english reading writing

คำนำ

เอกสารประกอบการเรียนฉบับนี้จัดทำขึ้นเพื่อใช้ประกอบการจัดการเรียนการสอนในรายวิชา
ภาษาอังกฤษอ่าน-เขียน 6 รหัสวิชา อ33205 ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 โรงเรียนเบญจมราชูทิศ จังหวัดปัตตานี
จัดทำขึ้นโดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อพัฒนาผู้เรียนให้มีทักษะการอ่านเพื่อความเข้าใจ สามารถจับใจความสำคัญ
วิเคราะห์ความ สรุปความ ตีความ และแสดงความคิดเห็นจากเรื่องที่อ่านได้ อีกทั้งเพื่อเตรียมความพร้อม
นกั เรียนในการพิชิตข้อสอบเข้ามหาวทิ ยาลัย part reading โดยเอกสารประกอบการเรยี นฉบับน้ีประกอบด้วย
เนอ้ื หาทงั้ หมด 8 เร่ือง ดงั นี้

บทที่ 1 Synonym and Antonym
บทที่ 2 Prefixes and Suffixes
บทท่ี 3 Context Clues
บทที่ 4 Topics
บทท่ี 5 Main idea and Details
บทท่ี 6 References
บทท่ี 7 Multiple meaning
บทท่ี 8 Purpose and Tone
ผู้จัดทำหวังเป็นอย่างยิ่งว่าเอกสารประกอบการเรียนการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษ สำหรับนักเรียนช้ัน
มัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 เล่มนี้ จะพัฒนาทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพและประสิทธิผล
ตลอดจนเปน็ ประโยชน์ต่อการพฒั นาการเรียนการสอนภาษาองั กฤษในโอกาสต่อไป

ซูอีฟ หมัดโซะ
ครูชำนาญการ โรงเรยี นเบญจมราชทู ศิ จังหวัดปตั ตานี

สารบญั หน้า

เรื่อง a
b
คำนำ
สารบัญ 1
3
บทที่ 1 : Synonyms and Antonyms 5
บทที่ 2 : Prefixes and Suffixes 6
7
Negative Prefixes: un- / in- /im- / il- / ir- 10
Opposite/ Negative Prefixes 12
Suffixes 14
People Suffixes 15
บทท่ี 3 : Context clue 16
Definition Clues 17
Restatement Clues 18
Comparison Clues and Experience Clues 20
Contrast Clues 22
Example Clues 23
บทท่ี 4 : Topics 28
บทที่ 5 : Title and Main idea 33
Main idea 34
บทที่ 6 : Reference 36
บทที่ 7 : Multiple-meaning Words 1
Multiple-Meaning Words 2 41
บทท่ี 8 : Purpose and Tone

แหลง่ อา้ งอิง

1

1. SYNONYMS and ANTONYMS

A synonym is a word which means the same as another word: large and big are synonyms.

An antonym is a word which means the opposite of another word: nice and horrible are
antonyms.

A. Write the letter of the synonym next to appropriate word.

1. _____ tall a. polite

2. _____ children b. little

3. _____ money c. quick

4. _____ scream d. big

5. _____ small e. glad

6. _____ fast f. kids

7. _____ pretty g. beautiful

8. _____ nice h. dollars

9. _____ good i. yell

10. _____ happy j. excellent

B. Write the letter of the antonym next to the appropriate word.

1. ______ happy a. esteem

2. ______smooth b. cry

3. ______ hate c. variable

4. ______win d. everything

5. ______nothing e. sweet

6. ______easy f. land

7. ______laugh g. failure

8. ______ sour h. hard

9. ______same i. wrinkle

10. _____ocean j. miserable

Exercise from: https://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~vijaya/ssrvm/worksheetscd/getWorksheets.com/Language%20Arts/syn_ant.pdf

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C. Read the passage and find a synonym in the box for the underlined word. (10 pts. / 1 each)

A. bought B. famous C. fiancé D. followed
E. knew F. lovers G. messaged H. monitor
I. permission J. public K. recorded L. studied

Nowadays, more and more people lost their privacy when their private actions became well-
known through the Internet. Sean L. purchased a ring online for his future wife Maria. Two hours
later, Maria texted Sean to ask about the ring. She learned about it because a company tracked his
order and reported it on his Facebook.

In Shanghai, a security video camera taped a subway station. Guards were watching the TV
screen, and they focused on a couple who were kissing. One guard uploaded the video to the Internet.
Their kisses were not private anymore.

An Australian company used a photo of Alison C. They did not ask for her approval to use
the photo on their website. to take legal action. All of these people lost their privacy, and they decided
Sometimes people need to fight to keep their privacy.

1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____
6. ____ 7. _____ 8. _____ 9. _____ 10. _____

D. Read the passage and find an antonym in the box for the underlined word. (10 pts. / 1 each)

A. exist B. hesitate C. soothe D. wonderful
E. delay F. race G. full H. hide
I. alike J. courage K. shake L. careful

One day I went for a walk down the street. I was hungry so I stopped at a food stand and got
a soda and a pretzel with mustard. While I was eating and walking, I noticed some woods in the
distance. When I got to the woods, I decided to enter the forest. I was a little frightened at first, but
then I saw some squirrels and wild flowers. I kept walking and looking around and I felt adventurous
and happy to be there. I saw some terrific birds, rabbits, deer, and many different kinds of plants that
I had never seen before.

It suddenly occurred to me that if I walked any further, I might get lost or, worse yet, see a
bear. So I decided to turn around and walk back home, but right in front of me was the thing I feared
– a bear! All I could think of to do was to run, and that is what I did. I ran all the way home as fast as
my legs could carry me. As soon as I got home, I decided not to ever go in those woods again.

1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____
6. _____ 7. _____ 8. _____ 9. _____ 10. _____

Resource: https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/

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2. PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

Word Skills: Prefixes

A prefix is a syllable or group of syllables that comes at the beginning of a word and has a
special meaning. You can add a prefix to a root word to change the meaning of the original word.

Look at the list of common prefixes below and the examples of each one.

Prefix & Meaning Example Definition
mono = one monorail train running on one rail
bi = two bicycle two-wheeled vehicle
un = not unwelcome not welcome or wanted
pre = before prehistoric before recorded history
sub = under subterranean under the ground
inter = between international between nations
re = again reread read again

EXERCISES

A. Match the columns. Write the letter of the correct definition in the space next to the word.

___ 1. bimonthly A. supporting war

___2. co-exist B. incorrect information

___3. unicycle C. many different purposes

___4. disbelieve D. below zero in temperature

___5. trident E. a very large exploding star

___6. hyperactive F. happening every two months

___7. interwar G. to move from one place to another

___8. misinformation H. happening or existing before a war

___9. microorganism I. paying so much attention to yourself

___10. pre-war J. to be together in the same time or space

___11. intranet K. do not believe in something or someone

___12. ex-boyfriend L. to breathe air, smoke, etc. out of your mouth

___13. exhale M. a weapon with three point that looks like a large fork

___14.sub-zero N. a vehicle that is like a bicycle but has only one wheel

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___15. self-centered O. happening between the First and the Second World Wars
___16. multipurpose P. someone you used to go out with but don't any more now
___17. forewarn Q. living thing that is so small that it cannot be seen with your eyes
___18. Transfer R. to warn someone about something unpleasant before it happens
___19. pro-war S. someone who is too active and is not able to keep still for very long
___20. supernova T. a computer network used for exchanging information within a company

NOTE

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Negative prefixes: un- / in- /im- /il- /ir-

For example:

John and James are brothers. John is reliable, you can trust him to do anything you ask. James, on
the other hand, is unreliable, you cannot rely on him.

By adding un to reliable we change the meaning of the word to not reliable.

Dis gives the adjective the opposite meaning: "I know you all agree with the plan, but I
still disagree."

Use un- prefix before words that start with a vowel or consonant.
Use il- prefix before words that start i: illegal.
Use im- prefix before words that start with m or p: impossible.
Use ir- prefix before words that start with r: irregular.
Use in- prefix with words that start with consonants and vowels, but not i or u.

EXERCISES

A. Which prefix forms the opposite of these words?

_____ active _____balance _____comfortable _____complete

_____correct _____employed _____expensive _____friendly

_____human _____important _____legal _____pack

_____logical _____order _____polite _____regular

_____responsible _____sensitive _____usual _____kind

_____controllable _____happy _____possible _____lock

_____visible

B. Fill the gap with a correct negative prefix.

1. They say he has a __________(honest) face.
2. I have an__________ (rational) fear of mice.
3. The Joker character in Batman is__________(sane).
4. In the UK it's __________ (legal) to smoke in bars and restaurants.
5. It's__________ (fair) that we have to work while they are on holiday.
6. I am too __________ (patient) to go fishing.
7. He's so __________ (grateful) even after all the help we gave him.
8. 8) He still acts like a child, he's so __________ (mature).
9. I think the information in this report is__________(accurate). It doesn't look right.
10. His attempt to break the world record was __________ (successful).

