chapter 2 module cg Ahmad

LESSON 1 :LINEAR MOTION Speed and Velocity ,v

1.1. Introduction Speed is the rate of change of distance.
Speed = distance
Linear motion (also called rectilinear motion) is a
one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can time
therefore be described mathematically using only one Average speed = total distance
spatial dimension. ... In general motion, a particle's
position and velocity are described by vectors, which total time
have a magnitude and direction Speed is a scalar quantity and the value always
positive.
1.2 Some terminologies in linear motion The unit of speed is metre per second (m s-1)
Distance ,d and Displacement, s
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Distance ,d is length of the path of an object
without considering any particular direction Velocity = displacement
Distance is a scalar quantity and the value always time
positive.
The unit of distance is metre (m) v= s
t
Displacement, s is distance traveled in a
particular direction. Average velocity = total displacement
Magnitude of displacement, s = the shortest distance total time
beween the final position and the initial position
Displacement is a vector quantity and the value can Velocity is a vector quantity and the value can be
be positive and negative depend on their directions. positive and negative depend on their directions.
The unit of displacement is metre (m) The unit of velocity is metre per second (m s-1)

Diagram below shows the difference between Acceleration, a and Deceleration (Retardation)
distance and displacement.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Distance = Length of the road
Displacement = Length of the line AB Acceleration = change of velocity
If the motion in a straight line and in one direction , time
the magnitude of distance is same as the magnitude
of displacement . Acceleration = final velocity - initial velocity
time

Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity
time taken

a= v-u
t

Negative acceleration is called as deceleration
(retardation)
Acceleration is a vector quantity
The unit of acceleration or deceleration is metre per
second per second (ms-2)

1

1.3 Some important notes relating to velocity Example 2
Diagram 2 shows the route taken by a runner . The
Velocity Meaning runner start runs from point P at 7.30 a.m .and end to
Zero Object in stationary// at point Q at 7.45 a.m.
rest
Increase Object accelerate Diagram 2
During the runner runs from P to Q, calculate,
Decrease Object decelerate (a) (i) the total distance

Uniform Object no accelerate // (ii) the total displacement
Positive zero acceleration (b) (i) the average speed
Negative Object moves forwards
//to the right//downwards (ii) the average velocity
Object moves backwards (c) State the average speed in the unit m s-1
//to the left//upwards

Example 1

Diagram 1 shows the path of a toy car moves from
M to N.

Determine Example 3
(a) total distance travelled by the toy car
(b) total displacement taken by the toy car A car starts from rest and
accelerate uniformly to achieve velocity
Solution 40 ms-1 in 10 seconds.
Determine the acceleration of the car in the first 10
seconds

Solution

2

1.4 Using a ticker timer to analysing the motion Calculation
1.4.1: Structure and how a ticker timer works.
A ticker timer is connected to an alternating Calculate velocity, v using the formula
electricity supply (a.c.) and uses the mains electricity v=s,
frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks or vibrations
every second. t
1 tick is the time interval between one dot and the v= L
next dot on the tape.
20 x 0.02
50 ticks = 1 s
1 tick = 0.02s v average = v 30 + v40 + v50 + v60 + v70
x ticks = (x)(0.02) 5

1.4.2 Experiment to determine average velocity 1.4.3 Experiment to determine average
of trolley by using a ticker timer. acceleratiom of trolley by using a ticker
Aim of the experiment : timer.
To determine the average velocity of a trolley to
go down a runway. by using a ticker timer. Aim of the experiment :
List of apparatus and materials: To determine the average acceleration of a
A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, a runway, trolley to go down a runway. by using a ticker
12 V a.c power supply and metre ruler. timer.
Arrangement of the apparatus:
List of apparatus and materials:
A Trolley, ticker timer, ticker tape, a runway,
12 V a.c power supply and metre ruler.

Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment The procedure of the experiment
Measure the height of the end of runway from
table by using metre ruler, h = 30 cm Measure the height of the end of runway from
The ticker-timer is switched on and a trolley is table by using metre ruler, h = 30 cm
pushed to go down the runway. The ticker-timer is switched on and a trolley is
Measure the distance between 20 ticks = L pushed to go down the runway.
Calculate velocity, v Measure the distance between the length of the
The experiment is repeated 4 times by first 10 ticks = L1 and the last 10 ticks = L2
increasing the value of h = 40 cm ,50 cm ,60 cm Calculate acceleration, a
and 70 cm . The experiment is repeated 4 times by
Calculate the average of velocity, v average increasing the value of h = 40 cm ,50 cm ,60 cm
and 70 cm.
3 Calculate the average acceleration , aaverage

Calculation

Calculate acceleration, a, using the formula Example 6

using the formula a = v − u The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5
t ticks for every interval AB.BC.CD and DE .Calculate
L2 − L1 the acceleration.
a = 0.2 0.2 Solution
(5 -1) x 0.2
Example 7
Calculate the average acceleration , Diagram shows a tape chart representing the motion
of a trolley.
a average = a 30 + a 40 + a 50 + a 60 + a 70
5

Example 4

Based on the ticker tape above calculate
(a) time taken (b) average velocity
Solution

Example 5

Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration .
Solution

Based on the diagram ,calculate

(a) the acceleration
(b) the average velocity

4

Solution (b)

Velocity Increases uniformly

Acceleration Uniform

1.4.4 The type of motion based on ticker tape or (c)
tape chart

(a)

Velocity Uniform

Acceleration Zero

Velocity Increase with increasingly

Acceleration Increase

5

(d) (f)

Velocity Increase with decreasingly Velocity Decrease uniformly

Acceleration Decrease Acceleration Uniform negative acceleration
//Uniform deceleration

(e) 1.5 : Using a photogate to analysing the motion

1.5.1 Photogate and how does it work.

A set of photogate consists of :
(a) Photogate sensor
(b) Electronic timer
(c) Moving objects such as trolley, pendulum , bar

tape , picket fence and pulley.

(a) A photogate sensor is a timing device used for
very precise measurements of high-speed or
short-duration events. Typical applications
include to determine instantaneous velocity ,
average velocity ,acceleration, the period of a
pendulum, moving a pulley ,conservation of
momentum and etc
The Photogate works by projecting an infrared
beam to a sensor

Velocity Increase not uniformly

Acceleration Not uniform

6

Photogate sensor Pendulum Timing mode uses a photogate
(b) Electronic timer connected to an interface. The timing
begins when the photogate is first
Electronic timer interrupted. The timing continues until the
The special trolley used together with the photogate is interrupted twice more, so
photogate. that you get the time for a complete swing
The are several types of mode in the timer: of a pendulum
(i) Gate timing mode ((iv) Motion timing mode

For this mode, timing begins when the The Motion Timing mode uses a photogate
photogate is first blocked. The timing and together moving objects such as “
continues until the gate is unblocked. The picket fence and bar tape.. When the
duration of the interruption is thus timed. ‘picket fence” or bar tape passing through
(ii) Pulse timing mode the photogate ,the interval times are
displayed in a data table.
(c) Moving objects
(i) Trolley

The slotted weight to increase the weight
of trolley and the shutter plate is used to
block infrared beam when the trolley
passing through the photogate.
(ii) Pendulum

In this mode, measurement of time is (iii) Bar tape
started when a photogate 1 gets blocked
until photgate 2 starts to block.

