ict okkorpotro

SESIP cÉYxZ m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi

cÉ^g AaÅvq : Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ: wek¼ I evsjvG`k ˆcÉwÞZ

JckÉ J²fJ1 KvRj KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwkÞY ˆbq| weG`Gk hvIqvi jGÞÅ RxeGb Z^v mgMÉ ˆ`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK D®q² Gb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM chÉ ywÚi
eÅenvi AbÕ¼xKvhÆ| ZvB KvRGji eZÆgvb AeÕ©vq Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM
ˆm BDwbqb Z^Å ˆKG±`Ê wMGq wbe®¬b KGi| Z^Å ˆKG±`Ê ˆ^GKB ˆm cÉhwy Ú mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ|

Zvi hveZxq Z^Å, Qwe BZÅvw` ˆcÉiY KGi| ‰Qvov ˆ`k-weG`Gki

wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vGbi PvKzixi Lei ‰me Z^ÅGKG±`Êi gvaÅGg mnGRB JckÉ J²fJ2 we^x wek¼we`ÅvjGq cov÷bv KGi| ˆm Zvi cÉGqvRGb

ˆcGq hvq ‰es ‰fvGe ˆm ‰Kw`b gvjGqwkqvi ‰KwU KjGm´ŸvGi KwÁ·DUvi eÅenvi KGi| ‰Qvov B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi ˆm Zvi

PvKzix ˆcGq hvq| Zvi cvVvGbv AG^ÆB KvRGji evwoGZ ‰ eQi cvKv welq mswkÏÓ¡ bvbv Z^Å WvDbGjvW KGi| we^x UvgÆGccvi ŠZwii

Ni DGVGQ| e®¬wK Rwg QvwoGq ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v nGqGQ| cov÷bv KvGR B´ŸviGbGUi mnvqZv wbGq ^vGK ZGe ˆm wbqg ˆgGb cÉwZwU

e®¬ nGq hvIqv KvRGji ˆQvU fvB ‰evi we.‰ cixÞvi dig wdjvc ZG^Åi Drm DGÍÏL KGi| Aciw`GK meyR ˆKvGbvi…c AbygwZ QvovB

KiGQ| jvBGeËwii KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK msiwÞZ wewf®² dvBj I mdUIqÅvi

K. ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ Kx? 1 Kwc KGi wbGq hvq| ‰gbwK B´ŸviGbGU cÉvµ¦ Z^Å ˆKvGbvi…c

L. Z^Å cÉhywÚ wbfÆi wek¼B wek¼MÉvg@ eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K‡ZæZv cÉKvk QvovB ˆm wbGRi bvGg cÉKvk KGi|

M. DóxcGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆKvb Ae`vbwU cwÉ ZdwjZ nGqGQ? K. evGqvGgwUÇÝ Kx? 1

weGkÏlY Ki| 3 L. wkÞvGÞGò AbjvBb jvBGeËwii f„wgKv eywSGq ˆjL| 2

N. KvRGji eZÆgvb AeÕ©vi RbÅ Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ M. DóxcGK we^x ˆKvb ˆÞGò Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi

mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ@ Zzwg wK ‰KgZ? hywÚmn KiGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

weGkÏlY Ki| 4 N. Z^Å cÉhywÚi ŠbwZKZvi wePvGi we^x I meyGRi AvPiY

1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mÁ·ƒYÆ wecixZ@ hywÚmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4

JK ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhywÚGK ˆhvMvGhvM 2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

cÉhywÚ ev KwgDwbGKkb ˆUKGbvjwR ejv nq| JK evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi ˆKŒkj ev cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg

JL wek¼MÉvg ‰gb ‰KwU cwiGek ˆhLvGb c†w^exi mKj gvbyl ‰KK gvbyGli kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, àbvàY, eÅvwÚZ½
mgvGR emevm KGi ‰es BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqv I Z^Å cÉhywÚ
eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ‰GK AciGK ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉf‡wZ «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅwÚGK wPwn×Z ev kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq|
cÉhywÚi weÕ¦‡Z eÅenvi Z^v Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGbi RbÅ BbdiGgkb
mycvi nvBIGqi mvG^ msGhvM Qvov wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv AmÁ¿e| JL Z^Å cÉhywÚi myweav eÅenvi KGi mbZvb c«¬wZi eBGqi
wWwRUvj iƒc (B-eyK) ˆh IGqemvBGU msiwÞZ ^vGK ZvGK AbjvBb
JM wek¼MÉvGgi AGbK Ae`vGbi gGaÅ KgÆmsÕ©vb AbÅZg| Z^Å jvBGeËwi eGj| ‰me AbjvBb jvBGeËwi ˆ^GK wkÞv^xÆiv wewf®²
cÉhywÚi eÅvcK cÉmvGii KjÅvGY bZzb bZzb KgÆGÞò m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| welGq Z^Å msMÉn KGi coGZ cvGi ‰es wfwWI wPò ˆ`GL mnGR
‰me KgGÆ ÞGòi Leiv Lei ‰es mswkÓÏ ¡ cwÉ kÞY Z^Å chÉ wy Úi wkLGZ cvGi, hv Zvi cvVÅ eB AaÅqGb mnvqK f„wgKv ivGL|
mvnvGhÅ gvbyl RvbGZ cvGi| KvRj KwÁ·DUvi cÉwkÞY wbGq
BDwbqb Z^Å ˆK±`Ê nGZ cÉvµ¦ PvKzixi weæwµ¦i gvaÅGg PvKiz x cvq| JM we^x wkÞvGÞGò ŠbwZKZv ˆgGb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ eÅenvi
wek¼MÉvg eÅeÕ©vi KviGY ZG^Åi AevGa Av`vb-cÉ`vb nq, ‰GZ bZzb KiGQ| Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi wkÞv MÉnY I wkÞv `vGbi mGy hvM
bZzb KgÆGÞò mw† Ó¡ nq| H KgÆGÞGòi ‰KwUGZ KvRj wbGRGK Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi ‰KwU AbÅZg Ae`vb| DóxcGKi
ˆhvMÅ cÉgvY KGi| ‰fvGe DóxcGK wek¼MÉvGgi KgÆmsÕ©vb Ae`vbwU AvGjvGK Avgiv ˆ`wL ˆjLvcovi mvaviY c«¬wZi evBGiI Z^Å
my±`ifvGe cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi wkÞvGK AvGiv gvbmÁÃZ Kiv hvq| we^x Zvi
welq mswkÓÏ ¡ bvbv Z^Å B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg msMÉn KGi ævb ARÆb
JN Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ A^‹Æ bwZK D®q² Gb eÅvcK fw„ gKv cvjb KiGQ ‰es wewf®² Drm ˆ^GK msM†nxZ Z^ÅGK wbGRi KvGR
KiGZ cvGi| KvRGji cwÉ kÞY MÉnY ‰es Zv KvGR jvwMGq jvMvGbvi ˆÞGò h^vh^ ŠbwZKZv ˆgGb PjGQ| AvgvG`i Š`bw±`b
KgmÆ sÕ©vGbi gvaÅGg wbGRGK A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe Õ¼vejÁ¼x Kivi ˆcQGb wewf®² KvGR ˆhgb Z^Å cÉhywÚi mivmwi cÉGqvM iGqGQ ˆZgwb
Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ gƒLÅ fw„ gKv cvjb KGiGQ| BDwbqb Z^Å Š`bw±`b wkÞv KvhÆKÌGg Z^Å cÉhywÚi mdj ‰es ŠbwZK cÉGqvM
ˆKG±`Êi cÉGqvRbxq myweav eÅenvi KGi ˆ`Gki evBGi ˆhvMvGhvM KGi AvgvG`i wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq àbMZ cwieZÆb AvbGZ mÞg nGe|
‰es KjGm´ŸvGi PvKzixi AvGe`b I Po„ v¯¦fvGe PvKiz xi cÉvwµ¦i cÉwZwU
chvÆ Gq KvRjGK B´ŸviGbU mwy eav eÅenvi KiGZ nGqGQ| ‰fvGe eÅwÚ JN ŠbwZKZv nGjv gvbyGli KvR KgÆ, AvPvi eÅenvGii ˆmB gƒjbxwZ
hvi Ici wfwî KGi gvbyl ‰KwU KvGRi fvGjv ev g±` w`K wePvi
weGkÏlY KiGZ cvGi| mKj ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhyÚi eÅenvGii ‰KwU

2 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

bZbz gvòv ^vGK hv AekÅB weGePbvq AvbGZ nGe| ŠbwZKZv AwaK¯§ wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eÅeÕ©vq ˆUwjwfkGbi c`Ævq
gvbylGK mvdGjÅi mGeÆvœP wkLGi wbGq ˆhGZ cvGi| Kx Kiv DwPZ, AskMÉnYKvixiv ciÕ·Gii mÁÃLy xb nGq ‰GK AbÅGK ˆ`GL
Kx Kiv AbywPZ Zv ŠbwZKZvi gvaÅGg wbawÆ iZ nq| KG^vcK^Gb AskMÉnY KGib|
ZG^Åi AbbyGgvw`Z eÅenvi gvivñKfvGe eÅwÚi cÉvBGfwmGK
ÞwZMÉÕ© KGi| DóxcGKi meyR mdUIqÅvi cvBGiwmi gvaÅGg ‰ eÅeÕ©vq KÅvGgiv ˆ^GK msM†nxZ Qwe ‰es gvBGKÌvGdvb I
AGbÅi mdUIqÅviGK Kwc KGi wbGRi bvGg PvwjGq ˆ`q hv mÁ·ƒYÆ wÕ·Kvi ˆ^GK msM†nxZ kGõi gvaÅGg Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb nq| ‰K
A‹bwZK KvR| ZvQvov webv AbygwZGZ AbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi jvBGewË i cvGki eÅwÚ kõ I Qwei cÉwZ DîGi AbÅ cvGki eÅwÚi kõ I Qwe
ˆ^GK dvBj wbGq hvIqvI A‹bwZK KvR| ˆcÉiGYi gvaÅGg wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös mÁ·®² nq|
ˆh ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvix eÅwÚi ŠbwZKZvi welGq
wbÁw² jwLZ wbqgmgnƒ ˆgGb Pjv DwPZ| wfwWI KbdvGiw´ÖsGqi RbÅ ˆh me Dcv`vbàGjv cGÉ qvRb ZvnGjv-
1. AbygwZ eÅwZZ AGbÅi dvBj, ˆMvcb Z^Å msMnÉ bv Kiv| gvwΟwgwWqv KwÁ·DUvi, IGqe KÅvGgiv, wfwWI KÅvcPvi KvWÆ, gGWg
2. webv AbygwZGZZ Z^Å msKÌv¯¦ wiGmvmÆ eÅenvi bv Kiv| I B´ŸviGbU msGhvM|
3. AGbÅi eyw«¬e†wî msKvÌ ¯¦ djvdj Avñmvr bv Kiv|
we^x wbqg ˆgvZvGeK B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi| AbÅw`GK meyR we^x JN `†kÅK͸-1 wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös hvi gvaÅGg Qwe ˆ`Lv hvq K^v ÷bv
AbygwZGZ AGbÅi dvBj Kwc KGi wbGq hvq| DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv hvq hv mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ gGWg, gvBGKÌvGdvb, B´ŸviGbU, wÕ·Kvi, IGqe
ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq we^x I meyGRi AvPiY mÁ·ƒYÆ wecixZ| KÅvGgiv, mdUIqÅvi BZÅvw`i cÉGqvRb| ‰B c«¬wZGZ ˆUwjGdvGbi
gvaÅGg ˆWUv AcwUK KÅvej ev gvBGKÌvIGqGei gvaÅGg ˆWUv Av`vb
JcÉkJ²fJ3 `†kÅK͸-1 : wgw^jv KvbvWvq emevm KGi| gvGS gGaÅ cÉ`vGbi KvR mÁ·v`b KGi| wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös-‰i gvaÅGg ‰K ˆ`k
ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆ`Gki KGjR, wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cov÷bv, eÅemv-evwYRÅ
gvGqi K^v gGb coGj gvGqi mvG^ K^v eGj ‰es mvG^ mvG^ gvGqi ‰gbwK MÉ‚c Õ¡vwW Kivi myGhvM cvGœQ| ‰GZ KGi ZvG`i gaÅeZxÆ `iƒ Z½
KgvGbvi mGy hvM cvGœQ| AbÅw`GK, wewf®² ˆ`Gk ‰KB ˆKvÁ·vwbi
QweI ˆ`LGZ cvq| gv ˆgGqGK ckÉ ² KGi, ‘‰wU KxfvGe mÁ¿e?’ eÅemv-evwYGRÅi ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv Kivi RbÅ wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös ‰KwU
àiZ‚ c½ Yƒ Æ gvaÅg| `†kÅK͸ 2-‰ ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös eÅenZ† nGqGQ|
wgw^jvi eÅenZ† chÉ wy Ú KgÌ v¯G¼ q RbwcqÉ Zv cvGœQ| ˆUwjGhvMvGhvGMi gvaÅGg mfv AbÓy ¤vGbi cÉwKÌqvGK ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös ejv
nq ‰es ‰ mfvGK ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö eGj| weGki¼ ˆhGKvGbv RvqMv
`k† ÅKÍ-¸ 2 : KbK ˆKvÁ·vwbi cvu PRb KgKÆ ZÆv evsjvG`k, Pxb, Rvcvb, (ˆhLvGb ˆUwjGdvb msGhvM AvGQ) ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKD ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös
KiGZ cvGib| ‰ eÅeÕ©vq mfvq AskMnÉ YKvix Kx-ˆevGWiÆ gvaÅGg
fviZ, hyÚivGÓ¡È AeÕ©vb KGi ‰K mvG^ ˆgvevBj ˆdvGb K^v ˆK±`xÊ q KwÁ·DUvGi ZvG`i eÚeÅ ev Reve cvVvq| wewf®² aiGbi
ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös eÅeÕ©v iGqGQ| ˆhgb- cvewjK KbdvGi´Ö, ˆKvÑ RW
ejGQ| eÅen†Z cÉwKÌqvwU ZvG`i Pvwn`v cƒiGY mÞg bq| KbdvGi´Ö I wiW Abjx KbdvGi´Ö| ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös eÅeÕ©v
mdUIqÅvGii gvaÅGg wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq|
K. Z^Å cÉhywÚ Kx? 1 ˆUwjKbdvGi´Ö Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq DcKiYàGjv nGjv- KwÁ·DUvi,
ˆUwjGdvb msGhvM, AwWI h¯c¨ vwZ (AwWI KvW,Æ gvBGKÌvGdvb, MIC
L. B´ŸviGbUGK wek¼MÉvGgi ˆgi‚`í ejv nq ˆKb? 2 Õ·xKvi BZÅvw`) I DchyÚ mdUIqÅvGii cGÉ qvRb nq|
mZy ivs, `†kÅK͸-1 I `k† ÅKÍ-¸ 2 nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös
M. DóxcGKi `†kÅK͸-1-‰ eÅen†Z cÉhwy ÚGZ Z^Å Av`vb AwaK MÉnYGhvMÅ|

cÉ`vGbi cÉwKÌqv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGKi `†kÅK͸-1 I 2-‰i gaÅeZÆx ˆhvMvGhvM cÉGUvKj

`yBwUi gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK AvGjvPbv Ki| 4

3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

JK ˆh cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ZG^Åi mZÅZv I ŠeaZv hvPvB, msiÞY, JckÉ J²fJ4 ˆmRvb wkÞv mdGi XvKv ‰Gm eãe®¬y bGfvw^GqUvi
cÉwKÌqvKiY, AvaywbKxKiY I eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv nq ZvGK Z^Å cÉhywÚ
ev BbdiGgkb ˆUKGbvjwR (Information Technology) ev msGÞGc cwi`kÆGb hvq| ˆmLvGb ˆm K‡wòg cwiGeGk ˆmŒiRMGZi `†kÅvewj
AvBwU (IT) ejv nq|
ˆ`GL| ˆmRvb gnvKvk ögYiZ ‰KRb bGfvPvixi gGZv ˆivgvçKi
JL B´ŸviGbU gvaÅGgB gvbyl weGk¼i wewf®² cÉvG¯¦ AeÕ©vb KGi ‰GK
AcGii mvG^ mnGR ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ cvGi ‰es wewf®² aiGbi Z^Å Abyf„wZ Abyfe Kij| cieZÆxGZ ˆmRvb Zvi e®¬yG`i mvG^ Zvi
Av`vb cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| ‰BRbÅB B´ŸviGbU nGœQ wek¼MÉvg
mshyÚZvi ˆgi‚`´£| AwfæZv wewbgq KGi ‰es Zviv ‘gnvKvk ævbPPÆv’ bvGg KÑve MGo

ˆZvGj|

JM `†kÅK͸-1-‰ eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU nGjv wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös| K. bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR Kx? 1
wfwWIKbdvGiw´Ös eÅeÕ©vq AskMÉnYKvixMY KG^vcK^Gbi mvG^
mvG^ wbGRG`i Qwe ˆ`LGZ cvGi| L. evGqvGgwUÇÝ ‰KwU AvPiYxK ŠewkÓ¡Å wbfÆi cÉhywÚ- eÅvLÅv

Ki| 2

M. DóxcGK ˆKvb cÉhywÚwU eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

‰K Õ©vb ˆ^GK AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K ˆ`k ˆ^GK AvGiK ˆ`Gk N. ˆmRvGbi ˆÞGò Z^Å cÉhywÚi cÉfve hywÚmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4
wewf®² eÅwÚ wfwWI KbdvGiw´ÖsGq AskMÉnY KiGZ cvGib|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 3

4 bs cÉGk²i Dîi K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? 1

JK bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ (bÅvGbvGUKbjwR ev msGÞGc bÅvGbvGUK) c`v^ÆGK L. ˆiveGU K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvi fw„ gKv eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
AvYweK chÆvGq cwieZÆb I wbq¯¨Y Kivi we`Åv| bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR
nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ ˆhLvGb bÅvGbv ˆÕ•Gj ‰KwU eÕ§GK M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z cjvGki cÉhwy ÚwUGZ ICT-‰i ˆKvb welqwU
wbcybfvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq A^Ævr ‰i cwieZÆb, cwieaÆb, a»sm ev
m†wÓ¡ Kiv hvq| cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ eYÆbv Ki| 3

JL evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi ˆKŒkj ev cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg N. cjvk I wkgyGji UvKv cvVvGbvi c«¬wZi ZzjbvgƒjK QK
gvbyGli kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, àbvàY, eÅwÚZ½
cÉf‡wZ «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅvwÚGK wPwn×Z ev kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq| msæv weGkÏlY Ki| 4
ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq evGqvGgwUÇÝ cÉhwy ÚwU ‰Kv¯¦B kvixwiK KvVvGgv I
AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å I àYvejx ˆKw±`ÊK| myZivs ‰wU nGjv ‰KwU 5 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi
AvPiYxK wbfÆi cÉhywÚ|
JK bÅvGbvcÉhywÚ (bÅvGbvGUKbjwR ev msGÞGc bÅvGbvGUK) c`v^ÆGK
JM ˆmRvb ˆh cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg bGfvw^GqUvGi Kw‡ òg cwiGeGk
ˆmŒiRMGZi `k† Åejx ˆ`GLwQGjv ˆmwU nGjv fvPqyÆ vj wiGqwjwU| cKÉ Z‡ AvYweK chÆvGq cwieZÆb I wbq¯¨Y Kivi we`Åv|
AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯§ evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`KË Kvix weævbwbfÆi KÍb¸ vGK
fvPÆqy vj wiGqwjwU ev AbyfGe evÕ¦eZv wKsev K͸evÕ¦eZv eGj| JL gvbyGli wP¯¦v fvebvi A^ev ewy «¬gîvi c«¬wZGK K‡wòg DcvGq
cÉhywÚ wbfÆi h¯¨ ev KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg evÕ¦evqb KivB nGjv
fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU gƒjZ KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ I wmgyGjkb ZGî½i Ici AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ö (Artificial Intelligence) ev K‡wòg
cÉwZwÓ¤Z| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUGZ wò-gvwòK BGgR ŠZwii gvaÅGg AwZ eyw«¬gîv| ˆh wP¯v¦ fvebv ev ˆhvMÅZvGK K‡wòg eyw«¬gîvq cwÉ ZwjwcKiGYi
AmÁ¿e KvRI Kiv mÁ¿eci nq| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq ZvnGjv@ wP¯¦v I KviY, mgmÅv mgvavGb
wbqw¯¨Z cwiGek ˆhLvGb eÅenviKvix H cwiGeGk g™² nq, evÕ¦Gei KviYàGjvGK eÅenvi, AwfæZv ˆ^GK ˆkLv ev eySv, ævb ARÆb I
AbyKiGY mÓ† ¡ `†kÅ DcGfvM KGi, ˆmB mvG^ evÕ¦Gei bÅvq cÉGqvM Kiv, m†wÓ¡kxjZv I K͸bvkwÚi cÉ`kÆb, RwUj auvavgq
kÉeYvbyf„wZ ‰es Š`wnK I gvbwmK fvevGeM, DGîRbv Abyf„wZ cwiwÕ©wZàGjvi mvG^ KvR Kiv, bZzb cwiwÕ©wZàGjvGZ `ËyZ I
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cwiGeGk KvR Kivi ÞgZv jvf KGi|
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cÉwkÞY ˆbqv cÉGqvRb| ˆgvevBj ˆdvGbi gvaÅGg ‰B UvKv Rgv ˆ`Iqv I DGîvjGbi eÅeÕ©v
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c«¬wZGZ UvKv ˆcÉiGY ˆcvÕ¡ Awdm ev Kzwiqvi mvwfÆm cÉGqvRb|

Avi ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs-‰i gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK ˆhGKvGbv

mgq UvKv ˆcÉiY I DGîvjb Kiv hvq|

wbGP cjvk I wkgyGji UvKv cvVvGbvi c«¬wZi ZzjbvgƒjK QK ZzGj

aiv nGjv⎯

ˆgvevBj eÅvswKs wmGÕ¡g gvwb AWÆvi wmGÕ¡g

1| `Ë‚ZMwZ mÁ·®² 1| axiMwZ mÁ·®²

2| `ƒiZ½ mvGcÞ bq 2| `ƒiZ½ mvGcÞ

3| ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK 3| ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK

ˆhGKvGbv mgGq cvVvGbv hvq ˆhGKvGbv mgGq cvVvGbv hvq bv

4 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

4| LiP Zzjbvg…jK Kg 4| LiP ZzjbvgƒjK ˆewk Wvt Rvwgj I Zvi `Gji m`mÅiv KwÁ·DUvi wmgyGjkb eÅenvi KGi
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dGj Wvt Rvwgj I Zvi `j ‰B cÉhywÚi KjÅvGY RwUj ˆeËb wUDgvi
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cÉhywÚi eÅenvi e†w«¬i gvaÅGg AvgvG`i ˆ`Gk wPwKrmvq eÅvcK
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ˆhŒwÚK I djcÉmy|
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‰i AvGM Avi nqwb| ˆKŒkGj mvjgv ‰Lb NGi eGmB wbGRi cÉGqvRbxq mKj Z^Å

K. ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös Kx? 1 jÅvcUc eÅenvi KGi ˆcGq hvq| ˆm Zvi evevGK mewR ˆÞGZi

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6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGi MÉvGgi ˆPqvigÅvb cÉwZgvGm XvKvq ^vKv Zvi KGqKRb cwiwPZ

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nq| eÅeÕ©v KGi ˆ`q|

K. KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi Kx? 1

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ˆWUv ‰bvjvBwmm Kivi RbÅ KwÁ·DUvi cÉhywÚ, BbdiGgkb w^Iwi
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wbDwKÑK AÅvwmW| KGiGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGK ˆPqvigÅvGbi M†nxZ eÅeÕ©v Rxebhvòvi gvb D®²qGb

KZUzKz mnvqK? weGkÏlY Ki| 4

JM W. dqmvGji MGelYvq ˆRGbwUK Bbwéwbqvwis cÉhywÚ eÅen†Z 7 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi
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mGeÆvcwi gvbyGli Rxeb hvòvi gvb D®q² Gb Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhwy Úi

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 5

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M. µÏveGbi DwÚwU DóxcGKi AvGjvGK eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

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weGkÏlY Ki| 4 cwiPq cÉv^wgK AeÕ©vq kbvÚ Kiv hvwœQj bv| cieZÆxGZ miKvGii

8 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mw`œQvq DœP cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg AwaKvsk jvk kbvÚ Kiv mÁ¿e

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K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? 1
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KwÁ·DUvGi K‡wòg ewy «¬ cÉGqvM KGi AvKlYxÆq I DcGfvMÅ ˆcÉvMÉvg Dcjwº¬ KGi|

evbvGbv nGœQ| JM eÅwÚ kbvÚKiGY evGqvGgwUÇÝ Z^v DNA cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv
nq| evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZ gvbyGli Aw«¼Zxq ŠewkÓ¡Åi Ici wfwî KGi
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KwÁ·DUvGi msiwÞZ ˆKvGWi mvG^ wgwjGq ZvGK kbvÚ KGi|

6 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

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aGi ˆbIqv nGœQ ˆh Rviv bv eyGS KvRwU KGiGQ| hv A‹bwZK
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cvGi| kÉwgK KgÆPvixG`i gyLveqe, AvãyGji Qvc ˆPvGLi ˆivwUbv

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JckÉ J²fJ10 Rviv Zvi AÅvmvBbGg´Ÿ cÉÕ§Z Kivi RbÅ wewf®² jvBGeËwi wbwøZ nIqvq eÅemvq jvf AGbK ˆeGoGQ| cÉwZ«¼±«¼x MÉ‚c weGkl

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KGi| wK¯§ Zvi AÅvmvBbGg´ŸwU wkÞK KZƆK M†nxZ nGjv bv| eÅenvGii wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb|

K. eMÐ (Blog) Kx? 1 K. AvwUÆwdwmqvj BbGUwjGR´Ÿ Kx? 1

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ˆjL| 3 eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

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10 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi 11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

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wmGÕ¡gGK ˆgvnvœQ®² KGi KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g ev ˆbUIqvGKÆi ÞwZ

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 7

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gaÅweî evãvjx| nVvr Zvi ˆQGj fxlY AmyÕ© nGq coGj wZwb Lye miKvi ‰B mKj wPwKrmv ˆKG±`Ê cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg weGklæ ˆmev

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12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

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ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, weLÅvZ kjÅ wPwKrmK cÉGdmi W. ˆPŒaiy x KÑvGm fvPqÆz vj ˆWUv cÉvcGKi Abcy wÕ©wZGZB mvwfÆm cÉ`vbKvix mvfÆvGi cÉvcGKi
wiGqwjwU chÉ wy Úi mvnvGhÅ KÑvGm ˆivMx QvovB weGkl chÉ ywÚi gvaÅGg wVKvbvq Rgv nGq hvq| B-ˆgBj nvWÆIqÅvi I mdUIqÅvGii mgw¯¼Z
evÕ¦e Abyfw„ Z mw† Ó¡ KGi wkÞv^xÆG`i nvGUiÆ AcvGikb ˆkLvb| KvGRB eÅeÕ©v hv we`yÅr MwZGZ wbfzÆjfvGe M¯¦eÅÕ©Gj Z^Å ˆcŒu GQ w`GZ cvGi|
wkÞv`vb c«¬wZ fvPÆqz vj chÉ ywÚi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nGœQ|