Resource: https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/negative-prefixes

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Opposite/ Negative Prefixes

Prefixes Meaning Examples

un- unfriendly unemployed

de- not, opposite of decode devalue

dis- reverse the action dislike disappear

mis- wrongly, incorrectly misspell misread

mal- badly, bad malfunction maltreatment

non- not non-smoking nonfiction

anti- against / opposite of anti-communism antibody

in- inexperienced inability

im- impossible impatient

il- not / opposite of illogical illegal

ir- irregular irresponsible

The prefix is missing in each word listed below. Fill in the correct negative prefix in the space
provided.

1. _____ activate (to switch off a piece of equipment or to stop it from being used)

2. _____agree (not agree; having different opinions from someone else)

3. _____biotic (a drug that is used to stop or kill bacteria and cure infection)

4. _____clean (dirty; that cannot be eaten, touched, etc. )

5. _____convenient (not convenient)

6. _____credit (to make people stop respecting or trusting someone or something)

7. _____formation (when a part of somebody's body is badly formed)

8. _____globalization (a belief that people must oppose or be against globalization)

9. _____logical (not reasonable or sensible)

10. _____perfect (not completely correct or perfect)

11. _____rational (not based on clear thought or reason)

12. _____report (to give incorrect or untrue account of an event or situation)

13. _____treat (to treat a person or animal badly or cruelly)

14. _____toxic (not poisonous or harmful to your health)

15. _____use (to use something in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose)

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Word Skills: Suffixes

A suffix comes at the end of a word. It changes word class (e.g. from verb to noun or noun to
adjective) and can also change meanings. Here are some common suffixes.

Verb Noun Suffixes Noun
improve Suffix improvement
elect -ment election
inform -ion information
spell -ation spelling
-ing

Adjective Suffix Noun
stupid -ity stupidity
weak -ness weakness

Noun or Verb Adjective Suffixes Adjective
danger Suffix dangerous
music -ous musical
sun -al sunny
create -y creative
knowledge -ive knowledgeable
drink -able drinkable
use -able useful /useless
pain -ful / -less painful / painless
-ful / -less

NOTE

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EXERCISES

A. Make nouns from theses verbs and adjectives.

1. agree __________ 2. create __________ 3. Communicate __________

4. dark __________ 5. decide __________ 6. different __________

7. educate __________ 8. Good __________ 9. govern __________

10. happy __________ 11. imagine __________ 12. Lazy __________

13. organize __________ 14.pollute __________ 15. popular __________

16. promote __________ 17. sad __________ 18. swim __________

19. act __________ 20. quick __________

B. Change the nouns and verbs below to adjectives.

1. attract __________ 2. beauty __________ 3. care __________
6. danger __________
4. cloud __________ 5. comfort __________ 9. fun __________
12. job __________
7. end __________ 8. fame __________ 15. wash __________
18.storm __________
10. hope __________ 11. imagine __________

13. nation __________ 14. poison __________

16. politics __________ 17. reason __________

19. create __________ 20. act __________

C. Complete the correct form of the missing words in the space.

Example: Max is good at mathematics. He wants to be a mathematician when he grows up.
(noun)

1. Students must learn to pronounce English words. I think this audio CD does not help them
with the _________________.
(noun)

2.Unemployment may cause many problems in our society. Crime is an example of
_________________problems caused by unemployment.
(adjective)

3. Liz invited John to her party and John accepted her _________________.
(noun)

4. The man has a strong belief in God. He _________________ believes in God.
(adverb)

5. She has been suffering from depression. She takes medicine regularly; it won’t harm her. This
medicine is ________________.
(adjective)

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D. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets. You need a NOUN.

1. We couldn’t see anything. The village was in complete ……………………………… (DARK).
2. Mark lacks …………………………………. He’s unable to control himself (RESPOSIBLE).
3. The guide dog really helped Dave due to his ………………………… (BLIND).
4. Everybody admired Terry’s …………………… to take up a new job abroad (DETERMINED).
5. Some stars don’t want paparazzi to show their …………………………………… (PRIVATE).

E. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the word in brackets. You need an ADJECTIVE.

1. An ________________ (accident) discharge of toxic waste has led to pollution of the water in the
river.

2. It was an _____________________ (adventure) expedition up the Amazon which we can never
forget.

3. He feels extremely ______________ (comfort) and relaxed in the Firsts Class cabin.
4. We must pay ______________ (attend) in class.
5. He was rushed to the hospital but was dead on __________ (arrive).

NOTE
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People Suffixes

Prefixes Meaning Examples

-aholic addited to workaholic shopaholic
-an nationality American Mexican
-ant servant assistant
-er active interviewer employer
-ee passive interviewee employee
-ese nationality Chinese Japanese
-ian nationality Russian
Occupation musician magician
-ess feminine actress waitress
-ine heroine
-ish nationality English Spanish
-ist scientist Buddhist
-or actor director

Form new words describing people by adding correct suffixes.

Root Words New Word Root Words New Words

1. Admire __________ 11. Comedy __________
2. Golf __________ 12. Economy __________
3. Adventure __________ 13. Consult __________
4. Govern __________ 14. Message __________
5. Advise __________ 15. Analyze __________
6. Create __________ 16. Contest __________
7. Finland __________ 17. Palestine __________
8. Language __________ 18. Photo __________
9. Christ __________ 19. Law __________
10. Art __________ 20. Serve __________

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Exercise

Choose the best choice. (10 pts. / 1 each)

1. Many mistakes are the result of __________

a. careful b. carefulness

c. careless d, carelessness

2. We cannot drink water in this river, but it is __________ for washing.

a. usable b. useless

c. reused d. overused

3. Don't forget to __________ the electricity before you repair this neon light.

a. interconnect b. disconnect

c. reconnect c. unconnected

4. The family next door is __________because the couple -Jack and Susan - have decided not to have
a child.

a. childish b. childlike

c. childless d. childhood

5. This book is very __________ because it gives us a lot of information about Europe.

a. informal b. informative

c. informant d. informally

6. Thousands of __________ people blocked off the city center streets and shouted "No War! No
War!"

a. anti-war b. war-free

c. pre-war d. post-war

7. Do you think the Democrat party will be __________ for the second time?

a. pre-elected b. re-elected

c. elective d. elector

8. Sorry I'm late. I __________ How long have you been waiting?

a. sleepy b. sleeper

c. sleepless d. overslept

9. If you want to improve your English, you have to __________ use your English

a. regular b. irregular

c. regularly d. irregularly

10. This is the only school in the southern city that __________ handicapped children.

a. educates b. educators

c. education d. educational

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3. CONTEXT CLUE

While reading, you meet words or phrases you don’t know. How can you understand these
unfamiliar words? Certainly, looking them up in the dictionary is the safest way to get the most accurate
meanings of the words. However, if there are a lot of difficult words, you may soon get bored with
looking them up in the dictionary. This process is time-consuming and also interrupt your reading, You
may feel discouraged and will not enjoy your reading.

Efficient reading requires the use of various problem-solving skills. It is impossible to know
the exact meaning of every word, but by developing your guessing ability, you will be able to understand
enough to understand the total meaning of a sentence or paragraph. It is essential that you become
proficient at using the context - a sentence or paragraph in which a word appears - to try to arrive at the
meaning of a new word.

This handout gives you some strategies for guessing the meaning of words from their contexts.
There are eight common clues provided by writers in their writing to help their readers guess the
meaning of unfamiliar words which are:

• Punctuation clues
• Definition clues
• Restatement clues
• Comparison clues
• Contrast clues
• Example clues
• Experience clues

Punctuation Clues

With punctuation clues, the meaning of a word is explained immediately after the word between
brackets, commas or dashes.

Example:

Brackets: A tornado (a violent storm of twisting wind) struck Edmonton and caused a lot of
damage.

Commas: A tornado, a violent storm of twisting wind, struck Edmonton and caused a lot of
damage.

Dashes: A tornado– a violent storm of twisting wind –struck Edmonton and caused a lot of
damage.

Authors also use bold and/or italics to make a reader aware of an important term. Often the
definition of the word in bold or italics follows.

Examples:
• The computer is a machine that accepts input, processes data, stores information, and
produces output.
• Archaeology is the scientific study of prehistoric cultures by excavation of their remains.