(iii) Pendulum timing mode

7

(iv) Picket fence Measure the distance between the two
photogates , x = 50 cm
(v) Pulley Adjust the electronic timer switch to the pulse

1.5.2 Experiment to determine average velocity timing mode ( )
of trolley by using photogate. Release the trolley from the photogate1 and
Aim of the experiment : stop it after passing photogate 2.
To determine the average velocity of a trolley to Record the time from the electronic timer = t
go down a runway. Calculate velocity, v
List of apparatus and materials: The experiment is repeated 4 times by
A Trolley, shutter plate , slotted weight , two increasing the value of x = 60 cm ,70 cm ,80
photogates ,connecting wire, runway , electronic cm and 90 cm.
timer and metre ruler Calculate the average of velocity , v average
Arrangement of the apparatus:
Calculation

Calculate velocity, v using the formula v = s ,
t

v = 50
t

Calculate the average of velocity ,

v average = v 50 + v 60 + v 70 + v80 + v 90 +
5

1.5.3 Experiment to determine average
acceleration of trolley by using photogate.

Aim of the experiment :
To determine the average acceleration of a
trolley to go down a runway.by using photogate

List of apparatus and materials:
A Trolley, shutter plate , slotted weight , two
photogates ,connecting wire, runway , electronic
timer and metre ruler

Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment Diagram(a)
Diagram(b)
Set up the apparatus as shown in above
diagram.
Make sure the shutter plate is installed on the
trolley correctly. The shutter plate should be
mounted in the direction of the photogate is
placed.
Measure the height of the end of runway from
table by using metre ruler, h = 30 cm

8

The procedure of the experiment 1.6 Derivation of the linear motion equations

Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram (a) An object moves with the initial velocity , u. After
Make sure the shutter plate is installed on the time , t ,the displacement of the object is s and the
trolley correctly. The shutter plate should be final velocity is v.
mounted in the direction of the photogate is Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity
placed.
Measure the height of the end of runway from time taken
table by using metre ruler, h = 30 cm a= v-u
Measure the distance between the two
photogates , x = 50 cm t
Adjust the electronic timer switch to the pulse at = v - u
v = u + at …………………….(1)
timing mode ( ) Average velocity = total displacement
Release the trolley from the photogate1 and
stop it after passing photogate 2. total time
Record the time from the electronic timer = t  u + v  = s
Mark the position of the photgate 1 and then 2 t
remove it as shown in Diagram (b)
Measure the width of the shutter plate = y s =  u + v  t ...................................(2)
Adjust the electronic timer switch to the gate 2

timing mode( ) Substitute the equation (1) to the equation (2)
Place the trolley at the marking and release it. s =  u + (u + at)  t
Stop it after passing photogate 2 2
Record the interval time for the trolley to pass
through the photogate from the electronic timer =  2u + at)  t
= Δt 2
Calculate the velociy, v
Calculate the acceleration , a = 2ut + at 2
The experiment is repeated 4 times by 22
increasing the value of , x = 60 cm ,70 cm ,80
cm and 90 cm. s = ut + 1 at 2 ...................................(3)
Calculate the average acceleration , aaverage 2

Calculation From the equation (1)
Calculate the velocity, v using the formula a= v-u
t
v=s, t = v − u and substitute to the equation (2)
t a

v= y s =  u + v  v − u 
∆t  2  a 

Calculate the acceleration, a using the formula = u2 −v2
a = v−u 2a
t
2as = u 2 − v 2
y −0 v 2 = u 2 + 2as ...........................(4)
a = ∆t =
y

t (∆t)(t)

a average = a 50 + a 60 + a 70 + a 80 + a 90 +
5

9

As the coclusion :

v = u + at ……………………….(1)
s =  u + v  t ……………………….(2)

2

s = ut + ½ at 2…………………………(3)

v2 = u2 + 2as ………………………..(4)

Where
s :………………………………………….

u:………………………………………….

v :…………………………………………

a :…………………………………………

t :………………………………………….

Extra notes:

moves from rest / take off : …………….
…………………………………………….

finally it stops/brakes: ……………………
…………………………………………….

Example 8

A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.
Find the acceleration of the car.

Solution

Example 9
A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line
from a velocity 20 ms-1 until 30 ms-1 in 5 s.
Calculate,
(a) the acceleration
(b) the total displacement travelled by the bus
Solution

10

TUTORIAL 1 What is the displacement of the bus?

1 A car moves with a constant velocity. The A 60 km B 100 km
acceleration of the car is C 128 km D 220 km

A increased B decreased 7 The diagram shows a path of a moving object.
C zero D uniformly

2 Deceleration means the velocity of an object is

A negative B positive
C increased D decreased

3 A ball moves with a velocity of -20 m s-1.. When AB = 5m , BC = 5m and CD = 7m
Which statement is true about the motion of ,find the total displacement of the object if it
the ball. moves from A to D.

A The ball moves with a speed of - 20 ms-1 A 3m B 7m
B The ball moves with a deceleration C 13 m D 17 m

20 m s-2 8 Diagram shows a cat starts to run from O to P
C The ball moves in opposite direction and then back to O again and stops at Q.

from its original direction
D The ball with a decreasing velocity

compare its initial velocity

4 Speed is defined as

A Rate of change of distance What is the displacement of the cat?
B Rate of change of displacement
C Rate of change of velocity A 34 m to the left
D Rate of change of acceleration B 34 m to the right
C 6 m to the left
5 Acceleration is D 6 m to the right
speed
9 Diagram shows a track for 200m event. An
A athlete has finished the race in 25 s.
time

B velocity
time

C change of speed
time

D change of velocity
time

6 Diagram shows the journey of a bus from city A
to reach city D.

What is the magnitude of velocity of the

athlete?

A 350 B 200
25 25

C 150 D 50
25 25

10 The frequency of a ticker timer is 50 Hz. The
time interval between 16 consecutive dots is

11

A 0.60 s B 0.44 s Which statement describes the situation?
C 0.32 s D 0.30 s
A The object accelerates then constant
11 Based on diagram , calculate the average velocity
velocity.
B The object decelerates then constant
A 40 cm s-1 B 60 cm s-1 velocity
C 80 cm s-1 D 100 cm s-1
C The object moves with constant velocity
then accelerates

D The object moves with constant velocity
then decelerates

15 The following diagram shows a tape chart.

12 The diagram shows a ticker tape to show the
motions of a trolley.

Based on the diagram , which of the following
is true?

At the beginning of At the end of
motion motion

What is the acceleration of the trolley? A the velocity the acceleration
unchanged increases
A -500 cm s-2 B -50 cms-2 the acceleration
C 50 cm s-2 D 500 cms-2 B the velocity increases
increases the acceleration
13 Which tape shows a movement with uniform unchanged
velocity and then deceleration? C the velocity the acceleration
increases unchanged

D the velocity
unchanged

16 Which of the following shows an object moving
with decreasing acceleration

14 Diagram shows a ticker tape for a motion of an
object.

17 Photogate cannot be used to determine
A Force acting on a toy car
B Instanteneous speed of a trolley
C Average velocity a rolling marble
D Period of oscillation of a pendulu

12

18 Which of the following switch should be turns A 48.0 m B 57.6 m
C 115.2 m D 120.0 m
on to determine the interval time for a trolley to
pass through a photogate . 24 A car travels with a velocity 15 ms-1 . It then
accelerates uniformly and travels a distance of
12.5 m. If the velocity reached is 10 ms-1 find
the acceleration of the car.

19 The function of the shutter plate attached to a A –5.0 ms-2 B –2.5 ms-2
trolley in an experiment using a photogate is C 2.5 ms-2 D 5.0 ms-2

A to unblock infrared beam when the trolley 25 Diagram 25 shows a postman had to drive on a
passing through the photogate. farther route to deliver a parcel from his office
located at point P to a house located at point H
B to block infrared beam when the trolley because a nearby road was damaged
passing through the photogate.

C to unblock x-ray beam when the trolley
passing through the photogate.