8 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

ˆhGKvGbv B´ŸviGbU mvwfÆm ˆcÉvfvBWvi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi MÉvnK nGq B- JM eÅv´£DBW^ ‰i ռ͸Zv I mgmÅv RwbZ welqB msGhvM
ˆgBj cvVvGbv hvGe| ‰ RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ gGWg, B´ŸviGbU wewœQ®²Zvi KviY| wbiwewœQ®² ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ eÅv´£DBW^ ‰i gvb
msGhvM I mdUIqÅvi cÉGqvRb| ˆewk nIqvq AZÅvekÅK| eÅv´£ DBW^ ˆewk nGj Z^Å Av`vb-c`É vb
`Ë‚Z nq| wKlvbx AvdGivRv ˆÞGZ eGm gGWg eÅenvi KiwQj|
JN wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös, B´ŸviGbU BZÅvw` cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ eü gGWGg AGbK mgq eÅv´£DBW^ ‰i gvb IVv-bvgv KGi| ‰Qvov H
`ƒieZxÆ Õ©vb ˆ^GKI wPwKrmv myGhvM cÉ`vb I MÉnY Kiv ÷i‚ nGqGQ| Õ©vGb ˆgvevBj AvcvGiUGii ˆbUIqvKÆ wbiewœQ®² bv nGj gGWGgi
‰ wPwKrmv c«¬wZGKB ˆUwjGgwWwmb ejv nq| ‰ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg eÅv´£DBW^-‰i gvb nËvm ˆcGq ˆWUv wÕ·W KGg ˆhGZ cvGi| H
‰K ˆ`Gk AeÕ©vb KGi AbÅ ˆ`Gki weGklæ WvÚvGii wPwKrmv cwiwÕ©wZGZ wbiewœQ®² Qwe ˆ`Lv I K^v ejv hvq bv|
ˆmev MÉnY Kiv hvq| evsjvG`Gki cÉZů¦ AçGji ˆivMxiv BDwbqb
Z^Å I ˆmev ˆKG±`Êi gvaÅGg wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eÅenvi KGi Õ¼vÕ©Å JN Z^Å cÉhywÚi ˆÞò wnGmGe ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ài‚Z½cƒYÆ|
Awa`µ¦Gii WvÚviG`i wbKU ˆ^GK ˆUwjGgwWwmb ˆmev MÉnY KiGZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ enbKvix DNA L´£ c†^K KGi AbÅ ‰KwU RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i
cvGi| miKvGii Õ¼vÕ©Å ˆmev ˆKG±`Êi gvaÅGg Õ©vbxq cÅv^jwRKÅvj cÉwKÌqvGK ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eGj| ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis ‰gb
cixÞvi wiGcvUÆ RwUjZvi BwãZ cvIqv hvq| ˆmGÞGò AbjvBGb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg K‡wl ˆÞGò Kw‡ l `GË eÅi Drcv`b ew† «¬ I
ev ˆgvevBj cÉhywÚGK KvGR jvwMGq `ƒieZÆx Õ©vGb `Þ I weGklæ gvb D®²qb Kiv hvq| D®²Z exR h^v mgGq cÉGqvM KiGj AvdGivRv
wPwKrmGKi civgkÆ cvIqv hvq| KviY Õ©vbxq chÆvGq mKj myGhvM ˆeMg fvj dmj ˆcZ| ZvB fvGjv dmj ˆcGZ D®²Z cÉhywÚi exR
myweav ˆhgb- cÉhywÚMZ mwy eav, `ÞZv bvI ^vKGZ cvGi wK¯§ eÅenvi AvekÅK| DóxcGKi K‡wl KgÆKZÆvi civgkÆwU cÉhywÚ wbfÆi|
weGklæ chÆvGq me cÉhywÚ AwaKÅ ^vKvq mnGRB RwUj ˆivGMi D®²Z cÉhywÚi exR ecb bv Kivi KviGY AvdGivRv ˆeMGgi ˆÞGZ
wPwKrmv ˆ`qv mÁ¿e| dmGji ‰B mgmÅv nGZ cvGi| K‡wl ˆÞGò Drcv`b e†w«¬, cYÅ ev
`ËGeÅi gvb D®²qb BZÅvw`i RbÅ cÉhywÚ cÉGqvRb| ZvB AvaywbK
Drcv`b eÅeÕ©v cÉhwy Ú wbfÆi ejv hvq|

JckÉ J²fJ14 “evGni ˆ`Gk evnvwi cÉhwy Ú” JckÉ J²fJ15 wbGPi DóxcKwU cGov ‰es cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI|

iscyGii e`iMé DcGRjvi abGZvjv MÉvGgi wKlvYx AvdGivRv `†kÅK͸-1 :

ˆeMg Zvi 30 kZvsk RwgGZ mwilv eGy bGQb| ‰evGi ˆÞGZ dzj ^vKe bv’K e«¬ NGi

Kg ‰GmGQ| ‰ KviGY KGqKw`b aGi wZwb wPw¯¦Z| KiYxq wVK ˆ`Le ‰evi RMrUvGK

KiGZ wZwb RwgGZ eGmB XvKvi Lvgvi evoxi K‡wl KgÆKZÆvi mvG^ ............................

weGkl cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆÞGZi Qwe ˆ`wLGq civgkÆ PvBGjb| ÷be Avwg BwãZ ˆKvb

civgkÆKvGj gvGS gvGS Zviv wbiewœQ®²fvGe Qwe ˆ`LGZ cviwQGjb gãj nGZ AvmGQ DGo

bv| K‡wl KgÆKZÆv ejGjb mgmÅvwU ˆZv AbÅ RvqMvq| cÉ^GgB wek¼RMr ˆ`Le Avwg

evsjvG`k K‡wl MGelYv BbwÕ¡wUDU (BARI)-‰i mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM Avcb nvGZi gyGVvq cyGi|

Kiv DwPZ wQj| `†kÅK͸-2 :

K. B´ŸviGbU Kx? 1 AvgvG`i hyGM Avgiv hLb ˆLGjwQ cyZzj ˆLjv

L. B-MfGbÆG´Öi gvaÅGg miKvGii wewf®² g¯¨Yvjq I `µ¦Gii ˆZvgiv ‰ hyGM ˆmB eqGmB ˆjLvcov Ki ˆgjv

gGaÅ KvGRi mg¯¼q NUvGbv hvq- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 Avgiv hLb AvKvGki ZGj IovGqwQ ÷ay Nywo

M. DóxcGKi cwiwÕ©wZGZ wbiewœQ®²fvGe Qwe ˆ`GL K^v bv ˆZvgiv ‰Lb KGji RvnvR PvjvI MMb Rywo|

ejGZ cvivi KviY eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? 1

N. DóxcGKi K‡wl KgÆKZÆvi civgkÆwU Z^Å cÉhywÚi wbfÆiZv L. ewntZ½GK ˆKvb mvRÆvwi KÌgk RbwcÉq nGœQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

Qvov mÁ¿e bq- ˆZvgvi gZvgZ weGklÏ Y Ki| 4 M. `†kÅK͸-1 ‰ Z^Å cÉhywÚi ˆKvb aviYvwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ?

14 bs cÉGki² Dîi eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

JK Þz`Ë Þ`z Ë ˆbUIqvGKÆi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ ‰KwU e†nr ˆbUIqvGKÆ N. Z^Å cÉhywÚi aviYvq `†kÅK͸-2 ARÆb `†kÅK͸-1 Qvov mÁ¿e

B´ŸviGbU eGj|

JL Z^Å cÉhywÚ D®²qGbi dGj miKvwi ˆmevmgƒn KwÁ·DUvivBRW I bq- eÅvLÅv Ki| 4
AbjvBbwfwîK nGœQ| dGj ‰K g¯¨Yvjq AvGiK g¯¨YvjGqi Ici
wbfÆikxj nGq coGe| dGj ‰K g¯¨Yvjq dvBj wbGq KvR bv KiGj 15 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi
AbÅ g¯¨Yvjq ˆmB dvBj wbGq KvR KiGZ cviGe bv| dGj
Revew`wnZv evoGe ‰es ‰i dGj miKvGii wewf®² g¯¨Yvjq I JK bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ ˆhLvGb bÅvGbv ˆÕ•Gj
`µ¦Gii gGaÅ KvGRi mg¯¼q NUvGbv hvGe| ‰KwU eÕ§GK wbcybfvGe eÅenvi Kiv hvq A^Ævr ‰i cwieZÆb,
cwieaÆb, a»sm ev m†wÓ¡ Kiv hvq|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 9

JL ewntZG½ K wPwKrmvi RbÅ KÌgk KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi RbwcÉq nGœQ| L. wPwKrmv ˆmevq AvwUÆwdwmqvj Bw´ŸwjGR´Ö KxfvGe
KÌvGqvmvGRÆvwiGZ mgq Kg jvGM, KvuUv ˆQov Kg eGj eÅv^Åv Kg
Abfy „Z nq, mvRvÆ wii ci Õͼ ¸ mgGq NGi ˆdiv hvq, mvkÉqx ‰es mÁ·wKÆZ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
wbivc` eGj ‰B c«¬wZ KÌgk RbwcÉq nGœQ|
M. `†kÅK͸-1 ‰ ˆKvb cÉhywÚi cÉwZ BwãZ cÉ`vb Kiv
JM `†kÅK͸-1 ‰ Z^Å cÉhywÚi ˆh aviYvwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ Zv
wek¼MÉvg| wek¼MÉvg nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU mvgvwRK ev mvsÕ•‡wZK eÅeÕ©v nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
ˆhLvGb c†w^exi mKj gvbylB ‰KwU ‰KK mgvGR emevm KGi ‰es
BGjKUÇwbK wgwWqv I Z^Å cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii gvaÅg Zviv ZvG`i wP¯¦v- N. `†kÅK͸-2 Abyhvqx ‘L’ ‰i AvPiY Z^Å cÉhywÚi
ˆPZbv, AwfæZv, msÕ•‡wZ-K‡wÓ¡ BZÅvw` ˆkqvi KiGZ cvGi I ‰GK
AciGK ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚi weKvk, ŠbwZKZvi AvGjvGK gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4
wek¼ hvZvqvZ I ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©vi cwieZÆbB weGk¼i mfÅZv I
RbmgvGR cviÕ·wiK ŠbKUÅ my`†p KGiGQ| Avi ‰i dGjB gãj 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
MÉn ˆ^GK c†w^exi ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ nvGZi gyGVvq PGj ‰GmGQ| Avi
‰mGei dGj wek¼vqb cÉwKÌqv nGqGQ Z½ivw¯¼Z| JK evGqvBbdiGgwUÇÝ nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU cÉhywÚ hv dwjZ MwYZ,

JN weævGbi AMÉMwZ I Z^ÅcÉhywÚ eÅenvGii dGj Aeva ˆhvMvGhvM, Z^Åweævb, KwÁ·DUvi weævb, imvqb ‰es ŠRe imvqb eÅenvi
gnvKvk weævGbi AMÉhvòv, AvaywbK bGfvhvb, iGKU, wegvb Pvjbv
we`Åv BZÅvw`i eÅvcK cÉmvi NUGQ| KGi RxeweævGbi mgmÅvmgƒn mgvavb Kiv nq|
Z^Å cÉhywÚi weKvk I weævGbi AMÉMwZ ‰GK AcGii cwicƒiK|
gvbly AvR DGovRvnvGR ÷ay wek¼ ögGY Z‡µ¦ bq| Zvi AvKv›Lv AvR JL gvbyGli wP¯¦vfvebvàGjv hG¯¨i gvaÅGg evÕ¦veqb KivUvB nGjv
gnvkƒGbÅ Awfhvb I bZzb mfÅZv Abym®¬vb| `†kÅK͸ 2-‰ Kwei
K͸bvq AvaywbK weævGbi Rqhvòv I weKvGki miy a»wbZ nGqGQ| AvwUÆwdwkqvj BG´ŸwjGR´Ö| gvBwmb ‰KwU wPwKrmv msKÌv¯¦ `Þ
wZwb ˆ`GLGQ eZÆgvb cÉR¯Ã MMb RyGo KGji RvnvR DovGœQ|
AvmGj ‰B KGji RvnvGRi gGaÅB eZÆgvb weævGbi AbÅZg ˆÞGò K‡wòg eÅeÕ©v| gvBwmb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msLÅK wPwKrmv msKÌv¯¦ mgmÅv
gnvKvk weævb bGfvhvb, K‡wòg eyw«¬gîv ‰es Z^Å cÉhywÚi
mswgkÉGY weævGbi AvaywbKvqb wbwnZ iGqGQ| mgvavGb wPwKrmGKi bÅvq KvR KiGZ cvGi|
`†kÅK͸-2 ‰ bZzGbi RqMvb cvIqvi cvkvcvwk bZzb cRÉ G¯Ãi
gnvKvk Awfhvòvi bZzb Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆ`qv nGqGQ| eZÆgvb cÉRG¯Ãi ‰B JM `†kÅK͸-1-‰ ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉhywÚi cÉwZ BwãZ Kiv
ARÆb mÁ¿e nGqGQ `†kÅK͸-1 I ZvG`i `†p cÉwZævi djkÉ‚wZGZ|
‰K K^vq ejv hvq, `†kÅK͸-1 ‰i AvKv›Lv I ZxeË evmbv evÕ¦evwqZ nGqGQ| ˆh c«¬wZi gvaÅGg gvbGy li cÉGqvRGb ˆKvGbv RxGei wRGbvGgi
nGjB `†kÅK͸-2 ‰ DGÍÏwLZ AvaywbKvqb mÁ¿e|
gGaÅ bZzb wRb ˆhvM KGi ev ˆKvGbv wRb Acmvib KGi ev cwieZÆb
JckÉ J²fJ16 `†kÅK͸-1 :
I cwieaÆb KGi wRb ˆewk eÅenvi DcGhvMx Kiv nq, ˆmB c«¬wZGK

wRb cÉGKŒkj ev ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eGj| msGÞGc ejv hvq,

ˆKvGbv Rxe ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wRb enbKvix DNA L´£ c†^K KGi

wf®² ‰KwU RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆKŒkjGK ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis eGj|

`†kÅK͸-1-‰ K…wl weÁvbxiv ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis chÖ yw³ e¨envi

K‡i AwaK djbkxj DbœZ gv‡bi dj I cvwL D«¿veb Ki‡Q|

JN `†kÅK͸-2-‰ ˆµÏRvwiRGgi BswMZ ˆ`q| †µRÏ vwiRg nGjv

AGbÅi ˆjLv ev MGelYvjº¬ Z^Å wbGRi bvGg PvwjGq ˆ`qv|

B´ŸviGbGU c†w^exi cÉvq me welGqB ˆKvGbv bv ˆKvGbv Z^Å AvGQ|

‰me Z^Å eÅenvGii ˆÞGò cÉK‡Z Z^Å `vZvi Ae`vb Õ¼xKvi Kiv bv

nGj Zv ˆµÏRvwiRGgi gGaÅ coGe| Z^Åmƒò DGÍÏL eÅwZZ ˆKvb Qwe,

AwWI, wfwWI ‰es Z^Å eÅenvi Kiv ‰KwU AbÅvq KvR| ‰ aiGbi

Aciva nGjv ˆµÏRvwiRg| wWwRUvj ˆgjvq cÉGRÙGii gvaÅGg AGbÅi

ˆKvGbv Z^Å c`É kÆb Kiv nGj AekÅB Z^Åmƒò DGÍÏL Kiv DwPr|

`†kÅK͸-2-‰ AbymvGi ‘L’ AGbÅi Qwe I AwWI ‰es Z^Å ˆKvGbv

Z^Åmƒò DGÍÏL eÅwZZ cÉ`kÆb KGi Zvi AæZvi cwiPq w`GqGQ|

cieZÆx mgGq ˆm Zvi K‡ZKGgÆi RbÅ `ytL cÉKvk Kivq BwZevPK

gGbvfve cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ|

`†kÅK͸-2 : ‘L’ wWwRUvj ˆgjvq ‰KwU weævb cÉGRÙ DcÕ©vcbvq JckÉ J²fJ17 iwng MÉvg ˆ^GK XvKv AvGm| ˆmLvGb Zvi e®¬y Kwig
ZvGK wbGq ‘K’ Õ©vGb hvq| ˆmLvGb cÉGeGki RbÅ AvOzj eÅen†Z
ˆKvGbvi…c Z^Åmƒò DGÍÏL eÅZxZ ‰es KZ‡ æZv cKÉ vk QvovB wKQz nq| ‰ici Zviv ‘L’ Õ©vGb wMGq ˆ`Lj, ˆmLvGb cÉGeGki RbÅ ˆPvL
eÅen†Z nq| AZci Zviv ‘M’ Õ©vGb wMGq weGkl aiGbi ˆnjGgU I
Qwe, wfwWI ‰es Z^Å eÅenvi KGi| wePviKMY welqwUi cÉwZ Zvi Pkgv cGo AGbKÞY gRv KGi WÈvBwfs KGi|

`†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KiGj ˆm ‰ welqwU RvbGZv bv eGj `ty L cKÉ vk KGi|

K. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ KvGK eGj? 1

10 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

K. Z^Å cÉhywÚ Kx? 1 K. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR Kx? 1

L. Z^Å cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ËwZK cÉeYZvq WvqvGewUm ˆivMxiv DcK‡Z L. D®²Z RvGZi exR ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z AvaywbK cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv

nGœQ- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 Ki| 2

M. DóxcGK ‘M’ Õ©vGb eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 M. WvÚvi gvgyGbi wPwKrmvq ˆKvb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGiGQb?

N. DóxcGK ‘K’ I ‘L’ ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb cÉhywÚ AwaKZi eÅen†Z eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

nGœQ- weGkÏlYcƒeÆK ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4 N. Wvt ˆPŒayixi `ywU KGÞ cÉGeGki cwÉ KÌqv«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU

17 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi eüj eÅen†Z? weGkÏlYmn gZvgZ `vI| 4

JK Z^Å msMnÉ , mZÅZv I ŠeaZv evQvB, msiÞY, cÉwKqÌ vKiY, 18 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi
AvaywbKxKiY I eÅeÕ©vcbvi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ cÉhwy ÚGK ejv nq Z^Å
cÉhywÚ ev BbdiGgkb ˆUKGbvjwR| JK bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR ˆK msGÞGc bÅvGbvGUK eGj hv c`v^ÆGK
AvYweK cwieZÆb I wbq¯¨Y Kivi ‰KwU we`Åv|
JL ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi RxGei ‰KGKvl ˆ^GK
AbÅRxGe Õ©vbv¯¦i KGi wiKwÁ¼GbU DNA cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg gvbe JL D®Z² RvGZi exR ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z Avawy bK chÉ ywÚwU nGjv ˆRGbwUK
ˆ`Gni RbÅ Bbmywjb ŠZwi nq hv WvqvGewUm AvKÌv¯¦ eÅwÚ kixGi Bwéwbqvwis| ˆKvGbv Rxe ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbw`ÓÆ ¡ wRb enbKvix DNA L´£
MÉnY KGi ˆeuGP ^vGK| myZivs ejv hvq Z^Å cÉhywÚi mvÁ·ËwZK c†^K KGi wf®² ‰KwU RxGe Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆKŒkjGK ˆRGbwUK
cÉeYZvq ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi WvqvGewUm Bwéwbqvwis eGj| ‰B c«¬wZ eÅenvi KGi wUmyÅ KvjPvi c«¬wZGZ
ˆivMxiv DcK‡Z nGœQ| cvZv ˆ^GK MvQ ŠZwi Kiv nGœQ| K‡wl weævbxiv ‰B cÉhywÚ eÅenvi
KGi AwaK djbkxj D®²Z gvGbi exR Drcv`b KiGQ|
JM DóxcGK ‘M’ Õ©vGb eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU nGœQ fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU|
cKÉ Z‡ AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯§ evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`KË Kvix weævbwbfiÆ JM WvÚvi gvgyGbi wPwKrmvq ˆh cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGiGQb ZvnGjv
K͸bvGK fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eGj| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU nGjv mdUIqÅvi KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi| KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi nGœQ Pig Vv´£v cÉGqvM KGi AÕ¼vfvweK
wbwgÆZ ‰KwU Kv͸wbK cwiGek hv eÅeenviKvixi KvGQ evÕ¦e RMr wUmyÅ a»sm Kivi c«¬wZ, ˆhLvGb Zij bvBGUÇvGRb ev AvMÆb MÅvm
wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU nGœQ KwÁ·DUvi wbqw¯¨Z eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU wPwKrmv ˆÞGò KÅv´Övi A^ev KÅv´ÖvGii cƒeÆ
wmGg´Ö, hvGK gGWwjs I Abyi‚c we`Åvi cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg gvbyl K‡wòg AeÕ©v wPwKrmv Kivi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ,
wògvwòK BGgR ŠZwi KGi| hv cwiGeGki mvG^ msGhvM Õ©vcb ev Wvt ˆPŒayix A͸ mgGqi gGaÅ ‰KwU weGkl c«¬wZGZ –40°C
Dcjwº¬ KiGZ cvGi| Zvcgvòvq gvgyGbi wUDgvi AcvGikb mÁ·®² KiGjb| AZ‰e, Wvt
DóxcGK iwng I Kwig ‘M’ Õ©vGb wMGq weGkl aiGbi ˆnjGgU I ˆPŒayix KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGiGQb|
Pkgv cGi AGbK gRv KGi WvBwfs KGi| eÅen†Z ‰B cÉhywÚ fvPzÆqvj
wiGqwjwU| JN Wvt ˆPŒayixi `ywU KGÞ cÉGeGki cwÉ KÌqv«¼q nGœQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ|
gvbyGli wewf®² ŠewkÓ¡Å, AvãyGji Qvc, ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv ‰es AvBwik,
JN evGqvGgwUÇÝ c«¬wZGZ AvãyGji Qvc, eÅv´£ wRIGgwUÇ c«¬wZGZ gyGLi wb`kÆb, Mjvi K¥¤Õ¼i BZÅvw` Dcv`vGbi Ici wfwî KGi
gyLg´£j, ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv, Õ¼vÞi, K¥¤Õ¼i eÅenvGii gvaÅGg gvbylGK gvbylGK Aw«¼ZxqfvGe kbvÚ Kivi c«¬wZ nGœQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ|
Aw«¼ZxqfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq|
DóxcGK Kwig Zvi e®¬y iwngGK wbGq ‘K’ Õ©vGb ˆMj ‰es ˆmLvGb DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Wvt ˆPŒayix wfAvBwc KwiGWvi w`Gq cÉGeGki
cGÉ eGki RbÅ AvOzj eÅenZ† nGjv| ‰ici ‘L’ Õ©vGb cGÉ eGki RbÅ ˆÞGò cÉ^gwUGZ myBGP AvOzj Õ©vcb KiGjb A^Ævr wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ hv
ZvG`i ˆPvL eÅenZ† nGjv| ‰LvGb ‘K’ I ‘L’ Dfq Õ©vGbB evGqvGgwUÇGÝi ‰KwU Ask| Wt. ˆPŒayix w«¼Zxq `iRvi gwbUGii
evGqvGgwUÝÇ eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ‘L’ Õ©vGb eÅen†Z ˆPvGLi ˆivwUbv «v¼ iv w`GK ZvKvGbvi ci `iRv LGy j hvq A^vÆ r ‰LvGb AvBwik Õ•Åvbvi
wbivcîvq eÅenZ† ˆgwkb AZů¦ eÅqenjy | ZvQvov ‰B c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv eÅen†Z nq hv evGqvGgwUÇGÝi AbÅ ‰KwU c«¬wZ| wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ
wiKMwbkb I ˆfwiwdGKkb Kiv SvGgjvcYƒ |Æ AbÅw`GK ‘K’ Õ©vGb Õ•Åvbvi ‰es AvBwik Õ•Åvbvi `ywU wWfvBGmi gGaÅ wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ
eÅen†Z AvãGy ji Qvc ˆbIqvi ˆgwkbwU Kg `vgx I mnRjfÅ| Õ•Åvbvi Kg eÅqeüj ZvB wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ c«¬wZwU eüj eÅen†Z|
ZvQvov ‰LvGb ˆWUv wiKMwbkb I ˆfwiwdGKkb Kiv AZů¦ mnR|
ZvB ‘K’ Õ©vGb eÅen†Z cÉhywÚwU AwaKZi eÅenZ† nGq ^vGK| JckÉ J²fJ19 wig Z½GKi mgmÅvi RbÅ WvÚvGii wbKU ˆMj| WvÚvi
JckÉ J²f1J8 gvgyGbi nvGZ ‰KwU wUDgvi nIqvq ˆm Wvt ˆPŒayixi kiYvc®² ZvGK cixÞv wbixÞv KGi wbÁ² Zvcgvòv cÉGqvM KGi wPwKrmv
nq| Zvi civgkÆ Abhy vqx gvgyb wbw`ÆÓ¡ ZvwiGL AcvGikb w^GqUvGi KiGjb| WvÚvi bZzb ˆivMxi Zjz bvq cyivZb ˆivMxi RbÅ Kg wd
DcwÕ©Z nGjb| gvgyb ˆ`LGjb, Wv. ˆPŒayix ‰KwU wfAvBwc KwiGWvi ˆbb| WvÚvi wiGgi AvãyGji Qvc wbGq KwÁ·DUvi ˆ`GL Kg wd avhÆ
w`Gq `ywU KGÞ cÉGeGki cG^ cÉ^gwUGZ myBP ‰ AvOjz Õ©vcb Kivq KiGjb|
‰es w«¼ZxqwUGZ gwbUGii w`GK ZvKvGbvi ci `iRv LyGj hvq| Wvt

ˆPŒayix A͸ mgGqi gGaÅ ‰KwU weGkl c«¬wZGZ 40°C Zvcgvòvq
gvgyGbi wUDgvGii AcvGikb mÁ·®² KiGjb|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 11

K. fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU Kx? 1 wig c^É Gg hLb WvÚvGii KvGQ wMGqwQGjv ZLb wiGgi AvOGz ji Qvc wbGq
ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KGiwQj| dGj Zvi mgÕ¦ Z^Å WvÚvGii ˆWUvGeGR iGq
L. AwWI I wfwWI Z^Å Av`vb-c`É vGb ˆKvbwUGZ ˆWUv wÕ·W ˆMGQ| cieZxGÆ Z hLb Avevi WvÚvGii KvGQ wMGq AvOGz ji Qvc w`GqGQ
ZLb wiGgi cyivZb mgÕ¦ Z^Å ‰es mvG^ wbavÆ wiZ wdGmi cwigvY
ˆewk jvGM eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 KwÁ·DUvi wmGÕ¡g ˆ^GKB cvIqv ˆMGQ| dGj WvÚvi Kg wd wbGqGQ|

M. DóxcGKi wiGgi wPwKrmv c«¬wZ eÅvLÅv Kiv| 3

N. DóxcGKi WvÚvi wd Kg wbGq mwVK wPwKrmv cÉ`vGbi

welqwU weGkÏlY Ki| 4 JckÉ J²f2J0 `†kÅK͸-1: Rq¯¦ ˆPŒayix KzqvKvUv ˆeovGZ wMGq AmyÕ©

19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi nGq coGj XvKvq AeÕ©vbiZ ‰KRb wPwKrmGKi mGã ˆhvMvGhvM

JK cÉK‡Z AG^Æ evÕ¦e bq wK¯§ evÕ¦Gei ˆPZbv DG`ËKKvix KGi| wZwb Rq¯¦GK `Ë‚Z nvmcvZvGj ˆhGZ civgkÆ w`Gjb| cGi

weævbwbfÆi K͸bvGK fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU eGj| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwU nGjv nvmcvZvGji wPwKrmK XvKvq weGklæ wPwKrmGKi civgkÆ Abyhvqx

mdUIqÅvi wbwgÆZ ‰KwU Kv͸wbK cwiGek, hv eÅeenviKvixi KvGQ ZvGK XvKvq nvmcvZvGj ˆcÉiY KGi|

evÕ¦e RMr wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| `†kÅK͸-2:

JL AwWIGZ ÷ay mvD´£ ^vKvq AwWIGZ ˆWUvi cwiwa Kg ^vGK dGj KwÁ·DUvi cÉwkwÞZ BDwbqb Z^Å ˆmev
mywg ˆKG±`Ê PvKzix
AwWI Av`vb-c`É vGb eÅv´£DBW^ Kg jvGM| AcicGÞ wfwWIGZ Õv¼ ejÁx¼ ˆ`Gki D®q² b

mvD´£ I MÉvwdÝ DfqB ^vGK myZivs wfwWIGZ ˆWUvi cwiwa ˆewk|

dGj wfwWI Av`vb cÉ`vGb eÅv´£DBW^ ˆewk jvGM| K. B-ˆgBj Kx? 1

JM wiGgi wPwKrmvq ˆh c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nGqwQj ˆmUv nGjv KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi| L. `ƒiwkÞGY Z^Å cÉhywÚi Ae`vb eywSGq ˆjL| 2

wMKÉ kõ cryo A^Æ Lye kxZj ‰es surgery A^Æ nvGZ Kiv KvR| M. `†kÅK͸-1 ‰ ˆKvb cÉhwy Úi DGÍLÏ Kiv nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

KÌvGqvmvRvwi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hv AwZ Vv´£vq AÕ¼vfvweK N. `†kÅK͸-2 ‰i cÉevn wPGòi AvGjvGK Z^Å cÉhywÚi f„wgKv

I AmÕy © wUmÅy i RxevYy a»sGmi RbÅ eÅenZ† nq| ‰GÞGò Zij weGkÏlY Ki| 4

bvBGUÇvGRb (Liquid nitrogen), KvebÆ WvB-AÝvBW (Carbon dioxide), 20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

AvMÆb (Argon) I WvB wg^vBj B^vi-ˆcÉvGcb (Dimethyl ether– JK Electronic mail ˆK msGÞGc E-mail ejv nq| ‰wU ‰KwU D®²Z

propane) BZÅvw` eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B me c`v^Æ mvaviYZ ‰KwU I `Ë‚Z Še`yÅwZK WvK eÅeÕ©v| ‰wU ‰gb ‰K ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v hvi

ˆMvjvKvi bj hvGK KÌvGqvcÉe (cryoprobe) eGj I Zzjvi mvnvGhÅ gvaÅGg ռ͸ eÅGq ZvrÞwYKfvGe weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ msev` Av`vb

ˆivMvKÌv¯¦ wUmÅy i Ici cÉGjc ˆ`Iqv nq| wewf®² ˆivM I AmGy L wPwKrmvi cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|

RbÅ ‰wU eÅenZ† nq| weGkl KGi AmyÕ© ZG½ Ki cwiPhÆvq ‰wU ˆewk JL NGi eGm ˆ`wk-weG`wk wkÞv/wWwMÉ jvf Kivi c«¬wZB `ƒiwkÞY|

eÅenvi Kiv nq| ZvQvov wjfvi KÅv´Övi, cGÉ Õ¡U KÅv´Övi, dmz dzm KÅv´Övi, B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi gvaÅGg AbjvBGb wewf®² wekw¼ e`ÅvjGqi jvBf

gyL ev Iivj KÅv´Övimn wewf®² ˆivGM AmÕy © Z½K mGZR KGi ZzjGZ KÑvGm Ask ˆbIqv hvq| AGbK wekw¼ e`Åvjq wfwWI KbdvGiw´ÖsGqi

eÅenvi Kiv nq| ZG½ Ki AmyÕ© ˆKvl ˆK AwZ kxZj Zvcgvòvq a»sGmi mvnvGhÅI KvÑ m wbGq ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi AbjvBb ‰WGz KkGb weGk¼i

gvaÅGg KvÌ GqvmvRÆvwi KvR KGi| KviY AwZ wb‚ Zvcgvòvq eid Õ¹wUK ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi gvaÅGg fvPyÆqvj KvÑ Gm