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Exercise

Use the punctuation clues to find the meaning of the underlined words.

1. This is the story of orphan (both her parents were dead).
Orphan means _________________________________

2. There are many phobias, or fears; that can seriously influence human behaviour.
Phobia means _________________________________

3. Another dangerous form of weather is hail - falling balls of ice - which has been known to get so
big that it can break a car windshield.
Hail means _________________________________

4. The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town.
A deluge means _________________________________

5. Sleet (half rain and half snow) can be very difficult to drive in due to poor visibility.
Sleet means _________________________________

6. Freezing rain–rain which freezes when it hits the earth –also causes many accidents.
Freezing rain means _________________________________

7. People have gotten lost 10 meters from their homes in blizzards–snowfalls that come down very
thickly.
A blizzard means _________________________________

8. The asp (a small poisonous snake) is found in Africa and Europe.
Asp means _________________________________

9. Every spring, birds make their nests under the eaves, the lower edge of the roof, or the house
Eaves means _________________________________

10. The company is going through many transitions--changes.
Transitions means _________________________________

NOTE
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Definition Clues

The authors usually give the explanation or the meaning of the extra word immediately after it
to make sure that the readers understand the content. There may be some clues such as phrases or
punctuations.

Words or phrases: is, are, which is, which are, is called, are called, is known as, refers to,
also know as

Punctuation: a colon (:), a semicolon (:), dash (-), comma (,)

Example: Dactylology is sign language made with the fingers to communicate and convey ideas.

From the example sentence the word “is” is a clue indicating that the sentence after that is the
definition of the word “Dactylology”

Exercise

Circle the clues and underline the definition of the bold printed words.

1. Owls are nocturnal. This means they fly around and look for food at night.
Nocturnal means _______________________________

2. The flower called “dandelions” is edible; it can be eaten.
Edible means _______________________________

3. Some children are ambidextrous. By this we mean they are able to use both left and right hands
equally well.
Ambidextrous means _______________________________

4. Deficit is a situation when a government has more expenses than income.
Deficit means _______________________________

5. Our bodies have a kind of chemical which help everyone grow. It is called “growth hormone”
Growth hormone means _______________________________

6. Participants were chosen to give a speech randomly- having no specific pattern. This made
everyone so excited.
Randomly means _______________________________

7. Most of the Thai night markets are at the pedestrian zones, which are areas only for walkers where
no cars are allowed. You might have to park your car far away.
Pedestrian zones means _______________________________

8. People in many capital cities often get stuck in gridlock which is known as a terrible traffic jam
which has no vehicular movement. They waste a lot of hours on streets.
Gridlock means _______________________________

9. Good staff have to set their tasks by priority –by order of importance – which helps them to work
efficiently.
Priority means _______________________________

10. Nowadays people can work at home and communicate by computers, smartphones and tablets –
which is defined as “telecommuting.”
Telecommuting means _______________________________

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Restatement Clues

The authors often use another word which has the same or similar meaning with the word
that has already been mentioned. Punctuation and words or phrases may be used in the sentence

Words or phrases: or, that is, in other words
Punctuation: brackets ( ), a semicolon (:), dash (-), comma (,)

Example: After-sale service is one of the factors which made the clients or customers decide to
purchase your product.

If you do not know the meaning of the word “clients”, you will see the word “or” which indicates that
the next word is the similar meaning word which we call “synonym.”

Exercise:

Circle clues and underline synonyms of the words in bold print in each sentence.

1. Exercise is very important in order to alleviate or reduce stress.
Alleviate means _______________________________

2. Regular exercise can keep you energized (full of energy)
Energized means _______________________________

3. I usually carry creel - a wicker basket – to hold the fish I catch.
Creel means _______________________________

4. Most parents indulge or spoil the children.
Indulge means _______________________________

5. It is very difficult to beat a lethargic i.e. lazy lifestyle.
Lethargic means _______________________________

6. Laura tries to eschew or avoid dessert because she would like to lose weight.
Eschew means _______________________________

7. We couldn’t endure anymore because she was so verbose (talkative).
Verbose means _______________________________

8. My friend damaged my library book so she has to make remuneration– compensation- to me.
Remuneration means _______________________________

9. Headaches and stomachaches are symptoms caused by tension or pressure.
Tension means _______________________________

10. If you don’t understand some words in the text, you can use context clues to assist or help you to
figure out the word meaning.
Asist means _______________________________

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Comparison Clues

Words and phrases including and, also, too, like, likewise, (just as, similarly, similar to, and in the
same way are used to signal comparison and indicate that the difficult word is like something that
might be more familiar to you.

Example:
• The cumulus cloud was piled up high in the sky like mountains of cotton candy.
• There was a public mania for hula hoops; likewise, there was excessive enthusiasm for yo-
yos.

Exercise

Use the comparison clues find the meaning of the underlined words.
1. The new statute was similar to other laws that protected workers' rights.

Statute means _________________________________________
2. The couple loved to do the rumba; they also liked other Latin dances.

Rumba means _________________________________________
3. Similar to the old office which was barely big enough for a desk and chair, Jane's was just a

cubbyhole.
Cubbyhole means _________________________________________
4. I salivate when I smell fresh pizza, just like when my dog Rex drools over a bone.
Salivate means _________________________________________
5. There is ample parking on the street nearby, and plenty of parking spaces in the ramp as well.
Ample means _________________________________________

Experience Clues

Often, you can guess the meaning of the unknown word just by using your own knowledge of the
world and how things work.

Example:
I didn't sleep well because my neighbor's dog was yapping all night.
Students! Students! Please stop chattering and listen to me. Class has begun.

Exercise

Use the experience clues find the meaning of the underlined words.
1. Her tea was tepid, she put it in the microwave.

Tepid means _________________________________________

2. The driver swerved the little boy who stepped out into the road.
To swerve means _________________________________________

3.She picked the irises and arranged them in a vase to put on the coffee table.
Irises is a kind of _________________________________________

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Contrast Clues

Sometimes the authors use the word which has an opposite meaning to help readers guess the
word meaning. There is no punctuation but words or phrases are very helpful.
Words or phrases: but, although, while, whereas, however, not, instead of, unlike, on the other hand,
rather than
Example: Most of women like a monogamous man not a flirtatious one.
When you do not what “monogamous” means you could look at the clue which indicates the
antonym in this sentence. It is the word “not”. So you could interpret that “monogamous” is opposite
of “flirtatious” Then you will know that “monogamous” means not flirtatious.

Exercise

Circle clues and underline antonyms of the word in bold print in each sentence.
1. Unlike international flights, domestic flights are much cheaper; sometimes you can fly for free
when there is a big deal promotion.

2. When we moved to our new home, my mom moved everything carefully but the workers who
helped us were careless.

3. George is very active. He likes adventure but his son is passive and prefers staying home.

4. The driver expected his license would be renewed, but he found that it was revoked.

5. When I was young, I liked mental work. I was happy to do math problems rather than physical
work like swimming or cycling.

6. People in the countryside are healthy, unlike people in urban areas who are infirm.

7. Bob was nervous about a calculus test whereas Billy was relaxed.
8. Simon’s family has two daughters, Sally and Sarah. Sally is hostile while Sarah is quite friendly.

9. Instead of frowning, he had a smirk when he met a pretty girl.

10. Even when he tries to clean it, his room is still messy.

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Example Clues

The authors may give some examples to help the reader interpret the word meaning. You need
to be aware that the given example is not the meaning of the word instead, you have to interpret from
those examples in order to understand the word meaning. The following are some clues.
Words or phrases: for example, for instance, such as, like
Punctuation: a colon (:), a semicolon (;)

Example: There are many kinds of digital equipment such as computers, tablets and smartphones.
They make communication convenient.

You can determine the meaning of “digital equipment”. Notice the clue “such as” which is used to give
the examples: computers, tablet and smartphones. You just ask yourself “What are computers, tablet
and smartphones?” You can interpret that they are devices that process data in electronic technology.

Exercise

Circle clues, underline the example and give the meaning of the bold printed words.

1. Celestial objects -including the sun, moon, and stars -have fascinated man through the century.
“Celestial objects” means ______________________________________________.

2. Every year many Thai people died because of serious diseases for example, AIDS, cancer,
Tuberculosis (TB).
“diseases” means ____________________________________________________.

3. The nurse checked vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, pulse and breathing rate
before taking me to see the doctor.
“vital signs” means ____________________________________________________.

4. Many tourists like visiting Thailand because there are several attractions in Thailand. For example,
Similan Island, Railay Beach, Chiangmai Night Bazaar, Ayuthaya, and the Grand Palace are
popular attractions.
“attractions” means ____________________________________________________.