D to block x-ray beam when the trolley
passing through the photogate.

20 A cyclist riding at a velocity 8 ms-1 and is
accelerating with 4 ms-2 . What is the velocity

of the cyclist after 5 s .

A 16 ms-1 B 20ms-1 Diagram 25
C 24 ms-1 D 28 ms-1
(a) Name one physical quantity relating to the
21 A trolley starts from rest and is uniformly postman’s position as he drive to deliver the
accelerated to speed of 12 cms-1 in 5 . What is parcel?
........................................................................
the distance travelled by the trolley? [ 1 mark ]

A 16 cm B 24 cm (b) What is the type of the physical quantity that
C 30 cm D 60 cm you state in (a)?

22 Diagram shows an aero plane accelerates at 40 Tick ( √ ) the correct answer in the box
ms-2 in 10 s to take off. provided.

What is the minimum length of the runway on Scalar quantity
the airfield ?

A 1000 m B 2000 m Vector quantity
C 3000 m D 4000 m
[ 1 mark ]
23 Diagram shows a girl standing on the platform (c) The postman took 25 minutes to drive from
of a train station watching a train. The train
starts from rest and moves with an acceleration P to H.
of 0.2 m s–2. The girl observes that the train
takes 24 s to move past her. Calculate
(i) the average speed

[ 2 marks ]

(ii) the average velocity

What is the length of the train? [ 2 marks ]

13

26 Diagram 26 shows a ticker tape with 5 ticks
obtained from an experiment.

Diagram 26 Diagram 27.2
(a) One tick is .....................................................
(a) Why the ticker timer used a.c. power
[1 mark] supply
(b) Complete the following sentence by ............................................................
(1 mark]
ticking (√ ) the correct answer in the box
provided. (b) Based on Diagram 27.2
(i) state the type of motion of the trolley.
The ticker tape can be analysed to ............................................................
determine (1 mark]
(ii) calculate the average velocity of the
distance and speed of an trolley.
object
[ 2 marks ]
force and momentum of (iii) calculate the acceleration of the
an object
trolley.
[1 mark]
[ 2 marks ]
(c) Based on Diagram 26 , 28 The following equation shows the equations of

(i) What is the type of motion linear motion of an object
involved? v = u + at
...................................................
................................................... (a) (i) Name the physical quantity
[1 mark] represents ‘a’
………………………………………
(ii) Give one reason for your [1 mark]
answer in (c)(i).
...................................................
...................................................
[1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the final velocity.

[2 marks]
27 Diagram 27.1 shows a trolley moving down an

inclined plane. The ticker timer vibrates at
frequency 50 Hz.
Diagram 27.2 shows the tape chart of the ticker
tape produced by the motion of the trolley.

Diagram 27.1

14

(ii) Give the meaning of the physical [2 marks]
quantity in (a) (i). (iii) the velocity of the motorcyclist.
...........................................................
[1 mark] [2 marks]
(b) Why the the motorcyclist can overtakes
(b) (i) What is the information can you get
from the term of ‘at’ the car at that time you made calculation in
…………………………………….... (a)(i).
……………………………………………
(ii) What is the S.I. units for the term of ……………………………………………
‘at’
…………………………………….. [1 mark]
[1 mark]
30 (a) A car moves with an acceleration 5 m s-2.
(c) (i) What type of motion for an object to What is meant by “5 m s-2”.
used the equation above. [1 mark]
...........................................................
[1 mark] (b) Diagram 30 shows the pattern of oil
dripping at a constant rate on a road from a
(ii) Give one example of motion in (c)(i) moving car..
...........................................................
[1 mark] Diagram 30
Explain the type of motion at the initial
(d) A car moves from rest with an acceleration and the end motion of the car.
4 m s-2 .After 5 s , calculate
(i) the velocity of the car [4 marks]
(c) Explain how you can determine the
[2 marks]
(ii) the distance traveled by the car. average velocity for a trolley moving
down an inclined plane by using
[2 marks] photogate.
29 Diagram 29 shows a man driving a car with a
[6 marks]
uniform velocity of 16 m s-1. At the same time
another man rides a motorcycle starting
fromrest and moving at an acceleration of
8 ms-2 and overtakes the car.

Diagram 29

(a) At the moment the motorcyclist overtakes
the car , calculate
(i) the total time of the motorcyclist
moves

[2 marks]
(ii) the total distance of the motorcylist

moves

15

LESSON 2 : GRAPH OF
LINEAR MOTION

Some important informations relating to a graph

Zero Some informations from the graph distance - time
gradient , displacement - time, velocity - time and
Uniform positive acceleration – time
gradient
Graph Gradient Area under
Uniform negative the graph
gradient
Gradient Increasing Distance - Speed
of time
the positive gradient Because
Speed = Distance
graph Decreasing Time
positive gradient
Area Displacement- Velocity
under Increasing time
negative gradient Because
the Velocity = Displacement
graph Decreasing Time
negative gradient
Velocity – Acceleration Displacement
A=wxl time // Distance
Because
A= 1 xbxh Acceleration = Change of velocity Because
2
Time Displacement
= Velocity x
Time

Acceleration Change of
- time velocity

Because

Change of
velocity =
Accelweration

x Time

A= 1 x b x[h1 + h2]
2

16

Example 1 (a) Calculate the acceleration of the car between

The following figure shows displacement – time (i) JK (ii) KL
graph of an object.
(iii) LM (iv) MN

(b) State the type of motion of the car between

(i) JK (ii) KL

(iii) LM (iv) MN

Based on the graph (c) Calculate the total displacement travelled of the
car during
(a) calculate the velocity of the object between (i) the first 10 s of motion
(ii) the car moves with uniform velocity
(iii) the last 10 s of motion

(d) Calculate
(i) the total displacement for the whole
journey.
(ii) the total distance for the whole journey.

(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD

(b) what type of motion of the object between (e) Calculate
(i) the average velocity
(i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (ii) the average speed

Solution

Solution

Example 2
The following is the velocity-time graph of a car.

Based on the graph,

17

Translating the graph of linear motion Solution
Example 4
Type Graph Graph Graph
of s-t v-t a-t
motion
Object in
stationary/ at
rest

Uniform
positive
velocity

Uniform
negative
velocity

Uniform
Acceleration

Uniform
deceleratiion

Example 3 Diagram shows the acceleration-time graph
represents the motion of an object. The object moves
Diagram shows the displacent-time graph of an from rest.
object. Based on the graph , determine the velocity of the
object at

(a) J (b) K (c) L
(d) M (e) N

Solution

Sketch the velocity-time graph represents the
same motion as the object?

18

Example 5
Diagram shows the acceleration-time graph
represents the movement of an object.

Based on the graph above draw the velocity –
time graph to illustrate the movement of the
object?
Solution

19

TUTORIAL 2 What is the velocity of the object?

1 A student is running a 200 m event. A 0.75 cm s-1 B 1.33 cm s-1
C 24.00 cm s-1 D 48.00 cm s-1
Diagram shows the distance-time graph to
illustrate his running.

4 Diagram shows a dispacement-time graph for a
motion of an object

What is the speed of the student at section
MN ?

A 0.125 m s-1 B 0.25 m s-1 What is the velocity of the object ,,when the
C 4.0 m s-1 D 8.0 m s-1 object returns to its original position.

2 Diagram shows a displacement-time graph of an A - 7.5 m s-1 B -5 m s-1
object that moves towards a target and returns to C 5 m s-1 D 7.5 m s-1
its original
position. 5 The variation of displacement with time for a
moving object is shown in the graph below.