ZG½ Ki AmyÕ© ˆKvlGK a»sm KGi iÚ mçvjb wVK KGi| AskMÉnY Kiv ev cixÞv ˆ`Iqv hvq|

JN wMÉK kõ “Bio”(life) I “metric”(to measure) ˆ^GK Drcwî JM `†kÅK͸-1 AbymvGi Rq¯¦ ˆPŒayix ˆUwjGgwWwmb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi

nGqGQ evGqvGgwUÇÝ (Biometrics)| evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi KGi Õv¼ Õ©Å ˆmev MnÉ Y KGiwQj| wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös, B´ŸviGbU

ˆKŒkj ev cÉhywÚ hvi gvaÅGg gvbyGli kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi- BZÅvw` cÉhwy Úi mvnvGhÅ eü `ƒieZxÆ Õ©vb ˆ^GKI wPwKrmv myGhvM

AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, àbvàb, eÅvwÚZ½ cÉf‡wZ «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ eÅvwÚGK wPwn×Z cÉ`vb I MÉnY Kiv ÷i‚ nGqGQ| ‰ wPwKrmv c«¬wZGKB ˆUwjGgwWwmb

ev kbvÚKiY Kiv hvq| ‰ wmGÕ¡gwU `ywU chÆvGq KvR KGi@ ejv nq| ‰ cÉhwy Úi gvaÅGg ‰K ˆ`Gk AeÕ©vb KGi AbÅ ˆ`Gki

cÉ^gZ: ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvBGWw´ŸwU (eÅwÚ cwiPq) ev ˆKvGbv eÅwÚi weGklæ WvÚvGii wPwKrmv ˆmev MÉnb Kiv hvq| evsjvG`Gki cZÉ Å¯¦

evGqvGgwUÇK ˆWUv (wW‰b‰, AvãGy ji Qvc, ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv I AçGji ˆivMxiv BDwbqb Z^Å I ˆmev ˆKG±`Êi gvaÅGg wfwWI

AvBwim, fGqm wb`kÆb, gyGLi wb`kÆb) evGqvGgwUÇÝ wWfvBm «¼viv KbdvGiw´Ös eÅenvi KGi Õ¼vÕ©Å Awa`µ¦Gii WvÚviG`i wbKU ˆ^GK

Õ•Åvb KGi ˆfwiwdGKkGbi RbÅ ˆWUvGeGR ˆiGL ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆUwjGgwWwmb ˆmev MnÉ Y KiGZ cvGi|

w«¼ZxqZ: ˆfwiwdGKkGbi mgq DÚ eÅwÚi Õ•ÅvbK‡Z evGqvGgwUÇK Rq¯¦ ˆPŒayix KzqvKvUv ˆ^GK ˆUwjGgwWwmGbi hvnvGhÅ cÉ^Gg XvKvq

ˆWUv ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ ˆWUvi mvG^ wgwjGq ˆ`Lv nq| hw` bZzb AeÕ©vbiZ ‰KRb wPwKrmGKi mGã ˆhvMvGhvM KGi| wZwb

Õ•ÅvbK‡Z ˆWUv, ˆWUvGeGR iwÞZ ˆWUvi mvG^ cyGivcywi wgGj hvq Rq¯¦GK `Ë‚Z nvmcvZvGj ˆhGZ civgkÆ ˆ`b| cGi nvmcvZvGji

wPwKrmK ˆUwjGgwWwmb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi XvKvi weGklæ

ZvnGj wmGÕ¡gwU DÚ eÅwÚGK wPbGZ cvGi, Avi bv wgjGj DÚ wPwKrmGKi civgkÆ Abyhvqx ZvGK XvKvi nvmcvZvGj ˆcÉiY KGi|

eÅwÚGK wPbGZ cvGi bv| ‰B cyGiv wmGÕ¡Ggi RbÅB AvGM ˆ^GK JN `†kÅK͸-2 AbymvGi KwÁ·DUvi cÉwkwÞZ mywg BDwbqb Z^Å ˆmev

‰KwU mdUIqÅvi ŠZwi KGi wbGZ nq| ˆKG±`Ê PvKiz x ˆcGqGQ| KwÁ·DUvGi cÉwkwÞZ nIqvi KviGY ˆm Zvi

PvKzixi cvkvcvwk AvDUGmvwmÆs KGi wewf®² DcvGq Avq KiGZ

cviGQ| ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR wbGRiv bv KGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AG^Æi wewbgGq

12 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGqi gGaÅ AGbÅi w`Gq KwiGq ˆbIqvGK AvDUGmvwmÆs hvq| wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvG`i AwdGmi wbivcîvi RbÅ wewf®² aiGbi

eGj| eZÆgvGb wdÌjÅvw´Ös ˆckvq ‰Gm AvDUGmvwmÆsGqi gvaÅGg A^Æ AÅvKGmm KG´ŸÈvj (cGÉ ekvwaKvi) msiÞY KGi ^vGK| W. g™y ¬ Zvi
DcvRÆb Kivi gvaÅGg mywgi gGZv ˆ`Gki jvL jvL wkwÞZ I cÉhywÚ AwdGm cÉGekvwaKvi wbq¯G¨ Yi RbÅ c^É g KGÞ AvOzGji Qvc AbÅ
ævbmÁ·®² ˆeKvi hyeK-hyewZ ˆeKviGZ½i Awfkvc ˆ^GK gyÚ nGZ KGÞ ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv I AvBwim eÅenvi KGiGQb|
cviGQ| wbGRi evwoGZ eGm ev NGi eGm bvix-cyi‚l mKGjB ‰gbwK ˆWUv MÉnYKvix wWfvBm«¼Gqi gGaÅ cÉ^gwUi `vg mÕ¦v I mnRjfÅ|
Awfæ M†wnbxivI wbGRi cQ±`gGZv KvR KiGZ cviGQ| ‰G`i ZvQvov wdãvi wcÉ´Ÿ wnGmGe ˆWUv BbcUy ˆ`IqvI mnR| Aciw`GK

gvaÅGg ˆ`Gk AvmGQ cÉPzi ŠeG`wkK gy`Ëv hv ˆ`Gki A^ÆbxwZi AvGjvi cÉwZdjb gyLg´£Gji Qwei ˆÞGò cÉfve ˆdGj, dGj gvGS
PvKvGK ˆeMevb KiGQ| gvGS ‰ wmGÕ¡gwU ˆPvGLi ˆiwUbv I AvBwim wPbGZ cvGi bv|
ZvQvov DÚ wWfvBmwUi `vg ˆewk| myZivs AvOzGji Qvc MÉnYKvix
JckÉ J²fJ21 W. g™y ¬ Zvi jÅveGiUwi KGÞ AvãyGji Pvc w`Gq cÉGek cÉwKÌqvwU eüj eÅen†Z nq|

KGib| ‰KB jÅveGiUwii AbÅ KGÞ cÉGek Kivi mgq ˆm´ÖGii w`GK

ZvKvGbvi dGj `iRv LyGj ˆMj| ‰Kw`b wZwb e«¬y wPwKrmGKi wbKU JcÉkJ²fJ22 ivqnvb mvGne wbGRi jÅvcUc eÅenvi KGiB ewnweÆGk¼i

MvGji AvuwPj AcvGikGbi RbÅ ˆMGjb| e®¬y ZvGK ռ͸ mgGq –40°C wewf®² AbyÓ¤vb ˆ`GLb ‰es AvGgwiKv cÉevmx ˆQGji mvG^ cÉwZw`b

Zvcgvòvq iÚcvZnxb AcvGikb KiGjb| ZrÞbvr wZwb Zvi K^v eGjb| cÉwZGewk `wei Zvi cÉGqvRbxq K‡wl msKvÌ ¯¦ wewf®²

jÅveGiUwiGZ wdGi ‰Gm KvR ÷i‚ KiGjb| civgkÆ I ˆmev K‡wlwe`G`i wbKU ˆ^GK ivqnvb mvGnGei gvaÅGg
K. wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös Kx? 1
msMÉn KGib| ivqnvb mvGnGei ˆgGq wjRv jÅvcUGci gvaÅGgB
L. ‘NGi eGm WvÚvGii wPwKrmv MÉnY Kiv hvq’-eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
weG`kx jvBGewË i I wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Z^Åvw` msMÉn KGi
M. W. gyG™¬i wPwKrmvq wPwKrmK ˆKvb c«¬wZ eÅenvi KiGjb?
‰es NGi eGmB 1wU weG`wk wWwMÉ ARÆb KGi|
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
K. BGjKGUÇvwbK ˆgBj ev B-ˆgBj Kx? 1
N. W. gyG™¬i jÅveGiUwiGZ cÉGeGki cwÉ KÌqv«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU
L. ˆUwjGgwWwmb ‰K aiGbi ˆmev- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
eüj eÅen†Z? weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4
21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi M. DóxcGK ivqnvb mvGnGei ˆÞGò wek¼MÉvGgi aviYv mswkÏÓ¡

JK wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU eÅeÕ©v ˆhLvGb ˆKvb Dcv`vbwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

AskMÉnYKvixiv ˆbUIqvKÆ ev B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi ciÕ·i N. AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki wkÞvq wjRvi KgÆKvGíi cÉfve weGkÏlY

ciÕ·Gii Qwe ˆ`GL K^GcvK^b ev mfv KGi ^vGK| Ki| 4
22 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi
JL wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös, B´ŸviGbU BZÅvw` chÉ ywÚi mvnvGhÅ eü `iƒ eZxÆ
JK B-ˆgBj nGjv AvaywbK WvK eÅeÕ©v hv nvWÆIqÅvi I
Õ©vb ˆ^GKI wPwKrmv myGhvM c`É vb I MÉnY Kivi c«¬wZGKB
ˆUwjGgwWwmb ejv nq| mZy ivs ˆUwjGgwWwmb c«¬wZi mvnvGhÅ NGi mdUIqÅvGii mg¯¼Gq ŠZwi, hvi mvnvGhÅ Lye `Ë‚Z A͸ mgGq wPwVcò,
eGm WvÚvGii ˆmev MÉnY Kiv hvq|
AbÅvbÅ WKzGg´Ÿ wbfÆyjfvGe M¯¦eÅÕ©Gj ˆcŒQvGbv hvq|

JM DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆh, WvÚvi ZvGK ռ͸ mgGq –20°C JL ˆUwjGgwWwmb I B-ˆgBj-‰i mvnvGhÅ ˆ`Gki cÉZů¦ AçGj
Zvcgvòvq iÚcvZnxb AcvGikb KiGjb ‰es ZrÞbvr W. gy™¬ Zvi
ˆhLvGb hvZvqvZ Kiv KÓ¡Ki ˆmLvGb weGklæ wPwKrmGKi ˆmev
jÅveGiUwiGZ wdGi ‰Gm KvR ÷i‚ KiGjb| myZivs WvÚvi gyGLi
AvwPj wPwKrmvq wPwKrmK KvÌ GqvmvRÆvwi c«¬wZ AbymiY KGiwQGjb| ˆ`qv mÁ¿e nq| ˆh KviGY A͸ mgGq, ռ͸ LiGP `ƒGi ^vKv weGklæ
KvÌ GqvmvRvwi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU wPwKrmv c«¬wZ hv AwZ Vv´£vq
AÕv¼ fvweK I AmÕy © wUmÅy i RxevYy a»sGmi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq| ‰GÞGò wPwKrmGKi wPwKrmv ˆmev ˆ`qv mÁ¿e nq|

Zij bvBGUÇvGRb (Liquid nitrogen), KvebÆ WvBAÝvBW (Carbon JM DóxcGK ivqnvb mvGnGei ˆÞGò wek¼MÉvGgi ˆh aviYv mswkÏÓ¡
dioxide), AvMbÆ (Argon) I WvB wg^vBj B^vi-ˆcÉvGcb (Dimethyl
ether–propane) BZÅvw` eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B me c`v^Æ mvaviYZ ˆhvMvGhvM Dcv`vbwU cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ| wek¼MÉvg aviYvq gƒj welq
‰KwU ˆMvjvKvi bj hvGK KÌvGqvceÉ (cryoprobe) eGj| ‰GÞGò
Zjz vi mvnvGhÅ ˆivMvKvÌ ¯¦ wUmÅy i Ici cÉGjc ˆ`Iqv nq| wewf®² ˆivM nGœQ weGk¼i gvbGy li gGaÅ MGo DVv ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v| D®²Z I `Ë‚Z

I AmGy L wPwKrmvi RbÅ ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| weGkl KGi AmyÕ© Z½GKi MwZmÁ·®² hvbenGbi D«¿veb I eÅenvGii Õ©Gj weGk¼i wewf®² Õ©vGb
cwiPhÆvq ‰wU ˆewk eÅenvi Kiv nq| ZvQvov AuvwPj, wjfvi KÅv´Övi,
cGÉ Õ¡U KÅv´Övi, dzmdmz KÅv´Övi, gLy ev Iivj KÅv´Övimn wewf®² ˆivGM gvbyGli hvZvqvZ AbÅ ˆh ˆKvGbv mgGqi ˆPGq eÅvcKfvGe e†w«¬
AmyÕ© Z½K mGZR KGi Zjz GZ ‰wU eÅenvi Kiv nq| Z½GKi AmyÕ©
ˆcGqGQ| KvGj weGk¼i wewf®² ˆfŒGMvwjK AeÕ©vGbi gvbyGli cGÞ
ˆKvlGK AwZ kxZj Zvcgvòvq a»sGmi gvaÅGg KÌvGqvmvRÆvwi KvR
KGi| KviY AwZ wb‚ Zvcgvòvq eid Õ¹wUK ZG½ Ki AmyÕ© ˆKvlGK ‰GK AcGii KvGQ Avmv mnR nGqGQ|
a»sm KGi iÚ mçvjb wVK KGi|
JN W. g™y ¬ Zvi jÅveGiUwiGZ ˆh cGÉ ekvwaKvi wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi KGiGQ JN ivqnvb mvGnGei ˆgGq wjRv NGi eGmB ˆh c«¬wZGZ weG`wk

ZvnGjv evGqvGgwUÝÇ | evGqvGgwUÇÝ nGœQ ‰K aiGbi ˆKŒkj ev chÉ ywÚ wWwMÉ ARÆb KGi ZvnGjv B-jvwbÆs ev B-‰WzGKkb| weGk¼i wewf®²
hvi gvaÅGg gvbGy li kvixwiK KvVvGgv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å,
àbvàb, eÅvwÚZ½ cÉfw‡ Z «v¼ iv wbw`ÓÆ ¡ eÅwÚGK wPwn×Z ev kbvÚKiY Kiv wek¼we`Åvjq AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg wkÞv^Æxi weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦

ˆ^GK KÑvGk DcwÕ©Z bv nGq wkÞv KvhKÆ ÌGg AskMÉnY KiGZ cvGi|

AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg ‰B wkÞv eÅeÕ©vGK B-jvwbÆs ev B-BWzGKkb

eGj| wjRv wbGRi jÅvcUc eÅenvi KGi NGi eGm weG`wk jvBGeËwi

ˆ^GK wewf®² Z^Åvw` msMÉn KGi| ‰gbwK weG`kx wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK

NGi eGmB wWwMÉI ARÆb KGi| NGi eGm weG`wk wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK

wWwMÉ ARÆGbi ˆcÉwÞGZ AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq hyMv¯¦Kvix

BwZevPK cwieZÆb ‰GmGQ| wjRvi mncvVxmn AbÅivI weG`wk

wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK wWwMÉ ARÆGb DrmvwnZ nGe|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 13

JckÉ J²f2J3 ixgv Zvi evevi mvG^ bGfvw^GqUvGi ˆMj| ˆmLvGb ˆm 24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

gnvKvk ögGYi Abfy w„ Z DcGfvM Kij| Zvi evev ZvGK ejGjb, ‰wU JK evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ ev ŠRe Z^Å weævb nGjv ‰KwU ˆÞò ˆhLvGb
Rxeweævb, cwimsLÅvb I KwÁ·DUvi weævGbi wewf®² ˆKŒkj KvGR
‰KwU weGkl chÉ ywÚi mvnvGhÅ Kiv nGqGQ ‰es ‰B bGfvw^GqUvi jvwMGq ˆWUv AvniY, msiÞY, mvRvGbv, eÅeÕ©vcbv BZÅvw` KvR
Kiv nq|
AvgvG`i wkÞvi D®q² Gb mnvqK nGe| JL fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg evÕ¦Ge AeÕ©vb KGi K͸bvGK QyGq
ˆ`Lv mÁ¿e| KwÁ·DUvi I Z^Å cÉhywÚ KvGR jvwMGq AevÕ¦e ev
K. ˆivGevwUÝ Kx? 1 KÁ·wbK ˆKvGbv welqGK evÕ¦e I cÉvYe¯¦ KGi DcÕ©vcb KivGK
fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU eGj| ‰GÞGò evÕ¦Ge AeÕ©vb KGiI K͸bvi
L. KwÁ·DUvi ˆcÉvMÉvg wfwîK h¯¨- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 welqàGjvGK Õ·kÆ Kiv hvq|
JM mygGbi jÅvGe cÉGeGki c«¬wZ nGjv evGqvGgwUÇÝ| evGqvGgwUÇÝ
M. DóxcGK Kx cÉhywÚ ewYÆZ nGqGQ Zv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 nGjv Rxeweævb I cÉhywÚi ‰KwU kvLv hvi gvaÅGg gvbyGli
evGqvjwRKÅvj ˆWUv weGkÏlY KGi gvbe ˆ`Gni Aw«¼Zxq ŠewkÓ¡Å
N. gnvKvk welqK ævb `vGbi ˆÞGò DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ kbvÚ I wPwn×Z Kiv hvq|
DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq mygb RvcvGb Zvi BDwbfvwmÆwUi jÅvGe cÉGeGki
cÉhywÚi f„wgKv AvGjvPbv Ki| 4 mgq ˆm´ÖGii w`GK ZvKvGbvi mvG^ mvG^ `iRv LyGj hvq| ˆmLvGb
23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi Zvi cÉGeGki c«¬wZwU wQj evGqvGgwUÇÝ| ‰GÞGò BDwbfvwmÆwUi
jÅvGe iwÞwZ mvfÆvGi mygGbi AvBwiGki evGqvjwRKÅvj WvUvi jÅvGe
JK cÉhwy Úi ˆh kvLv ˆivGevU wWRvBb msMVb, wbq¯Y¨ ‰es cwiPvjbvq cÉGeGki gny ƒGZÆ Zvi ˆPvGLi AvBwiGki mg¯¼q NUGj jÅvGe `iRv
mshyÚ ZvGK ˆivGevwUÝ eGj| LyGj hvq|
JL KwÁ·DUvGii mdj nvWÆIqÅvGii KvhÆKÌg KwÁ·DUvGii wfZGiB JN ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös nGjv ˆUwjGdvGbi gvaÅGg (AwWI wmMbÅvj)
‰KvwaK eÅwÚi gvGaÅ Avjvc AvGjvPbv ev K^vKGcvK^b| wfwWI
iwÞZ mdUIqÅvi ev ˆcÉvMÉvGgi gvaÅGg mÁ·®² nq| KwÁ·DUvGii KbdvGiw´Ös nGjv ‰KvwaK eÅwÚi gGaÅ Qwemn Avjvc AvGjvPbv ev
wfZGi ˆcÉvMÉvg msiwÞZ KGi ˆ`qv nq| ‰B msiwÞZ ˆcÉvMÉvGgi K^vGcvK^b (AwWI I wfwWI wmMbÅvj)|
Ici wfwî KGiB KwÁ·DUvi Zvi KvhÆvejx cwiPvjbv KGi| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq, mygb cÉevm RxeGb ^vKvKvjxb AeÕ©vq e®¬y
JM DóxcGK ˆh cÉhywÚ eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ ˆmwU fvPÆzqvj wiGqwjwU| ev®¬e I Avñxq Õ¼RGbi mvG^ cvÉ qB Avjvc AvGjvPbv I Kzkj
wewbgq KGi| wK¯§ ‰GZ Zvi gb fGi bv| Zvi gGb nvq “÷ay K^vq
fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg ixgv gnvKvk ögGYi Abyf„wZ DcGfvM wK fGi gb, hw` bv nq `kÆb”| AZ‰e mygGbi ˆhvMvGhvGMi
Kij| fvPÆyqvj wiGqwjwUi gvaÅGg ˆKvGbv AmÁ¿e KvRI mnGRB gvaÅg«¼q nGjv ˆUwjKbdvGiw´Ös I wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös|
mÁ·v`b Kiv hvq| fvPzÆqvj wiGqwjwU AÅvwµÏGKkb ŠZwii RbÅ wKQz DóxcGK mygGbi ÷aygvò ˆUwjGdvGbi gvaÅGg AvjvcPvwiZvq Zvi
KGÁ·vbÅv´Ÿ wbGq KvR KiGZ nq ˆmàGjv nGjv `†kÅ I AeGRÙ gGbi cZÉ Åvk cƒiY nqwb| cieZxÆGZ hLb Qwemn Avjvc PvwiZvq
weGnwfqvi, KwgDwbGKkb BZÅvw`| ‰i «¼viv wògvwòK RMZ ŠZwi AskMÉnY Kij ZLb Zvi KvGQ AvjvcPvwiZvi welqwU AGbK
cÉvYe¯¦ nGq DVZ| myZivs wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös-‰i gvaÅGg
nq ‰es Rxe¯¦ gGb nq| AvjvcPvwiZv Zvi gGbi meÆvwaK cÉZÅvkv cƒiY KGiGQ|

JN SESIP cÉYxZ m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi AsGki 4(N) bs `ËÓ¡eÅ|

JckÉ J²f2J4 mygb “gGbveyGmv’ Õ•jvikxc ˆcGq RvcvGb PGj hvq| ˆm

ˆmLvGb Zvi BDwbfvwmwÆ Ui jÅvGe cÉGeGki mgq ˆm´ÖGii w`GK

ZvKvGbvi mvGZ mvG^ `iRv LyGj hvq| cÉevm RxeGb ^vKvKvjxb

e®¬y-ev®¬emn Avñxq Õ¼RbG`i mvG^ ˆm cÉvqB Kzkj wewbgq KGi|

wK¯§ ‰GZ Zvi gb fGi bv| Zvi gGb nq, ‘÷ay K^vq wK fGi gb,

hw` bv nq `kbÆ |’ AvaywbK Z^Å chÉ wy Úi KjÅvGY Zvi ˆm cZÉ ÅvkvI

AGbKUv ciƒ Y nGqGQ|

K. evGqvBbdiGgwUÝ Kx? 1

L. ‘evÕ¦Ge AeÕ©vb KGi K͸bvGK QGyu q ˆ`Lv mÁ¿e’- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

M. mygGbi jÅvGe cÉGeGki c«¬wZwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. ˆhvMvGhvGMi ˆKvb gvaÅg eÅenvi mygGbi cÉZÅvkv cƒiGY

meÆvwaK f„wgKv ˆiGLGQ? DóxcGKi AvGjvGK weGkÏlYcƒeÆK

gZvgZ `vI| 4

14 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

SESIP cÉYxZ m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi

w«¼Zxq AaÅvq : KwgDwbGKkb wmGÕ¡gm I KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvwKÆs

JckÉ J²fJ1 ˆgvKviig mvGne ˆgGUvÇ cwjUb ‰wiqvi wewf®² AwdGm ˆcqvi KÅveGji gvaÅGgI 100m `ƒiG‚ Z½ ˆewk ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq bv
wK¯§ AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅveGji mvnvGhÅ AvGjvi ˆeGMi mgZzjÅ
KÅvej gvaÅGg wbRÕ¼ ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi KGib ‰es wZwb Zvi ˆnW ˆWUv wÕ·W 2Gbps chƯ¦ ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq| DÚ gGZ ˆgvKviig
mvGne Zvi wewf®² AwdGmi ˆbUIqvKÆ mvaviY KÅveGji cwieGZÆ
Awdm nGZ kvLv Awdm wbq¯¨Y KGib| ‰GZ Zvi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i Lye AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅveGji gvaÅGg mgmÅv mgvavb KGib|
JckÉ J²fJ2
axi nGq ^vGK| hvi ˆWUv wÕ·W 300bps| wK¯§ wZwb RvbGZ
mvfÆvi
cviGjb evsjvG`Gk ˆijIGq mviv ˆ`Gki mKj ˆijGÕ¡kGb cwiGek

ev®¬e weGkl ZvGii gaÅ w`Gq AwZ `Ë‚Z ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb nGq

^vGK| ˆgvKviig mvGne Zvi ˆbUIqvKÆ KÅvej cwieZÆb KGi

ˆijIGqi gGZv Kivi wP¯¦v KGib|

K. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb Kx? 1 mve-mvfÆvi-1 mve-mvfÆvi-2 mve-mvfÆvi-3
C7 C8 C9
L. ˆkÉwYKGÞ cvV`vbGK ˆKvb UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGWi mvG^ Zzjbv C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 wPò-K

M. DóxcGK ˆgvKviig mvGnGei mgmÅvi KviY wPwn×ZcƒeÆK

eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGK ˆgvKviig mvGnGei wm«¬v¯¦ KZUKz z djcÉmy nGe

eGj Zzwg gGb Ki@ hywÚmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4

1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi wPò-L

JK ˆWUv ‰K Õ©vb ˆ^GK AbÅÕ©vGb A^ev ‰K wWfvBm nGZ AbÅ K. ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR Kx? 1
wWfvBGm wbfÆiGhvMÅfvGe ˆcuŒQvGbvGK ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb ejv nq|
JL ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiK nGZ cÉvcGK ‰es cÉvcK nGZ ˆcÉiGK L. ZvihyÚ gvaÅGgi gGaÅ AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅvej ˆewk
Dfq w`GKB cÉevwnZ nq wK¯§ ‰KB mgGq bq, ZvGK nvd WzGµÏÝ
ˆgvW eGj| ˆhGnZz ˆkÉwYKGÞ wkÞK cvV`vGbi mgq Qvò/Qvòxiv DcGhvMx@ eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
wbie ^vGK ZLb ˆWUv wkÞK nGZ QvòG`i w`GK hvq| cieZxÆ GZ
QvòG`i Dîi ˆkvbvi mgq wkÞK wbie nGq ÷Gb ZLb ˆWUv Qvò M. wPò-K ˆZ ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆKvb UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv
nGZ wkÞGKi w`GK hvq| ZvB ‰B ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkbGK nvd WzGµÏÝ
‰i mvG^ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| nGqGQ- eÅvLÅv Ki| 3
JM ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb A^Ævr ˆWUv ‰K Õ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb
Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nIqvi MwZGK eÅv´£DBW^ eGj| eÅv´£DBW^ Kg nGj N. wPò-K ‰i Zzjbvq wPò-L ˆZ eÅvcKfvGe ˆWUv Av`vb
B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK ˆWUv ˆcGZ ˆewk mgq jvGM ev cvIqv hvq bv|
bÅvGiv eÅv´£ 45 ˆ^GK 300 bps chƯ¦ ˆWUv hvq| fGqm eÅvG´£ mGevÆœP cÉ`vGbi myweav ˆewk@ weGkÏlY Ki| 4
9600bps chƯ¦ ˆWUv UÇ´Öwgkb nGZ cvGi| eËWeÅvG´£ 1Gbps nGZ
AvGiv DœP MwZ chƯ¦ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb nGZ cvGi| ‰B aiGbi eÅv´£ 2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
w`Gq ˆewk ˆWUv gynƒGZÆB UÇv´ÖwgU nq| DóxcGKi AvGjvGK ˆgvKviig
mvGnGei B´ŸviGbU wÕ·W 300bps ^vKvq Avgiv ejGZ cvwi wZwb JK UGcvjwR nGœQ ˆbUIqvGKÆi A¯¦ÆMZ KwÁ·DUvi ev AbÅvbÅ
bÅvGiv eÅvG´£ eÅenvi Kivi dGj DcGivÚ mgmÅvq cGoGQb| wWfvBmmgƒGni gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcGbi ˆKŒkj|
JN hvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv ‰K Õ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb ev ‰K wWfvBm JL Avgiv Rvwb, ZvihÚy gvaÅgàGjv nGœQ ˆKv-‰wÝqvj KÅvej,
nGZ AbÅ wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq ZvGK ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb gvaÅg UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅvej ‰es dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej| ˆKv-‰wÝqvj
ejv nq| KÅvej I UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅveGj ˆWUv ˆciÉ GYi ˆÞGò ˆWUv wÕ·W I
KÅveGji mvnvGhÅ wbRÕ¼ ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ ˆKv-‰wÝqvj M¯¦GeÅi `ƒiZ½ AGbK Kg| cÞv¯¦Gi AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii mvnvGhÅ ˆWUv
KÅvej, UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅvej ev AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅvej eÅenvi 2Gbps ch¯Æ ¦ MwZGZ AGbK `ƒi chƯ¦ AvGjvK msGKZ AvKvGi ˆciÉ Y
Kiv nGq ^vGK| ˆKv-‰wÝqvj KÅveGji mvnvGhÅ ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi wÕ·W Kiv hvq| ZvB AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅvej ˆWUv ˆciÉ GY ˆewk DcGhvMx|
ˆewk ^vKGjI mGevœÆ P 1km ˆewk ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq bv| UzBGÕ¡W JM DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ wPò-K-‰i ˆbUIqvKÆwUGZ wUÇ UGcvjwR eÅenvi
Kiv nGqGQ| wUÇ UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU nvGei mvG^ ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvi
hyÚ KGi ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv nq| nvGei mvG^ hyÚ KwÁ·DUviGK
ˆbvW eGj| cÉwZwU ˆbvGWi mvG^ nve hyÚ KGi ‰B UGcvjwR
mÁ·ËmviY Kiv hvq| AbÅ KwÁ·DUviwU bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGjI ‰B
UGcvjwRGZ cÉwZwU ˆbvGWi AaxbÕ¦ KwÁ·DUviàGjvi ˆbUIqvKÆ mPj
^vGK| dGj AwdGmi KvGR ‰B UGcvjwR AwaK DcGhvMx|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 15

