2) it
is sensitive to pH (monitor water pH and chlorine concentration regularly), 3) chlorine concentration must be recharged frequently, and
4) although it is effective for killing fungal spores in water, it does not protect wounded tissue against subsequent infection from spores
lodged in the wound.

POST HARVEST BORER SPRAY1

Insects/Mites Effectiveness Suggested Chemicals 100 Gal Dilute Acre Concentrate
-
Peachtree borer (PTB) E = 1 1. Lorsban Advanced, 3 qt or 4 lb
Lesser peachtree borer E = 1 Nufos 4E, Yuma 4E,
(LPTB) or Lorsban 75WG

1 A handgun application is recommended. See section on mating disruption, p. 44.

FALL PRE-DORMANT SPRAY

Treatments with copper compounds are suggested where bacterial spot has been a problem. Apply at early leaf drop to protect the
leaf abscission scars from fall infection and subsequent overwintering twig infection. Use label rate of copper material. A copper
material applied in the fall is usually also adequate for leaf-curl control.

114 Peaches and Nectarines

Figure 3. Peach Insect Life Cycles

Tarnished
Plant Bug

Adult

Stink Bug

Adult

Plum Curculio Egg
Oriental Fruit Larva
Adult
Moth
Japanese Egg
Larva
Beetle Adult

Egg
Larva
Adult

Peachtree Egg
Borer Larva
Lesser Adult

Peachtree Borer Egg
Larva
Adult

GT HIG P B PF 10 25 40 55 70 80 95 110
Indicates monitoring period Days past petal fall PF= petal fall

GT = green tip HIG= half-inch green P = pink B = bloom













































Table 15. Relative Effectiveness of Preemergence Herbicides in Tree Fruits (cont.)

(E=excellent; G=good; F=fair; P=poor; N=none)

Dichobenil Diuron Flumioxazin Indaziflam Norflurazon Oryzalin Oxyfluorfen Pendimethalin Pronamide Rimsulfuron Simazine Terbacil
(Casoron) (Karmex) (Chateau) (Alion) (Solicam) (Surflan) (Goal) (Prowl) (Kerb) (Matrix) (Princep) (Sinbar)

Yellow nutsedge P-F P N N PNN N NFN F-G
P - - F-G N N N - -N F-G
Purpletop, Redtop - F - N PNN N - -N F-G
N N N PNN N PNN
Dallisgrass - F
P-F - - PNN N F-G
Bermudagrass N P-F - - PNN N F-G F
N - - NNN N - -N F
PERENNIAL BROADLEAF WEEDS G - - NNN N - - P-F N
- - NNN N - -N G
Broadleaf plantain G F - - NNN N - -N -
N - - NNN N --- N
Buckhorn plantain G N - - NNN N P F P-F N
P-F - - NNN N F-N G-E
Canada thistle F F - - NNN N - -N F
- - - NNN N - -N P-F
Chicory G N - - NNN N - -N N
N - - NNN N - -P N
Common mallow G P-F - - NNN N - -N F-G
P - - N-N N F-G - N P
Common milkweed - N - - NN - N P-N P
N - - NNN N - -N -
Common yarrow - N - - FN- N - -N N
P - - PN - N - -N F
Dandelion G G - - FN- N P-F - P N
P - - FNG N --F G
Docks (broadleaf, curly) G F G
- - NNN N N-N
Goldenrod F-G N - - NNN N N-N N
N - - NNN N N-N N
Ground ivy E N - - NNN N N-N N
N - - NNN N N-N N
Hemp dogbane N N - - NNN N N-N N
N - - NNN N N-N N
Horsenettle N N N

Mugwort G

Red sorrel G

Thistles (bull, musk, plumeless) G

White flowered aster F Effectiveness of Herbicides 137

Wild carrot G

Wild strawberry G

Yellow rocket G

Yellow woodsorrel G

SPECIAL PERENNIAL WEED PROBLEMS

Bigroot morningglory -

Brambles (Rubus spp.) N

Common greenbriar N

Japanese honeysuckle N

Poison-ivy N

Virginia creeper N

Wild garlic N

Table 16. Relative Effectiveness of Postemergence Herbicides in Tree Fruits 138 Effectiveness of Herbicides