5. Some examples of Thai architectures are traditional Thai house, Buddhist temples, house of monk
(Kuti), open pavilion (Sala Thai). They are a valuable legacy for Thai people.
“Thai architectures” means _____________________________________________.

Resource from:
Craven, M. (2003). Developing Reading Keys. Oxford: Macmillan.
Lohday, K. (2016). Essential Reading Skills for College Students. Pathumthani: Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University.

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Exercise

Select the choice which is closest to the meaning of the underlined words. (10 pts. / 1 each)

1. That toy is a lethal weapon; my son almost killed me with it

a. deadly b. expensive c. useful d. modern

2. Meg is usually a laggard, but today she is energetic and work hard.

a. active b. funny c. hard-working d lazy

3. My work is so monotonous. I need a job with more variety.

a. amazing b. boring c. challenging d. important

4. My golden retrigver dog was devoted, like my best friend who is always by my side.

a. faithful b. fierce c. intelligent d. well-trained

5. The police hunted through the forest for the felon who escaped from prison yesterday.

a. criminal b. forester c. hunter d. animal lover

6. Tarzan, a character in Edgar Rice Burrough's book, has many breathtaking adventures in the

jungle.

a. romantic b. exciting c. humorous b. mysterious

7. Many ships have vanished during the hurricane. No survivor from the lost ships have ever been

found.

a. arrived b. departed c. returned d. disappeared

8. Joan loves to buy exotic foods such as vegetables and herbs from China, spices from India, olives

from Greece, and cheeses from France.

a. fatty b. fresh c. frozen d. from other places

9. Sara's savings dwindled as she kept taking money out of the bank. Her bank balance went

from $1000 to $500 to $250 to zero in two months.

a. decreased b. doubled c. disappeared d. received

10. Johnny went to the haberdashery. He needed to buy a new suit for his brother Haberdashery

probably refers to a

a. kind of cloth b. person c. special occasion d shop

NOTE

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4. TOPICS

Recognizing the Topics of Paragraphs

The topic of a paragraph is the subject of the whole paragraph. Usually, the topic can be
expressed in two or three words or a short phrase. When you read and ask yourself this question,
What is the whole paragraph is about? it is important to be as exact as possible. You should learn that
sometimes a topic can be almost correct but not good enough because it is either too general or too
specific.

Exercise 1

Circle A, B, C, D or E in front of the word which is not associated with others.

1. a. cotton b. jacket c. nylon d. polyester e. rayon
2. a. brother b. dad c. husband d. uncle e. queen
3. a. breakfast b. brunch c. dinner d. lunch e. menu
4. a. minute b. afternoon c. hour d. year e. star
5. a. loud b. moon c. sun d. day e. century

Exercise 2

Give the topic of the list of words in each item.

1. a.columnist b. headline c. scoop d. reader TOPIC
2. a.crow b. dove c. eagle d. parrot ________________
3. a. brownie b. cupcake c. pie d. ice-cream ________________
4. a. lens b. Polaroid c. pose d. snapshot ________________
5. a. horror b. animation c. comedy d. drama ________________
________________

NOTE

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Exercise 3

Read the following paragraphs and choose the best topic. Then, write 'too broad' and 'too
specific' after the other two topics. . (5 pts. / 1 each)

A. Baseball is a very popular sport in the United States, every year millions of fans go to
ballparks to watch the games. Many people play in baseball leagues. People also collect
baseball cards.

a. Baseball Fans ______________________
b. Baseball in America ______________________
c. Famous Baseball Player ______________________
d. Sports in America ______________________

B. Clouds come in various shapes. Feathery ones are called cirrus. Cumulus clouds are cottony
with flat bases. The proper name for a thunderhead is cumulonimbus. It often reaches from
close to the ground to high in the sky.

a. Clouds ______________________
b. Cumulus Clouds ______________________
c. Causes of Clouds ______________________
d. Shapes of Clouds ______________________

C. Many scientists believe that life on earth will eventually end. The oxygen supply in our
atmosphere has been gradually decreased and will be used up in a billion years. Other fates
may overtake us before that time. The sun may explode and destroy life in an instant,

a. Earth ______________________
b. Life on Earth ______________________
c. Oxygen on Earth ______________________
d. The Temperature of the sun ______________________

D. It is easy to make a good cup of tea. Just follow these steps. First, boil some water. Next put
some hot water in the tea pot to warm it. Pour the water out of the pot and put in some tea
leaves. You will need one teaspoon of tea leaves for each cup of tea you want. Then pour the
boiling water into the tea pot. Cover the pot and wait for a few minutes. Now the tea is ready
to drink.

a. A Cup of Tea ______________________
b. Tea Leaves ______________________
c. Benefits of Tea ______________________
e. How to Make tea ______________________

E. One calm summer evening an Illinois family was eating supper when a tornado struck the
area suddenly. If lifted the roof and walls of the house away but did not disturb the supper
table. In Arkansas a family sitting on the front porch of their house saw the house blown away
while the porch stayed behind, In Minnesota, a tornado blew a trunk full of clothes from one
house to the attic of another house two blocks away. Whenever there are tornadoes, one will
hear strange and almost unbelievable results of these storms.

a. Tornadoes
b. History of Tornadoes
c. Unbelievable Results of Tornadoes
d. Tornadoes in One Calm summer in Illinois

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5. TITLE & MAIN IDEA

Title /Topic

รูปแบบคำถำมท่มี กั พบ
What is the best title of the passage?
What is the best title for this passage?
What is the topic of the passage?
Which of the following topics is the best “fit” for this passage?
เทคนิค : ชื่อเร่ืองจะเช่ือมโยงกบั ใจความสาคญั คาสาคญั (Keyword) หรือคำท่ใี ช้ซ้ำเสมอ จึงตอ้ งสังเกตสิ่งเหลา่ น้ี

How to find the topic
Begin by asking, “Who or what is this selection about?” Next, look for the subject that is most

frequently mentioned in the reading, usually a word or phrase that is repeated often in the subjects of
the sentences. A topic is a subject, like surfing, Egypt, classic cars, or 19th-century poets. Topics are
not complete sentences. Paragraphs may have the topic as a title but not always. For example, a
paragraph on the best seafood restaurants in town may have a catchy title that does not state the topic
plainly, like “Fishing for Great Dining.”

Directions: As you read the following paragraph, ask yourself, “Who or what is this about?”
Underline any words or phrases that give you a clue.

1. From the earliest times men have travelled on water. They made their settlements near water,
and they used it for their animals and plants. Later on, the river and then the sea became man's
highways. Wars have been waged and treaties have been signed, and civilization have lived and
died all because of the water.

What is the best title of the passage?

1) Rivers and Seas as Highway
2) The Importance of Water to Man
3) Early Man's Care of Animals and Plants
4) Civilizations of the Past

2. There are several key elements that make a great leader in business. First, you must have good
leadership skills. Good leaders are good listeners and have excellent communication skills.
They know how to read people and inspire them. Also, they must be dedicated to learning their
business. The best business leaders constantly look for new ways of doing things to gain new
customers while continuing to maintain their present ones. Third, good leaders in business have
goals. They know what they want to accomplish and how they are going to do it within a
specific time frame. Having these key elements can make anyone a good business leader.

Which of the following topics is the best “fit” for this passage?
a. business
b. leaders
c. good business leaders
d. leadership

3. An IRA, or individual retirement account, is a savings and investment program for your
personal finances so that you will have income after you retire. There are several different types
of IRAs. One type is known as the traditional IRA. This IRA will allow you to contribute up to
$3,000 of your annual salary to a retirement fund before the salary is taxed. For example, if you
made a salary of $50,000 a year, you would be able to save $3,000 into a traditional IRA and

23

only be taxed on the remaining $47,000. This lowers your income tax and allows you to invest
the money until you reach the age of 59½, the age when you may begin to withdraw the money.

Which of the following topics is the best “fit” for this passage?
a. IRAs
b. retirement accounts
c. investing money
d. saving money

Main Idea

คอื หวั ใจหลกั ที่ครอบคลุมเร่ืองท้งั หมด บง่ บอกว่า ใคร ทำอะไร ที่ไหน อย่ำงไร ประโยคทม่ี ใี จความสาคญั ปรากฎอยจู่ ะเรียกวา่ " Topic Sentence"

1. ใจควำมสำคัญบอกเป็ นนยั (Implied Main ldea)
คอื ใจความสาคญั ทีผ่ เู้ ขยี นไม่ไดเ้ ขียนอยา่ งซดั เจนแต่จะกล่าวเป็นนยั หรือบอกไวอ้ อ้ มๆ ผอู้ า่ นจึงตอ้ งรวบรวมใจความท่กี ระจายอยใู่ นหลายประโยคเชา้
ดว้ ยกนั หรือใชค้ าสาคญั (Keyword) และคาท่ปี รากฏซ้า ๆ เพ่อื จบั ใจความ

2. ตำแหน่งของใจควำมสำคญั อาจอยตู่ น้ ยอ่ หนา้ , บทนา, กลางเร่ือง, ทา้ ยยอ่ หนา้ หรือ ส่วนสรุป
3. รูปแบบคำถำมที่มกั พบ

What is the main idea of this passage?
What is the main topic of the passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the passage primarily concerned with?