JN wPò-L ˆZ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ| KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs mvfÆvGii wmwKDwiwU cwjwm ˆgGb PGj eGj wbivcîv wbwøZ nq|
nGjv- KwÁ·DwUs wiGmvmÆ ˆhgb@ nvWÆIqÅvi wiGmvm,Æ mdUIqÅvi KÑvGq´Ÿ-mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆGK mvfÆvi- ˆeRW ˆbUIqvKÆI ejv nq|
wiGmvmÆ, ˆWUv wiGmvmÆ BZÅvw` eÅenvi KGi ˆmev cÉ`vb Kiv| ‰B c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUviGK mvfvÆ i KGi AbÅ KwÁ·DUvi
wPò-K ˆZ ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGbi jÅvb ev ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ àGjvGK KÑvGq´Ÿ KGi ‰es wcÉ´Ÿvi I gGWgGK mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGii
Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B ˆbUIqvGKÆ eÅen†Z UGÇ cvjwR nGjv wUÇ| wUÇ mvG^ msGhvM w`Gq mGeÆvœP myweav ˆfvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|
UGcvjwRGZ mvfÆvi ev ˆbvW e®¬ ^vKGj AbÅ ˆbvGWi AvIZvq JN ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi `yB ev ZGZvwaK
KwÁ·DUviàGjvi ˆbUIqvKÆ mPj ^vGK| dGj cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGRi ˆfŒMwjK AeÕ©vGb AeÕ©vbiZ eÅwÚeGMÆi gGaÅ KG^vcK^b I
ˆKvGbv Amyweav nq bv| ‰B UGcvjwRGZ B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi ciÕ·iGK ˆ`LGZ cvivi gvaÅGg Avjvc AvGjvPbv KGi wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY
eÅeÕ©v ˆbB| dGj evBGi ˆ^GK Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGbi myweav bvB| KGi ZvGK wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös eGj| wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös-‰i RbÅ
wPò-L ˆZ wf®² wf®² ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR hÚy nGq ‰KwU nvBweËW cÉGqvRb nq gvwΟwgwWqv KwÁ·DUvi, IGqeKÅvg, gGWg ‰es
UGcvjwR m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| ‰B UGcvjwR B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ hyÚ| dGj nvBwÕ·W B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb| ˆhGnZz KGjRwUGZ 10wU gvwΟwgwWqv
‰B UGcvjwRGZ B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi eÅvcKfvGe ˆWUv Av`vb KwÁ·DUvi, 1wU gGWg AvGQ hvGZ 32 kbps B´ŸviGbU wÕ·W eÅen†Z
cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| nGœQ ‰es wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös-‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRb nvB wÕ·W
B´ŸviGbU| myZivs wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös KiGZ nGj ZvGK AwZwiÚ
JcÉkJ²fJ3 wkÞv g¯¨Yvjq nGZ MÉvGgi ‰KwU KGjGRGK `kwU ‰KwU IGqeKÅvg ‰es B´ŸviGbGUi wÕ·W ev eÅv´£DBW^ evwoGq
wbGjB ˆbUIqvKwÆ UGZ wfwWI KbdvGi´Ö Kiv hvGe|
KwÁ·DUvi, ‰KwU wcÉ´Ÿvi I ‰KwU gGWg cÉ`vb Kiv nq| AaÅÞ

gGnv`q meàGjv KwÁ·DUvGi ˆhb wcÉ´Ÿvi I gGWg eÅenvi KiGZ

cvGi ‰B aiGbi ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi KiGZ wbG`Æk ˆ`b| JckÉ J²fJ4 wg. ‘K’ Zvi Awdm i‚Ggi KwÁ·DUvimgƒn, wcÉ´Ÿvi I

cÉwZÓ¤vbwU 32 kbps B´ŸviGbU wÕ·W MÉnY KGi| ZGe ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ•Åvbvi BZÅvw` ˆkqvi Kivi RbÅ mshÚy KGib| wZwb Av`g÷gvixi
cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGjI wfwWI KbdvGi´Ö Kiv hvGœQ bv| KvR ˆcGjb| hvi RbÅ Zvi AviI ˆewk wKQz Z^Å, Dcvî ˆÕ¡vGiR

K. wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? 1 Kivi cÉGqvRb nIqvq ‰es hvGZ ˆWUvmgƒn bv nvivq ˆmRbÅ wZwb

L. KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ˆmev MÉnY Kiv nq ˆKb? 2 B´ŸviGbU wfwîK ˆmev MnÉ Y Kivi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb|

M. AaÅÞ gGnv`Gqi Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK mGevÆœP mwy eav MÉnGYi K. ‰wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? 1

RbÅ ˆKvb aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v MÉnY Kiv hvq- L. eÅv´£DBW^ 128 kbps ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2

wPGòi gvaÅGg eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 M. DóxcGK ˆKvb aiGbi ˆbUIqvGKÆi wbG`Æk KiGQ? eÅvLÅv

N. DóxcK Abyhvqx wfwWI KbdvGi´Ö Kivi RbÅ ˆKvb Ki| 3

aiGbi c`GÞc MÉnY Kiv hvq@ weGkÏlY Ki| 4 N. DóxcGKi wg. ‘K’-‰i wm«¬vG¯¦i h^v^ÆZv gjƒ Åvqb Ki| 4

3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 4 bs cÉGki² Dîi

JK ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MÉvnGK eÐK AvKvGi JK ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆcÉiK nGZ ˆWUv MÉvnGK KÅvGiÙvi

UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| evB KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK ‰wmbGKÌvbvm UvÇ ´Öwgkb eGj|

JL B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ nGq wKQy ˆ™Ïvevj mwy eav ˆfvM Kivi JL ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK eÅv´£DBW^ eGj| eÅv´£DBW^ 128 kbps
ejGZ cwÉ Z ˆmGKG´£ 148 wKGjvevBU ˆWUv UÇvbwgkbGK ˆevSvq|
ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs| ‰wU ‰KwU weGkl JM mvaviYZ 10 km ev Zvi Kg ‰wiqvi gGaÅ ˆek wKQy KwÁ·DUvi

cwiGmev| ‰LvGb “KÑvDW” ejGZ `ƒieZxÆ ˆKvGbv kwÚkvjx mvfÆvi

KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGbv nq| KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ˆmev MÉnY Kivi UvwgbÆ vj ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm mshÚy KGi ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ

KviY@ AcvGiwUs LiP ZzjbvgƒjK Kg ^vGK, wbRÕ¼ nvWÆIqÅvi ev ŠZwi Kiv nq ZvGK LAN eGj| ‰wU mvaviYZt Õ•jz -KGjR KÅvÁ·vGm,
ˆKvb eo Awdm wewΣsGq A^ev ˆKvGbv eÅqeüj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBmGK
mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb nq bv, ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK ˆhGKvGbv mgGq

mveÆÞwYK eÅenvi Kiv hvq| AGbK eÅenviKvix hvGZ eÅenvi KiGZ cvGib ˆmRbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq|

JM AaÅÞ gGnv`Gqi Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK mGevÆœP myweav MÉnGYi RbÅ DóxcK wg. K ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb KGib ZvnGjv LAN| Kvib wg. K

Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v MÉnY Kiv hvq| Zvi Awdm i‚Gg A^vr m͸ `ƒiGZ½ KwÁ·DUvimgnƒ , wc´É Ÿvi I Õ•Åvbvi

ˆKw±`ÊqfvGe ˆWUv ˆÕ¡vi, wbivcîv wbwøZ Kiv, wewf®² ‰wµÏGKkb BZÅvw` ˆkqvi Kivi RbÅ mshyÚ KGiGQ|

PvjvGbv ‰es ˆbUIqvKÆ PvjvGbvi ‰KwU DchyÚ ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv JN DóxcGK wg. ‘K’ B´ŸviGbU wfwîK ˆh ˆmev MÉnY Kivi wm«¬v¯¦

KÑvGq´Ÿ-mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGi wiGmvmÆ ˆbb AvmGj ZvnGjv KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs| B´ŸviGbGU ev IGqGe mshyÚ

^vGK, Avi ˆbUIqvGKÆi AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUvi ˆmme wiGmvmÆ eÅenvi nGq wKQy ˆ™vÏ evj myweav ˆfvM Kivi ˆh c«¬wZ ZvB nGœQ KÑvDW

KGi| ˆh KwÁ·DUvi wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi KGi ˆmwU nGœQ mvfÆvi, Avi KwÁ·DwUs| ‰wU ‰KwU weGkl cwiGmev| ‰LvGb “KvÑ DW” ejGZ

ˆhme KwÁ·DUvi ˆmB wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi KGi Zviv nGœQ KvÑ Gq´Ÿ| `iy eZxÆ ˆKvGbv kwÚkvjx mvfvÆ i KwÁ·DUviGK ˆevSvGbv nq| weGki¼

ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgÕ¦ wiGmvmÆ mvfÆvGi Rgv ^vKvq ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK wiGmvmÆ ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK B´ŸviGbU mshyÚ KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg “KÑvDW”

gÅvGbR Kiv hvq| me BDRvi ‰KB mvfÆvGi jM-Bb KGi ‰es cÉ`î ˆmevmgƒn ˆfvM Kiv hvq| “KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs” KwÁ·DwUs kwÚ,

16 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

AbjvBb cwiGmev, ˆWUv ‰GÝm, ˆWUv ˆÕ·m c`É vb KGi| KÑvDW AvGjvK msGKZ iGƒ c AvGjvi MwZGZ AvGjvi cYƒ ÆAfů¦ixY agÆ
KwÁ·DwUs nGjv B´ŸviGbU wfwîK KwÁ·DUvi I ˆWUv ˆÕ¡vGiR ˆmev Abmy vGi cwÉ ZdwjZ nq| Mfxi mgGy `iË ZjG`k w`Gq ‰K gnvG`k
hv mnGR ˆKÌZvi myweav gGZv Pvwnevgvò ‰es eÅenvi Abhy vqx fvov ˆ^GK AbÅ gnvG`Gk KÅvej eÅenvi KGi msGhvM Õ©vcb Kiv nq|
ˆ`Iqv nq| Zvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqvi wcQGb hywÚàGjv nGjv@ mÅvGUjvBGU wmMbvj AvGjvi ˆeGM ˆhGZ cvGi wK¯§ AcwUKÅvj
i. ‰wU ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vb ˆ^GK ˆhGKvGbv gynƒGZÆ mveÆÞwYK h^v^Æ dvBevi KvGPi ˆfZi w`Gq ˆhGZ nq eGj ˆmLvGb AvGjvi ˆeM ‰K-
Z‡Zxqvsk Kg| ZvicGiI cw† ^exi ‰K cÓ† ¤ ˆ^GK AbÅ c†GÓ¤ AcwUKÅvj
eÅenvi Kiv hvq| dvBevGi wmMbvj cvVvGZ nGj ˆmwU ZvovZvwo cvVvGbv hvq| KviY
ii. ‰LvGb wbRÕ¼ ˆKvGbv nvWIÆ qÅvi ev mdUIqÅvi cGÉ qvRb nq bv ZLb 34 nvRvi wKGjvwgUvi `ƒGii mÅvGUjvBGU wmMbvjwU wMGq Avevi
wdGi AvmGZ nq bv| mgGy `Ëi ZjG`k w`Gq gvò AvVvGiv ˆ^GK wek
dGj msÕ©vcb LiP ˆbB ejGjB PGj | nvRvi wKGjvwgUviB PGj ˆhGZ cvGi| DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK
iii. AcvGiwUs LiP ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg nq| ˆ`LGZ cvB ˆh, ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb 2q gvaÅg A^vÆ r dvBevi
iv. Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe mdUIqÅvi AvcGWU Kiv hvq| AcwUK KÅvejB myweavRbK|

JckÉ J²fJ5 Rvdi Zvi weævb eBGq ˆhvMvGhvM gvaÅg mÁ·GKÆ

cowQj| gvaÅgwUGZ kGõi cvkvcvwk Pjgvb QweI cvVvGbv hvq| ZGe

`iƒ eZxÆ Õ©vGb ˆhvMvGhvM mÁ·mË viGYi RbÅ 10 nGZ 100 wKGjvwgUvi JcÉkJf² J6 ‰KwU miKvwi KGjGRi cwÉ ZwU wefvGM KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg

`iƒ GZi½ gGaÅ UvIqvi Õ©vcGbi cÉGqvRb nq hvi wdÌKGz qw´Ö 300MHz Avjv`vfvGe KvR Kivq ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGb wewf®² mgmÅv nq| KGjGRi
AaÅÞ mKj wefvMGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq ‰Gb AwdGmi
nGZ 30GHz| cieZxÆ GZ bZbz D«v¿ weZ ‰KwUi cÉhywÚi mvG^ ‰i hveZxq KvhÆKÌg ‰es wkÞv/cvV`vb AbjvBGb mÁ·®² KiGZ c`GÞc
MÉnY Kivi AvMÉn ˆ`LvGjb ‰es evÕ¦evqGbi DG`ÅvM wbGjb|
mwÁÃjb NUvGbv nq, hv mgGy `iË ZjG`k w`Gq ‰K gnvG`kGK AbÅ

gnvG`Gki mvG^ hyÚ KiGQ|

K. PÅvGbj Kx? 1

L. ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb gGWGgi f„wgKv eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 K. ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb wÕ·W Kx? 1

M. DóxcGKi 1g gvaÅgwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 L. Wi-Fi ˆRvGb ˆWUv wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v KxfvGe Kiv hvq Zv

N. “2q gvaÅg AGcÞvK‡Z myweavRbK”- hywÚmn gƒjÅvqb eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

Ki| 4 M. DóxcGK cwiewZÆZ eÅeÕ©vq ˆWUv msiÞGYi cÉwKÌqv

5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

JK ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb hvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv cÉevwnZ nq ZvGK N. DóxcGK ˆKvb aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ DchyÚ- gZvgGZi cGÞ
gvaÅg ev PÅvGbj eGj|
JL ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb gGWg wWwRUvj msGKZGK AÅvbvjM hywÚmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4
wmMbvGj ‰es AÅvbvjM msGKZGK wWwRUvj msGKGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi|
JM DóxcGKi 1g gvaÅgwU nGjv gvBGKÌvIGqf| gvBGKvÌ IGqf ‰KgLy x 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

JK cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ ˆh cwigvY weU ‰K wWfvBm ˆ^GK AbÅ wWfvBGm
Õ©vbv¯¦i nq ZvGK ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wÕ·W eGj|

‰es ˆQvU AvKvGii ˆK±`Ê AwfgyGL wmMbvj cvVvGbv hvq| ‰RbÅ JL Wi-Fi nGœQ ‰KwU RbwcÉq Zviwenxb cÉhywÚ hv ˆiwWI IGqf
ˆcÉiK I MÉvnK AÅvG´ŸbvGK ciÕ·igyLx KGi mvRvGZ nq| ‰GZ mwy eav eÅenvi KGi DœP MwZGZ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| Wi-Fi
nGjv ‰K ˆRvov MvÉ nK I ˆciÉ K AÅvG´Ÿbv AbÅ ˆKvGbv AÅvG´Ÿbvi mvG^ ‰i AGUv KbwdMvGikb ÞgZv AvGQ| dGj mnGR ‰wU eÅenvi
msNlÆ bv NwUGq Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi| ‰i wdKÌ Gz qw´Ö ˆiwWI ˆhvMÅ| meÆmvaviGYi eÅenvGi nÅvwKs ev IqvwgÆs wWfvBm hvGZ cÉGek
wdKÌ Gz qw´Ö ˆ^GK AGbK ˆewk nIqvq cvidiGg´Ö I MwZ ˆewk cvIqv KiGZ bv cvGi ˆmRbÅ cvmIqvÆW, ˆWUv ‰bwKÌckb I ivDUvi
hvq| gvBGKvÌ IGqf ˆhvMvGhvGMi caÉ vb Amwy eav nGœQ UvÇ ´ÖwgUvi I eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| dGj AbyGgv`bnxb ˆKvb wWfvBm
wiwmfvGii gGaÅ ˆKvGbv evav ^vKGZ cviGe bv| KviY ‰Bicƒ msGKZ ˆbUIqvGKÆ cÉGek KiGZ cvGi bv|
wewΣs ev ˆKvGbv evav ˆf` KiGZ cvGi bv| gvBGKÌvIGqf cvVvGbvi JM DóxcGK cwieZÆxZ eÅeÕ©vq ˆWUv msiÞGY mvfvÆ i ˆeRW
RbÅ ˆcÉiK I cvÉ cK `†wÓ¡ ˆiLvi gGaÅ ^vKGZ nq| ˆciÉ K I MvÉ nGKi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenvi Kiv hvGe| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆKw±`qÊ KwÁ·DUviwU
`iƒ Z½ ˆewk nGj AÅvG´Ÿbv AGbK DuPGz Z DVvGbv jvGM| gvBGKvÌ IGqf mvfvÆ i wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆbUIqvKÆf„Ú KwÁ·DUviàGjvi Z^Å mvfÆvi
ˆhvMvGhvGMi AviI Amyweav nGjv ˆh, ‰B wdKÌ Gz qw´ÖGZ Ziã e†wÓ¡GZ KwÁ·DUvGi Rgv nGe| DóxcGK wewf®² wefvGM Avjv`vfvGe cÉwZwU
`ey Æj nGq hvq| KwÁ·DUvi ˆWUv msiÞY KiGZv| dGj cÉGqvRbgGZv ˆWUv Av`vb-
JN DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ 2q gvaÅgwU nGjv AcwUKÅvj dvBevi KÅvej| c`É vb KiGZ cviGZv bv| ‰Lb DchyÚ AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡g, ˆWUv dvBj,
dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej Zvi gvaÅGgi meGPGq kwÚkvjx gvaÅg| wewf®² AÅvwµGÏ Kkb mdUIqÅvi KGjRwUi mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGi ˆiGL
dvBevi AcwUK KÅveGj ˆKG±`iÊ gjƒ ZviwU wmwjKv, KvP A^ev KÑvB´Ÿ KwÁ·DUviàGjv eÅenvi KiGj Zv mvfvÆ Gi Rgv nGe|
µÏvwÕ¡K w`Gq ŠZwi| ‰i gaÅ w`Gq AvGjvK msGKZiG… c ˆWUv JN wewf®² KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvGbv ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v «¼viv ‰K mGã hyÚ
cwievwnZ nGZ cvGi wmMbÅvj jm QvovB| ‰B KÅveGji gvaÅGg ˆWUv ^vKGj ZvGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj| mvaviYZ 10 wK.wg. ev

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 17

Zvi Kg ‰wiqvq KwÁ·DUvi UvwgÆbvj ev AbÅGKvGbv ˆcwiGdivj ˆ^GK ˆWUv cvVvGj Zv nve ev myBGP hvGe| nve ev myBP ˆWUvGK
wWfvBm hyÚ KiGZ jÅvb eÅen†Z nq| DóxcGKi wkÞv cwÉ ZÓ¤vGbi jÞÅÕ©j C-GZ cvwVGq ˆ`Ge|
ˆbUIqvKÆ hv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ƒiGZ½i KGqKwU feGb AewÕ©Z wewf®² JN wPò-1 nGœQ Õ¡vi UGcvjwR ‰es wPò-2 nGœQ ˆgm UGcvjwR
wefvMàGjvGK ˆbUIqvKÆf„Ú Kiv nGqGQ| ‰LvGb mvfÆvi c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nGqGQ| ˆbUIqvKÆ `ywU wf®² AvwKÆGUKPvi nGjI Zviv ‰KB
eÅenvi KGiB ˆbUIqvKÆ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqGQ| 10 wK.wg. ‰i ˆewk ˆcÉvGUvKj ev wf®² ˆcÉvGUvKGj Õ©vwcZ nGZ cvGi| DóxcGK DGÍÏL
`ƒiGZ½i ‰KwU knGii wewf®² Õ©vGb AewÕ©Z KwÁ·DUvGii ˆh ˆbB ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ `ywU ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆcÉvGUvKj «¼viv Õ©vwcZ nGqGQ|
ˆbUIqvKÆ ZvB MAN| ‰GÞGò ISP, gvBGKÌvIGqf, wUwf wf®² ˆcÉvGUvKj bv ‰KB ˆcÉvGUvKj|
ˆbUIqvGKÆi eÅenvi cÉGqvRb nq| ‰GZ LiPI ˆewk| Avi ˆfŒMwjK hw` ˆbUIqvKÆ `ywU ‰KB ˆcÉvGUvKj «¼viv Õ©vwcZ nq ZvnGj
`ƒiGZ½ wKQz LAN, MAN wbGq weÕ¦‡Z ˆbUIqvKÆB WAN, ˆhLvGb ˆbUIqvKÆ `ywUGK ivDUvi «¼viv hyÚ Kiv hvGe| ivDUvi nGjv ‰gb
mÅvGUjvBU eÅenvi nq| ‰GZI LiP ˆewk| DcGii AvGjvPbvq ˆ`Lv ‰KwU wWfvBm hv eËWKvÕ¡ ˆWvGgBbGK mxwgZ KGi; eËWKvÕ¡ wdΟvi
hvq, mvfÆvi eÅenvi I `ƒiGZ½i w`K weGePbvq cÉwZÓ¤vbwUi RbÅ KiGZ cvGi; wf®² AvwKÆGUKPvi I wgwWqvi ˆbUIqvKGÆ K hyÚ KiGZ
LAN-B DchyÚ| cvGi; jÅvb IqÅvb Dfq cwiGeGkB eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
Avi hw` ˆbUIqvKÆ `Gy Uv wf®² wf®² ˆcÉvGUvKj «v¼ iv Õ©vwcZ nq ZvnGj
JcÉkJ²fJ7 ˆbUIqvKÆ `ywUGK ˆMUIGq «v¼ iv hÚy KiGZ nGe| ˆMUIGq nGjv ‰gb
‰KwU wWfvBm hv wf®² AvwKÆGUKPvi, wf®² cGÉ UvKj, wf®² ‰GWwÈ msGqi
B ˆbUIqvGKÆi mvG^ AvGiK ˆbUIqvKGÆ K hyÚ KiGZ cvGi|
AC

JckÉ J²fJ8 gybv BDwbqb Z^Å ˆmev ˆKG±`Ê wMGq Zvi AvGgwiKv cÉevmx

evevGK Zvi wcKwbGK ˆZvjv QweMyGjv B-ˆgBj-‰i gvaÅGg cvVvb|

cieZÆxGZ gybvG`i BDwbqb Z^Å ˆmev ˆK±`Ê mKj MÉvgGK KÅvej

wPò-1 wPò 2 wUwf ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq wbGq AvGm| gybv Zvi gvGqi mvG^ eÅvsGK

wMGq gÅvGbRvGii i‚Gg ˆ`LGZ ˆcj ‰KwU wUwf wÕKÌGb eÅvsGKi

K. eÅv´£DBW^ Kx? 1 mKj ˆWGÕ•i KvhÆKÌg cÉ`wkÆZ nGœQ|

L. nvGei cwieGZÆ myBP eÅenvi KiGj Kx myweav cvIqv hvq- K. ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb ˆgvW Kx? 1

eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 L. 58kbps ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq? 2

M. DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰ A nGZ C ˆZ ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb M. gybvi eÅenZ† ˆbUIqvKwÆ U eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 N. MÉvg I eÅvsGK eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆ«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU

N. wPò-1 ‰es wPò-2 ‰i gGaÅ msGhvGMi ˆÞGò ˆKvb eÅqeüj? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

wWfvBmwU eÅenvi Kiv Dîg- DîGii Õc¼ GÞ hywÚ `vI| 4 8 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi

7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi JK KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KwÁ·DUvi ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi mgq ˆWUv
Õ©vbv¯¦Gii ˆÞGò ˆWUvi cÉevnGK ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb eGj|
JK ‰KÕ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K KwÁ·DUvi nGZ AbÅ JL ‰KK mgGq ‰K KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK AbÅ KwÁ·DUvi ev ‰K
KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb wÕ·W eGj| ‰ wWfvBm ˆ^GK AbÅ wWfvBGm ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb
UÇv´Öwgkb wÕ·WGK AGbK mgq Bandwidth ejv nq| wÕ·W eGj|
JL myBP ˆcÉiK cvÉ ¯¦ ˆ^GK cvÉ µ¦ ˆWUv cÉvcK KwÁ·DUvGii mwy bw`ÓÆ ¡ 58kbps ejGZ ˆevSvq cwÉ Z ˆmGKG´£ 58 wKGjvweU ˆWUv ‰K wWfvBm
ˆcvUÆwUGZ cvwVGq ˆ`q| wK¯¦y nve mwy bw`ÆÓ¡ KwÁ·DUvGi bv cvwVGq mKj ˆ^GK AbÅ wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq|
JM ˆKvGbv ˆ`Gki wewf®² knGi AewÕ©Z LAN, MAN ‰gbwK
KwÁ·DUvGi cvVvq| dGj ˆWUv ˆcÉiGY myBGPi ˆÞGò Kg mgq jvGM| wewf®² ˆ`Gki ŠZwiK‡Z ˆbUIqvGKÆi mg¯¼Gq ŠZwi ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv
JM wPò-1 ‰ ‰KwU Õ¡vi UGcvjwR ˆ`Lv hvGœQ| Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ WAN| WAN ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv Wide Area Network A^ÆÅvr
ˆbUIqvKÆfzÚ mKj KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KÅvej ˆei nGq ‰Gm ‰KwU WAN nGjv AGbK RvqMv RyGo weÕ¦‡Z ˆbUIqvKÆ| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv
ˆKw±`Êq Õ©vGb hyÚ nq| ‰B ˆKw±`Êq Õ©vGb ‰me KÅvej ‰KwU hvq gybv BDwbqb Z^Å ˆmev ˆKG±`Ê wMGq Zvi AvGgwiKv cÉevmx
wWfvBGmi mvG^ hyÚ nq hvGK KbGmbGUÇUi eGj| ‰ KbGmbGUÇUi evevGK Zvi wcKwbGK ˆZvjv QweàGjv B-ˆgBj KGi cvVvj| myZivs
nve ev myBP nGZ cvGi| ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆWUv UÇv´Ödvi KiGZ gybvi eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆwU nGœQ WAN|
PvBGj Zv cÉ^Gg ˆm nve A^ev myBGP cvwVGq ˆ`q| ‰ici nve ev JN LAN -‰i cYƒ iÆ c… nGjv Local Area Network| †KvGbv KGÞi
myBP ˆm wmMbvjGK jÞÅÕ©Gj cvwVGq ˆ`q|
DóxcGK ‰KwU ˆKw±`Êq wWfvBGmi mvG^ wZbwU KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvi ev ˆKvGbv feGbi ‰KvwaK KGÞ ev Zjvq ev
AvGQ| ˆKw±`Êq wWfvBmwU nve A^ev myBP nGZ cvGi| A KwÁ·DUvi cvkvcvwk feGb iwÞZ KwÁ·DUvimgƒn hw` cici hyÚ nGq ˆbUIqvKÆ

18 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

MVb KGi ZvGK LAN eGj| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq gby vG`i BDwbqb Z^Å wWfvBmwU dzj-WzGµÝÏ ˆgvGW KvR KGi| Avevi DóxcGK iwdK ejj
ˆK±`Ê mKj MÉvnK KÅvej ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq wbGq AvGm| ‰GÞGò ‘Pj evmvq ˆdiv hvK| Avwg ˆiwWIGZ AvenvIqv evZvÆ q ÷GbwQ AvR
ˆbUIqvKÆwU nGjv MAN| AbÅw`GK gybv Zvi mvG^ eÅvsGK wMGq e†wÓ¡ nGZ cvGi’| KvGRB wWfvBmwU wmgGµÝÏ ˆgvGW KvR KGi|
gÅvGbRvGii i‚Gg ˆ`LGZ ˆcGjv ‰KwU wUwf wÕKGÌ b eÅvsGKi mKj ˆhGnZz wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvGW ˆKejgvò ‰Kw`GK ˆWUv ˆcÉib Kiv hvq|
KvhÆKgÌ c`É wkÆZ nGœQ| mZy ivs eÅvsGK eÅenZ† ˆbUIqvKÆwU nGjv LAN| AbÅw`GK dzj-WzGµÏÝ ˆgvGW ‰KB mvG^ ˆWUv ˆcÉiY I MÉnY Kiv
MvÉ Ggi ˆbUIqvKÆwU ŠZwi KiGZ cPÉ zi cwigvY KÅvej, wiwcUvi, myBP ‰es hvq| KvGRB wmgGµÏÝ-‰i Zzjbvq dzj-WGz µÏÝ ˆewk mwy eavRbK|
eo mvfvÆ Gii cGÉ qvRb| AbÅw`GK eÅvsGK ŠZwiK‡Z ˆbUIqvKÆwUGZ ÷agy vò JckÉ Jf² 1J0 mgvRGmex Rbve ˆgvt mwdKjz Bmjvg Zvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z
KZàGjv IGqe KÅvGgiv KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ hyÚ KGi ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb
Kiv nGqGQ| dGj LiPI Kg nGqGQ| ZvB ejv hvq MÉvGg ŠZwi KGjGR ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ eÅenZ† B´ŸviGbU mwy eav mKj
ˆbUIqvKÆwU eÅvsGK ŠZwiKZ‡ ˆbUIqvGKÆi Zjz bvq AwaK eÅq eüj|
wkÞv^xÆ G`i eÅenvGii RbÅ D¯ÃÚy KGi ˆ`qvi jGÞÅ Free Wi-Fi Zone