(E=excellent; G=good; F=fair; P=poor; N=none)

CHEMICALS Carfentrazone Clopyralid Fluazifop-P Fluroxypyr Glufosinate Glyphosate Paraquat Sethoxydim 2,4-D Clethodim
(Aim) (Stinger) (Fusilade DX) (Starane) (Rely) (Various) (Gramoxone) (Poast) (Select)
N
ANNUAL GRASSES N N E
N N G
Barnyardgrass N N E N G E G-E E N E
N G N - E G-E - N E
Cheat N N E N G E G-E E N E
N E N G E G-E E N E
Crabgrasses N N E N G E G-E E E
E N G E G-E E G
Fall panicum N G E N - E G-E E E N
N F-G N
Foxtails N F E N
- P N
Goosegrass N N G N
P G N
Johnsongrass (seedling) N G G N
- P N
ANNUAL BROADLEAF WEEDS - P N
G F N
Annual fleabane - - N - - EEN G N
N N F G F-G G N P N
Annual morningglory F F NPGEGN G N
P N - - EEN P N
Black nightshade G - NGGE EN G N
- NPGE EN G N
Carpetweed - - NGGE EN G N
- N - - EEN P N
Common chickweed P - N - GEEN G N
P N F G E GN G N
Common lambsquarters G - N - - E F-G N N
N - G E P-F N N
Common ragweed P N N - GEGN N F
N N - GEGN N G
Hairy galinsoga - N NGG E GN N -
N N - GEEN N -
Henbit G N N - GEGN G
N - G E F-G N
Horseweed - N - - EPN
NGGE EN
Knotweed - N - - EGN

Mustards -

Pennsylvania smartweed -

Pigweeds G

Prickly lettuce -

Prickly sida -

Purslanes -

Shepherd’s-purse -

Speedwells -

Velvetleaf E

Virginia pepperweed -

PERENNIAL GRASSES AND SEDGES

Fescues - P-F N FEF F
GN - EP G
Johnsongrass (rhizome) - F-G N - G-E P -
FN - EF F
Nimblewill - GN PGP G

Orchardgrass -

Quackgrass -

Table 16. Relative Effectiveness of Postemergence Herbicides in Tree Fruits (cont.)

(E=excellent; G=good; F=fair; P=poor; N=none)

CHEMICALS Carfentrazone Clopyralid Fluazifop-P Fluroxypyr Glufosinate Glyphosate Paraquat Sethoxydim 2,4-D Clethodim
(Aim) (Stinger) (Fusilade DX) (Starane) (Rely) (Various) (Gramoxone) (Poast) N (Select)
N N N
Yellow nutsedge - N N - GG P - N -
N P G N -
Purpletop, Redtop - N GN - E P F-G F-G
N P G
Dallisgrass - GN - E G N
F F-G N
Bermudagrass - F F-G N F G G N
F - N
PERENNIAL BROADLEAF WEEDS - P-F N
- F N
Broadleaf plantain - - N - - EPN G N
- F-G N
Buckhorn plantain P F NP F E PN P-F N
- P-F N
Canada thistle - - N- - F-G P N P-F N
- P N
Chicory - - N - - EPN P N
- P N
Common mallow - P N - - EPN F-G N
- N N
Common milkweed - G NP - GPN G N
- P-F N
Common yarrow - - N- - GPN P-F N
- F N
Dandelion P - NGGE PN N
- F-G
Docks (broadleaf, curly) P N- - GPN P N
N N N
Goldenrod - N N - - E P-F N P-F N
- P-F N
Ground ivy - - N - G G P-F N P-F N
- F N
Hemp dogbane - - N F-G P F P N N
-
Horsenettle - N - G F-G P N

Mugwort - N - - FPN

Red sorrel - N - GGPN

Thistles (bull, musk, plumeless) - N - - GPN

White flowered aster - N - - E P-F N Effectiveness of Herbicides 139

Wild carrot - N - - EPN

Wild strawberry - N - - E P-F N

Yellow rocket - N- - EFN

Yellow woodsorrel - N - GEPN

SPECIAL PERENNIAL WEED PROBLEMS

Bigroot morningglory - N - - F-G P N
N F-G G G P N
Brambles - N- - PP N
N N - F-G P N
Common greenbriar - N F-G - G P N
N F-G - F-G P N
Japanese honeysuckle - N -GFP N

Poison-ivy -

Virginia creeper -

Wild garlic -

140 Herbicide Recommendations

APPLES AND PEARS

Table 17. Herbicides and Rates Recommended for Use in Apple and Pear Orchards.

