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4/3/2015 1 SLUMS and urban inequalities How is a ‘Slum’ defined? • Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions:

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Published by , 2016-08-12 02:09:03

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

4/3/2015 1 SLUMS and urban inequalities How is a ‘Slum’ defined? • Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions:

4/3/2015

SLUMS

and 
urban 
inequalities

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

• Our text book uses indicators of deprivation based on five conditions:

1. Poor access to improved water
2. Poor access to sanitation
3. Non – durable housing
4. Insufficient living area, and
5. Insecure tenure (lack of ownership)

• It is important to remember that even if it is defined as a ‘slum’, it is 
a community for the people living there…

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Origin of the word, ‘slum’

• The word ‘slum’ appeared in London at the beginning of the 19thc, 
designating, initially, “a room of low repute”

• At the end of the 19thc, the word appears in the Oxford English Dictionary:

“A street, alley, court, etc., situated in a crowded district of a town or
city and inhabited by poor people or a low class or by the very poor;
a number of these streets or courts forming a thickly populated
neighborhood or district where the housed and the conditions of life
are of a squalid and wretched character”

• The contemporary use of the word ‘slum’ is often inter‐changed with 
‘shanties’, as in ‘shanty‐towns’

• Shanty‐towns are spontaneous settlements that develop in outskirts of towns
• While officially different, ‘shanties’ are now considered by some as a type of slum

How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

• The term ‘slum’ has loosely been used in the West when referring to 
housing areas that were once affluent, but have deteriorated

• This is not the same as the definition of ‘slum’ in the non‐western world
• Non‐western urban slums are not simply parallel to ‘poor areas’ 

• Contemporary slums of the non‐western world are informal 
settlements where newcomers to the city can find: 

• affordable shelter
• enclaves of local culture, and 
• support from a social network

• The United Nations (author of our text book) and many at the World 
Bank argue that slums should be eradicated

• Is that a solution?    Is it achievable?    Who would this serve most?

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How is a ‘Slum’ defined?

• Despite the few positives a slum may provide for rural newcomers to the city, 
slums are characterized by many negatives, such as:

• Poverty
• Illiteracy
• Unemployment (official, taxable employment)
• Informal economies
• Crime
• Drug proliferation
• Disease
• ‘Waste’ collection
• Absence of disaster response and relief

• (fire, police, earth‐moving, etc.)

• Alternatively, it can be argued that these types of urban settlements represent 
the ultimate in the free‐movement of people, thus representing true democracy

• And that those cities that try to demolish them are totalitarian

What is the best course of action to address these types of settlements?

• Sub‐Saharan Africa 
(62.2%)  followed by 
South Asia (42.9) rank 
the highest in the 
proportion of urban 
populations living in 
slums

• Latin America (27%) is 
much lower and we can 
relate this to the 
region’s demographic 
transition (as seen in 
the DTM)

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Rio de Janiero, Brazil

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Planning as a response to slums

• Understanding the function in concept, and geography of slums in 
context is necessary

• Urban Planning techniques include;

• Monitoring and predicting of the expansion
• Improvement of existing facilities
• Disaster prevention
• Environmental resource management
• And, if absolutely necessary, relocation of residents to formal housing

• A crucial requirement for effective Urban Planning is to have access to 
accurate and updated spatial data

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