Õ©vcb KGib| cÉv^wgKfvGe Qvò Qvòxiv Avbw±`Z nGjI cieZÆxGZ

JckÉ J²fJ9 iwdK I kwdK `yB e®¬y nvu UGZ nuvUGZ ^vbvi w`GK Zviv ‰wU eÅenvGi weiÚ nGq DGV| ‰KB mvG^ KGjGRi KwÁ·DUvi

hvwœQj| Zviv jÞÅ Kij mvgGb `vwoGq ‰KRb cwy jk ‰KwU AcvGiUi bvbv AwfGhvM KGib|

wWfvBm-‰i gvaÅGg K^v ejGQ ‰es K^v ejv ˆkl nGj Aci cÞGK K. eÅv´£DBW^ Kx? 1

K^v ejvi wmMbvj w`GœQ| ‰KUz mvgGb ‰GMvGZB kwdK Zvi mvG^ L. Wi-Fi cvmIqvWÆ-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

^vKv wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg K^v eGj ‰es ˆkvGb| iwdK ejj,“Pj M. DóxcGKi eÅeÕ©vwU Qvò-QvòxG`i RbÅ eÅenvi ev®¬e

evmvq ˆdiv hvK| Avwg ˆiwWIGZ AvenvIqv evZvÆ q kyGbwQ AvR ew† Ó¡ bq- eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

nGZ cvGi|” N. DóxcGKi eÅeÕ©vq ˆMvcbxq ˆWUv wbwøZfvGe wkÞvGevGWÆ

K. eWË KvÕ¡ Kx? 1 ˆcÉiY Kivi ˆÞGò ˆZvgvi mcy vwik weGklÏ Y Ki| 4

L. wmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGb ˆÕ¡vi wWfvBm eÅenvi nq ˆKb? 10 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi

eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 JK ‰KÕ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb wKsev ‰K KwÁ·DUvi nGZ AbÅ

M. cywjGki eÅen†Z wWfvBmwUi ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW-‰i KwÁ·DUvGi ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wÕ·W eGj| ‰
UÇv´Öwgkb wÕ·WGK AGbK mgq Bandwidth ejv nq|
aib eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 JL cKÉ ‡Z eÅenviKvixiv hvGZ wbivcîvi mwnZ Kvw›LZgvGbi ˆmev
cvq ˆmRbÅ Wi-Fi ˆRvGb cvmIqvWÆ eÅenvi Kiv AvekÅK| Wi-Fi
N. iwdK I kwdGKi eÅen†Z wWfvBm«¼Gqi gGaÅ ˆKvbwUi nGjv ‰KwU Zviwenxb cÉhywÚ hv ˆiwWI IGqf eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU
wbw`ÆÓ¡ mxgvi gGaÅ B´ŸviGbU ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi|
ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW ˆewk myweavRbK? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK JM B´ŸviGbU Upload I Download-‰i MwZ evovGZ nGj Bandwidth
evovGZ nGe| mgGqi mvGcGÞ ˆWUv ‰KÕ©vb ˆ^GK AbÅÕ©Gb ev ‰K
gZvgZ `vI| 4 wWfvBm ˆ^GK AbÅ wWfvBGm Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nIqvi MwZGK Bandwidth
ejv nq| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Rbve kwdKzj Bmjvg cwÉ ZwÓ¤Z
9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi KGjR wkÞv^ÆxG`i eÅenvGii RbÅ D¯ÃÚy Wi-Fi ˆRvb ŠZwi KGib|
wkÞv^xÆ mKGj ‰KmvG^ mshÚy nGZ ˆPÓ¡v KGi| Upload I
JK ˆKvGbv ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ev ˆbvW Download ÞgZv hvGZ ‰GKevGi KGg hvq, ‰RbÅ Zviv weiÚ nq|
nGZ ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgU KiGj ˆbUIqvGKÆi AaxbÕ¦ mKj ˆbvWB hw` JN cvmIqvWÆ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ˆWUvi wbivcîv weavb wbwøZ Kiv
ˆWUv MÉnY KiGZ cvGi ZvnGj ZvGK eËWKvÕ¡ UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| nq| DóxcGKi KGjRwU ˆMvcbxq ˆWUv wbwøZfvGe wkÞvGevGWÆ
JL wmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb eÅeÕ©vq ˆcÉiK ˆÕ¡kGb cÉ^Gg ˆcÉiY KiGZ Pvq| ˆWUvi ˆMvcbxqZv wbwøZ KG͸ Password «¼viv
ˆWUvGK ˆKvGbv cÉv^wgK ˆÕ¡vGiR wWfvBGm msiÞY KGi ˆbqv nq Encrypt KGi ˆWUvi ˆMvcbxqZv wbwøZ KGi wkÞvGevGWÆ ˆcÉiY
hvGZ ‰LvGb KÅvGiÙvimgƒn eÐK evaGZ cvGi| AZtci ˆWUvi KiGZ nGe| mvaviYZ ˆWUvi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ ˆWUvGK
KÅvGiÙvimgƒnGK eÐK (hvGK cÅvGKUI ejv nq) AvKvGi fvM KGi ‰bwUǶŸ (Encrypt) Kiv nq| ‰i dGj H ˆWUv AbÅ ˆKvGbv Awbw`ÆÓ¡
cÉwZevGi ‰KwU KGi eÐK UÇv´ÖwgU Kiv nq| (Unauthorized) eÅwÚ ev cÉwZÓ¤vb KZKƇ eÅenZ† nGZ cvGi bv| Drm
JM nvdWzGµÏÝ ˆgvGW ˆWUv Dfqw`GK ˆcÉiGYi mGy hvM ^vGK ZGe ev ˆcÉiY ˆWUvGK ‰bwK̶Ÿ KGi cvVvGj cÉvcK ev M¯¦eÅ H
‰KB mgGq ev hyMcr mÁ¿e bq| ˆh ˆKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ‰KB mgGq ˆKej ‰bwKÌG¶ŸW ˆWUv eÅenvGii cƒGeÆ wWwK̶Ÿ (‰bwK̶ŸK‡Z ˆWUv Avevi
gvò ˆWUv MÉnY ev ˆcÉiY KiGZ cvGi| AvGMi AeÕ©vq wdwiGq AvbvGK wWwK̶Ÿ eGj) KGi wbGZ nq|
DóxcK AbymvGi iwdK I kwdK jÞ Kij mvgGb `vuwoGq ‰KRb
cywjk ‰KwU wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg K^v ejGQ ‰es K^v ejv ˆkl nGj JcÉkJf² J11 ‰KwU KGjGR Awdmmn cÉwZwU wefvGM ‰KwU KGi
Aci cÞGK K^v ejvi wmMbvj w`GœQ| KvGRB eÅen†Z wWfvBmwU KwÁ·DUvi AvGQ| ICT welGqi wkÞK KGjGRi cwÉ ZwU wefvM ‰es
nvd-WzGµÏÝ ˆgvW|
JN ˆKejgvò ‰Kw`GK ˆWUv ˆciÉ Gbi cÉ^vGK wmgGµÏÝ eGj| wmgGµÏÝ
ˆgvGW ‰Kw`GK ˆWUv ˆciÉ Y Kiv hvq| dGj ‰KB mgGq Dfq w`GK
ˆWUv MnÉ Y ev ˆcÉiY Kiv mÁe¿ | ˆh ˆKvGbv cvÉ G¯¦ cÉGqvRGb ˆWUv ˆciÉ Y
ev MÉnY A^ev ˆWUv MnÉ GYi mgq ˆcÉiY KiGZ cviGe| DóxcGK kwdK
Zvi mvG^ ^vKv wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg K^v ejGQ ‰es ÷bGQ KvGRB

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 19

AwdGmi gGaÅ mnR ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcGbi RbÅ meàGjv KwÁ·DUviGK K. dzj WGz µÏÝ ˆgvW Kx? 1

‰KwU gvò ˆbUIqvGKiÆ AvIZvq wbGq AvGmb| ‰Qvov wZwb KGjGRi L. ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ AcwinvhÆ- eywSGq

wkÞv^Æx ‰es mswkÓÏ ¡ mKGji myweavi K^v wP¯¦v KGi ռ͸ LiGP wek¼ ˆjL| 2

ˆbUIqvGKÆi mvG^I hyÚ nGZ Pvb- hvGZ BœQvbhy vqx mKGj B´ŸviGbU M. DóxcGKi ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi I AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUvi mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvi N. ‘L’ wPGòi UGcvjwRi Y wPwn×Z ˆbvW bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj

eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| ˆbUIqvKÆ KxfvGe mPj ivLGe? ˆZvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4

K. eËWeÅv´£ Kx? 1 12 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

L. ˆWUv PjvPGji ˆÞGò ˆKvb aiGbi KÅvej AwaK KvhÆKi? 2 JK ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZGZ ‰KB mgGq Dfq w`K nGZ ˆWUv

M. DóxcGKi KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ hyÚ ˆbUIqvK-Æ ‰i ˆcÉiGYi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK ZvGK dzj WzµÏÝ ˆgvW eGj| ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦

aviYvwU weGkÏlY Ki| 3 cÉGqvRGb ˆWUv ˆcÉiY Kivi mgq ˆWUv MÉnY A^ev ˆWUv MÉnGYi

N. DóxcGKi KGjR wkÞGKi wP¯¦vi evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿veÅZv mgq ˆcÉiYI KiGZ cviGe|

hvPvB Ki| 4 JL `By ev ZGZvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gvGS Av¯¦tmsGhvM eÅeÕ©vB nGjv

11 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ˆbUIqvK|Æ ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰i gvaÅGg wewf®² cwÉ ZÓ¤vb ZvG`i mvG^ mshyÚ

JK eËWeÅv´£ DœP MwZmÁ·®² Bandwidth hvi MwZ KgcGÞ 1 bps AbÅvbÅ cwÉ ZÓ¤vGbi mvG^ BbdiGgkb wiGmvmÆ wewbgGqi gvaÅGg `ZyË Zvi

nGZ AwZ DœPMwZmÁ·®² ch¯¦Æ nGq ^vGK| mvG^ MvÉ nK ˆmev c`É vb, hvZvqvZ eÅq nËvm I ˆccvi IqvKÆ KgvGZ

JL ˆWUv PjvPGji RbÅ AcwUKÅvj dvBevi AwaK KvhKÆ i| AcwUKÅvj cvGi| ZvB ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vGbi RbÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ AcwinvhÆ|

dvBevi nGjv WvB-BGjKUÇwbK c`v^Æ w`Gq ŠZwi ‰KaiGbi KÅvej hv JM DóxcGKi ˆbUIqvKÆwU ‰KwU nvBweËW UGcvjwR| ˆhGnZz

w`Gq ˆWUv AvGjvi MwZGZ ‰K RvqMv ˆ^GK AbÅ RvqMvq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ ˆbUIqvKÆwU evm, wis ‰es Õ¡vi UGcvjwRi mswgkÉGb MwVZ| nvBweËW

nq| UGcvjwR ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgmÅv wbYÆq Kiv mnR ‰es cÉGqvRGb

JM KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjvGZ hÚy ˆbUIqvKÆwU nGjv LAN| ˆbUIqvKÆGK mÁ·ÉmviY Kiv hvq| nvBweËW UGcvjwR eÅenvGi cÉwZwU

mvaviYZ 10 wK.wg. ev Zvi Kg ‰wiqvi gGaÅ ˆek wKQy KwÁ·DUvi UGcvjwRi myweavàGjv cvIqv hvq| ZGe ‰ UGcvjwRi mwy eav I

UvwgÆbvj ev AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBm mshyÚ KGi ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ Amyweav wbfiÆ KGi H ˆbUIqvGKiÆ AbÅ UGcvjwRi gvGbi Ici|

ŠZwi Kiv nq, ZvGK LAN eGj| DóxcGKi ICT welGqi wkÞK JN L wPGò wPwn×Z ˆbvWwU wis UGcvjwR| KwÁ·DUviàGjv e†îvKvi cG^

KGjGRi cwÉ ZwU wefvM ‰es AwdGmi gGaÅ mnR ˆhvMvGhvM Õ©vcGbi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ mshyÚ nGq ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ZGz jGQ| ZvB ˆbUIqvKÆwU

RbÅ meàGjv KwÁ·DUviGK KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi c«¬wZGZ ‰KwU gvò ‰KwU wis UGcvjwR| wis UGcvjwRGZ ‰KgƒLx ˆWUv ˆcÉwiZ nq| wis ‰i

ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq wbGq ‰GmGQb| mZy ivs ‰wU LAN nGe| gGaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv Niy GZ ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi msMVGb KwÁ·DUviàGjv

Avi ˆbUIqvKÆwUGK Kg LiGP wek¼ ˆbUIqvGKÆi AaxGb AvbGZ DÚ mivmwi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK bv weavq ˆbUIqvGKÆi KwÁ·DUvi

mvfvÆ i KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb w`GjB cyGiv ˆbUIqvKwÆ U AbÅ ˆh ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGi mivmwi msGKZ cvVvGZ cvGi bv| ‰ RbÅ

wek¼GbUIqvGKÆi mvG^ hyÚ nGe| dGj mevB B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KiGZ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi msGKZ ˆciÉ GYi ÞgZv nvivGj ev bÓ¡

cviGe| nGq ˆMGj cyiv ˆbUIqvKÆ AGKGRv nGq cGo| ‰GÞGò ˆbUIqvKÆwU mPj

JN ˆhGnZz KGjGR KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi c«¬wZGZ ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv ivLGZ nGj bÓ¡ ˆbvWwU Acmvib KGi cby ivq msGhvM mÁ·®² KiGZ

AvGQ| Avi KGjR wkÞK ˆbUIqvKÆwUGK Kg LiGP wek¼ ˆbUIqvGKÆi nGe| A^ÆÅvr cGy iv wis ˆfGã cGÉ qvRbxq h¯¨cvwZi mvnvGhÅ `wy U

AaxGb AvbGZ Pvb| mZy ivs DÚ mvfvÆ i KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ ‰KwUgvò cvkvcvwk ˆbvGWi mvG^ hyÚ KGi w`GjB ˆbUIqvKÆwU mPj nGq hvGe|

B´ŸviGbU KvGbKkb w`GjB cGy iv ˆbUIqvKÆwU wekG¼ bUIqvGKÆi mvG^

hÚy nGe| ‰fvGe mevB B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KiGZ cviGe| dGj Zviv JcÉkJf² 1J3 LvMovQwo ˆcŒi ‰jvKvwU cÉvq 10 ˆ^GK 12 eMÆ wKt wgt

mevB KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs-‰i AvIZvf„Ú nGe| mZy ivs DóxcK weÕ¦‡Z| knGii wewf®² miKvix ˆemiKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb wbR wbR DG`ÅvGM

Abmy vGi wek¼ ˆbUIqvGKÆi mvG^ hÚy nGq AbvbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii B´ŸviGbU ˆmev MÉnb KiGQ hv AZů¦ eÅqeüj| ˆcŒiGgqGii wbKU

mdUIqÅvi I nvWÆIqÅvi eÅenvGii wP¯¦v KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs wmGÕ¡g «¼viv mgmÅvwU DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGj wZwb Rvbvb ˆh, LvMovQwoGZ DuPz-wbPz

mnGRB evÕ¦evqbGhvMÅ| cvnvGoi gGaÅ ZvihyÚ ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb kÉgmvaÅ, SzwKcƒYÆ ‰es

JcÉkJf² J12 mgqmvGcÞ| ‰gZveÕ©vq ‰KRb chÉ ywÚweG`i civgGkÆ ˆcŒiGgqi

mgMÉ knGi ‰KwU mvfÆvi ‰i gvaÅGg B´ŸviGbU ˆmev c`É vb Kivi

cwiK͸bv KiGQb|

K. eÐyUz^ Kx? 1

L. ÷ay gWzGjkb ev wWgWzGjkb KvhÆKi c«¬wZ nGZ cvGi

bv- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

20 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ˆcŒiGgqi ˆKvb aiGbi cÉhwy Úi cwiKÍb¸ v ‰KwU wmGÕ¡Gg Z^Å ˆcÉiGYi mgq MÉnY ev MÉnGYi mgq ˆcÉiY Kiv

KiGQb? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 hvq bv| AbÅ wmGÕ¡gwUGZ Z^Å ˆcÉiGYi mgq MÉnY ev MÉnGYi mgq

N. ˆcŒiGgqGii M†nxZ DG`ÅvMwU ˆhŒwÚK wKbv@ DóxcGKi ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq|

AvGjvGK weGkÏlY Ki| 4 K. BDwbKvÕ¡ Kx? 1

13 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi L. 2G I 3G ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvbwU ˆewk myweavRbK? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

JK eÐyUz^ nGœQ `yB ev ZGZvwaK hG¯¨i gGaÅ Zvi wenxb ˆhvMvGhvGMi M. ˆKvÁ·vwbGZ eZgÆ vGb eÅenZ† wmGÕ¡gwU ˆKvb aiGbi? eÅvLÅv

cÉhywÚ hv ռ͸ `ƒi‚GZ½ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq| mvavibZ Ki| 3

‰i `ƒiZ½ 10 ˆ^GK 100 wgUvi nGq ^vGK| N. ˆKvb wmGÕ¡gwUGK MÉnY Kiv ˆKvÁ·vwbwUi RbÅ ˆhŒwÚK

JL wWwRUvj msGKZGK ‰bvjM msGKGZ cwieZÆGbi cÉwKÌqvGK nGe? weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

gWzGjkb ‰es ‰bvjM msGKZGK wWwRUvj msGKGZ cwieZÆb Kivi 14 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi

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cÉwKÌqvB mwÁÃwjZ djvdjB nGœQ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkb| ˆhvMvGhvM cÉvcKB ˆWUv MÉnY KiGZ cvGi ZvGK BDwbKvÕ¡ eGj|

KvhÆKi Kivi RbÅ ˆcÉiK I MÉvnK Dfq cÉvG¯¦B gGWg eÅenvGii JL 2G ‰i Zzjbvq 3G ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆewk myweavRbK| 3G ˆgvevBj

gvaÅGg ˆcÉwiZ msGKZ gWzGjkb ‰es M†nxZ msGKZ wWgWzGjkb Kiv cÉhwy Ú eÅenvi KGi 2G ‰i Zzjbvq `Ë‚ZMwZGZ AGbK ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i

nq| Kiv hvq| ˆgvevBj wUwf, wfwWI Kj, B´ŸviGbU BZÅvw` cÉhywÚ 3G

JM DóxcGK ˆcŒi ˆgqi wi-max cÉhywÚi cwiK͸bv KiGQb Wi- ˆgvevBj ˆbUIqvGKÆ hv mÁ¿e 2G cÉhywÚGZ mÁ¿e bq|

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`ËyZ MwZ mÁ·®² Zviwenxb B´ŸviGbU ˆmev cÉ`vb KGi| Wi-max ‰i KwÁ·DwUs nGœQ B´ŸviGbU wfwîK ˆmev hv KwÁ·DUvi eÅenviKvixG`i

cƒYÆi‚c nGœQ World Wide Interoperabilily for Microwave KwÁ·DwUs ‰i Pvwn`vGK cƒib KGi| KÑvDW KwÁ·DwUs ‰gb ‰KwU

Access| ‰wUGZ dzj WzGµÏÝ ˆgvW eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰i ˆWUv cÉhywÚ hv AvweÓ•vGi mnRfvGe m͸ mgGq AwaK MwZÞgZvmÁ·®²

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cvGi| DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ LvMovQwo ‰KwU ˆQvU AvqZGbi cvnvox JN ˆh KwgDwbGKkb eÅeÕ©vq ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb wmMbÅvj Dfqw`GK

kni weavq ˆcŒi ˆgqi Wi-max cÉhywÚi welqwU cwiK͸bv KiGQb| cÉevwnZ nGZ cvGi, ZGe ‰Kw`GKi wmMbÅvj UÇv´Öwgkb ˆkl nGjB

JN ˆcŒi ˆgqGii DG`ÅvMwU mvweKÆ weGePbvq ˆhŒwÚK| LvMovQwo ˆKej Aci w`GKi wmMbÅvj wecixZ w`GK ˆhGZ cvGi ZvGK nvd

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eÅq eüj B´ŸviGbU ˆmev eÅenvi KGi| welqwU wbGq ˆgqi gGnv`Gqi DóxcGK ˆKvÁ·vwbwU ZvG`i Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGbi RbÅ `ywU wmGÕ¡g ‰i

`w† Ó¡ AvKlYÆ Kiv nGj wZwb welqwU mgvavGbi DG`ÅvM ˆbb| myZivs K^v wP¯¦v KGib| ‰KwU wmGÕ¡Gg Z^Å ˆciÉ Gbi mgq MnÉ b ev MnGYi

ˆcŒi ˆgqGii DG`ÅvGM hw` Õͼ ¸ LiGP `ZË‚ MwZi B´ŸviGbU ˆmev c`É vb mgq ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq bv| AbÅ wmGÕ¡gwUGZ Z^Å ˆciÉ Gbi mgq MÉnb ev

Kiv hvq ZGe mKGjB DcKZ‡ nGe| wewf®² cÉKvi B´ŸviGbU ˆmevi MnÉ GYi mgq ˆciÉ b Kiv hvq| AZ‰e ˆWUv Av`vb c`É vGbi 1g

gGaÅ Õͼ e¸ ÅGq mxwgZ AvqZGbi ‰jvKvq Wi-max ‰KwU mnR I wmGÕ¡gwU nGœQ nvdWGz µÝÏ ˆgvW ‰es 2q wmGÕ¡gwU nGœQ djz WzGµÏÝ

myweavRbK chÉ ywÚ| ‰KwU gvò ˆem ˆÕ¡kb ˆ^GK wbw`ÓÆ ¡ `iƒ Z½ ch¯Æ ¦ ˆgvW| dzjWGz µÝÏ c«¬wZ MÉnb Kiv ˆKvÁ·vwbwUi RbÅ ˆhŒwÚK| Kvib

‰wU KvhÆKi| IqÅviGjm MAN ‰i gGZv ‰es ‰i MwZ eWË eÅv´£ dzjWGz µÏÝ c«¬wZGZ Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vb wbweGÆ N³ Kiv hvq| A^ÅrÆ ˆciÉ K

B´ŸviGbGUi gZB `ZyË MwZ mÁ·®² A^P eÅq Zzjbvgjƒ KfvGe Kg| I cÉvcK DfqB ‰KB mGã ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi|

‰KwU cvnox ‰jvKvq Zvi gvaÅGg ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv KÓ¡mvaÅ, JckÉ Jf² 1J5 ‘K’ wek¼we`Åvjq ZvG`i wewf®² wefvGMi KwÁ·DUviàGjvi

eÅqeüj, mgq mvGcÞ ‰es Swuz KcYƒ |Æ ZvB mvweKÆ weGePbvq gGaÅ Kg Zvi w`Gq, ռ͸ LiGP ˆbUIqvKÆ msGhvM MGo ZzGjGQ|

ˆcŒiGgqGii Wi-max Õ©vcb Kivi ‰B wmav¯¦ ev cwiK͸bv AZů¦ 22/11/2014 ZvwiGL c`v^Æweævb wefvGMi KwÁ·DUvi jÅve

hywÚhÚy , mgGqvcGhvMx I evÕ¦emÁÃZ| msÕ•vi KiGZ wMGq ˆbUIqvKÆ KÅvejwU ÞwZMÉÕ© nq| cieZÆxGZ

JckÉ J²fJ14 ICT Products ‰KwU World Wide Company wewf®² Rvbv ˆMj ˆh, Hw`b AbÅvbÅ wefvGMi wkÞv^ÆxivI ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenvi

ˆ`k ˆ^GK ˆWUv ˆKw±`ÊqfvGe MÉnY KGi| ˆWUv cÉwKÌqvRvZ KiGYi KiGZ cvGiwb| AbÅw`GK ‘L’ wek¼we`Åvjq KZƆcÞ wf®²Zi AvGiKwU
cÉGqvRGb Zviv ‰gb ‰KwU wmGÕ¡g MÉnY KiGjb ˆhLvGb Store ‰es
Software Resource Share Kiv hvq| ZvG`i gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ wbqwgZ ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvGj| ‰ eÅeÕ©vq hw` ˆKvb ˆbUIqvGKÆi
wmGÕ¡gwU ‰bvjvBwmm KGi eÅemvi AeÕ©v chÆvGjvPbv KGi ‰es
eÅemvi mÁ·ËmviGY bZzb bZzb wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KGi| Z^Å Av`vb- ˆhvMvGhvM c^ bÓ¡ nGq hvq ZGe weK͸ AviI ‰KwU c^
cÉ`vb wbweÆN³ Kivi RbÅ Zviv `y’wU wmGÕ¡Ggi K^v wP¯¦v KiGjb|
ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ D¯ÃÚy ^vGK|

K. wmwiqvj ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb Kx? 1

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 21

L. IqvwKUwKGZ hyMcr K^v ejv I ˆkvbv mÁ¿e bq ˆKb?- ii. ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi ev msGhvM jvBb bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj ˆZgb ˆKvb
Amyweav nq bv| A^vÆr mnGR ˆbUIqvKÆ Lye eo aiGYi mgmÅv
eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 mw† ÓÆ ¡ nq bv|

M. ‘K’ wek¼we`ÅvjGq eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆwU ˆKvb aiGbi? iii. ‰GZ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb AGbK ˆewk wbøqZv ^vGK|
iv. ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgmÅv Lye mnGR mgvavb Kiv hvq|
eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq DóxcGK ‘L’ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi
ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v ‘K’ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v AGcÞv
N. ˆKvb wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v AwaK wbfÆiGhvMÅ? AwaK wbfÆiGhvMÅ|

weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

15 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi

JK ˆh UÇv´ÖwgkGb ˆWUv ev Z^Å chÆvqKÌGg 1 weU KGi Av`vb cÉ`vb

KGi ZvGK wmwiqvj ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| JcÉkJf² J16 ‰KwU KGjGRi ‘K’, ‘L’ ‰es ‘M’ KÅvÁ·vm wZbwUi

JL IqvwKUwKGZ nvd WzGµÏÝ ˆgvW eÅen†Z nq| ˆh KwgDwbGKkb cÉwZwUGZ AewÕ©Z wewf®² wefvGMi gGaÅ wbRÕ¼ ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v

eÅeÕ©vq ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb wmMbÅvj Dfqw`GK ceÉ vwnZ nGZ cvGi, ZGe iGqGQ| ‰Lb cÉwZwU KÅvÁ·vmGK Avevi ˆbUIqvGKÆi Avbvi wm«¬v¯¦

‰Kw`GKi wmMbÅvj UvÇ ´Öwgkb ˆkl nGjB ˆKej Aci w`GKi wmMbÅvj ˆbIqv nGqGQ| wK¯¦y KÅvÁ·vmàGjvi ˆfŒGMvwjK `ƒiZ½ ˆewk nIqvq

wecixZ w`GK ˆhGZ cvGi ZvGK nvd WzGµÝÏ eGj| ˆh KviGY gvaÅg wnGmGe Zvi eÅenvi Kiv hvGœQ bv|

IqvwKUwKGZ ‰KB mgGq Dfq w`GK ˆWUv ˆciÉ b ev MnÉ b Kivi mwy eav K. KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ Kx? 1

^vGK bv| mZy ivs IqvwKUwKGZ hMy cr K^v ejv I ˆkvbv mÁe¿ bq| L. AcwUKÅvj dvBevi ŠZwiGZ gvwΟKGÁ·vGb´Ÿ KuvP eÅenvi

JM ‘K’ wek¼we`ÅvjGq eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKwÆ U nGjv LAN ev Local Area Kiv nq ˆKb? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

Network| LAN ‰gb ‰K aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆhLvGb KwÁ·DUvimgnƒ M. DóxcGK ewYZÆ ‘K’ Õ©vGbi ˆbUIqvGKiÆ aviYv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

‰GK AGbÅi ˆek KvQvKvwQ AeÕ©vb KGi ‰es mnGR wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi N. DóxcGKi cwiwÕ©wZGZ gvaÅg wbevÆ PGb ˆZvgvi mycvwiGki