What is total the displacement of the object? Which statement about the motion of the body
is true?
A 0m B 20 m
C 40 m D 160 m A The body moves with a uniform velocity
at point J, L and N.
3 Diagram shows a displacement -time graph for a
motion of an object. B The velocity of the objects reaches its
maximum at point L.

C The direction of motion of body at point K
is in opposite direction compare to the that
at point M.

D The magnitude of velocity of body at point
M is smaller than that at point N.

20

6 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph showing
the motion of a toy car.

Based on the graph above ,what is the total
displacement.,

A 0m B 5m
C 10 m D 20 m

Which of the following is true?

Section Type of Value 9 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a
motion of an object.

motion

A OP Uniform 5 m s-2

acceleeration

B PQ Uniform 20 m s-2

acceleeration

C QR Uniform 10 m s-2

deceleration

D RS Uniform - 2 m s-2

Deceleration

7 Diagram shows a velocity -time graph for a Based on the graph above ,what is the total
motion of bus. distance.

A -75 m B -15 m
C 15 m D 75 m

10 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a
motion of a toy car.

Based on the graph above ,what is the
deceleration of the bus.

A 3.3 m s-2 B 5.0 m s-2
C 40.0 m s-2 D 60.0 m s-2

8 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a
motion of an object.

21

Which of the following is true

Total Total

distance /m displacement/ m

A 90 90

B 90 150

C 150 90

D 150 150

11 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a Based on the velocity-time graph above
motion of an object. calculate the average velocity.

A 3.0 ms-1 B 4.6 ms-1
C 5.8 ms-1 D 6.2 ms-1

14 Diagram shows an acceleration-time graph for a
motion of an object.

Based on the graph velocity- time above ,
calculate the total distance travelled during
the first 80 s of motion.

A 550 m B 640m
C 700 m D 900 m

12 Diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a What is the change of the velocity of the object
motion of a lorry. in 5 s?

A 4 m s-1 B 8 m s-1
C 100 m s-1 D 200 m s-1

15 The variation of acceleration, a with time, t for

a racing bike is shown graph below. The initial
velocity of the racing bike is 10 m s-1

Based on the velocity-time graph above
calculate the average velocity.

A 10 ms-1 B 9 ms-1
C 6 ms-1 D 4 ms-1

13 Diagram shows a velocity, v against time, t for Based on the graph, what is the velocity of
motion of a truck. racing bike t = 12 s.

A 4 m s-1 B 24 m s-1
C 14 m s-1 D 34 m s-1

16 The variation of acceleration a with time t for a
car which is initially at rest is shown graph
below.

22

The maximum velocity that can be reached by

the car is

A 32.0 m s-1 B 35.0 m s-1

C 36.0 ms-1 D 37.0 m s-1

17 An object moves with an acceleration.With of 20 Diagram shows a displacement-time graph for a
the following graph shows the motion of the motion of a toy lorry.
object. ?

Which of the following section shows the toy
lorry in stationary.

18 Which of the following graph displacement ,s A OP B PQ
against time, t represents an object moves with C QR D RS
constant velocity
21 Graph shows the movement of an object at the
position A, B, C, D, E

19 Which of the following graph displacement ,s Which position shows the car experiences
against time, t represents an object experiences
deceleration. acceleration?

A AB B BC

C CD D DE

23

22 Which graph shows a constant acceleration? C Increasing Uniform
deceleration acceleration

D Uniform Uniform
deceleration acceleration

25 The graph shows how the velocity, v of an
object changes with time, t.

23 Diagram shows the velocity-time graph of a
leaf falls from a tree .

Which section of the graph shows the object
moving with a decreasing acceleration ?

A PQ B QR
C RS D ST

26 The graph shows how the acceleration, a of an
object changes with time, t

Which of the following is correct?

Motion at OP Motion at QR

A Uniform acceleration At rest

B Uniform deceleration At rest

C Uniform acceleration Uniform velocity

D Uniform deceleration Uniform velocity

24 Diagram is a velocity-time graph showing the Which statement about the graph is true?
motion of an object.
A At OS the object in stationary
Which of the following describes the motion of B At TU the velocity object increases
the object?
uniformly
XY YZ C The magnitude of change of velocity at
A Uniform Decreasing
XY greater than at VW
acceleration acceleration D At VW the velocity of the object increases
B Increasing Decreasing
and at XY the velocity object decreases
acceleration acceleration
27 Diagram is acceleration-time graph showing the
motion of an object

24

Which of the following describes the motion of Which of the following graphs is its
the object? corresponding velocity, v against time , t
graph?
OP PQ
A Uniform Zero 30 Diagram shows the velocity-time graph of an
object.
acceleration acceleration

B Zero Uniform

acceleration acceleration

C Increasing Uniform

uniform acceleration

acceleration

D Uniform Increasing

acceleration uniform

acceleration

28 The graph shows how the velocity, v of an object
changes with time, t.

If the motion of the object is illustrated by Which accelaration-time graph represents the
displacement, s against time, t graph ,which of same motion as the object?
the following is true.

29 The graph shows how the displacement, s of an
object changes with time, t.

25

31 The acceleration-time graph below shows the 33 Diagram shows a ball is kicked with an initial
movement of an object. velocity , u to move up an inclined plane and
then rolls down the inclined plane.

Which velocity-time graph represents the If the friction between the ball and the inclined
movement of the object? plane is negligible , which graph represents the
variation of velocity , v of the trolley with time , t
?

32 Diagram shows a tennis ball moves in a smooth 34 A rubber ball is dropped onto the concrete floor
curved track from P to Q. The tennis ball and bounced back
accelerates as it moves down the track and Which graph shows the relationship between the
decelerastes as it moves up the track. velocity of the ball with time?

Which graph shows the correct relationship
between the velocity, v, of the car and the
time, t. of the motion?

35 Diagram 35.1 shows a cat running to catch a
mouse. Diagram 35.2 shows the graph distance-
time to shows themotions of the cat and the
mouse. The mouse and the cat starts run
simultaneously in the same direction.

26

Diagram 35.1

Diagram 35.2 Diagram 36
(a) How long the driver takes the time during
(a) How much is the mouse ahead of the cat
when the motion starts? he starts see the road block until the
............................................................................. brakes are effective.
[ 1 mark ] .....................................................................

(b) What happpen to the mouse at the time [ 1 mark ]
between 1.0 s to 1.8 s. (b) Calculate the distance between the car and
.............................................................................
[ 1 mark ] the road block when the car stop.

(c) When and where will the cat overtakes the [ 2 marks ]
mouse (c) Based on the graph velocity- time above ,
.............................................................................
............................................................................. sketch the graph acceleration- time.
[ 2 marks ]

(d) Calculate the speed of the cat when it overtakes
the mouse.

[ 2 marks ]
36 While traveling along the road at 25 ms-1 , a car

driver suddenly sees the road ahead blocked at
the distance 80.0 m from the car. He applies
the brakes as fast as he can.
Once the brakes are applied , the car still moves
faster. He applies the brakes again more
strongly until it stops before the road block.
Diagram 36 shows the graph of the motion of
the car.

[ 2 marks ]
27

37 Diagram 37.1 shows a car moves from P to R .
The engine thrust of the car is constant during
the car’s journey along PQR

Diagram 37.1
Diagram 37.2 shows the graph velocity against
time to show the motion of the car.

[2 marks]
38 Diagram 38 shows the graph velocity-time for

an object moves with initial velocity,u.
After moves in time t ,the final velocity is v.

Diagram 37.2 Diagram38
(a) What is the meaning of velocity?
Based on the graph in Diagram 38, derive the
....................................………..................... equation of motion is given by
[1 mark]
v2 = u2 + 2as
(b) Based on Diagram 37.2, where a = acceleration and s = displacement.
(i) Calculate the displacement of the car
from P to Q. [ 5 marks ]

[2 marks]
(ii) Sketch the graph displacement

against time in the space below.