เทคนคิ : กรณีท่บี ทความน้นั เป็น 'Implied Main Idea' ให้รวบรวมใจความสาคญั จากหลายๆ ประโยค และสงั เกต คาสาคญั และคาที่ใชซ้ ้า

1. Hemophilia is a genetic blood disorder that the bleeding does not stop easily because the
proteins in our body are missing. So when people with hemophilia suffer from the injury, the
bleeding will last much longer than normal people, like days and weeks. Worse, they can die if
the bleeding occurs in the brain. There is no treatment for hemophilia but the condition can be
controlled by the injection to replace the missing proteins in blood.

What is the main idea of this passage?
1) People with hemophilia must be dead.
2) Hemophilia has been found in many children.
3) Hemophilia is an illness causing a prolonged bleeding.
4) Hemophiliacs can't be cured nor controlled.

2. Many physicians used to ignore the physical disorders of neurotics – people who are overly
anxious or pessimistic. They believed that the obvious problem of patients was the
overstatement. However, new research shows that neurotics are more likely to have the physical
problems - these five diseases in particular: arthritis, asthma, ulcers, headache and heart disease.
Additionally, people with the disorder during their teens and twenties are more likely to become
ill or die in their forties.

What is the main idea of this passage?
1) Many doctors used to ignore the physical problems of neurotics.
2) Neurotics are people who are worried too much.
3) Neurotics are likely to exaggerate.
4) New research found that neurotics tend to have health problems.

24

3. A study at one prison showed that owning a pet can change a hardened and rude person to be
more caring person. Another study discovered that senior citizens, both those living alone and
those in nursing homes, became more interested in life when they were given pets to care for.
Even emotionally disturbed, children will smile and react with interest if there is a kitten or
puppy to hold. Animals, then, can be a means of therapy for many kinds of individuals.

What is the main idea of this passage?
1) There is a study conducted at a prison.
2) Pet can change a rude person to be more generous person.
3) Kids will be less disturbed if they hold a pet.
4) Animals can be a way of therapy for many.

4. Why do fashions occur in the first place? One reason is that the values are changing: what is
new is good, In many modern societies, clothing styles change through seasons. Another reason
is that fashions are promoted to increase their sales. That is why fashions occur and change
rapidly. The third reason is that fashions are stimulated by people in the society. For example,
some new style, such as blue jeans, can occasionally come from the working class and can be
adopted by the middle-class.

What is the main idea of this passage?
1) There are the reasons why fashions are popular in these days.
2) Why fashions change rapidly.
3) Fashions occur for several reasons.
4) There are four reasons that fashions occur and change rapidly.

NOTE

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Exercise

Choose the correct Title/topic of each passage. . (10 pts. / 1 each)

Both diet and exercise are important in losing weight in the healthiest way. If you exercise
without having the proper diet, then you may find that you are well developed but still fat. Besides, it
may have side effects such as fatigue, or heart problems. On the other hand, if you eat a low-calorie
dish without working out, then you may find that you are losing weight but are becoming unhealthy:
lacking of calories and nutrients, losing lean muscle mass, or developing gout. Understand the facts,
then consult your doctor regarding the best course of action to loss weight and to be healthy.

1. What is the best title of the passage?
1. Stay Healthiest As You Can

2. Losing Weight Is Important
3. How to Lose Weight in the Healthiest Way
4. Consulting Doctor about Diet and Exercise.

5. Understand the Facts of Losing Weight.

Satellite, launched into space, provides many benefits to scientists and human. Some can take
pictures of the earth and help meteorologists predict weather and track hurricanes. Others send back
information of other planets, black holes, faraway stars that leads to a clearer understanding of our
galaxies and the universe. Moreover, satellites can be used for communications, such as beaming TV
signals and phone calls or helping figure the exact location by using the Global Positioning System
(GPS).

2. What is the best title of the passage?
1. Predicting the Weather by Satellite

2. Benefits of Satellite
3. Concepts about the Type of Satellite
4. Satellite System

5. How to Use Information from Satellite

There are many methods to help you to remember new words in English. Looking at the new
word like a camera taking a photo is the easiest way. You have to look at the letters and shape of the
word. Close your eyes and picture it in your head. Can you see the word? Another way is listening to
the sounds of the word. Look at the word as you listen and say it out loud. Close the book. Can you say
it? Writing the word repeatedly three or four times can help you remember it. After doing all of these
methods, don't forget to use such new word you learn today, use it tomorrow and use it again next week.
Then you have to look for another new word in the newspaper, on the radio, or on the television and
repeat these processes again.

3. What is the topic of the passage?

1. Methods lor Remembering New Words
2. Looking For the New Words

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3. Ways to Picture Words in Your Head
4. New word in English
5. The uses of the new English word

Identify the topic sentence of each passage.

(1) Over the past ten years, many people have increasingly changed their eating habits. (2)
There has been a growing interest in having less processed food and having more organic foods. (3)
They are foods which is produced without chemical additives, chemical fertilizers, growth hormones or
genetic modifcation. (4) Therefore, the sales of organic foods continue to rise every year due to
increasing public concern about health. (5) They think that organic foods taste better, are friendlier to
the environment and safer to their lives because the foods have lower levels of pesticides.

4. Which of the following is the topic sentence of the passage?
1. Sentence (1)
2. Sentence (2)
3. Sentence (3)
4. Sentence (4)
5. Sentence (5)

(1) in the past, tobacco was long thought to be harmless and concerned as a soothing practice.
(2) Now, with many strong evidences, smoking tobacco is proven to be hazardous to health. (3)
Smoking irritates the throat and respiratory passages and is sometimes related to loss of appetite, nausea,
shortness of breath and irregularity of the heartbeat. (4) But even more important, smoking has been
associated with chronic and often fatal disease of the respiratory tract. (5) Moreover, smokers are more
likely to develop lung or throat cancer than are non- smokers.

5. Which of the following is the topic sentence of the passage?

1. Sentence (1)

2. Sentence (2)

3. Sentence (3)

4. Sentence (4)

5. Sentence (5)

(1) There are many fun things to do at the beach. (2) Swimming is one thing that can be done.
(3) Snorkeling is another thing that can be enjoyed. (4) Playing beach volleyball can be a lot of fun.
(5) It is also fun to look for shells. (6) Some people simply like to sunbathe.

6. The best title for this passage is ……………………………….

a. Beach activities b. Water Sports c. Enjoyable Hobbies d. Sea Travel

7. Which sentence best summarizes the main idea? ………………………………

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(1) On weekend as soon as Tom gets out of his bed, he sits on the sofa in front of the
television
and start searching for his favorite program. (2) "Have your breakfast, please Tom". (3) His mother
tells him, but he won't make his move at all. (4) At her second call he will slowly get up and turn the
television set to face the dining table. (5) He doesn't miss any part of the program while having
breakfast. (6) He likes fish, but dislikes all kinds of vegetables. (7) After he has finished, he moves the
television set to its normal direction and watches on and on until the end of the last afternoon program
at 6.30 p.m.

8. What is this passage mainly about?

a. Tom b. Tom's weekend c. Tom's bedroom d. Tom's Family

9. What is the main idea of this passage? ………………………………………

a. Tom always gets up late on weekend.
b. Tom watches television all day on weekend.
c. Tom is jobless because of his laziness.
d. Tom is a kind of lazy and disorganized person.

(1) The movie Apollo 13 is an exciting story about space exploration. (2) It is about the
astronauts who get in trouble while they are trying to return to Earth. (3) Earth is the third closest
planet to the sun. (4) People in the audience are on the edge of their seats waiting to see what happens.
(5) The movie was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995. (6) What makes it even more exciting is
that it is a true story.

10. What is the best topic of the paragraph? ………………………………………………
Which sentence is the main idea? ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….