For more complete information see discussion on individual herbicides.a

Weeds Controlled Herbicide Chemical Name Amount Per Acre Sprayed Active Ingredient
(Trade Name) (Formulated Product)

Year of Planting

Preemergence

Annual grasses and some broadleaf norflurazon (Solicam DF) 2.0-4.0 lb a.i. (2.5-5.0 lb)
weeds; suppression of some perennial
grasses

Annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds oryzalin (Surflan 4AS) 2.0-6.0 lb a.i. (2.0-6.0 qt)

Annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds pendimethalin (bProwl 1.9-3.8 lb a.i. (2.4-4.8 qt Prowl 3.3EC, 2-4 qt Prowl H2O)
3.3EC, Prowl H2O)

Annual broadleaves and some annual oxyfluorfen (Goal 2XL, 0.5-2.0 lb a.i. (2.0-8.0 pt/A Goal 2XL or 1.0-4.0 pts/A for
grassy weeds GoalTender) GoalTender banded applications)

Annual grasses and broadleaves and some dichlobenil (Casoron 4G) 4-6 lb a.i. (100-150 lb)
perennial grasses and broadleaves

Postemergence

Annual and perennial grasses bfluazifop-P (Fusilade DX) 0.25-0.37 lb a.i. (16-24 fl oz) + 1 qt crop oil concentrate or
1/2 pt of a nonionic surfactant per 25 gal

Annual and perennial weeds bclethodim (Select 2EC, 0.1-0.125 lb a.i. (6-8 fl oz Select 2EC or 9-16 fl oz Select
Select Max) Max per acre plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant

Annual and perennial weeds glyphosate (various) 0.75-3.75 lb a.e. (Roundup PowerMax II, Roundup
WeatherMax 22 fl oz - 3.3 qt, Touchdown 1.0-5.0 qt, or other
labeled formulation) (For spot treatment use 1.3-2.6 fl oz/
gallon) (For wiper applications use a 33% solution)

Annual weeds upon general contact paraquat (Gramoxone 0.64-1.0 lb a.i. Gramoxone Inteon 2.5-4.0 pt/A + 8-32 fl oz of
Inteon) nonionic surfactant per 100 gal

Annual and perennial grasses sethoxydim (Poast) 0.5 lb a.i. (1.5-2.5 pt) + 1 qt crop oil concentrate per acre

Annual broadleaf weeds carfentrazone (Aim EC, Aim 1.0-2.0 fl oz/A + 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant or 1% v/v
EW) crop oil concentrate

Trees established one full year

Any of the Treatments for Bearing Trees Listed Previously or One of the Following

Postemergence

Broadleaf weeds 2,4-D (Weedar 64, Orchard 1.4 lb a.i. (1.5 qt/A)
Master)

Annual and perennial weeds glufosinate (Rely 280) 0.88-1.5 lb a.i./A (48-82 fl oz/A)

Certain broadleaf weeds (apples only) clopyralid (Stinger) 0.09-0.25 lb ai (1/4-2/3 pt/A)

Yellow nutsedge halosulfuron (Sandea) 0.023-046 lb a.i. (0.5-1.0 oz/A)

Preemergence

Most annual and some perennial weeds diuron (Karmex DF) 3.2 lb a.i. (4.0 lb)

Annual and perennial grasses pronamide (Kerb 50W or 1.0-4.0 lb a.i. (Kerb 50W 2.0-8.0 lb or Kerb SC 2.5-9.5 pt)
Kerb SC)

Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds rimsulfuron (Matrix FNV) 0.66 lb a.i. (4 oz)

Most annual weeds simazine (Princep, Caliber 2.0-4.0 lb a.i. (2.2-4.4 lb or 2.0-4.0 qt)
90 or 4L)

flumioxazin (Chateau WDG) 0.19-0.38 lb ai (6-12 oz)

Trees Established Two Full Years

Any of the Treatments for Bearing Trees Listed Previously or One of the Following:

a P esticide applications must be made according to the manufacturer’s label directions. Always read and follow the pesticide label
directions prior to use. Some herbicides require a waiting period between application and replanting and/or harvesting.

b Labeled for non-bearing trees only.

Herbicide Recommendations 141

Table 17. Herbicides and Rates Recommended for Use in Apple and Pear Orchards. (cont.)

For more complete information see discussion on individual herbicides.a

Herbicide Chemical Name Amount Per Acre Sprayed Active Ingredient
Weeds Controlled (Trade Name) (Formulated Product)

Most annual and some perennial weeds diuron (Karmex DF) plus 0.8-1.6 lb ai (1.0-2.0 lb) 0.8-1.6 lb a.i. (1.0-2.0 lb)
terbacil (Sinbar WDG)
(apples only)

Trees Established Three Full Years

Any of the Treatments for Bearing Trees Listed Previously or One of the Following:

Annual and many perennial weeds terbacil (Sinbar WDG) 1.6-3.2 lb ai (2.0-4.0 lb)
(apples only)

Most annual weeds indaziflam (Alion) 0.065-0.085 lb ai/A (5-6 oz/A)
(apple and pear)

Trees Established Four Full Years

Any of the Treatments for Bearing Trees Listed Previously

Annual and perennial broadleaf weeds fluroxypyr (Starane Ultra) 0.14-0.49 lb ai (0.4-1.4 pint)
(apples and pears only)

a P esticide applications must be made according to the manufacturer’s label directions. Always read and follow the pesticide label
directions prior to use. Some herbicides require a waiting period between application and replanting and/or harvesting.

b Labeled for non-bearing trees only.

142 Herbicide Recommendations

STONE FRUITS

See introductory discussion and specific remarks under “Apples and Pears”. The same principles of safe and effective her-
bicide use apply to other tree fruit crops as well. An “X” in any block of the table below indicates that the herbicide in the
left column is registered and may be used for weed control in that crop at the same rate(s) and under the same conditions as
recommended for use in apples and pears. If the space is blank, the herbicide is not registered for use in that particular crop.

Most research on the herbicide performance and safety to fruit crops at Virginia Tech and West Virginia University has
been conducted on apples and peaches. However, the use of herbicides and their combinations mentioned for other tree
fruits is also believed to be valid, based on the best information available from other sources and limited experimentation
in Virginia and West Virginia.

Table 18. Herbicides for Use in Stone Fruit Orchards1

Herbicide Cherries Nectarines Peaches Plums

clethodim5 XX X X

clopyralid XX X X

dichlobenil X

diuron3 X

fluazifop-P XX X X

flumioxazin2 XX X X

glufosinate XX X X

glyphosate4 X X4 X4 X4

indaziflam3 XX X X

norflurazon6 XX X X

oryzalin XX X X

oxyfluorfen XX X X

paraquat XX X X

pendimethalin X X X X

pronamide2 XX X X

rimosulfuron2 X X X X

sethoxydim XX X X

simazine2 X X

terbacil3 X

2,4-D (Orchard Master) X XX

2,4-D (Weedar 64) X X X X

1 F or recommended rates of herbicides and directions, see Table 16, “Herbicides and Rates Recommended for Use in Apple and Pear
Orchards”. See p. 133 for oxyfluorfen.

2 Use on trees established at least one year.
3 U se on trees established at least three years. A diuron-terbacil combination may be applied to peach trees established at least two

years. See label for maximum combined rates.
4 Use with wick applicator only.
5 Nonbearing trees only, except for Select Max, which can be applied to bearing peaches.
6 Apply at least 18 months after planting cherries, 6 months after planting nectarines or peaches or at least 12 months after planting

plums.