28

LESSON 3 : FREE FALL 3.3 Time taken to free fall
MOTION
The time for free fall will depend upon
3.1.Free fall (i) height from where the object is let go off
(ii) the value of the acceleration due gravity
An object is said to be in "free fall" if the only force
acting upon it is gravity. The free fall time does not depend on
The acceleration of objects that fall freely is equal to (i) the mass of the object
the acceleration due to gravity, g.. (ii) the shape of the path (straight line or parabolic)
Some examples of free fall motion are as follows:
(1) A satellite orbiting the Earth 3.4.The value and horizontal component of
(2) The astronauts in a space station velocity and acceleration of the object experience
(3) The objects are dropped in a vacuum tube free falling.
(4) All objects with a small surface area are
Horizontal Velocity Acceleration
dropped into the air at a height not too high ( component uniform zero
For example : a marble , a crumpled paper or Vertical
and apple). component Increases Uniform
(5) A skydiver is in free fall until they pull their
parachute (Assume air resistance is negligible) uniformly (Gravitational acceleration)
(6) All planets orbitting the sun.

3.2.Graph of motion for the objects in free fall

3.5 The value of “g” on Earth

At different points on Earth,the value of “g” are
different ,depending on the distance from the centre
of the Earth .
Based on the Newton’s Universal Law of
Gravitation (We will learn more in chapter 3),
the acceleration due to gravity is in inversely
proportional to the square of distance from the centre
of Earth.For examples acceleration at the equator is
9.78 m s-2 and at the poles is 9.83 m s-2

3.6 Experiment to determine the value of the
gravitational acceleration , g.

3.6.1 Experiment to determine the value of the
gravititaional acceleration, g by using photogate.

Aim of the experiment
To determine the value the acceleration due to
gravity by using photogate

List of apparatus and materials:

A steel ball, electromagnet, two photogates
,connecting wire, power suipply , electronic timer
and metre ruler

29

Arrangement of the apparatus: List of apparatus and materials:

A pendulum bob, ticker timer, ticker tape,connecting
wire,a.c. power suipply , and metre ruler

Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment

Set up the apparatus as shown in above diagram. The procedure of the experiment
Switch on the power supply to make the stell ball Set up the apparatus as shown in above diagram.
sticks to the electromagnet. Measure the height of the pendulum bob from the
Measure the distance between the two photogates, h floor by using meter ruler , h = 150.0 cm.
= 40.0 cm byusing metre ruler Switch on the a.c. power supply and release the
Adjust the electronic timer switch to the pulse timing pendulum bob to fall into the floor.
Measure the distance between the length of the first
mode ( ) 2 ticks = L1 and the last 2 ticks = L2 on the ticker
Switch off the power supply to make the steel ball tape.
falls into the paper cup. Calculate acceleration due to gravity, g
Record the time for the ball pass through the The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing the
photogate 1 = t1 value of h = 170.0 cm ,190.0 cm , 210.0 cm and
Record also the time for the ball pass through the 230.0 cm.
photogate 2 = t2 Calculate the average acceleration due to gravity ,
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity , g g average
The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing the
value of = 50 cm ,60 cm ,70 cm and 80 cm Calculation
Calculate the average of acceleration due to gravity,
g average

Calculation

Calculate the acceleration due to gravity , g by using

the formula g = 2h , Calculate acceleration due to gravity, g, using the
t22 − 2 formula using the formula
t 1 g= v−u

Calculate the average of acceleration due to gravity t
L2 − L1
g average = g 40 + g 50 + g 60 + g 70 + g 80 g = 0.04 0.0.4
5 (5 -1) x 0.04

3.6.2 Experiment to determine the value of the Calculate the average acceleration due to gravity ,
gravititaional acceleration, g by using ticker
timer. + g170 + g190 + g 210 + g 230
5
g average = g150

Aim of the experiment
To determine the value the acceleration due to
gravity by using ticker timer

30

3.7 Solving problems involves the gravitational Example 3
acceleration of the earth
A trolley moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms-1
We can use the equations of linear motion to solve on a table . The height of the table is 1.25 m.
problem involving the gravitational acceleration by Calculate
replacing acceleration, a with gravitational (a) time taken to reach the floor
acceleration, g. (b) the value of x
Hence the equations become : Solution

v = u + gt ……………………….(1)

s = ut + ½ gt 2………………………..(2)

v2 = u2 + 2gs ……………………….(3)

Example 1

An object does free fall motion. It hits the ground
after 5 seconds.
Calculate
(a) the velocity of the object before it hits the

ground.
(b) the height it is thrown

Solution

Example 2

A stone is thrown vertically upwards at a velocity of
30 ms-1 .
Calculate

(a) the maximum height achieved by the stone?
(b) the time taken for the stone to achieve the

maximum height.

Solution

31

TUTORIAL 3

1 Which of the following does not experience
from freely falling

A A leaf fall in vacuum
B A satellite orbiting the Earth
C A crumpled paper fall in air at a small height
D A drop of rain water falling from the clouds

fell to the ground

2 An object falls freely. Which velocity- time
graph shows how the object’s velocity varies?

5 Diagram shows a crumpled paper and a metal
ball being dropped near the Earth surface at a
same height.

3 Which diagram shows the graph velocity-time Which of the graph velocity-time graph is
for rocks fall freely on the Earth and on the correct to explain the motion of the crumpled
Moon? paper and the metal ball.

4 A ball is dropped from a high place and
bounched back after hits the floor at the same
height. Which of the following velocity-time
graph is correct.

6 Diagram shows a coconut falling from a tree.

32

8 Which graph shows the correct relationship
between gravitational acceleration, g and mass,
m?

Which acceleration-time graph represents the
motion of coconut?

9 Diagram shows the arrangement of apparatus to
determine acceleration due to gravity when a
pendulum bob experiences free falling.

7 Which diagram shows the graph acceleration- Which of the following tape chart shows the
time for identical rocks fall freely on the Earth result of the experiment.
at the equator and the North pole at the same
height.

10 Diagram shows a marble and a leaf
experiencing free fall in a vacuum container.

33

Which physical quantity is constant? time, t, taken to reach the base of the tube is
recorded as tP, tcand td for the sheet of plywood,
A Velocity B Acceleration the coin and the metal disc drespectively.
C Displacement D Momentum The dimemsions of the coin and the metal disc
are same.

11 Diagram shows two identical balls are released
from a 80 m tower at the same time. One falls
from the top, the other from half way up.

Which quantity is the same for both balls?

A Final speed B Acceleration Which comparison is correct?
C Displacement D Time falling
A tp > tc > td
12 The diagram shows a coin, marble and dried B tp > tc = td
leaf being released at the same time in a C tc = td > tp
vacuum cylinder. D tp = tc = td

14 Diagram shows two metal ball of different
masses.
Both metal balls move at the same velocity and
fall over the edge of the table and hit the floor.

All three objects What is the same physics quantity for both
metal balls?
A float in the cylinder
B experience constant velocity A Gravitational potential energy
C reach the base at the same time B Time taken to hit the floor
D do not experience the gravitaional C Kinetic energy
D Momentum
attraction
15 Diagram shows trolley A and trolley B with the
13 Diagram shows a PVC vacuum tube is erected same masses being pushed simultaneously from
vertically. A sheet of plywood, a coin and a
metal disc are dropped through the tube. The

34

the surface of a table with velocities vA and vB
respectively.
The times for trolley A and trolleyB touching
the floor are tA and tB respectively.