KiGZ cvGi| ciÕ·i mshyÚ nGq ‰GK LAN ŠZwi nq| LAN Õ©vcb ài‚Z½ weGkÏlY Ki| 4

Kiv AwaKZi mnR ‰es Õ©vcb LiP Kg| mvaviYZ 10km ev Zvi 16 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

Kg ‰wiqvi gGaÅ LAN ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv nq| JK `By ev ZGZvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ msGhvM eÅeÕ©vGK KwÁ·DUvi

DóxcGK ‘K’ wek¼we`Åvjq KÅvÁ·vGm ռ͸ LiGP I Kg KÅvej w`Gq ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj|

ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ| KvGRB ‘K’ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆbUIqvKwÆ U JL AwZ Õ¼œQ I ivmvqwbKfvGe mywÕ©i, ˆmvWv ˆevGiv wmwjGKU,

nGjv LAN| ˆmvWvjvBg wmwjGKU, ˆmvWv AÅvjywgbv wmwjGKUGK gvwΟKGÁ·vGb´Ÿ

JN ‘K’ wekw¼ e`ÅvjGqi c`v^Æ weævb wefvGMi KwÁ·DUvi jÅve msÕ•vi KvP eGj| DÚ KvP mvaviY KvGPi Zzjbvq AwZ Õ¼œQ cƒYÆ Avfů¦ixb

KiGZ wMGq ˆbUIqvKÆ KÅvejwU ÞwZ mvab KGi, ‰GZ Hw`b AbÅvbÅ cÉwZdjb NUvq ‰es Þq Kg KGi| ZvB AcwUKÅvj dvBevi ŠZwiGZ

wefvGMi wkÞv^Æxi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenvi KiGZ cvGiwb| mZy ivs DóxcGK gwΟ KGÁ·vGb´Ÿ KvP eÅenvi Kiv nq|

‘K’ wek¼we`ÅjGq ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zv wis JM DóxcGK ewYÆZ ‘K’ gvGbi ˆbUIqvKwÆ Ui aiY nj LAN|

UGcvjwR| wis UGcvjwRGZ ˆh me mgmÅv ˆ`Lv hvq ZvnGjv⎯ AbwaK 10 wK.wg. ‰i gGaÅ AewÕ©Z wKQy KwÁ·DUvi ev

i. wis ˆbUIqvGKÆ ‰KwU gvò KwÁ·DUvi mgmÅvq AvKÌv¯¦ nGj ˆcwiGdivj wWfvBGmi msGhvM eÅeÕ©vGK LAN eGj| ‰i gjƒ

cyGiv ˆbUIqvKÆ APj nGq coGe| DGókÅ ^vGK wWfvBmàGjvi gGaÅ Z^Å ‰es wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi Kiv|

ii. wis UGcvjwRi ˆÞGò ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆKvb mgmÅv wbiƒcY ˆek ˆQvU-gvSvwi AwdGm jÅvb ŠZwi KGi wcÉ´Ÿvi, gGWg, Õ•Åvbvi BZÅvw`

RwUj| wWfvBGmi RbÅ mvkÉq Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|

iii. ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi ˆhvM KiGj ev mwiGq wbGj Zv DóxcK Abmy vGi ‘K’ KÅvÁ·vmwU LAN ˆbUIqvKfÆ Ú„ KviY KÅvÁ·vGmi

cyGiv ˆbUIqvGKÆi KvhÆKÌg eÅvnZ KGi| mKj wefvM 10wK.wg. ‰i gGaÅ mxgve«¬|

iv. ‰B ˆbUIqvGKÆ KwÁ·DUvGii msLÅv evoGj ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGbi JN DóxcGKi gvaÅg wnGmGe IqÅviGjm wmGÕ¡g eÅenvi hywÚhÚy | ˆKvb

mgqI ˆeGo hvq| cÉKvi Zvi eÅenvi bv KGi Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vb KivB nGœQ IqÅviGj´Ö

v. wis UGcvjwRi RbÅ RwUj wbq¯¨b mdUIqÅvi eÅen†Z nq| wmGÕ¡g, DóxcGKi AvGjvGK K, L I M KÅvÁ·vmàGjvi gGaÅ ˆfŒGMvwjK

‘L’ wek¼we`Åvjq KZƆcÞ wf®²Zvi AvGiKwU ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v MGo `iƒ Z½ ˆewk| KÅvewjs Kiv eÅqeüj| Ley `Z‚Ë ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v Õ©vcb

ˆZvGj| ‰ eÅeÕ©vq ˆKvGbv ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆhvMvGhvM c^ bÓ¡ nGj Kiv hvq, Pjgvb eÅwÚi gGaÅ mnGR ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv hvq, ˆh ˆKvb

weK͸ AvGiKwU c^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ D¯ÃyÚ ^vKGe| DóxcGKi ‘L’ mvBU nGZ mivmwi, wfwWI mÁ·ËPvi Kiv hvq|

wek¼we`ÅvjGqi eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆ cÉhywÚwU nGœQ ˆgk UGcvjwR| ˆgk DcGivÚ AvGjvPbv AbymvGi, DóxcGKi cwiwÕ©wZi AvGjvGK Avgvi

UGcvjwRGZ ˆh me myweav ˆ`Lv hvq ZvnGjv- mycvwik nGjv, wewf®² KÅvÁ·vmàGjvGK ‰KB ˆbUIqvGKÆ Avbvi

i. ˆh ˆKvb `yBwU ˆbvGWi gGaÅ AZů¦ `ËyZ MwZGZ msGKZ Av`vb- mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ gvaÅg nGjv IqÅviGjm|

cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|

22 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

JcÉkJf² 1J7 ‰KRb cÉGKŒkjx ZvGK ‰KwU wcÉ´Ÿvi wKGb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi viii. wmGÕ¡gGK AbvKvw›LZ eÅenviKvix ˆ^GK wbivcîv cÉ`vb Kiv|
DóxcGKi AvGjvGK gvgyb mvGne Zvi cÉwZÓ¤vGb KvGRi Pvc KgvGbvi
eÅq mvkÉGqi civgkÆ ˆ`q| cieZÆxGZ gvgyb mvGne ˆm ˆgvZvGeK RbÅ ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ (LAN) Õ©vcGbi wm«¬v¯¦ MnÉ Y KGib|
DóxcGK ZvGK ˆbUIqvGKiÆ mvnvhÅ wbGZ nGe KviY ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb
‰KwU wcÉ´Ÿvi wKGbB wKQz ZvGii gvaÅGg 5wU KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK wcÉ´Ÿ Qvov 5wU KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK 1wU wc´É Ÿvi eÅenvi mÁ¿e bq| cGÉ KŒkjxi
civgkÆ Abhy vqx ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi dGj wZwb eÅq mvkGÉ qI mÞg
mwy eav cvIqvi eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGib| nGjb| cvkvcwk AbÅG`i mvG^ Z^Å wewbgqI Zvi RbÅ mnR nGq
ˆMj| myZivs gvgyb mvGnGei RbÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi wm«¬v¯¦wU
K. eÐy-Uz^ Kx? 1 ˆhŒwÚK|

L. AÅvwmbGKÌvbvm UÇv´ÖwgkGb mgq ˆewk jvGM ˆKb? 2

M. DóxcGK ˆKvb ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGqGQ?

wPòmn eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGKi AeÕ©vq ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi ˆhŒwÚKZv

weGkÏlY Ki| 4 JckÉ Jf² 1J8 XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi AvBwmwUi Qvò Zvi MÉvGgi cÉwZGekx

17 bs cÉGki² Dîi ÷fGK Zvi evmvi wWk wUwf wKfvGe KvR KGi Zv eywSGq ejj|

JK eÐyUz^ nGœQ Zviwenxb cvGmÆvbvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ (PAN) ˆbUIqvGKÆi mwy eav eYÆbv Kivi ˆÞGò B-eÅvswKs I ‰wU‰g ˆmev

cÉGUvKj hv Õͼ ¸ `ƒiGZ½ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vGb eÅen†Z nq| wbGq Zviv AvGjvPbv KGi|

JL ˆh ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ˆciÉ K nGZ ˆWUv MvÉ nGKi KvGQ K. KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ Kx? 1

KÅvGiÙvi evB KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nq ZvGK ‰ÅvwmbGKÌvGbvm UvÇ ´Öwgkb L. bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR wKfvGe AvgvG`i DcKvGi AvGm?

eGj| ‰ÅvwmbGKvÌ bvm UvÇ ´ÖwgkGb ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii mgq cÉwZwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

KÅvGiÙvGii mvG^ ‰KwU KGi Õ¡vUÆ weU I Õ¡c weU hyÚ nq| ‰QvovI M. ÷fi evmvq wUwfi ˆÞGò ˆh UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW KvR KGi Zv

cwÉ ZwU KÅvGiÙvi UÇv´ÖwgU nIqvi gvSLvGb memgq weiwZ mgvb bv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

nGq wf®I² nGq ^vGK| ‰mKj KviGYB ‰ÅvwmbGKÌvbvm ˆWUv N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ eÅvswKs myweavi ˆÞGò wbivc` I

UvÇ ´ÖwgkGb mgq ˆewk jvGM| mvkÉqx wK aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv DwPZ? weGkÏlY

JM DóxcGK evm UGcvjwRGK wbG`Æk Kiv nGœQ| ‰KwU gjƒ ZvGii Ki| 4

mvG^ hLb meKqwU KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ KGi ˆKvb ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv 18 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

nq ZvGK evm UGcvjwR eGj| evm UGcvjwRi gƒj ZviwU eÅvKGevb JK ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vGbi DGóGkÅ ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ

wnGmGe KvR KGi| ˆQvU AvKvGii ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆÞGò ‰B UGcvjwR Av¯¦tmsGhvM eÅeÕ©vGK KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj|

eÅenvi Kivi eÅq mvkÉq nq| ‰B UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ JL bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR nGœQ bÅvGbv ˆÕ•Gj (10-9) wWfvBm ŠZwi

nGj Zv mwiGq mnGR AbÅ KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ Kiv hvq| DóxcK Abmy vGi Kivi cÉhywÚ| mcy vi KwÁ·DUvi ŠZwiGZ, K‡wòg Aã-cÉZÅã

gvgby bŃ bZg LiGP 5wU KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ ‰KwU wc´É Ÿvi eÅenvi ŠZwiGZ, KÅv´Övi ˆivGMi wPwKrmvq bÅvGbvGUKGbvjwR eÅen†Z nq|

KiGZ ˆPGqGQb| ‰wU ˆKej gvò evm UGcvjwRGZB Kiv hvq| KviY ‰fvGe gvBGKÌvcÉGmmi ŠZwi ‰es RwUj ˆivGMi wPwKrmvi gvaÅGg

ˆbUIqvGKÆi wewf®² h¯¨cvwZ mshyÚ KiGZ ‰B UGcvjwRGZ meGPGq bÅvGbv ˆUKGbvjwR AvgvG`i DcKvGi AvGm|

Kg KÅvej cÉGqvRb nq, dGj ‰GZ LiPI mvkqÉ nq| JM ÷fi evmvq wUwfi ˆÞGò ˆh UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW KvR KiGQ ZvnGjv

JN cÉwZwU KwÁ·DUvGi Avjv`vfvGe wcÉ´Ÿvi ev AbÅvbÅ AvbylwãK wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvW| ˆh UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGW ˆKejgvò ‰Kw`GK ˆWUv cÉiY

h¯c¨ vwZ wKbGZ nGjI eÅq AGbK ˆeGo hvq| ZvB LiP KgvGbvi KGi ZvGK wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvW eGj|

RbÅI ˆbUIqvGKÆi cÉGqvRbxqZv iGqGQ| ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb KGi ˆh

myweavàGjv cvIqv hvq ZvnGjv- ÷fi evmvi wUwf → ÷f wUwf ˆ`LGQ

i. wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ÷fi evmvi wUwfGZ ÷f ÷ay wUwf ˆ`LGZ cviGQ wK¯¦ ˆKvGbv Dîi
w`GZ cviGQ bv A^Ævr ÷fi evmvi wWm wUwfGZ ÷aygvò AbyÓ¤vb ˆ`Lv
ii. BDRvi gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ‰es hvq A^Ævr ÷ay wmMbvj MÉnY KGi wK¯§ wmMbvj ˆcÉiY KGi bv|
mZy ivs ‰wU ‰KwU wmgGµÏÝ ˆgvW|
iii. wmwKDwiwU gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ| JN DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ eÅvswKs myweavi ˆÞGò wbivc` I mvkÉqx
ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi RbÅ IqÅviGjm c«¬wZGZ KÑvGq´ŸmvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ
‰ QvovI ˆbUIqvGKÆi AviI wKQy ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvKcvZ Õ©vcb Kiv DwPZ| KviY ˆKw±`ÊqfvGe ˆWUv ˆÕ¡vi, wbivcîv wbwøZ
Kiv, wewf®² ‰wµGÏ Kkb PvjvGbv ‰es ˆbUIqvKÆ PvjvGbvi ‰KwU DchyÚ
Kiv nGjv- ˆbUIqvKÆ nGjv KÑvGq´Ÿ mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvK|Æ ‰ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvGi wiGmvmÆ ^vGK, Avi ˆbUIqvGKÆi AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUvi ˆmme
i. ZG^Åi mnR cÉvwµ¦ I `Ë‚ZZv wbwøZ Kiv| wiGmvmÆ eÅenvi KGi| ˆh KwÁ·DUvi wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi KGi ˆmwU nGœQ
mvfvÆ i, Avi ˆhme KwÁ·DUvi ˆmB wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi KGi Zviv nGœQ
ii. mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGii KgÆ`ÞZv I h^vh^ eÅenvi wbwøZ Kiv|

iii. ˆWUvi eÅvKAvc ivLv|

iv. eÅenviKvixGK wbivc` I mnR AÅvGÝm myweav cÉ`vb Kiv|

v. Õ·kÆKvZi ˆWUvi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kiv|

vi. eÅenviKvixGK AvcGWGUW Z^Å mieivn Kiv|

vii. eÅenviKvixi AÅvKGmm wbq¯¨Y I chÆGeÞY Kiv|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 23

KvÑ Gq´Ÿ| ˆbUIqvGKiÆ mgÕ¦ wiGmvmÆ mvfÆvGi Rgv ^vKvq ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK JN ˆh msMVGb KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·i hÚy nGq ‰KwU e†îvKvi
wiGmvmÆ gÅvGbR Kiv hvq| me BDRvi ‰KB mvfÆvGi jM-Bb KGi ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ˆZvGj ZvGK wis UGcvjwR eGj| ‰B UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU
‰es mvfÆvGii wmwKDwiwU cwjwm ˆgGb PGj eGj wbivcîv wbwøZ nq| KwÁ·DUvGii msGhvM bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGj ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGi KvR Kiv hvq
KvÑ Gq´Ÿ-mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆGK mvfÆvi-ˆeRW ˆbUIqvKIÆ ejv nq| bv| dinvG`i AwdGm ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii msGhvM bÓ¡ nIqvq ˆhGnZz
KvÑ Gq´Ÿ-mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi myweavmgnƒ nGjv@ cyiv ˆbUIqvKÆ KvR KiwQGjv bv, dinvG`i AwdGm wis UGcvjwRGZ
i. KvÑ Gq´Ÿ-mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ mnGR mÁ·mÉ viYGhvMÅ| `kRb BDRvi ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv wQj eGj aGi ˆbqv hvq|
ˆh msMVGb ‰KwU ˆKw±`qÊ wWfvBGmi mvG^ AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUviàGjv
ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi nvRvi eÅenviKvixi RbÅ ‰wU Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| mshyÚ ^vGK ZvGK Õ¡vi UGcvjwR eGj| ˆhGnZz gvid‚ mvGnGei AwdGm
ii. ‰ aiGbi ˆbUIqvGKÆ mvfÆvi ^vGK| mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGii KwÁ·DUviàGjv ‰KwU ˆKw±`qÊ wWfvBGmi mvG^ hÚy wQj myZivs gvid‚
mvGnGei AwdGm Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ ˆbUIqvKÆ Kiv nGqwQj|
nvWÆIqÅvi mvaviYZ D®²ZgvGbi nq ‰es ‰me mvfÆvi AbÅvbÅ DóxcGKi wis I Õ¡vi UGcvjwR gGaÅ Õ¡vi UGcvjwRB Dîg| KviY
KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wewf®² mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| wis UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvb ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆKvb KviGb bÓ¡/AcmviY
iii. BDRvi ˆjGfj ‰GÝm KG´ŸÈvj eÅenvi KGi eGj KÑvGq´Ÿ- Kiv nGj cyGiv ˆbUIqvÆKB APj nGq cGo wK¯§ Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ Zv
mvfÆvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆek wmwKDi| KLbI nq bv|
iv. ˆbUIqvKÆ ‰WwgwbGÕ¡ÈUi w`Gq ‰ aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆKw±`ÊqfvGe
wbq¯¨Y Kiv hvq| JcÉkJf² 2J0 iwng AvGjvi MwZGZ ‰KwU evGqvWvUv KvbvWvq cvVvq|
v. ‰ aiGbi ˆbUIqvGKÆ BDRviG`iGK ˆbUIqvKÆ gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ Kiv
jvGM bv| ˆmKviGY ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅenviKvixG`i `ÞZv ˆZgb iwnGgi e®¬y kvgxg ejj, “Avgvi evwoGZ eÅen†Z chÉ ywÚ «v¼ iv cvkvcvwk
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ bq|

JckÉ J²fJ19 gvid‚ mvGne ‰KRb wejGevWÆ eÅemvqx| ˆm Zvi ˆQvU AewÕ©Z ‰K jÅvcUc ˆ^GK AbÅ jÅvcUGc Qwe ˆcÉiY Kiv hvq”|

fvB dinv`GK ejj, Avgvi AwdGmi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·Gii Aciw`GK Kwig ejj,“Avgvi MvÉ Ggi evwo ˆ^GK jÅvcUGci mvnvGhÅ

mvG^ msGhvGMi RbÅ ˆh KÅvej eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zv A^Æ mvkÉqx ˆWUv weGki¼ ˆh ˆKvb Õ©vGb cvVvGbv hvq| wK¯§ evwoi evBGi ˆMGj

‰es mnGR Õ©vcbGhvMÅ| ˆm dinvG`i AwdGm wMGq ˆ`Lj ˆh, Zvi ˆbUIqvKÆ cvIqv hvq bv| ‰wU evwoi mevB eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi|”

AwdGm ˆmw`b ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvi KvR KiGQ bv| Abym®¬vGb ˆ`Lv K. gvBGKÌvIGqf Kx? 1

ˆMj ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii msGhvM KÅvej bÓ¡| cGii w`b Zvi eo L. ˆWUv UÇv´ÖwgkGb `yeÆj wmMbÅvjGK kwÚkvjx Kivi Dcvq

fvB-‰i AwdGm wMGq ˆ`Lj ˆh, H AwdGmi mKj KwÁ·DUviàGjv eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

‰KwU ˆKw±`Éq wWfvBGmi mvG^ mshyÚ| M. iwnGgi evGqvWvUv ˆcÉiGYi cÉhywÚwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

K. gGWg Kx? 1 N. kvgxg ‰es KwiGgi evwoGZ eÅen†Z cÉhywÚ `ywUi gGaÅ

L. ˆKvb UÇv´ÖwgkGb ‰KB mGã Dfq w`GK ˆWUv Av`vb- ˆKvbwU Dîg? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

cÉ`vb Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 20 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

M. gvi‚d mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z KÅvejwU ˆKvb aiGbi? JK 1GHz ˆ^GK 40GHz wdÌKzGqw´ÖGZ cvVvGbv we`yÅr ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq

eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 ZiGãi bvg gvBGKvÌ IGqf|

N. ˆbUIqvKÆ msGhvGMi ˆÞGò DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ eÅeÕ©v«G¼ qi JL ˆbUIqvKÆ wgwWqvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv wmMbvj cÉevGni mgq wbw`ÆÓ¡

gGaÅ ˆKvbwU Dîg? weGklÏ Yceƒ KÆ gZvgZ `vI| 4 `ƒiZ½ AwZKÌg Kivi ci ‰GUbGy qkGbi KviGY AvGÕ¦ AvGÕ¦ `eƒ Æj nGq

19 bs cÉGk²i Dîi cGo| ZLb ‰B wmMbvjGK ‰gwµÏdvB ev kwÚkvjx KGi M¯e¦ Å chƯ¦

JK gGWg ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbÝ wWfvBm| ‰wU gWzGjkb I wWgWzGjkb ˆcŒu QvGZ nq| gvSvgvwS AeÕ©vGb ˆ^GK ‰B KvRwU ˆh wWfvBm KGi

Kivi KvGR eÅen†Z nq| ˆh wWfvBm msGKZGK AÅvbvjM msGKGZ ^vGK ZvGK wiwcUvi eGj| mZy ivs wiwcUvi wnmvGe nve mBy P eÅenvi

‰es AÅvbvjM msGKZGK wWwRUvj msGKGZ iƒcv¯¦i KGi ZvGK KGi ˆWUv UvÇ ´ÖwgkGb `ey Æj wmMbÅvjGK kwÚkvjx Kiv hvq|

gGWg eGj| JM AcwUKÅvj dvBevi wWwRUvi ev ‰bvjM msGKZGK cÉGqvRbxq

JL ˆh UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvGW ˆWUv ‰KB msGM Av`vb ‰es c`É vb KiGZ gWzGjkGbi gvaÅGg dvBevi gaÅ w`Gq cwienb DcGhvMx AvGjvK

cvGi ZvGK djz WzGµÝÏ ˆgvW ejv nq| MwZGZ ˆcÉiY Kiv nq| DóxcGK iwng AvGjv MwZGZ evGqvWvUv

JM `wy U cwievnx Zvgvi Zvi mly gfvGe ˆcPu vGbv ^vKGj ZvGK UzBGÕ¡W KbvWvq cvVvq| AZ‰e Zvi evGqvWvUv ˆcÉiGbi cÉhywÚwU AcwUKÅvj

ˆcqvi KÅvej eGj| AbÅvbÅ KÅveGji Zzjbvq UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi KÅvej dvBevi| ‰ dvBevGii gvaÅGg ˆh mgÕ¦ ˆWUv cvVvGZ PvB Zv

A^Æ mvkqÉ x ‰es mnGR Õ©vcbGhvMÅ| DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvq| gvid‚ mvaviYZ AÅvbvjM ev wWwRUvj msGKZ nGq ^vGK| ˆcÉiK h¯¨

mvGnGei AwdGmi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·Gii mvG^ msGhvGMi RbÅ AÅvbvjM ev wWwRUvj msGKZGK cÉGqvRbxq gWzGjkGbi gvaÅGg

ˆh KÅvej eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ Zv A^Æ mvkÉqx ‰es mnGR Õ©vcb AvGjvK ZiGã i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi dvBevGi ˆcÉiY KGi| AcwUKÅvj

ˆhvMÅ| ZvB gvid‚ mvGnGei AwdGm eÅen†Z KÅvejwU UzBGÕ¡W ˆcqvi dvBevi AvGjvK iwkÄ cƒYÆ Avfů¦ixY cÉwZdjb ‰i gvaÅGg ˆWUv

KÅvej| cwienb KGi ^vGK| AvGjvK iwkÄ hLb ˆKvi KÑÅvwWs weGf` ZGj

24 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

AvcwZZ nq ZLb Zv ˆÐGji mƒòvbymvGi cÉwZm†Z nq| ‰fvGe evi evi JN DóxcGK bZbz ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©vq ˆKvb Ask APj nq ZGe
cƒYÆ Avfů¦ixY cÉwZdjGbi gvaÅGg MÉvnK hG¯¨ ˆcuŒQvq| weK͸ AviI c^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ D¯ÃyÚ ^vGK ‰es mÁ·Yƒ Æ ˆbUIqvKÆ
JN cvkvcvwk AewÕ©Z `ywU wWfvBGmi gGaÅ ˆWUv Av`vb cÉ`vb Kiv mPj ^vGK| myZivs bZbz ˆbUIqvKwÆ U nGjv ˆgk UGcvjwRi| ˆgk
hvq eUÐy Gz ^i gvaÅGg| ˆh chÉ ywÚi gvaÅvGg evwoi Afů¦Gi ev mxwgZ UGcvjwR eÅenvGii myweavmgnƒ nGjv@
cwimi ˆ^GK weGki¼ ˆh ˆKvb Õ©Gj ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv hvq ZvGK i. ˆhGKvGbv `yBwU ˆbvGWi gGaÅ AZů¦ `ËyZMwZGZ msGKZ Av`vb-
IqvB-dvB eGj| DóxcGK kvgxGgi evwoGZ hv cvkvcvwk `wy U wWfvBGm
wWfvBm ˆWU Av`vb c`É vb KiGZ mÞg wK¯§ `ƒGi ˆWUv cvVvGZ cvGi cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|
bv| AZ‰e Bnv ‰KwU eyÐUz^ cÉhywÚ| DóxcGK KwiGgi evwoGZ ˆh chÉ wy Ú ii. ˆgk UGcvjwRi eo myweav nGjv ‰GZ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU msGhvM
eÅen†Z nGqGQ Zv `Gƒ i ˆWUv c`É vb KiGZ mÞg wK¯§ evwoi evwnGi
ˆbUIqvKÆ ^vGK bv| AZ‰e Bnv IqvBdvB cÉhwy Ú| IqvBdvB cÉhywÚi AGKGRv nGj ˆbUIqvKÆ AGKGRv nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ˆbB|
gvaÅGg `ƒGi ˆWUv cvVvGbv hvq ‰es evwoi mevB eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi| iii. ‰GZ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGb AGbK ˆewk wbøqZv ^vGK|
KvGRB KwiGgi evwoGZ eÅen†Z IqvBdvB chÉ wy ÚwU Dîg| iv. ˆbUIqvGKÆi mgmÅv Lye mnGR mgvavb Kiv hvq|
v. ‰K ˆbvW ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆbvGW ˆWUv mivmwi Õ©vbv¯¦i Kiv hvq|
JckÉ Jf² J21 iwng mvGne AwdGmi KwÁ·DUviàGjvi gGaÅ ˆbUIqvKÆ D«„Z¿ mgmÅv `ƒixKiY KG͸ iwng mvGne cÉGZÅKwU KwÁ·DUvGii mGã
Av¯¦tmsGhvGMi gvaÅGg ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi wm«¬v¯¦ AZů¦ hywÚhyÚ|

MGo ZzGjGQb| ‰Kw`b ˆbUIqvGKÆi ‰KwU Zvi wewœQ®² nIqvq JckÉ J²f2J2 ˆ`Gki cwÉ ZwU wefvMxq knGi eÅvsK ‘K’ ‰i ‰KwU KGi

mÁ·®² ˆbUIqvKÆwU APj nGq coj| cieZÆxGZ ‰KRb ˆbUIqvKÆ kvLv iGqGQ| wefvMxq cwÉ ZwU knGii cÉwZwU kvLvq KwÁ·DUviàGjv

BwéwbqvGii civgGkÆ wf®²Zi ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjvi wm«¬v¯¦ Switch ‰i gvaÅGg Client Server Network ‰i A¯¦fyÆÚ| ˆmLvGb

wbGjb| bZzb ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©vq hw` ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆKvb Ask APj eÅvsK KvhKÆ GÌ g weN³ bv NwUGq KwÁ·DUvi mnGR evovGbv KgvGbvi

nq ZGe weK͸ AviI c^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ D¯ÃyÚ ^vGK ‰es mÁ·ƒYÆ myGhvM iGqGQ| eÅvsK KZcƆ Þ fwelÅZ cwiK͸bvi Ask wnmvGe MvÉ nK

ˆbUIqvKÆ mPj ^vGK| ˆmev e†w«¬i RbÅ ˆ`Gki mKj kvLvGK ‰KB ˆbUIqvGKÆi AvIZvq

K. eÅv´£DBW^ Kx? 1 AvbGZ PvGœQ| ˆmB jGÞÅ 1 Rb weGklGæi civgkÆ ˆbIqv nGjv|

L. gvaÅg wnGmGe dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej Zwor ˆPŒÁ¼K K. Bluetooth Kx? 1

cÉfvegyÚ- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 L. Optical fiber ‰i `Ë‚Z data cÉevwnZ nq- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

M. iwng mvGnGei AwdGmi ˆbUIqvKÆwU ˆKvb aiGbi? eÅvLÅv M. cÉwZwU kvLvGZ ˆKvb aiGbi Topology eÅen†Z nGqGQ?

Ki| 3 eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ bZzb ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcGbi ˆhŒwÚKZv N. ˆ`Gki mKj kvLvGK ‰KB ˆbUIqvGKÆi gGaÅ AvbGZ

gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4 weGklGæi civgGkÆi ˆhŒwÚKZv Kx nGZ cvGi- ˆZvgvi

21 bs cÉGk²i Dîi gZvgZ ZGz j ai| 4

JK ‰K Õ©vb nGZ AbÅ Õ©vGb ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦Gii nviGK eÅv´£DBW^ 22 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi

eGj| JK ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½ (10 ˆ^GK 100 wgUvi) ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ

JL Zwor ˆPŒÁ¼K cfÉ ve ^vKGj nGj ˆmLvGb AekÅB ZwoGZi eÅenvi eÅen†Z ‰KwU IGcb IqÅviGjm cGÉ UvKj nGœQ eÐy-Uz^| ‰wU PAN