NOTE

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6. REFERENCE

(Reference) คอื คาท่ีใชอ้ า้ งถึง "คา / วลี / ประโยค" ทีเ่ คยกล่าวมาแลว้ หรืออาจกลา่ วในประโยคถดั ไป เพอ่ื เล่ียงการใชค้ าซ้า โดยคาอา้ งองิ อาจเป็น
คาสรรพนาม (Pronoun), คากริยา (Verb) หรือ คานาม (Noun) กไ็ ด้ ท้งั น้ี "คาอา้ งองิ " ตอ้ งทาหนา้ ที่เดียวกบั "คาทถ่ี กู อา้ งอิง" เสมอ

ประเภทและลักษณะคำอ้ำงอิง วิธใี ช้ คำทีใ่ ช้อ้ำงองิ
ลกั ษณะ he, she, him, her, mine, his,
ใชอ้ า้ งองิ คานามเอกพจน์ hers, one, another, the other
อา้ งอิงดว้ ย
สรรพนาม (Pronoun) ใชอ้ า้ งอิงคานามเอกพจน์ วลี, ประโยค it, this, that

อา้ งองิ ดว้ ย ใชอ้ า้ งองิ คานามพหูพจน์ we, they, us, them, ours, theirs,
กริยาช่วย (Helping verb) these, those, ones, some, (the)
ใชอ้ า้ งองิ กริยาเอกพจน์ others, many , few, all, several
อา้ งอิงดว้ ย ใชอ้ า้ งอิงกริยาพหูพจน์
คุณศพั ทแ์ สดงความเป็นเจา้ ของ ใชอ้ า้ งอิงกริยาในรูปอดีต does
(possessive adjective) do
ใชอ้ า้ งอิงถงึ คาท่ี did
อา้ งอิงดว้ ย แสดงความเป็นเจา้ ของ my, your, our, their, his, her,
คานาม (noun) its

ใชอ้ า้ งองิ คานามที่ คานามทใ่ี ชอ้ า้ งอิงมกั ข้นึ ตน้ ดว้ ย
ความหมายใกลเ้ คียงกนั
the, this, that, such, these,
those

I saw many people running along the street. Those are the marathon runners.
Those = สรรพนามพหูพจ ใชอ้ า้ งองิ คานามพหูพจนในประโยคกอ่ นหนา้

This should not happen. A father left his baby unattended in a kitchen.
This = สรรพนามเอกพจน์ ใชอ้ า้ งอิงท้งั ประโยคทีอ่ ยถู่ ดั ไป

My sister just bought a bag from an online store yesterday. Her bag will be delivered from
the store today.

Her = ad. แสดงความเป็นเจา้ ของ ใชอ้ า้ งองิ คาว่า My sister's (bag)

She brought an umbrella in case of raining. So did I.
did = กริยาช่วย ใชอ้ า้ งอิงกริยาในประโยคก่อนหนา้ ในรูป past simple tense

29

Sir Issac Newton discovered the law of gravity. The principle can explain why things fall to
the ground.

The principle = คานามท่ีมคี วามหมายใกลเ้ คยี งกบั คานามในประโยคก่อนหนา้

รูปแบบคำถำมทมี่ กั พบ
What does "this" (paragraph x) refer to? คาว่า "this" (ยอ่ หนา้ ท่ี X) อา้ งองิ ถงึ อะไร
What does "the girl!" (line x) refer to? คาว่า "the gir" (บรรทดั ที่ x อางอิงถึงอะไร

จุดสังเกตเพ่อื หำคำอ้ำงองิ
• อานแบบ Scanning เพื่อหาคาทีถ่ ูกอา้ งองิ
ส่วนทมี่ กั พบคาตอบ จะอยทู่ ่ี "ประโยคหนา้ หรือ ประโยคหลงั " คาอา้ งอิง
• คาอา้ งอิงท่ีเป็นคาสรรพนาม (Pronoun) จะมีวธิ ีใชต้ ามหลกั ไวยากรณ์
สรรพนามเอกพจน์ เช่น one, he, she, it แทนคานามเอกพจน์ หรือ
สรรพนามพหูพจน์ เช่น ones, we, they, them แทนคานามพหูพจน์
• หากคาอา้ งองิ ข้ึนตน้ ดว้ ย "the, this, these, those, such + ดาอา้ งอิงคานาม"
แสดงว่าดาอา้ งอิงคานามเคยถกู กล่าวมาแลว้ เช่น

Jane used to live near my house. The girl is now living in Bangkok.
• สรรพนาม this, that, these, those สามารถใชอ้ า้ งองิ ไดท้ ้งั "คา / กลมุ่ คา / ประโยค"

NOTE
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Example

Choose the best choice. .

bleeding of people with hemophilia will last longer than of normal people if they have an
accident or injury. The severity of hemophilia depends on the amount of clotting factor in the blood. It
can range from mild to moderate or life-threatening.

What does "it" (line 2) refer to?
1) The amount of clotting in blood
2) The severity of hemophilia
3) The bleeding
4) An accident or injury

Thousands of geologists are actively engaged in locating and exploring mineral resources of
the earth, such as coal and oil. This is just one of the activities that geologists do because they are
conceded with the study of water supplies. Furthermore, many engineering projects such as tunnels
canals and reservoirs need to receive geological advice on the selection of sites and materials.

What does "This" (line 2) refer to?

1) Thousands of geologists

2) Locating and exploring mineral resources

3) One of the activities

4) The study of water supplies

When trees are cut down for the industry, new ones are planted to replace Deadwood,
diseased trees, and harmful bushes are removed. In replanting, foresters not only consider the
suitability of the tree for climate and soil, but also think about its usefulness to people. This is the
reason why people should grow many kinds of trees to take care of our future.

What does "ones" (line 1) refer to?

1. The industry 4. Diseased trees

2. Trees 5. Deadwood

3. Harmful bushes

What does "its" (line 4) refer to? 4. Tree's
1. Forester's 5. Soil's
2. Climate's
3. People's

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Exercise: Identify what the underlined words refer to. (10 pts. / 1 each)

1. This must interest you if you are still keen on being a model. The model contest is going to be
held in Bangkok next week. You can apply for it by yourself and I can accompany you
This = ________________________________________________

2. Lily borrowed my books and then returned them to me as the wrinkled book with water
damage. What do you think of that?
That =________________________________________________

3. Many women prefer to go shopping when they are stressed. Others think that it is better to
go exercising to reduce level of the body's stress hormones.
Others = ______________________________________________

4. Scientists have known for a while, as most parents do, that babies can learn the complex
concepts very quickly and explore the world through trial and error.
Do = ________________________________________________

5. It is very expensive to buy a house in the city so many people choose to rent apartments or
condominiums. Their prices are more affordable.
lt = ________________________________________________

6. Vitamin A is necessary for eyes. People who don't take enough vitamin A often develop night
blindness. That makes them barely see things well in the dark.
That = ________________________________________________
Them = _______________________________________________

7. I couldn't find the classroom when I arrived the school, but eventually I did. It was on the
second floor. When I entered into the room, several students were already there.
Did = ________________________________________________
There = ______________________________________________

8. In 1849, gold had been discovered in the United States so there was a great rush of people to
the U.S.A. Some came by ship. Others did by the wagon train.
Some = ______________________________________________
Others =______________________________________________
Did =________________________________________________

9. Penicillin was among the first the medicines used against the bacterial infections. However,
the drug is still widely used today because the diseases have developed the resistance to it.
The drugs = ___________________________________________
The diseases =__________________________________________
It = __________________________________________________

32

10.. Some students read slowly and know it; others read slowly but don't

know it. The former can be helped because they are aware of their

problem. So does the latter if they are aware their problem first.

It = __________________________________________________

Others =______________________________________________

The former = __________________________________________

Their problem = ________________________________________

Does = _______________________________________________

The latter =____________________________________________

NOTE

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7. Multiple-Meaning Words 1

Words with multiple meanings can be confusing to a reader.
One type of multiple-meaning word is a word that is spelled and pronounce the same, but has more
than one definition.

Example: fly (n) = an insect plant (n) = a living thing that grows in earth
fly (v) = to travel by plane plant (n) = a factory
plant (v) = to put plants or seeds in the ground

Another type of multiple-meaning word is a word that is spelled the same but pronounced differently
for different definitions.

Example: tear(n) = a drop of salty liquid that comes out of your eyes when you are crying
Tear (v) = to damage something such as paper or cloth by pulling it hard

present (n) = something you give someone on a special occasion
present (v) = to give a speech

Read the underlined word in each sentence below. Circle the letter of the sentence in which the
word had the same meaning as in the original sentence.

1. The flight has already fully booked. No more seats were available.
A. I don't have enough money to buy that book.
B. I've just started reading a book by Hemingway.
C. To get concert tickets, you have to book in advance.