What is the maximum height achieved by the
stone?

Which of the following is corect. A 15 m B 30 m
C 45 m D 60 m

Velocity Time 20 An iron ball is dropped from a height of 20 m
above the surface of the Moon. Calculate the
A vA < vB tA < tB time taken for the iron ball to reach the surface
of the Moon. [ Moon gravitational acceleration
B vA < vB tA = tB = 1 of Earth gravitational acceleration ]
6
C vA = vB tA < tB

D vA = vB tA = tB

16 A steel ball falls from a high building and it A 0.8 s B 1.4 s
takes 4.0 s to reach the ground. Calculate the C 4.9 s D 5.2 s
height of the building.

A 40 m B 80 m 21 A meteor which is moving at a speed of 150
C 120 m D 160 m m s-1 towards Venus . The meteor reaches the
surface of Venus after 4.0 s.
17 An object is dropped from a height 50 m. What is the height of the meteor from the
Calculate the time taken to reach the ground. surface of Venus .
[ The gravitational acceleration of Venus =
A 1.0 s B 2.2 s 8.83 m s-2 ]
C 3.2 s D 5.0 s

18 Diagram shows a cannon ball is shot upward A 70.64 m B 529.36 m
with a velocity of 50 m s-1 . C 600.0 m D 670.64 m

22 Diagram shows a ball is released from a

building of height 20.0 m with a horizontal
velocity 12 ms-1 .

A 0 m s-1 B 5 m s-1
C 10 m s-1 D 20 m s-1

19 Diagram shows a stone is thrown vertically
upwards at a velocity of 30 ms-1

What is the horizontal distance travelled by the
ball?

A 12 m B 24m
C 28 m D 32 m

35

23 Diagram shows a ball is kicked by a player (c) Based on your answer in (b)(i) , state the
from a top of a high building a horizontal type of motion both for the feather and the
velocity 40 ms-1. The horizontal distance apple.
travelled by the ball is 120 m. …………………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]
What is the height of the building.
(d) Based on your answer in (b)(ii) and (c)
A 120 m B 90 m make a conclusion to relate the mass
C 45 m D 30 m and the type of motion involved.
………………………………………..
24 Diagram 24.1 is a stroboscopic photograph ………………………………………..
shows a feather and an apple in a state of free- [ 1 mark ]
fall. Both of the objects are dropped
simultaneously from the same height (e) Diagram 24.2 shows an uncompleted
graph velocity against time when the
feather and the apple are dropped
simultaneously from the same height in a
school laboratory.

Diagram 24.2
On the Diagram 24.2 , sketch the graph
to show the motion of the apple.

[ 1 mark ]

25 Diagram 25 shows a boy drops a stone afrom a
high place of height 120.0 m and the stone
experiences free-fall

Diagram 24.1 Diagram 25

(a) What is the meaning of free-fall?
…………………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]

(b) Using Diagram 24.1 , compare
(i) the distance between two images of
the feather and the apple.
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) the mass of the feather and the apple.
………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]

36

(a) What is the meaning of free-fall? (b) After B , the ball falls and reaches the f
.................................................................. loor at C. Calculate
................................................................... (i) the time taken to reach the floor.
[ 1 mark ]
[ 2 marks ]
(b) Calculate the time taken by the stone to (ii) the horizontal distance on the floor
touch the ground .
reaches by the ball.
[ 2 marks ]
(c) Calculate the velocity of the stone when it [ 2 marks ]
(c) When the ball of mass 0.2 kg is replaced
touched the ground.
with a ball of mass 0.1 kg, what happens
[ 2 marks ] to
(d) Sketch the graph velocity against time to
(i) the time taken to reach the floor.
show the motion of the stone. ………………………………………

[ 1 mark ]
(ii) the horizontal distance on the floor

reaches by the ball.
………………………………………

[ 1 mark ]
(d) Diagram 26.2 an player shoots a target

on a darts board .

[ 1 mark ] Diagram 26.2
26 Diagram 26.1 shows a ball of mass 0.2 kg is (i) State the dart throw technique so

moving on a smooth table of height 5 m with a that the dart hit the target
uniform velocity of 2 ms-1 from A to B at accurately.
distance 3 m.
………………………………...
Diagram 26.1 [ 1 mark ]
(a) (i) What is the acceleration of the ball
(ii) Give the reason for your answer
along the surface of the table. in (d) (i).
……………………………………… ………………………………...
[ 1 mark ]
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Calculate the time taken to move 27 (a) You are at the top of a tall building. You
have a watch and a tennis ball. Explain
from A to B how you can estimate the height of the
building.
[ 2 marks ] [4 marks]

(b) Explain an experiment to determine the
acceleration due to gravity by using a
ticker timer.
[10 marks]

37

LESSON 4 : INERTIA The The metal block
thread at has mass and
4.1 The meaning of inertia the inertia caused
bottom they remain at
Inertia is the property of an object which resists a of the rest. Only the
change in its motion. metal thread at the
If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest , if it is moving block bottom of the
it tends to continue moving. breaks. metal block
Or moves and
Inertia is the reluctance of an object to move once it cause it breaks.
is at rest or the reluctance of an object to stop once it
is in uniform velocity. 4.5 Some daily phenomena to show the concept
of inertia.
Inertia is not a physical quantity

4.2 Inertia is related to the Newton’s First Law Daily phenomena Explanation
of Motion The speed of the
Drivers and passengers in a vehicle drivers and
Newton's First Law states that an object will remain moved forward when the vehicle passengers same
at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless abruptly stopped and moved as the speed of
acted upon by an external force. backward when the vehicle start to the vehicle
It may be seen as a statement about inertia, that accelerate during the
objects will remain in their state of motion unless a vehicle moves.
force acts to change the motion. The drivers and
passengers has
4.3 Relationship between mass and inertia mass and inertia
causes its speed
The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. If a remain
body has a small mass, it will have a small inertia; if unchanges even
its mass is large, then so is its inertia. though the
vehicle has
4.4 Some simple experiments to show the stopped
concept of inertia.
The tomato
Experiment Obser Explanation sauce have mass
vation and inertia
The coin The coin has To pour tomato sauce in mee goreng causes it
drops mass and is to shake the bottle sauce several maintain its
vertically inertiacauses it times and stopsuddenly velocity while
into the remain at rest . the bottle is
glass The coin drops stopped.
vertically into
The other the glass due its The tanker have
blocks weight. large mass and
fall The wooden inertia , so it
vertically blocks have can slow down
onto the mass and inertia in time to avoid
table. caused they any accident
remain at rest.
Only the A tanker has to stop its engine 5 km
wooden block from port.
that was hit by
the stick moves
forward

38

4.6 Reducing the negative side effects of inertia. 4.8 Inertial balance

(i) The seat belts are designed to protect the An inertial balance is used to compare masses or to
passengers . measure the mass of an object.
If the car is involved in a collision , it will When the mass of the metal cylinder is increased by
suddenly be brought to a stop. But because of adding a second metal cylinder , the period of
its inertia, their body will continue traveling at a vibration become longer.
certain velocity until it hits an obstruction , The square of the period of vibration ,T2 of a inertial
usually the car’s windscreen. Without a seat- balance is directly proportional to the mass, m of the
belt , the passengers can be seriously injury. metal cylinder.
The belts exerts a force on the passenger’s
bodies bringing it to stop without hitting the T2 α m
windscreen or the steering wheel. Example 1
In an inertial balance experiment , the period of
(ii) Head rest are designed to reduce neck injury. oscillations for loads 0.5 kg is 4.0 s. What is the
There are particularly effective in rear-impact mass of the load if the period of the oscillations is
accidents. As the car is shunted forwards , the 9.0 s
back of your seat pushes your body towards. If Solution
you do not have a head restraint, the inertia of
your head means that it stays behind , while
your body moves forward. This can cause
injuries.