2. Employees must show their identity cards at the gate.
A. Let's play cards.
B I haven't got my membership card yet.
C. I've sent my mother a card on Mother's Day.

3. This is our last match of the season.
A. Don't let your children play with matches.
B. We painted the wall blue to match the sofa.
C. They are preparing for the big match tomorrow.

4. After 21 days on the ship, we saw land.
A. Flight 805 landed five minutes ago.
B. The crocodile lays its eggs on land.
C. The plot managed to land the airplane safely.

5. Martha lifted the phone before the second ring.
A. John gave me a lift home.
B. We took the lift dowp to the bar.
C. Tony, can you please lift Andy onto his bed?

34

Multiple-Meaning Words 2

Strategies for Decoding Multiple-Meaning Words.

1. Use context clues. Ask: What is the word's part of speech?
Do other words in the sentence give clues about its meaning?

2. Use a dictionary. Look at the different definitions and ask: Does this definition make sense as it is
used in the text? Keep looking until one definition fits. Pay attention to pronunciation - you might
have heard the word before but pronounced different.

Find the specific meaning of the underlined word in each sentence.

1. Course A. (n) a series of lessons or lectures on a particular subject
a. The first course on the menu is soup. _____ B. (n) a direction or route followed by a ship or an aircraft
C. (n) a way of acting in or dealing with a particular situation
b. Because of the bad weather, we D. (n) the way something develops or would develop
changed course and sailed toward land. _____ E. (n) any of the separate parts of a meal
F. (n) an area of land or water where races are held
c. A plane flew off course. It crashed in the G. (n) the direction a river moves in
mountains and its pilots were killed. _____ H. (n) a series of medical treatments

2. Date A. (n) a particular day of the month or year -
a. Thank you for your letter dated 23th March. B. (n) a romantic meeting
C. (n) a sweet sticky brown fruit
_____ D. (v) to write / print the date on something
E. (v) to find age of something
b. Make sure you sign and date it at the bottom F. (v) to have a romantic relationship with someone
of the paper. _____

c. The rocks are dated by examining the fossils
in the same layer.______

3. Key A. (n) a metal tool for lock
a. You have to lock the back door with this key. _____ B. (n) an important part of a plan, action, etc.
C. (n) the buttons on a computer keyboard.
b. The key to success in job interview is
preparation. _____ D. (n) the answers to tests or exercises
E. (v) to put information into a computer
c. Communication is the key to understanding
people around you. _____

NOTE

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35

Exercise

Read the underlined word in each sentence below. Circle the letter of the sentence in which the word
had the same meaning as in the original sentence. (10 pts. / 1 each)

1. Lack of money drove Joyce to sell the farm.
A. The blizzard drove Marlene to decide to stay home and be alone on Christmas.
B. Dad drove us to the mall but Mom said she would take us home.
C. The family drove three hours to see the ocean.

2. We could not listen to Daniel anymore because his ideas were bunk.
A. Can I sleep on the bottom bunk?
B. Do you want to sleep in the top bunk?
C. The executive wanted to hear substantial ideas, not bunk

3. The employee put a caution sign up so no one would slip on the wet floor.
A. The man will slip on the wet floor if he's not careful.
B. We need a permission slip in order to go on the trip.
C. The messenger handed the slip of paper to the teacher.

4. He mowed the yard on Sunday afternoon.
A. My stride is about one yard in length.
B. A football field is 100 yards long.
C. My dog loves to run in the yard.

5. I went to take a piece of bread from the bag, but it was too stale,
A. I forgot to seal the wrapper so now the raisin bread was
B. There was nothing new and creative about the stale room.
C. We couldn't laugh at the stale joke.

6. We exited through the door in the rear.
A. The new student sat in the rear of the classroom.
B. My neighbor had to rear the children all by herself.
C. Laura's wish was to rear her children into responsible adults.

7. Many people don't care who runs the country.
A. She ran a restaurant in Boston.
B. This software will run on any PC.
C. Paul Lopez is going to run for a class president.

8. He always comes up with bright ideas for making money.
A. The big windows make the room so bright
B. I am sure our company has a bright future now.
C. They are both bright boys - they should do well at school.

9. The company paid 75,000$ in fines to the employees.
A. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go out.
B. The restaurant was chosen for its good food and fine wines.
C. Every time you are late for class, I'm going to fine you 10 baht

10. Kate has never forgotten her former boss because she was fired two months ago.
A. Come and sit in front of the fire,
B. The police fired the gun into the air.
C. The airlines fired him for being drunk.

36

8. PURPOSE & TONE

จุดประสงค์ของผู้เขียน (writer’s purpose) คือ เป้าหมายในการเขยี นเร่ือง โดยจดุ ประสงคข์ องผเู้ ขยี นจะเชื่อมโยงและมีผลตอ่ ใจความสาคญั
(Main Idea) ของเรื่องเสมอ

น้ำเสียงของผ้เู ขยี น (writer’s Tone) คอื อารมณ์ ความรู้สึก และทศั นคตขิ องผูเ้ ขยี นทมี่ ีตอ่ เรื่องน้นั ๆ น้าเสียงจึงมีความสาคญั ต่อการส่ือความหมาย
ของ เรื่อง หากจะดวู ่าน้าเสียงของผูเ้ ขยี นเป็นอยา่ งไร สงั เกตภาษาหรือตคาศพั ทท์ ีผ่ ูเ้ ขยี นใช้

รูปแบบคำถำมทีม่ กั พบ

• What is the author's/writer's purpose?
• What is the purpose of this passage?
• What is the author's/writer's tone?

ประเภทของจุดประสงค์ (Type of Purpose)

จุดประสงคข์ องผเู้ ขยี นแบ่งเป็น 3 ประเภทหลกั ดงั น้ี
1. To inform แจง้ ใหท้ ราบ: ผเู้ ขียนจะให้ขอ้ มูลและขอ้ เท็จจริงแกผ่ ูอ้ ่าน

ลกั ษณะ แหล่งท่พี บ หมำยเหตุ
สิ่งทีผ่ อู้ า่ นควรสนใจในเน้ือเรื่อง
To inform • หนงั สือเรียน
• คาจากดั ความ
To explain • หนงั สือพิมพ์ • คาอธิบาย
To discuss • บทความวิชาการ • ตวั อยา่ ง
To clarify • แผ่นพบั โฆษณา
To establish • สารานุกรม
To analyze

2. To persuade โนม้ นา้ วใจ: ผูเ้ ขยี นจะโนม้ นา้ วใจผูอ้ ่านโดยแสดงขอ้ เทจ็ จริงพร้อมขอ้ ถกเถยี ง/ขอ้ คิดเห็น

ลกั ษณะ แหล่งที่พบ หมำยเหตุ

To persuade • บทบรรณาธิการ สิ่งทีผ่ อู้ า่ นควรสนใจในเน้ือเรื่อง

To convince • บทวจิ ารณ์หนงั สือ • สังเกตขอ้ คิดเห็น ส่ิงจงู ใจของ
To inspire • สุนทรพจน์ ผเู้ ขยี น
To advice • บทความแสดงความคิดเห็น
To argue against • โฆษณา • ประเมินว่าขอ้ คิดเห็นหรือ
To criticize ส่ิงจูงใจน้นั มีเหตุผลน่าเชื่อถอื
มากเพยี งใด

3. To Entertain ใหค้ วามบนั เทงิ : ผูเ้ ขยี นเล่าเร่ืองเพอื่ ให้ผูอ้ า่ นเกิดความเพลดิ เพลนิ

ลักษณะ แหล่งท่พี บ หมำยเหตุ
ส่ิงทีผ่ อู้ ่านควรสนใจในเน้ือเร่ือง
To amuse • บลอ็ กส่วนตวั
• เคา้ โครงเรื่อง
To delight • บนั ทึกส่วนตวั • สาระทผ่ี ูเ้ ขยี นตอ้ งการจะส่ือ
To appeal • บทกวี วรรณกรรม • การใชภ้ าษา/คาศพั ท์
To interest • บทความบนั เทิง
To impress • จดหมาย

NOTE

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ประเภทของนำ้ เสียง (Type of Tone)