(iii) Timbers carried by a lorry normally are tied up
together by a strong iron chain. When the lorry
starts to move suddenly , the timbers are more
difficult to fall off due to their inertia because
their combined mass has increased.

(iv) The petrol tank truck has an oil tank divided
into several compartments.
The compartments devide the mass of the oil to
the small masses.
The effect of inertia to the wall of tank is
reduced when the truck stop suddenly.

4.7 The positive effects of inertia

(i) The motion of a spacecraft in deep space is
in a straight line with a constant speed ;
since there is no air in space
(the external force acting on the object is
zero”) to slow its motion. For this reason,
there is no need to make a space probe
aerodynamic in shape .

(ii) A sumo wrestler who has a greater mass
also has a greater inertia. He is harder to
toppled and normally he is likely to win a
championship tournament.

39

4.9 Experiment to investigate the relationship
between the inertia and the mass

Hypothesis:
As the mass increases as the inertia increases
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the mass and
the inertia
Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: the mass
Responding variable: the inertia
Fixed variable: number of oscillation , the length of
the jigsaw blade.
List of apparatus and materials:
Jigsaw blade , plasticine , G-clamp , stop watch ,
balance
Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procedure of the experiment which include
the method of controlling the manipulated
variable and the method of measuring the
responding variable.
The mass of the plasticine is measured by a balance,
m= 30.0g
The jigsaw blade is clamped at one end and a
plasticine ball is fixed at the other
The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side
and then released so that it oscillates.
The time for 20 oscillations ,t is taken by a stop
watch. The experiment is repeated 5 times by using
plasticine balls with different masses.
Tabulate the data:

Mass/g 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time/t
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph time, t against mass, m

40

TUTORIAL 4

1 Inertia of an object is

A the change of velocity of an object
B the force against the motion of the object
C the friction force exerts to the object
D the property of the object which resists a

change in its motion.

2 What is the name of the property of a body
which resists a change in its state of rest or of
uniform motion?

A Acceleration B Density The plate remains stationary due to
C Inertia D Velocity

3 Diagram shows the passangers in bus moving A impulsive force B momentum
backwards when the bus accelerates.. C impulse D inertia

6 Diagram shows a heavy steamroller.

The backwards movement of the passengerscan The heavy steamroller is difficult to change
be explained by direction. This statement can be explained by

A the concept of inertia A the concept of force
B principle of conservation of energy B the concept of inertia
C the concept of equilibrium of forces C principle of conservation of energy
D principle of conservation of momentum D principle of conservation of momentum

4 Which phenomenon shows the effect of 7 Which phenomenon cannot be explained by the
inertia? principle of inertia?

5 Diagram shows table cloth cover table is A Passengers thrown forward when the
snatched away.. vehicle suddenly stopped

B The umbrella is quickly turned around to
dry the rainwater that is stuck to it

C A boy on a bicycle does not immediately
come to stop although he stops pedaling

D The bubbles formed by a fish expand as
they float towards the surface

8 When a bus moves left then the passengers
appear to move right, and vice versa. This
phenomenon is caused by

A the inertia of the bus
B the reaction of the bus

41

C the inertia of the passengers
D the reaction of the passengers

9 The factor that affect the inertia of an object is

A the acceleration of the object Which modification increases the inertia of the
B the temperature of the object lawn mower?
C the weight of the object
D the mass of the object

10 How difficult is it to start a heavy lorry moving
and to stop it moving ?

to start to stop

A difficult difficult
B difficult easy
C easy difficult
D easy easy

11 Which object has the greatest inertia?

13 Diagram shows an elephant and a monkey in a
safari.

12 Diagram shows a lawn mower used to cut grass. The inertia of the elephant is bigger
than the inertia of the monkey because

A the size of elephant bigger than monkey
B the mass of elephant bigger than

monkey
C the height of elephant bigger than monkey
D the wide of the elephan’s feet bigger than

monkey

14 Diagram shows a soil pickup lorry.

42

The inertia of the lorry reduced when the truck What will happen to skiing when the cable
breaks suddenly?
A the lorry stops
B the truck accelerates A Spinning
C the soils is unloaded from the lorry B Stays stationary
D the soils in the lorry is compressed C The skiing moves towards R
D The skiing moves towards S
15 Diagram shows an experiment to show the
concept of inertia. 18 Diagram shows two watermelons carried by a
moving truck

Which action increases the inertia of coin? Which of the following shows the correct
diagram to show the directions of the
A Use a rougher postcard watermelons move when the truck is accelerated
B Use a smoother postcard or decelerated.
C Use the coin with a larger mass
D Use the coin with a smaller mass

16 Diagram shows an astronaut walking on the
surface of Moon. When the astronaut walks on
the surface of Earth the inertia of the inertia is

A decreases 19 Diagram shows two identical two boxes, M and
B increases N, placed on the roof of toy car K and L
C remain unchanged respectively.
D decreases and then increases

17 Diagram shows speed bot pull a skiing to move
forwards.

43

What happens to the boxes M and N when toy
car L collides with the stationary toy car K ?

Box M Box N
A Pushed to the right Pushed to the right
B Pushed to the right Pushed to the left
C Pushed to the left Pushed to the left
D Pushed to the left Pushed to the right

20 Diagram shows an arrangement of wooden
blocks in a table.

21 Diagram shows a hammer.

When a strong force from a stick hits the
wooden block R , which of the following
diagram is correct?

The head of the hammer can be tightened onto
the handle by

A rotating the handle of the hammer
B rub oil on the handle of the hammer
C applying a knock on the handle of the

hammer
D pushing the head of the hammer

downwards

22 Diagram shows a is chased by a vicious cow,
which of the following is the best path for the
boy runs away from the cow.

44

27 Diagram 27.1 and Diagram 27.2 show two
plasticine balls are fixed at one end of of two
jigsaw blades with same length.
The plasticine balls are oscillated to determine
the period of oscillations.
The period of oscillations are shown in Diagram
27.1 and Diagram 27.2

23 Diagram shows a stone is tied to a piece of Period = 1.2 s
string and then swung round and round above Diagram 27.1
the head.
When the string is suddenly released , which
path in will the stone follow

. Period = 2.2 s
24 An inertial balance can be used to compare Diagram 27.2

A the acceleration of an object (a) What is the meaning of period?
B the momentum of an object …………………………………………….
C the weight of an object [ 1 mark ]
D the mass of an object
(b) Based on Diagram 27.1 and Diagram 27.2;
25 The period of oscillations of an inertial balance (i) Compare the mass of the plasticine
depends on balls.
………………………………………
A The acceleration due to gravity [ 1 mark ]
B The amplitude of the oscillations (ii) Compare the period of the oscillation
C The mass of the metal cylinder of the plasticine balls.
D The force to push the balance ………………………………………
[ 1 mark ]
26 In an inertial balance experiment , the period of
oscillations for loads 100 g is 4.8 s. What is (iii) Relate the mass and the period of
the mass of the load if the period of the oscillation of the plasticine balls.
oscillations is 6.8 s. ………………………………………
.……………………………………...
A 100 g B 150 g [ 1 mark ]
C 200 g D 250 g
(c) Name the physics concept involved.
…………………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]

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(d) What happen to the period of oscillation of
the plasticine balls when the experiment is
carried out on the surface of the Moon.
…………………………………………….
[ 1 mark ]

28 Diagram 28 shows a metal block is hung from a
ceiling.The metal block is connected using two
threads M and N

Diagram 29

Mass Period T/ T2 / s2 m

m/kg s T2
(1 d.p)
1.0 0.82 0.6724
1.5

1.5 1.00

2.0 1.15

2.5 1.29

3.0 1.41

Table 29

Diagram 28 (a) Complete Table 29

A metal block is hung from a ceiling. The metal [ 2 marks ]
block is connected using two threads M and N
(b) What the unit of m
(a) (i) What happen to the threads when the T2
thread N is pulled slowly
……………………………................ 2
[ 1 mark ]
.....................................................................
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in [ 1 mark ]
(a)(i)
………………………………............ (c) State the relationship between m and T
[ 1 mark ] .....................................................................
[ 1 mark ]
(b) (i) What happen to the threads when the
thread Q is pulled faster. (d) When an apple is placed on the rack , the
………………………………........... period of the oscillations is 2.8 s. What is
[ 1 mark ] the mass of the apple.

(ii) Give one reason for your answer in [ 2 marks ]
(a)(i)
………………………………............ 30 (a) Diagram 30.1 shows the driver and
………………………………............ the car decorations when the car moves
[ 1 mark ] forwards from rest.
Diagram 30.2 shows the driver and the
29 Diagram 29 shows an inertial balance. decorations when the car moves
By using the inertial balance ,the mass ,m of the backwards from rest.
metal cylinder and the period of oscillations, T
is taken and the readings are recorded as shown
in the table below.

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Diagram 30.1 Diagram 30. 2 31 Diagram 31 shows two identical pails. One of
the pail is empty and the another pail is filled by
(i) Using Diagram 30.1 and 30.2, compare sand.
the direction of motion of the driver , the It is observed that more difficult to move and to
direction of motion of the decoration and stop the pail filled by sand compared to the
the direction of the car. empty
Relate the direction of the motion of the pail.
driver and the motion of the car and also
the direction of the motion of the Diagram 31
decoration and the motion of the car.
Based on the above information and
[ 4 marks ] observation:

(ii) Name the physics concept involved (a) State one suitable inference.
in (a) [ 1 mark]
[ 1 mark ]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
(b) Diagram 30.3 a pile of books containing [ 1 mark]
book A ,B , C, D, E and F is set up on a
table. (c) With the use of apparatus such as a
hacksaw blade, plasticine and other
. apparatus, describe an experiment
framework to investigate the
Diagram 30.3 hypothesis stated in (b).
In your description state clearly the
Explain what happen to the other books following.
when book E is pull out quickly? (i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment.
[ 4 marks ] (iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment
which include the method of
controlling the manipulated variable
and the method of measuring the
responding variable.
(vi) The way you would tabulate the data
(vii) The way you would analysis the data
[ 10 marks ]

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LESSON 5 : MOMENTUM 5.1.2 Experiment to investigate the relationship
between momentum and mass
5.1 Momentum
Hypothesis:
5.1.1 The meaning of momentum As the mass increases , the momentum increases
Momentum is the product of mass with velocity
Aim of the experiment :
or momentum = mass x velocity To investigate the relationship between the mass and
p =mv the momentum

The S.I . units of momentum is kgms-1 or Ns Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: the mass
Momentum is a vector quantity. Responding variable: the momentum
Constant variable: the velocity
Example 1
A bullet of mass 0.01k g moves with a velocity List of apparatus and materials:
200 m s-1. What is the momentum of the bullet?
Ball bearing , metre ruler , wooden block, curtain rail,
Solution folded thin cardboard , adhesive tape and balance.

Example 2 Arrangement of the apparatus:

A trolley of mass 1.5 kg moves with a velocity The procedure of the experiment which include
4 ms-1 hits a wall and rebounds along the initial the method of controlling the manipulated
direction with a velocity 3 ms-1 .Calculate variable and the method of measuring the
(a) The initial momentum responding variable.
(b) The final momentum Measure the mass of ball bearing by using a balance..
(c) The change of momentum m= 20.0g
The ball bearing is released to hit the cardboard.
Solution Measure the distance of the moving cardboard until
it stops by using metre ruler = d
The experiment is repeated 4 times by using m =30 g,
40 g ,50 g and60 g..

Tabulate the data: 20 30 40 50 60
Mass ,m (g)
Distance , d (cm)

Analysis the data:
Plot the graph distance ,d against mass, m

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5.1.3. Experiment to investigate the relationship 5.2 The Principle of conservation of momentum
between momentum and velocity
The Principle of conservation of momentum states
Hypothesis: that
As the velocity increases , the momentum increases “ The total momentum of a system is always fixed if
there is no external force acting on the system”
Aim of the experiment : or “ In any collision or interaction between two or
To investigate the relationship between the velocity more objects in an isolated system , the total
and the momentum momentum of the system will remain constant ; that
is the total momentum before collision will be equal
Variables in the experiment: to the total momentum after the collision”
Manipulated variable: the velocity
Responding variable: the momentum 5.3 Types of collision
Constant variable: the mass
There are two types of collision , that is
List of apparatus and materials: (i) Inelastic collision
(ii) Elastic collision
Ball bearing , metre ruler , wooden block, curtain rail,
folded thin cardboard , adhesive tape . 5.3.1 Inelastic collision

Arrangement of the apparatus: In inelastic collision , after two objects moving with
their respective velocities do collide, they stick
together and move with a common velocity.

The procedure of the experiment which include Based on the principle of conservation of
the method of controlling the manipulated momentum,
variable and the method of measuring the
responding variable. The total momentum = The total momentum
Measure the height of the ball bearing before it is
released by using metre ruler , h= 40 cm before collision after collision
The ball bearing is released to hit the cardboard.
Measure the distance of the moving cardboard until m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
it stops by using metre ruler = d
The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing m1 u1 + m2 u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
number of the wooden blocks so that h = 50 cm , 60
cm, 70 cm and 80 cm.

Tabulate the data:

Height, h (cm) 40 50 60 70 80
Distance , d (cm)

Analysis the data:
Plot the graph height ,h against mass, m

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Example 3 5.3.2 Experiment to investigate the conservation of
momentum principle is obeyed in inelastic
A trolley of mass 1 kg and moving with a velocity collision.
of 6 m s-1 collides with a stationary trolley with a
mass 3 kg . After collision they stick together with a Aim of the experiment:
common velocity. What is their common velocity?
Experiment to investigate the conservation of
Solution momentum principle is obeyed in inelastic collision.

Example 4 List of apparatus and materials:
Trolleys with difference mass,runway,ticker
Diagram (a) shows a man of mass 60 kg runs timer,ticker tape,a.c. power supply ,connecting wires.
towards of a trolley of mass 30 kg moves with a
velocity of 3 ms-1 .Diagram (b) shows the man Arrangement of the apparatus:
suddenly jumps into the trolley and move together
with a common velocity of 7 ms-1 . What is the
velocity of the man before collision?

Diagram(a) The procedure of the experiment

Diagram(b) Measure the mass of trolley A, m1 = 1 kg and mass
of trolley B, m2 = 1 kg
Solution The a.c. power supply is switched on .
Push trolley A to collides with stationary trolley B
and both trolleys stick together after collision.
Calculate the velocity of trolley A before collision
Calculate the velocity of trolley A and trolley B after
collision.
The experiment is repeated by 4 different
combinations of mass trolley A and B : m1 = 1 kg ,
m2= 1.5 kg , m1 = 1.5 kg , m2= 1 kg , m1 = 2 kg ,
m2= 1.5 kg and m1 = 1.5 kg , m2= 2 kg .

Calculation

From ticker tape makes calculation:

Calculate the velocity of trolley A before collision.

u1 = L1
0.2

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