น้าเสียงของผเู้ ขยี นแบง่ เป็น 3 ประเภทหลกั ดงั น้ี
1. นำ้ เสียงเซิงบวก (Positive) ไดแ้ ก่ น้าเสียงของเรื่องทส่ี ื่ออารมณ์ ดงั น้ี

amused สนุกสนาน enthusiastic ทกี่ ระตอื รือร้น proud ทีภ่ าคภมู ใิ จ
adoring ทีช่ ่ืนชอบ friendly เป็นมิตร relieved ท่ีโลง่ อก
appreciated ท่ซี าบซ้ึงใจ humorous ทม่ี ีอารมณข์ นั cheerful ที่ร่าเริง
intimate คนุ้ เคย, สนิทสนม righteous ท่ยี ตุ ธิ รรม satisfied ทีพ่ งึ พอใจ
complimentary ทชี่ ่ืนชม joyous สนุกสนาน comfortable ทส่ี บายใจ
light-hearted เบิกบานใจ supportive ท่ีให้กาลงั ใจ sentimental, emotional
อ่อนไหว
delightful ที่ยินดี loving ที่รู้สึกรัก playful ทขี่ ้เี ลน่ , ทีส่ นุก
sympathetic เห็นอกเห็นใจ encouraging ทสี่ นบั สนุน tolerant ทีย่ อมรบั ได,้ ทที่ นได้

2. น้ำเสียงเป็ นกลำง (Neutral) ไดแ้ ก่ น้าเสียงของเรื่องที่ส่ืออารมณ์ ดงั น้ี logical ท่ีเป็นเหตุเป็นผล
nostalgic นึกถงึ ความหลงั
apathetic ท่ไี มใ่ ส่ใจ factual ทเี่ ป็นขอ้ เท็จจริง objective ท่เี ป็นไปตามขอ้ เทจ็ จริง
ceremonial ที่เป็นพิธีการ historical ประวตั ศิ าสตร์ plain ที่ไมม่ ีการปรุงแตง่
commanding ท่สี ัง่ การ informal ทไี่ มเ่ ป็นทางการ explanatory ที่ช้ีแจง
detached ทไี่ ม่ลาเอยี ง informative ซ่ึงใหข้ อ้ มูล straightforward ตรงไปตรงมา
descriptive ท่พี รรณนา impartial ท่ยี ตุ ิธรรม
learned ทไี่ ดร้ ับบทเรียน questioning ที่ต้งั คาถาม outraged โครธแคน้
pessimistic ทีม่ องโลกแงร่ ้าย
3. น้ำเสียงเชิงลบ (Negative) ไดแ้ ก่ น้าเสียงของเรื่องท่สี ่ืออารมณ์ ดงั น้ี pressured ท่ีถกู กดดนั
distressed ทุกขใ์ จ
absurd, silly ไร้สาระ critical วจิ ารณ,์ ไม่เห็นดว้ ย disturbed ท่กี ระสบั กระสาย
alarmed ท่ตี ื่นกลวั cynical ดถู ูก, เหยยี ดหยาม doubtful, skeptical สงสัย
ambivalent ตดั สินใจไมไ่ ด้ pompous พดู เกินจริง gloomy เศร้าหมอง
depressed เศร้าใจ angry, furious โกรธ haunted รู้สึกหลอน
sarcastic ทีเ่ สียดสี anxious วติ กกงั วล horrified รู้สึกหวาดกลวั
serious ทเี่ คร่งขรึม annoyed รู้สึกราคาญ tragic ท่ีน่าสลดใจ
suspicious ท่ีน่าสงสยั apologetic ท่เี สียใจ ironic ท่ีเยาะเยย้ , เสียดสี
terrified สยองขวญั argumentative ทีโ่ ตแ้ ยง้ vindictive ทีอ่ าฆาต
tense ที่ตึงเครียด arrogant หยงิ่ , ทะนง miserable เศร้าใจ
bitter ขมขน่ื intimidating ท่ีข่ใู ห้กลวั
threatening ทค่ี กุ คาม, ที่นากส boastful พดู เกินจริง
concerned ทเี่ ป็นกงั วล irritated หงดุ หงิด
confused สับสน uneasy ทไ่ี มส่ บายใจ

38

Example

Although my house looks shabby, it is a special place for me.
Positive tone : emotional, sentimental, tender

1. This is the second-hand car but it's not that bad. At least, it is the environmentally friendly car.
______________ tone :
_______________________________________________________________

2. If only I brought my phone with me, I wouldn't be miserable to use the public telephone to call you.
________________ tone :
_______________________________________________________________

3. I have lived in this apartment for 2 years. It is located near my work office.
________________ tone :
_______________________________________________________________

In the United States, children will attend kindergarten when they turn five. In some states, four-
old children may start school, with months long before they celebrate their fifth birthday. However, it
would be better if all states required children to be five years old before starting school. Today
kindergartens all over the country have become more academically challenging. This means that
kindergarten students must quickly develop reading and writing skills. Yet according to researches, the
older children are able to handle this kind of content better than the younger ones. Moreover, a study
conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics found that five-year-old children are more
likely to have the reading, mathematical, or social skills that are necessary for learning kindergarten
material.

What is the purpose of this passage?
1) To describe advantages and disadvantages of letting five-year-old kids start school.
2) To convince readers to let the kids begin kindergarten until they are five years old.
3) To criticize the school system that does not work for four-year-old kids.
4) To explain how kindergartens in the United States work.

What is the writer's tone?
1) objective
3) skeptical
2) confused
4) critical

NOTE

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39

Exercise

Exercise 1 : Determine the writer's purpose by noticing words and details that are used within
the sentences. (5 pts. / 1 each)

To entertain To inform To persuade

1. _____________ Every two years, the World Monuments Fund (WMF) will arrange the
meeting to a list of the world's 100 most endangered sites. They are architectural endangered
by man-made threat such as climate change and war.

2. _____________The death penalty should be abandoned because it is cruel and inhuman.
3. _____________Pain is a normal part of a physical process that warns us that something is

causing us harm -- disease, body injury, or inflammation.
4. _____________The best way to survive babysitting a set of triplets is to come armed with

plenty of energy, lots of patience, and a first-aid kit.
5. _____________Cloning can occur naturally as known as twins. However, artificial cloning

like
human cloning that produces copies of a whole body should be banned.

Exercise 2: Choose the writer’s positive tone from the box that best describes each sentence.
(5 pts. / 1 each)

Sympathetic relieved optimistic humorous complimentary

1. _____________This room needs some repairs, but I'm sure the owner will renovate it
sometimes soon.

2. _____________We plan to release cockroaches and mice into this apartment before we move
out so we can leave the place exactly as we found it.

3. _____________I know it's been hard for you to go through the tough situation right now, if
you need me to do anything, I will take care of it for you.

4. ____________ it's great and practical solutions for solving these complex issues with clients,
I’m sure I will propose your ideas to the manager.

5. _____________Woohoo! I just finished this monthly report. Now I could enjoy my weekend.

Exercise 3 : Choose the writer’s negative tone from the box that best describes each sentence.
(5 pts. / 1 each)

Discontented sarcastic haunted

bitter outraged

1. _____________When are you going to take the garbage out? Sometime this year, maybe?
2. _____________If only there were some vacant jobs for me, I wouldn't have to live in this

unpleasant room.
3. _____________Children were playing near the forest. They were having fun but kept look

over shoulder at the forest. They felt like they were being watched. It seemed like a pair of
dark eyes hidden in the forest was on them.
4. _____________The homeless face terrible problems like becoming victims of violence or fa
the serious health problems because they are exposed to the bad weather and unclear
condition. Worst of all, government passes the law to make it harder for them to live in
society.
5. _____________I don't know how could you do that. It was insane. Killing a cat for pleasure
a crime. You deserved to be in jail!

40

Exercise 4: Choose the writer's neutral tone from the box that best describes each sentence.
(5 pts. / 1 each)

Historical factual logical
cautionary
straightforward

1. _____________When the maid is cleaning, the floor will be slippery, So please watch your
step,

2. _____________Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who led
several successful campaigns during the French Revolution, lasted from 1789 until 1799.

3. _____________The hurricane swept across an area from Virginia to Canada. The wind was
so powerful that the local train station had its roof entirely ripped off.

4. _____________You can note in your budget book about how much money you spent on
shopping today.

5. _____________People can enjoy low-carb foods or exercising instead of avoiding
carbohydrate completely to lose weight. Completely cutting out carbohydrate will have a side
effect on their bodies.

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แหลง่ อ้างองิ
Craven, M. (2003). Developing Reading Keys. Oxford: Macmillan.
Lohday, K. (2016). Essential Reading Skills for College Students. Pathumthani: Valaya

Alongkorn Rajabhat University.
สธุ รี า มีตงั ค์. ตะลุยโจทย์ Reading & Conversation 500 ข้อ. ครง้ั ที่ 2. บริษทั กรนี ไลฟ์ พรน้ิ ติ้งเฮ้าส์ :

2561.
https://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~vijaya/ssrvm/worksheetscd/getWorksheets.com/Language%20Arts/s

yn_ant.pdf
https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/negative-prefixes