^vKGZ nGe| ˆhGnZz AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii gaÅ w`Gq AvGjvK wmMbvj (Personal Area Network) ‰i IqÅviGjm wfwîK ˆbUIqvGKÆi

ceÉ vwnZ nq| ‰LvGb ˆKvGbv Zwor wmMbvj ceÉ vwnZ nq bv| myZvis AvIZvfzÚ|

gvaÅg wnGmGe dvBevi AcwUK KÅvej Zwor ˆPŒÁK¼ cÉfvegÚy | JL ˆcÉiK h¯¨ AÅvbvjM ev wWwRUvj msGKZGK cGÉ qvRbxq gWGz jkGbi

JM ˆhGnZz DóxcGK DGÍwÏ LZ iwng mvGnGei AwdGmi ˆbUIqvKÆwUi gvaÅGg AvGjvK ZiGã i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi dvBevGi ‰ ˆcÉiY KGi|

‰KwU Zvi wewœQ®² nIqvq cGy iv ˆbUIqvKwÆ U APj nGqGQ myZivs AcwUKÅvj dvBevi AvGjvK iwkÄi cYƒ Æ Avfů¦ixY cwÉ Zdjb ‰i gvaÅGg

ˆbUIqvKwÆ U wis UGcvjwRi| DœP ÞgZvmÁ·®² ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwii RbÅ ˆWUv cwienY KGi ^vGK| dGj ‰LvGb ˆKvGbv ‰wUbGy qkb ev ˆPŒÁ¼Kxq

‰ aiGbi UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi ˆbUIqvGKiÆ eo cÉfve ^vGK bv| dGj ‰i gGaÅ w`Gq `Z‚Ë ˆWUv ˆciÉ Y Kiv hvq|

mwy eav nGjv ‰LvGb cwÉ ZwU KwÁ·DUvi mgvb AwaKvi ˆcGq ^vGK ‰es JM wefvMxq cÉwZwU knGii cÉwZwU kvLvq KwÁ·DUviàGjv Switch ‰i

AwaK KwÁ·DUvGii KviGY ˆbUIqvGKÆi cvidigÅv´Ö KGg ˆMGj ˆmwU gvaÅGg Client Server Network ‰i A¯¦fÚyÆ | mZy ivs cÉwZwU kvLvGZ

mevi RbÅB cÉGhvRÅ nq| wis UGcvjwRGK ejv nq ‰KwUf UGcvjwR| Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ ˆbUIqvKÆ Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ| Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ

‰ UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi AbÅ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU ˆbUIqvKfÆ Úz mKj KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK KÅvej ˆei nGq ‰Gm ‰KwU

ˆgGmR cvVvGZ PvBGj ˆmwU ‰i wbKUeZxÆ KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU hvGe| ˆKw±`Êq Õ©vGb hyÚ nq| ‰B ˆKw±`Êq Õ©vGb ‰me KÅvej ‰KwU

ˆm KwÁ·DUvi ˆ`LGe ˆmB ˆgGmRwU Zvi RbÅ wK bv| ˆmwU Zvi RbÅ wWfvBGmi mvG^ hyÚ nq hvGK KbGmbGUUÇ i eGj| ‰ KbGmbGUÇUi nve

bv nGj ˆmB IB ˆgGmRGK cieZÆx KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU cvVvGe, ev mBy P nGZ cvGi| ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆWUv UvÇ ´Ödvi KiGZ PvBGj Zv

‰fvGe ˆmwU M¯¦eÅ ˆcŒu QvGe|

myZivs iwng mvGnGei cƒGeiÆ ˆbUIqvKÆwU wQj wis UGcvjwR|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 25

c^É Gg ˆm nve A^ev mBy GP cvwVGq ˆ`q| ‰ici nve ev myBP ˆm ˆgGmRGK cieZxÆ KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU cvVvGe, ‰fvGe ˆmwU M¯¦GeÅ
wmMbvjGK jÞÅÕ©Gj cvwVGq ˆ`q| ˆcuŒQvGe| cwÉ ZwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆmB wmMbÅvjGK ewaZÆ KGi cGii
JN `yB ev ZGZvwaK KwÁ·DUvGii gGaÅ msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU cvVvq| Avi UGcvjwRGZ ˆWUv cÅvGKU memgq
KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvKÆ ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰ ˆbUIqvGKiÆ caÉ vb DGókÅ ‰KB w`GK (mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi w`GK) ceÉ vwnZ nq| A G^GK
KwÁ·DUvimgGƒ ni gGaÅ wewf®² cKÉ vi wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi Kiv| ˆbUIqvGKiÆ ˆWUv/ ˆgGmR c^É Gg B ˆZ hvGe| B KwÁ·DUviwU ˆ`LGe ˆgmGRwU
A¯¦fÆyÚ ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ wiGmvmÆ nGœQ AbÅ KwÁ·DUvGii ‰gb Zvi wKbv| ˆgGmRwU B-‰i bq eGj B ˆgGmRwU C-ˆZ cvVvGe| C
ˆKvb Dcv`vb ev myweav hv Zvi gGaÅ ˆbB| ˆh ˆKvb KwÁ·DUvGii KwÁ·DUviwU ˆ`LGe ˆgmGRwU Zvi wKbv| ˆgGmRwU C -‰i bq eGj
Dcv`vbMZ mxgve«¬Zv ^vKGZ cvGi| ZGe ˆbUIqvGKiÆ A¯¦fyÆÚ nGq C ˆgGmRwU D-ˆZ cvVvGe| ‰evi D GgGmRwU wgwjGq ˆ`GLGe ‰wU
hw` wiGmvmÆ ˆkqvi Kiv hvq ZGe KwÁ·DUvGii mvnvGhÅ KvR Kivi D ‰i wKbv| ˆgGmRwU D ‰i eGj D ˆgGmRwU MÉnb KiGe| ‰fvGe
ˆÞò AGbK eo nq| A ˆ^GK ˆgGmRwU D-ˆZ ˆcŒQvGe|
ˆ`Gki mKj kvLvGK ˆbUIqvGKÆi gGaÅ AvbGZ weGklGæi civgGkÆi JN wPò 1-‰ wis UGcvjwR eÅen†Z nGqGQ| wis UGcvjwRGZ wiGOi
ˆhŒwÚKZv nGjv- ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi AGKGRv ev ˆbUIqvGKÆ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆhvM ev
i. ZG^Åi mnR cÉvwµ¦ I `Ë‚ZZv wbwøZ Kiv| ev` w`Gj ˆbUIqvKÆ AGKGRv nGq hvq, AbÅw`GK evm UGcvjwRGZ
ii. mvfÆvi KwÁ·DUvGii KgÆ`ÞZv I h^vh^ eÅenvi wbwøZ Kiv| ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGj ev mwiGq wbGj ev ˆhvM KiGj ˆbUIqvKÆ
iii. wbwøG¯¦ ˆWUvi eÅvKAvc ivLv| APj nq bv| wis ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆKvGbv mgmÅv nGj ò‚wU LyuGR ˆei Kiv
iv. eÅenviKvixGK wbivc` I mnR AÅvGÝm myweav cÉ`vb Kiv| KwVb nGq `uvovq, AbÅw`GK evm UGcvjwRGZ ò‚wU LyuGR ˆei Kiv
v. Õ·kÆKvZi ˆWUvi wbivcîv wbwøZ Kiv| mnR| wis UGcvjwRi RbÅ RwUj wbq¯¨b mdUIqÅvi eÅen†Z nq hv
vi. eÅenviKvixGK AvcGWGUW Z^Å mieivn Kiv| evm UGcvjwRGZ cÉGqvRb nq bv|
vii. eÅenviKvixi AÅvKGmm wbq¯¨Y I chÆGeÞY Kiv|
viii. wmGÕ¡gGK AbvKvw›LZ eÅenviKvix ˆ^GK wbivcîv cÉ`vb Kiv| mZy ivs me w`GK weGePbv KiGj AaÅGÞi wbG`Æk evÕ¦evqGb wPò 2-
ix. AbjvBb eÅvswKs Pvjy Kiv| ‰ eÅen†Z evm UGcvjwR ˆewk DcGhvMx|

JcÉkJf² 2J3 ‰KwU KGjGRi KwÁ·DUvi jÅvGe wPò-1 Abhy vqx ˆbUIqvwKsÆ JckÉ Jf² 2J4
Kiv AvGQ| AaÅÞ bZzb 50wU KwÁ·DUvi, 3wU wc´É Ÿvi I 1wU Õ•Åvbvi
jÅvGe msGhvGMi wbG`Æk w`Gjb|

BC

D wPò-1 wPò 2 wPò 3
A
K. wcGKvGbU Kx? 1

E L. cƒYÆ Avfů¦ixY cÉwZdjb c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb gvaÅg

wPò-1 wPò 2 eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

K. eÅvKGevb Kx? 1 M. wPò-1 I wPò-2 mshyÚ KiGj ˆKvb aiGbi UGcvjwR

L. ˆgk UGcvjwR ˆKvb ˆÞGò ˆewk DcGhvMx? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 MwVZ nGe? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

M. DóxcGKi (wPò-1) ˆbUIqvKÆ A ˆ^GK D ‰i gGaÅ ˆWUv N. ռ͸ eÅGq jÅveGiUwiGZ eÅenvGii RbÅ DóxcGKi ˆKvb

Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi cÉwKÌqv eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 UGcvjwRwU AwaKZi DcGhvMx? ZyjbvgƒjK weGkÏlYcƒeÆK

N. AaÅGÞi wbG`Æk evÕ¦evqGb DóxcGKi wPò-1 ‰es wPò-2 gZvgZ `vI| 4

‰i gGaÅ ˆKvb UGcvjwR ˆewk DcGhvMx? weGkÏlY Ki| 4 24 bs cÉGk²i Dîi

23 bs cÉGk²i Dîi JK eÐyUz^ cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ MVb Kiv mÁ¿e nq Zvi bvg

JK evm UGcvjwRGZ ˆh gjƒ KÅvejwU eÅenZ† nq ZvGK eÅvKGevb eGj| wcGKvGbU|

JL ˆh me ˆÞGò (ˆhgb- eÅvsK, ‰qvi wUwKU BZÅvw` Õ©vGb) ˆWUv JL cƒYÆ Avfů¦ixY cwÉ Zdjb c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb gvaÅg

KwgDwbGKkGb ˆWUvi wbøqZv ˆewk cÉGqvRb ˆm me ˆÞGò ˆgk AcwUKÅvj dvBevi| AcwUKÅvj dvBevGii wZbwU Ask iGqGQ h^v:

UGcvjwR ˆewk DcGhvMx| ˆKvi, ˆKvÑ wWs I RÅvGKU| ˆKvi Kvu P Z¯§ «¼viv MwVZ ZvB ‰i gaÅ w`Gq

JM wPò-1 wis UGcvjwR cÉ`wkÆZ nGœQ| ‰ UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvGbv ‰bvjM wmMbvj cYƒ Æ AfÅv¯¦ixY cwÉ ZdjGbi gvaÅGg ˆWUv Õ©vbv¯¦i nq|

KwÁ·DUvi AbÅ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU ˆgGmR cvVvGZ PvBGj JM nvBweWË UGcvjwR `yB ev ZGZvwaK UGcvjwRi mg¯¼Gq MwVZ

ˆmwU ‰i wbKUewZÆ KwÁ·DUvGii wbKU hvGe| ˆm KwÁ·DUvi ˆ`LGe UGcvjwRGK nvBweËW UGcvjwR eGj| DóxcGK eÅenZ† wPò bs-1 evg

ˆmB ˆgGmRwU Zvi RbÅ wK bv| ˆmwU Zvi RbÅ bv nGj ˆm IB UGcvjwR, wPò bs-2 Õ¡vi UGcvjwR| ‰B `ywU UGcvjwRi mg¯¼Gq

26 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

nvBweËW UGcvjwR MwVZ nGqGQ| wewf®² UGcvjwR A^vÆ r Õ¡vi, wis, evm JM DóxcGK cÉwZ KvÑ m iG‚ gi wUwf gwbUGii c`Ævq wkÞK I Qvò-

BZÅvw` ˆbUIqvGKiÆ mg¯¼Gq ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ MwVZ nq ZvGK nvBweËW Qvòxiv Zvi Qwe I K¥¤ÕG¼ ii gvaÅGg ˆbvwUk mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nq| wK¯§

ˆbUIqvKÆ eGj| B´ŸviGbU ‰KwU nvBweËW ˆbUIqvK,Æ ˆKbbv ‰GZ cÉvq ˆKvGbv cwÉ ZwKÌqv eÅÚ KiGZ cvGi bv| myZivs c«¬wZwU nGjv ˆWUv

me aiGbi ˆbUIqvKÆB mshyÚ AvGQ| nvBweËW ˆbUIqvGKiÆ myweav I UÇv´ÖwgkGbi wmgGµÝÏ c«¬wZ| ˆh c«¬wZGZ ˆWUv ˆKejgvò ‰Kw`GK

Amwy eav wbfiÆ KiGQ H ˆbUIqvGKÆ eÅen†Z UGcvjwRàGjvi Ici| cÉevwnZ nGZ cvGi ZvGK wmgGµÝÏ ˆgvW ejv nq| A^vÆ r ˆcÉiK ˆKej

JN KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi nGZ Aci KwÁ·DUvGii ˆWUv cvVvGZ cviGe wK¯§ cÉvcK ˆKvb Dîi w`GZ cviGe bv|

mvG^ msGhvM eÅeÕ©v ‰es msGhvM ‰i KvVvGgvGK Topology eGj| JN wg. wgRvGbi M†nxZ c«¬wZwU nGjv dzj WzGµÝÏ c«¬wZ| ˆh
c«¬wZGZ ‰KB mgGq Dfq w`K nGZ ˆWUv ˆcÉiGYi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK ZvGK
DóxcGKi wPò bs-1 evm UGcvjwR, wPò bs-2 Õ¡vi UGcvjwR I wPò djz WGz µÝÏ c«¬wZ eGj| wg. wgRvb ˆKvb ‰KwU KGÞ Z^Å mÁ·PË vi
KiGZ bv PvBGj cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mKj mÁ·PË vi gvaÅgàGjvGK ‰KwU
bs-3 wUÇ UGcvjwR wbG`Æk KGi| gvwΟKvÕ¡ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb c«¬wZi AvIZvq AvbGZ nGe| ˆh ˆWUv
UÇv´Öwgkb wmGÕ¡Gg ÷aygvò AbyGgvw`Z ˆbvWB ˆWUv MÉnY KiGZ cvGi
evm UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU gvò evGm mKj KwÁ·DUvi mshyÚ ^vGK eGj ZvGK gvwΟKvÕ¡ ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb eGj| wgt wgRvb mvGne mµ¦vGn ‰Kw`b
Zvi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Qvò/Qvòxi mGã gZwewbgq KiGZ PvBGj ZvGK Zvi
Kg ZvGii cÉGqvRb nq, dGj LiP Kg nq| Õ¡vi UGcvjwRGZ nve eZgÆ vb UvÇ ´Öwgkb eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ cGÉ qvRbxq wKQy h¯c¨ vwZ msGhvMI
Õ©vcb KiGjb| wgRvb mvGne wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb cÉGqvRbxq eÅwÚG`i mvG^
ev mBy GPi mvG^ KÅveGji gvaÅGg mKj KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ ^vGK| cÉPzi wfwWI KbdvGiw´Ös ‰i gvaÅGg gZwewbgq I KvhÆ mÁ·v`b KiGeb|

KÅvej cÉGqvRb nq eGj LiPI ˆewk| wUÇ UGcvjwR nGjv Õ¡vi

UGcvjwRi ewaÆZ iƒc| myZivs ‰LvGb LiP ˆewk| AZ‰e, evm

UGcvjwRGZ Kg ZvGii cGÉ qvRb nq ‰es nve I jvGM bv| AbÅw`GK

Õ¡vi I wUÇ UGcvjwRGZ ˆewk Zvi ‰es nve ev myBGPi cÉGqvRb nq|

myZivs ռ͸ eÅGq jÅveGiUwiGZ evm UGcvjwR AwaKZi DcGhvMx|

JckÉ J²f2J5 wg. wgRvb ‰KRb ˆemiKvwi wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cwiPvjK| JckÉ Jf² 2J6 A KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ msGhvM ZvGii

wZwb wbRÕ¼ UvÇ ´Öwgkb myweavi AvIZvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi `kwU KÑvm i‚Gg mvG^ mshyÚ| B KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ciÕ·Gii mvG^ mshyÚ|

wWwRUvj c«¬wZGZ ˆbvwUk ˆcÉiY KGib| cÉwZ KÑvm i‚Ggi wUwf A KGjR I B KGjR ZvG`i msGhvM eÅeÕ©vq ռ͸ LiGP ‰KwU

gwbUGii c`Ævq wkÞK I Qvò-Qvòxiv Zvi Qwe I K¥¤Õ¼Gii gvaÅGg wWfvBm eÅenvi KGi ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvKÆGK ‰KwòZ KGi| C

ˆbvwUk mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nq| mgmÅv nGœQ ZvGK `kwU KvÑ m i‚Gg KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjv e†îvKvGi mshyÚ|

`kevi ˆbvwUk cÉ`vb KiGZ nq| ‰GÞGò wZwb ‰gb UÇv´Öwgkb K. ˆWUv UvÇ ´Öwgkb ˆgvW Kx? 1

eÅeÕ©v Pvb ˆhLvGb ‰KB mvG^ me KÑvm i‚Gg ˆbvwUk cÉ`vb Kiv hvq L. ‘Õͼ ¸ `ƒiGZ½ webv LiGP ˆWUv UvÇ ´Ödvi mÁe¿ ”- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

‰es cÉGqvRGb ‰KwU KÑvm i‚Gg ˆbvwUk mÁ·ËPvi e®¬ ivLv hvq| wZwb M. DóxcGK eÅen†Z wWfvBmwU eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

‰KB eÅeÕ©vi AvIZvq mµ¦vGn ‰Kw`b Zvi Awdm i‚Gg eGmB Qvò- N. A I C KGjGRi msGhvM KvVvGgvi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU wbfiÆ GhvMÅ?

QvòxG`i mvG^ gZ wewbgq KiGZ Pvb| weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

K. wiwcUvi Kx? 1 26 bs cGÉ k²i Dîi

L. GMS ˆK ˆKb cwicƒYÆ I cÉwZwÓ¤Z ˆbUIqvKÆ ejv nq? JK Drm ˆ^GK M¯¦GeÅ ˆWUv UÇv´ÖdvGii ˆÞGò ˆWUv cÉevGni w`KGK

eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 ˆWUv UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvW eGj|

M. wg. wgRvGbi cwÉ ZÓ¤vGbi we`Ågvb UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvWwU Kx? 3 JL eÐyUz^ nGœQ Zviwenxb cvGmvÆbvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvKÆ hv ռ͸ `ƒiGZ½

N. wg. wgRvGbi cÉZÅkv cƒiGYi DchyÚ UÇv´Öwgkb ˆgvWwU wK (10 wg. -100 wg.) ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq| wewf®²

nGZ cvGi? eÅvLÅv Ki| 4 wWfvBGm eÐUz^ weΟBb AeÕ©vq ^vGK| myZivs webv LiGP `ywU eÐyUz^

25 bs cÉGk²i Dîi mshyÚ wWfvBGmi gGaÅ ˆWUv wewbgq Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|

JK ˆbUIqvKÆ wgwWqvi gaÅ w`Gq ˆWUv wmMbvj ceÉ vGni mgq wbw`ÆÓ¡ JM DóxcGK eÅen†Z wWfvBmwU ivDUvi| ivDUvi nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU

`ƒiZ½ AwZKgÌ Kivi ci ‰GUbGy qkGbi KviGY AvGÕ¦ AvGÕ¦ `eƒ jÆ nGq wWfvBm hv ‰KB ˆcÉvGUvKj wewkÓ¡ wf®² wf®² ˆbUIqvKÆGK hyÚ Kivi

cGo| ZLb ‰B wmMbvjGK ‰gwµdÏ vB ev kwÚkvjx KGi M¯¦eÅ chƯ¦ RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰wU LAN, MAN ‰es WAN ‰ wZb aiGbi

ˆcŒu QvGZ nq| gvSvgvwS AeÕ©vGb ˆ^GK ‰B KvRwU ˆh wWfvBm KGi ˆbUIqvGKBÆ KvR KGi| ivDUvGii gGaÅ BG´ŸwjGR´Ö ev eyw«¬gîv ˆ`qv

^vGK ZvGK wiwcUvi eGj| ^vGK hv ‰K ˆbUIqvKÆ ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆbUIqvGKÆ ˆWUv KwgDwbGKkGbi

JL GSM ‰i cƒYÆi‚c nGjv Global System for Mobile ˆÞGò mswÞµ¦Zg c^ LuyGR ˆei KGi| wf®² aiGbi UGcvjwRi

Communication| GSM-‰i cvIqv hvq@ AG^Æi wewbgGq ˆivwgs ˆbUIqvKGÆ K hÚy Kivi RbÅ ivDUvi eÅenZ† nGZ cvGi|

myweav, wmgKvGWÆi mnR eÅenvi DœP àYMZgvb mÁ·®² AwewœQ®² JN ˆhGnZz A KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjv ‰KwU wbw`ÓÆ ¡ msGhvM ZvGii

mvG^ mshÚy , mZy ivs A KGjGR evm UGcvjwR eÅen†Z nGqGQ| Avevi

UÇv´Öwgkb, GPRS I EDGE myweav cÉ`vb KGi UÇv´Öwgkb cvIqvi C KGjGRi KwÁ·DUviàGjv e†îvKvGi mshyÚ| ZvB C KGjGR wis

wbq¯¨Y Kiv nq| ˆmRbÅ GSM ˆK cwicƒYÆ I cwÉ ZwÓ¤Z ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwR eÅen†Z nGqGQ|

ejv nq DóxcGKi C KGjGRi wis UGcvjwRGZ ‰KwU gvò KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡

nGj cyGiv ˆbUIqvKwÆ U APj nGq hvq| Aciw`GK A KGjGRi evm

UGcvjwRGZ ˆbUIqvGKÆi ‰K ev ‰KvwaK KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGjI

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 27

ˆbUIqvKwÆ U mPj ^vGK| AZ‰e, A KGjGRi ˆbUIqvKÆwU AwaK nGjv wUÇ UGcvjwR| ‰ UGcvjwRGZ ‰KvwaK nve (HUB) eÅenvi
wbfiÆ GhvMÅ| KGi mgÕ¦ KwÁ·DUviàGjvGK ‰KwU weGkl Õ©vGb mshyÚ Kiv nq
hvGK eGj iyU (Root)| ˆmLvGb ZvG`i msGKZ cvVvGbvi MwZ e†w«¬i
JckÉ J²f2J7 Rvgvj mvGne ‰KwU eÅvsGKi eÅeÕ©vcK| Zvi KwÁ·DUvGii RbÅ DœP MwZ wewkÓ¡ msGhvM «¼viv mvfvÆi KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ hyÚ
Kiv nq| wUÇ msMVGb ‰K ev ‰KvwaK Õ¦Gii KwÁ·DUvi ˆnvÕ¡
mvG^ Rbve iwdK I AwmGZi KwÁ·DUvi mshÚy | iwdK mvGnGei KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ hyÚ ^vGK|
w«¼Zxq Õ¦Gii KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ Avevi Z‡Zxq Õ¦Gii KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ
KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ MÉvnKG`i UvKv c`É vGbi PviwU KvD´ŸvGii ^vGK| w«¼Zxq Õ¦Gii KwÁ·DUviàGjv Z‡Zxq Õ¦Gii KwÁ·DUvGii

KwÁ·DUvi hyÚ| Avevi AwmZ mvGnGei KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ UvKv ˆnvÕ¡ wnGmGe KvR KGi|

MÉnGYi wZbwU KvD´ŸvGii KwÁ·DUvi mshÚy | géyi mvGne ‰KB JN hLb cwÉ ZwU KwÁ·DUvi `yw`GK `wy U KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ h&Úy nGq
e†îvKvi ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo ˆZvGj ZLb ZvGK wis UGcvjwR eGj| ‰
eÅvsGKi AbÅ kvLvi eÅeÕ©vcK| ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nIqvq Zvi
aiGbi UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGj cGy iv ˆbUIqvKÆ
eÅvsGK KGqK N´Ÿv ˆjbG`b e®¬ ^vGK| KwÁ·DUviwU ˆgivgGZi ci
wewNZ³ nq| Avevi ˆh ˆbUIqvKÆ eÅeÕ©vq cwÉ ZwU KwÁ·DUvi ciÕ·i
KvhÆKgÌ Õv¼ fvweK nq| Aci ‰KwU kvLvi eÅeÕ©vcK BevË wng mvGne| ciÕ·Gii mvG^ cÉZÅÞfvGe mshyÚ ^vGK ‰es ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi

Zvi kvLvq cÉGZÅKwU KwÁ·DUvi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ cÉZÅÞfvGe hÚy | ˆÞGò ˆKvGbv ˆnvÕ¡ KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenZ† nq bv ZvGK ˆgk UGcvjwR

K. nvBweËW UGcvjwR KvGK eGj? 1 eGj| ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ev msGhvM jvBb bÓ¡ nGq ˆMGjI
ˆbUIqvKfÆ „Ú AbÅvbÅ KwÁ·DUvi ÞwZMÕÉ © nq bv|
L. ‘c†w^ex KÌgk ˆQvU nGq AvmGQ’ - eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
DóxcGKi géyi mvGneI ‰KB eÅvsGKi AbÅ kvLvi eÅeÕ©vcK|
M. Rvgvj mvGnGei eÅvsGK ˆKvb UGcvjwR eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ?
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nIqvq Zvi eÅvsGK KGqK N´Ÿv ˆjbG`b e®¬
eywSGq ˆjL| 3 ^vGK| KwÁ·UviwU ˆgivgGZi ci KvhÆKÌg Õ¼vfvwKK nq| KvGRB

N. géiy mvGne I BevË wng mvGnGei eÅvsGK eÅen†Z UGcvjwR«G¼ qi Zvi eÅvsGK eÅen†Z UGcvjwRwU wis UGcvjwR| Aci ‰KwU kvLvi

gGaÅ ˆKvbwU AwaKZi ˆhŒwÚK? weGkÏlYmn gZvgZ `vI| 4 eÅeÕ©vcK BeËvwng mvGne| Zvi kvLvq cÉGZÅKwU KwÁ·DUvi
27 bs cÉGk²i Dîi ciÕ·Gii mvG^ cÉZÅÞfvGe mshyÚ KvGRB BeËvwng mvGnGei eÅvsGK

JK ‰KvwaK UGcvjwRi (Õ¡vi, wis, evm BZÅvw`) mg¯¼Gq ˆh UGcvjwRwU ˆgk UGcvjwR|

UGcvjwR MwVZ nq ZvGK nvBweËW UGcvjwR eGj| wis UGcvjwRGZ ˆKvGbv ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi bÓ¡ nGj cyGiv ˆbUIqvKÆ

JL ˆUwjKwgDwbGKkb ‰i eÅvcK D®²wZ ‰es B´ŸviGbGUi MwZ AGKGRv nGq cGo| wK¯§ ˆgk UGcvjwRGZ ‰gb mgmÅv nq bv| ZvB

e†w«¬i dGj AeÕ©vbMZ `ƒiZ½ wbGgGlB `ƒi nGq hvq| `ƒiZ½ hZB ejv hvq BeËvwng mvGnGei eÅvsGK eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKÆ UGcvjwRwU

ˆnvK bv ˆKb cÉGqvRb I AvMÉn AbymvGi ‰KB mGã ‰KB welq AwaKZi ˆhŒwÚK|

AGbGK DcGfvM KiGZ cvGib| ‰ myweav c†w^exi ˆh ˆKvGbv cÉvG¯¦B

gvbylGK mvgvwRK ev ivR‹bwZKfvGe ‰KwòKiGYi myGhvM ŠZwi

KGiGQ| ZvB ejv nq c†w^ex AvR ˆQvU nGq AvmGQ|

JM Rvgvj mvGnGei eÅvsGK eÅen†Z ˆbUIqvKwU wbÁ²iƒc:

Rvgvj mvGnGei
KwÁ·DUvi

iwdK mvGnGei AwmZ mvGnGei
KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi

KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi KwÁ·DUvi

DcGii wPò ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ Rvgvj mvGnGei eÅvsGK eÅen†Z
UGcvjwRwU wUÇ UGcvjwR| gƒjZ Õ¡vi UGcvjwRi mÁ·ÉmvwiZ iƒcB

28 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

SESIP cÉYxZ m†Rbkxj cÉGk²vîi

Z‡Zxq AaÅvq : msLÅv c«¬wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm

JcÉkJ²fJ1 ivwKe mÅvi ˆkÉwYGZ msLÅv c«¬wZ covwœQGjb| ‰K chÆvGq cÉKvk Kiv hvq| mÅvi AviI ejGjb, ‘Avwg wbGRi bvGg 3 wfwîK
wgRvb msLÅv c«¬wZ ŠZwi KGiwQ’|
wZwb ejGjb, Avwg 6 wfwîK msLÅv c«¬wZ AvweÓ•vi KGiwQ| wZwb
ivRGy K Zvi ˆivj wRGæm Kivq ivRy ejGjv Zvi ˆivj (2C)16| ivwKe K. evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx?
mÅvi gyPwK ˆnGm ejGjb, eGy SwQ| AvMvgxKvj ˆZvgiv (137)10 ˆK L. BDwbGKvW mKj fvlvi RbÅ DcGhvMx@ eÅvLÅv Ki|
ivwKe msLÅv c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi wbGq AvmGe’| M. QvòwU ˆevGWÆ ˆh msLÅvwU wjLGjv ZvGK ˆnÝvGWwmGgGj

K. msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx? cÉKvk Ki|
L. msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR eÅvLÅv Ki| N. DóxcGKi ewYÆZ QvòwUi wjwLZ msLÅvwUGK wgRvb msLÅv
M. DóxcGK ivRyi ˆivj bÁ¼iwU AKUvGj cÉKvk Ki|
N. DóxcGKi evoxi KvRwU ivwKe msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ic… v¯¦i c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦i Ki ‰es gƒjÅvqb Ki|

Ki| 2 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
1 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
JK ˆh msLÅv c«¬wZGZ `ywU AsK 0 I 1 eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK
JK ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆjLv ev cÉKvk Kivi c«¬wZGKB msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj| evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj|
JL ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR nGœQ H c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z ˆgŒwjK
JL BDwbGKvW 16 weU-wewkÓ¡| ‰ ˆKvW «¼viv 216 ev 65536 wU Aw«Z¼ xq
wPn× mgƒGni ˆgvU msLÅv| wPn×GK wPwn×Z Kiv hvq| weGk¼i kZ kZ fvlvi kZ kZ eYÆ AvGQ|
ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvGZ ˆgvU ˆgŒwjK cÉZxK (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) BDwbGKvGWi mvnvGhÅ weGk¼i mKj fvlvq mKj eYÆ/wPn×GK c†^K c^† K
10wU| myZivs `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR 10| ˆZgwbfvGe evBbvwi fvGe wbw`ÓÆ ¡ Kiv mÁe¿ | ZvB BDwbGKvW mKj fvlvi DcGhvMx|
msLÅvi ˆeR 2| AKUvj msLÅvi ˆeR 8| ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅvi
ˆeR 16| JM ˆhGnZz wjwLZ msLÅvwU 100 ‰es msLÅvwUi AbÅ `By wU AvKvi
JM ivRyi ˆivj bÁ¼i (2C)16| ˆivj bÁi¼ wUGK evBbvwi msLÅvq nGjv 144 I 1100100| Avgiv Rvwb ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR
i…cv¯¦i KiGj@ ˆQvU nGj Zvi gvb eo nGq hvq| ‰LvGb ˆhGnZz `kwgK msLÅvi
ˆeR 10, AÙvj msLÅvi ˆeR 8 ‰es evBbvwi msLÅvi ˆeR 2| ‰LvGb
(2C) 16 = (0010 1100)2 ˆ`Lv hvGœQ meGPGq eo nGjv `kwgK msLÅvi ˆeR myZivs 100 nGe
`kwgK msLÅv| ‰ici 144 nGe AÙvj msLÅv ‰es 1100100 nGe
Avevi (0010 1100)2 msLÅvwUGK AKUvGj cÉKvGki ˆÞGò− evBbvwi msLÅv|
wbG‚ `kwgK msLÅv 100 ˆK ˆnÝvGWwmGgGj i…cv¯¦i Kiv nGjv|
=(000 101 100)2
=(054)8 fvM fvMdj fvMGkl

JN ‰LvGb (137) 10 ‰KwU `kwgK msLÅv| ivwKe msLÅv c«¬wZi 100÷16 6 4
ˆeR 6|

myZivs (137) 10 msLÅvGK ivwKe msLÅv c«¬wZGZ iƒcv¯¦Gii RbÅ 6 6÷16 0 6

w`Gq msLÅvwUGK fvM KiGZ nGe| hZÞY fvM hvq A^ev hZÞY ∴ (100)10 = (64)16
fvMdj 0 bv nq ZZÞY msLÅvwUGK AbeiZ 6 w`Gq fvM KiGZ
nGe| cGi fvMdjmn fvMGklGK mvwRGq A^ev ÷aygvò fvMGklGK JN DóxcGKi wjwLZ msLÅvwU nGjv `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZi| myZivs
mvwRGq msLÅvwUi mgKÞ ivwKe msLÅv c«¬wZi gvb cvIqv hvq| `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZ ˆ^GK wgRvb c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦Gii RbÅ wbÁi² ƒc
c«¬wZ AbymiY KiGZ nGe|
msL¨v fvMdj fvM‡kl avc-1: ˆWwmgÅvj msLÅvGK AbÅ ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ

137 ÷ 6 22 5 Kivi RbÅ `kwgK msLÅvGK Kvw›LZ msLÅv wgRvb c«¬wZi ˆeR ev
wfwî 3 «¼viv fvM KiGZ nGe ‰es fvMGklwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
22 ÷ 6 3 4 avc-2: cÉvµ¦ fvMdjGK Avevi Kvw›LZ msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR ev wfwî

3÷6 0 3 3 «¼viv fvM KGi fvMGklwUGK msiÞY KiGZ nGe|
avc-3: ‰B fvM c«¬wZ chÆvqKÌGg KiGZ nGe hZÞY bv fvRÅ 0
∴ (137)10 = (345)6
(kbƒ Å) nq|
JcÉkJ²fJ2 AvBwmwU-‰i wkÞK wgRvb mÅvi QvòG`i ejGjb, avc-4: msiwÞZ cÉvµ¦ fvMGkl (ˆkl w`K ˆ^GK ÷i‚i w`GK Zxi wPn×

‘ˆZvgiv wK Rvb msLÅv w`Gq gRvi ˆLjv AvGQ? ˆZvgiv wK ˆLjGZ Abyhvqx) mvwRGq wjLGj ˆh msLÅvwU cvIqv hvq ZvB i…cv¯¦wiZ
PvI’? Qvòiv msGM msGM ˆLjvi RbÅ D`MÉxe nGq DVj| mÅvi Kvw›LZ wgRvb c«¬wZi msLÅv|
‰KRb QvòGK ˆevGWÆ ‰Gm ‰KwU msLÅv wjLGZ ejGjb| QvòwU
wjLj 100| mÅvi ejGjb, ‘msLÅvwUGK 144 ‰es 1100100 «¼vivI fvM fvMdj fvMGkl

100÷3 33 1

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 29

33÷3 11 0 K. ‰bGKvWvi Kx?
2
11÷3 3 0 L. 1+1=1 eÅvLÅv Ki|
1
3÷3 1 M. F ‰i mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi Ki|

1÷3 0 N. S2 , S1 I S0 ‰i gvb cÉvwµ¦i cÉwKÌqv weGkÏlY Ki|
4 bs cÉGki² Dîi
∴ (100)10 = (10201)3

JckÉ J²fJ3 ‘K’ cÉwZÓ¤vGb wkÞv^Æxi msLÅv 1700 Rb| ‰Kw`b Z^Å I JK †h wWwRUvj eZb© xi gva¨‡g Avb‡Kv‡WW (Uncoded) †WUv‡K

ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ wkÞK 1075 ˆivj bÁ¼Gii wkÞv^ÆxGK Zvi w«¼Zxq †Kv‡WW (Coded) †WUvq cwibZ Kiv nq Zv‡K Gb‡KvWvi e‡j|
mvgwqK cixÞvi ICT welGq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i wRævmv KiGjb| wkÞv^Æx
Dîi w`j ˆWwmGgGj 85| cieZÆxGZ cÉGgvkb ˆUÕ¡ cixÞv ˆkGl Zvi JL eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq Ai (OR) K‡Z ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU ivwki gvb
DÚ welGq cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i nj ˆWÝvGWwmGgGj 4F|
1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nGe| ‰LvGb 1+1=1 nGqGQ| Kvib ‰LvGb
K. msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx?
L. ‘1+1+1=1’- eÅvLÅv Ki| eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi Ai (OR) AcvGikb eÅen†Z nGqGQ|
M. wkÞv^Æxi ˆivj bÁ¼iwU AÙvGj cÉKvk Ki|
N. cÉGgvkb ˆUGÕ¡ wkÞv^Æxi djvdGji AMÉMwZ nGqGQ wKbv? JM dvskbwUGZ `ywU PjK A I B ‰es wZbwU ˆMBU AND, OR I

weGkÏlY cƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| NOT AvGQ| dvskbwUi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq msLÅK PjK I Kjg
3 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv ˆUwej|
JK ˆKvb msLÅv ˆjLv I cKÉ vk Kivi c«¬wZGK ejv nq msLÅv c«¬wZ|
JL ewy jqvb AÅvjGReivi Ai AcGikGb, `yBGqi AwaK PjGKi AB − ⎯ F
ˆejvq, ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU PjK mZÅ nGj Ai AcvGikb ‰i dj mZÅ A AB
nq| ewy jqvb AÅvjGReivq mZÅ 1 ‰es wg^ÅvGK 0 «¼viv wPwn×Z Kiv
nq| ‰LvGb 0 ‰es 1 ˆKvGbv msLÅv bq ‰iv AvmGj jwRK ˆjGfj| 00 1 0 0
myZivs ewy jqvb AÅvjGRevi Ai AcvGikb AbymvGi 1+1+1=1
JM wkÞv^Æxi ˆivjwU AÙvGj cÉKvk Kiv nGjv@ 01 1 1 1

fvM fvMdj fvMGkl 10 0 0 1

11 0 0 1

1075÷8 134 3 JN mvwKÆUwU `ywU FA I ‰KwU HA «¼viv MwVZ |
cÉ^Gg S0 wbYÆGqi RbÅ ÷aygvò `ywU weU 1 I 1 ‰es ‰LvGb nvd
134÷8 16 6 AÅvWvi KvR KiGQ|
myZivs S0 = 1 + 1
16÷8 20
=0
2÷8 0 2
‰es Carry = 1
(1075)10 =(2063)8 S1 wbYGqi ˆÞGò 0, 1 ‰es Carry weU 1 AvGQ|
myZivs
JN
S1=0+1+1
(4F)16 =4×161+F×160 =0

=4×16+15×1 ‰es Carry=1
S2 wbYqGqi ˆÞGò 1, 0 ‰es Carry weU 1 AvGQ|
=64+15
S2=1+0+1
=(79)10 =0

w«Z¼ xq mvgwqK cixÞvi ICT welGqi bÁi¼ wQj ˆWwmGgGj 85| mZy ivs S0=0, S1=0, S2=0
cGÉ gvkb ˆUÕ¡ cixÞv ˆkGl Zvi DÚ welGq cÉvµ¦ bÁi¼ nj ˆWwmGgGj
79| ˆcvÉ Ggvkb ˆUÕ¡ ˆkGl wkÞv^Æxi djvdGji ˆKvGbv AMÉMwZ nqwb| JckÉ J²fJ5

A

BY

JcÉkJ²fJ4 `†kÅK͸-1: F = A + AB wPò-1

`k† ÅKÍ-¸ 2: PQ R

10 00 0
01
1 01 1
1
10 1

11 1

FA FA HA wPò-2

Carry Carry K. ˆiwRÕ¡vi Kx?
L. Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGb gGWg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi-
S2 S1 S0
eÅvLÅv Ki|

30 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

M. Y ‰i gvb wbYÆq Ki| Aciw`GK Ai ˆMBU `ywU weGUi ˆhŒwÚK ˆhvGMi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
N. 1bs wPò ˆh ˆMBU ‰i KvhÆKvixZv cÉ`kÆb KGi Zvi mvG^
JckÉ J²fJ6 DóxcGKi AvGjvGK cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vI:
2bs wPGòi ˆUweGj ˆh ˆMBUGK cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi ZvG`i
gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY Ki| AB

5 bs cÉGk²i Dîi 1 3

JK ˆiwRÕ¡vi nGjv KZKàGjv wdÑcdÑc ‰i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ mvwKÆU hv 5Y

evBbvwi Z^ÅGK msiÞY KGi ^vGK| ˆiwRÕ¡vi ‰K cÉKvi ˆggwi 24

wWfvBm| mvaviYZ gvBGKÌvcÉGmmi ˆWUv cwÉ KqÌ vKiGYi mgq AÕ©vqxfvGe K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1

ˆiwRÕ¡vGi ˆWUv msiÞY KGi| L. ‘evBbvwi ˆhvM ‰es eywjqvb ˆhvM ‰K bq’@ eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

JL gGWg nGjv ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbÝ wWfvBm hv Drm nGZ cÉvµ¦ M. DóxcK AbymvGi Y ‰i mijxK‡Z gvb wbYÆq Ki| 3

wWwRUvj msGKZGK AÅvbvjM msGKGZ i…cv¯¦i KGi gvaÅGg ˆcŒGQ N. DóxcGKi 3, 4 I 5 bs ˆMBGU Kx cwieZÆb KiGj Y

ˆ`q ‰es gvaÅg ˆ^GK cvÉ µ¦ AÅvbvjM msGKZGK wWwRUvj msGKGZ ‰i gvb X-NOR ˆMBGUi AvDUcyGUi mgZzjÅ nGe?

i…cv¯¦i KGi M¯¦eÅ ˆcŒGQ ˆ`q| ‰fvGe Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGi weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

gGWg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi|

JM

A 6 bs cÉGk²i Dîi
A A+B
JK eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi eÅenvwiK cÉGqvGMi RbÅ ˆh mKj wWwRUvj
BB Y = A+B+ A+B

BGjKUwÇ bÝ mvwKUÆ eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj|

A+ B JL evBbvwi msLÅv eÅenvi KGi MwYGZi wbqGg ˆh ˆhvM Kiv nq

ZvGK evBbvwi ˆhvM ejv nq| Avi eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi Ai

Y = A+B+ A+B AcvGikb evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ ˆh ˆhvM Kiv nq ZvGK eywjqvb ˆhvM

eGj| ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, evBbvwi ˆhvGM ˆh 0, 1 eÅen†Z nq Zv

= A + B.A + B AvmGj evBbvwi msLÅv wK¯§ eywjqvb AÅvjGReivq ˆh 0, 1 eÅenZ† nq
= ( A + B)( A + B)
Zv ˆKvGbv msLÅv bq ‰àGjv AvmGj jwRK ˆjGfj| ‰RbÅ ejv nq

= AA + AB + BA + BB evBbvwi ˆhvM I eywjqvb ˆhvM ‰K bq|

= AB + BA JM

= A⊕B AB
JN 2 bs wPGòi ˆUwejwU ‰KwU OR Gate cÉKvk KGi| KviY `yB
BbcyU wewkÓ¡ OR Gate ‰i ˆÞGò 0+0=0, 0+1=1,1+0=1 ‰es A AB

1+1=1 Y = AB + AB

myZivs wPò-1 «¼viv ‰ÝAi ˆMBU ‰es wPò-2 «¼viv Ai ˆMBU AB
eySvGœQ| wbGP DfGqi mZÅK mviwY Zzjbvi RbÅ ˆ`Iqv nGjv| B

A B A⊕B P Q P+Q DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ mvwKÆGUi AvDUcyU

00 0 000 Y = AB + AB

01 1 011 = A+B+ A+B
= A+B+ A+B
10 1 101 = ( A + A) + (B + B)

11 0 111 =1+1
=1
‰Ý Ai ˆMBU Ai ˆMBU
JN ˆh ˆMBGU `yB ev ZGZvwaK BbcyGUi gGaÅ ˆRvo msLÅK BbcyU
‰Ý Ai ˆMBU `ywU weGUi evBbvwi ˆhvM I `ywU weGUi AeÕ©v Zzjbv 1 nGj AvDUcyU 1 nq AbÅ^vq 0 nq ZvGK XNOR ˆMBU eGj|
XNOR GMBGUi `yBwU BbcyU A, B ‰es AvDUcUy Y nGj,
(`ywU weU mgvb nGj AvDUcyU 0 nGe AbÅ^vq 1 nGe) Kivi RbÅ

eÅenvi Kiv nq|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 31

Y = A ⊕ B = AB + AB 10 0
DóxcGKi 3, 4 I 5 bs ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU h^vKGÌ g AB , AB ‰es
AB + AB | 11 1
XNOR ˆMBU evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ 3, 4 I 5 bs ˆMBGUi AvDUcyU
DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB Y=AB; hvnv ‰KwU AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi
h^vKÌGg AB , AB ‰es AB + AB nIqv cGÉ qvRb| ‰evi 3 I jwRK dvskb| myZivs DóxcGK ewYÆZ ˆeW myBGPi mvG^ AÅv´£
ˆMGUi wgj iGqGQ
4 bs NAND ˆMBGUi cwieGZÆ AND ˆMBU ‰es 5 bs OR ˆMBGUi JN ˆmvgvG`i evmvq wbivcîvi KvGR h¯¨wU ˆhGKvGbv jvBGb A^ev
cwieGZÆ NORˆMBU eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| Y ‰i gvb XNOR ˆMBGUi Dfq jvBGb we`Åy r ^vKGj we`Åy r cÉevn cvq| ˆmvgvG`i evmvi we`yÅr
AvDUcGy Ui mgZyjÅ nIqvi cwiewZÆZ mvwKÆUwU nGe wbÁ²ic… @ jvBb `ywU nGjv A I B ‰es h¯¨wU nGjv Y| we`yÅr jvBb cvIqvGK
1 ‰es bv cvIqvGK 0 aGi DÚ h¯¨wUi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁ²i…c:
AB
AB Y
A AB
01 1
Y = AB + AB
10 1

11 1

AB DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB
B
Y = AB + AB + AB
JckÉ J²fJ7 ˆmvgv weQvbvi cvGk ˆeW myBP eÅenvi KGi| ˆeW mBy GPi = AB + AB + AB
= B(A + A) + AB
cvkvcvwk gƒj ˆevGWÆi myBP ˆ^GKI jvBU e®¬ Kiv hvq| ZvG`i
evmvq wbivcîvi KvGR ‰KwU AvaywbK h¯¨ eÅenvi Kiv nq| = B + AB
mveÆÞwYK we`yÅr cvIqvi RbÅ ‰GZ `y’wU we`yÅr jvBb jvMvGbv
AvGQ| ˆhGKvGbv jvBGb A^ev Dfq jvBGb we`yÅr ^vKGj h¯¨wU = (B + A)(B + B)
we`yÅr cÉevn cvq| ˆmvgvi evev ejGjb,“‰i mvG^ ‰KwU ˆgŒwjK
jwRK ˆMGUi wgj iGqGQ|” = (B + A)1

K. ˆgŒwjK ˆMU KvGK eGj? = B + A ; hvnv ‰KwU Ai ˆMBGUi jwRK dvskb| myZivs
L. ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆgŒwjK ˆMU eÅenvi KGi ‰KwU X-OR ˆMU DóxcGK ewYÆZ h¯¨wU Ai ˆMGUi mvG^ wgj iGqGQ|
Avevi ˆmvgvi ˆeW myBPwU AÅv´£ ˆMGUi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ|
ŠZwi Kiv hvq? eÅvLÅv Ki| DóxcGK ewYÆZ we`yÅr jvBGbi mvG^ mv`k† ÅcYƒ Æ AÅv´£ (AND)
M. DóxcGK ewYÆZ ˆeW myBGPi mvG^ ˆKvb jwRK ˆMGUi ˆMBUGK bU (NOT) ˆMGUi mvG^ hyÚ KiGj bÅv´£ (NAND) ˆMBU
cvIqv hvGe hv ‰KwU meÆRbxb ˆMBU|
wgj iGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| Avevi h¯¨wUi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ Ai (OR) ˆMBGUi mvG^ hw` ‰KwU
N. “DóxcGK ewYÆZ we`yÅr jvBb I h¯¨wUi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ bU (NOT) ˆMBU hÚy Kiv nq ZvnGj bi (NOR) ˆMBU cvIqv
hvGe hv ‰KwU meÆRbxb ˆMBU| myZivs DóxcGK ewYÆZ we`yÅr jvBb
jwRK ˆMGUi gvaÅGg meÆRbxb ˆMU ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e” I h¯¨wUi mvG^ mv`†kÅcƒYÆ jwRK ˆMGUi gvaÅGg meÆRbxb ˆMU ŠZwi
@DwÚwUi ˆhŒwÚKZv weGkÏlY Ki| Kiv mÁ¿e|

7 bs cÉGk²i Dîi JckÉ J²fJ8 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt
JK wWwRUvj BGjKUÇwbGÝ ˆh mKj ˆMBU AbÅ ˆKvb ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ
Qvov me wKQiy gƒGj KvR KGi ZvG`iGK ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU eGj| XY
JL ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU nGœQ AND, OR, NOT| XOR GMBGUi jwRK
dvskb mijxKiY KGi Avgiv ˆ`LGZ cvB `ywU AND `ywU NOT I F
‰KwUOR ˆMBU ‰i mg¯¼Gq Avgiv XOR ˆMBU ŠZwi KiGZ cvwi|
JM ˆhGnZz ˆmvgvi ˆeW myBGPi cvkvcvwk gƒj ˆevGWÆi myBP ˆ^GKI K. cwRkbvj msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx?
jvBU e®¬ Kiv hvq | myZivs ejv hvq jvBUwU R¾vjvGZ nGj AekÅB L. 1+1=1 eÅvLÅv Ki|
g…j mBy P I ˆeW myBP Ab KiGZ nq| bZzev jvBUwU R¾Gj bv| M. DóxcGK F ‰i mijxK‡Z gvb ˆei Ki|
ˆmvgvi i‚Ggi ˆeW myBPGK A, gƒj mBy PGK B awi ‰es jvBUGK Y N. “÷ay NAND ˆMBU «¼viv cÉvµ¦ mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e”-
awi| myBP Ab ev R¾jvGK 1 ‰es mBy P Ad ev jvBU wbGf hvIqvGK
0 awi| ZvnGj ˆmvgvi ˆeWi‚Ggi jvBGUi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁ²i…c: weGkÏlYcƒeÆK DwÚwUi mZÅZv hvPvB Ki|
8 bs cGÉ ki² Dîi
AB Y

00 0

01 0

32 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

JK DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ ˆh msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ˆgŒwjK wPn×, ˆem wfwî JL MwYZ I hywÚi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcbKvix AÅvjGReivGK eywjqvb
AÅvjGReiv ejv nq| eywjqvb ˆhvM exR MvwYZxq ˆhvGMi wbqg
‰es Õ©vbxq gvb ^vKGZ nq ZvGK cwRkbvj msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj| AbymiY KGi bv| wK¯§ ewy jqvb àbb exR MvwYZxq àYGbi wbqg
AbymiY KGi|
JL 1+1=1 ‰i eÅvLv QGK DcÕ©vcb : JM X = ( A + A).(B + B) + A.B

AB A+B = ( A).(B) + A.B

00 0 = (A + B) + (A + B)

01 1 = A+B+ A+B

10 1 = A+ A+B+B
=1+1
11 1 =1

JM DóxcGK “F” ‰i cÉvµ¦ mijK‡Z gvb@ =0

F = XY + X Y + XY JN 4 bs ˆMBGUi Õ©Gj AÅv´£ (AND) ˆMBU emvGbv nGj,
= XY + X (Y + Y )
X = A.B + A.B
= XY + X
= X + XY = A.B.A.B

= (X + X )(X + Y ) = (A + B).AB
= (A + B) AB
= X +Y = A.AB + B.AB
JN F = XY + X Y + XY = AB + AB
= AB
= XY + XY + XY
4 bs ˆMBGUi Õ©Gj Ai (OR) ˆMBU emvGbv nGj,
= XY.X Y.XY

XY

XY
XY F

XY X = A + B + A.B

= A+B+ A+B

= A+B

myZivs ÷ay NAND ˆMBU «¼viv cÉvµ¦ mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e| = AB
JcÉkJ²fJ9
= AB
A 4 bs ˆMBGUi Õ©Gj bU ˆMBU emvGbv mÁe¿ bq| KviY ˆmLvGb `By wU
1
BbcUy AvGQ| 4 bs ˆMBGUi Õ©Gj AND ‰es OR ˆMBU eÅen†Z nGj
4
mÁ·ƒYÆ eZÆwbwU «v¼ iv AND ˆMBU evÕ¦evqb mÁ¿e| wK¯§ 4 bs ˆMBGUi
B
2 Õ©Gj bU ˆMBU eÅen†Z nGj mÁ·ƒYÆ eZbÆ xwU «v¼ iv AND ˆMBU

5X evÕ¦evqb mÁe¿ bq| mZy ivs cGÉ k² DGÍwÏ LZ DwÚwU mZÅ bq|

3 JcÉkJf² 1J0 iwdK mvGnGei gvwmK cwòKv wej (95)10| ˆgvnb jÅvcUc

K. AÅvWvi Kx? wKbGZ wMGq ˆ`Lj 1wUi MvGq iÅvg (3FF)16 GB ‰es AbÅwUi MvGq
L. eywjqvb ˆhvM I àYGbi mvG^ exRMvwYwZK ˆhvM I
(1247)8 GB ˆjLv|
àYGbi mvgémÅZv eÅvLÅv Ki|
M. cÉ`wkÆZ eZÆbx nGZ X ‰i mijxK‡Z gvb wbYÆq Ki| K. ˆem Kx? 1
N. “4bs ˆMBGUi Õ©Gj ˆgŒwjK ˆMBUàwji ˆhGKvbwU eÅenvi
L. ‘1-‰i cGii msLÅvwU 10 nGZ cvGi ’- eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
Kiv nGj mÁ·Yƒ Æ eZbÆ xwU mKj ˆÞGò AND GMBU evÕ¦evqb
KiGe”@ weGkÏlYcƒeÆK DwÚwUi mZÅZv hvPvB Ki| M. iwdK mvGnGei cwòKvi wej evBbvwiGZ cÉKvk Ki| 3

9 bs cÉGk²i Dîi N. ˆKvb jÅvcUcwU KÌq Kiv ˆgvnGbi RbÅ ˆewk ˆhŒwÚK
JK ˆm mgevq mvwKUÆ ˆhvGMi KvR KGi ZvGK AÅvWvi ejv nq|
nGe? weGkÏlYcƒeÆK gZvgZ `vI| 4

10 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 33

JK ˆKvb msLÅv c«¬wZGK wjGL cÉKvk Kivi RbÅ hZàGjv AsK ev (21)8 = 2 × 81 × 1 × 80
mvsGKwZK wPn× eÅenZ† nq ZvG`i ˆgvU msLÅvGK H msLÅv c«¬wZi
ˆem eGj| =2×8+1×1

=16 + 1

JL ˆKvb msLÅv c«¬wZGZ cGii msLÅv ŠZwi KiGZ Zvi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM =17
KiGZ nq| evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZGZ 1 ‰i mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KiGj 10 nq|
∴(21)8 =(17)10

mZy ivs iwdGKi eqm 17 eQi|

JM JN DóxcGKi msLÅv `ywUi gGaÅ ˆh msLÅvwU Kg msLÅK evBbvwi
fvM fvMdj fvMGkl
wfwRU w`Gq cÉKvk Kiv hvGe ˆmwU msiÞGY ˆggwiGZ Kg RvqMv

95÷2 47 1 wbGe| Kvib cÉwZwU evBbvwi wWwRU ˆgGgvwiGZ msiÞY KiGZ 1 weU
47÷2 23 1
23÷2 11 1 ˆgGgvwii cÉGqvRb nq| ˆh msLÅvwUi evBbvwi wWwRU Kg ˆmwU
11÷2 5 1
5÷2 2 1 ˆgGgvwiGZ Kg RvqMv wbGe|
2÷2 1 0
1÷2 0 1 eqm (21)8=(010 001)2 hv 8 weU Z^Å aviY KGiGQ|
Avevi,

∴ (95)10 = (1011111)2 ˆivj bs (1101)2 hv 4weU Z^Å aviY KGiGQ|
ˆhGnZz ˆivj bs Kg weU aviY KGiGQ |
JN (3FF)
myZivs iwdGKi ˆivj wbG`ÆkK msLÅvwU msiÞGY ˆggwiGZ Kg
= 3 × 162 + F × 161 + F × 16°
= 3 × 256 + 15 × 16 + 15 × 1 RvqMv avib KiGe|
= 768 + 140 + 15
= (1023)10 JckÉ J²fJ12 dvwngGK Zvi gvgv ICT ˆZ 1g elÆ mgvcbx I wbeÆvPbx
(1247)8
= 1 × 83 + 2 × 83 + 4 × 81 + 7 × 800 cixÞvq KZ bÁ¼i ˆcGqGQ RvbGZ PvBGj ˆm wjLj h^vKÌGg
= 1 × 512 + 2 × 64 + 4 × 8 + 7 × 1
= 512 + 128 + 32 + 7 (1000000)2 I (111)8| ZrÞbvr dvwngGK Zvi gvgv ejj, AvwgGZv
= (679)10
(4E)16 ˆcGqwQjvg|

K. msLÅv c«¬wZ Kx? 1

L. weU I evBGUi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wjL| 2

M. dvwng ˆKvb cixÞvq ˆewk bÁ¼i ˆcGqGQ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

N. DóxcGKi ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅvwUGK 5 wfwîK msLÅvq

1g wUi RAM (1023)10 ‰es 2q wUi RAM nGjv (679)10| cÉKvk Ki| 4
DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ jÅvcUc `ywUi gGaÅ 1g wUi RAM ˆewk| ˆhGnZz
KwÁ·DUvGii KvGRi MwZ RAM ‰i Dci wbfiÆ KGi A^Ævr hvi 12 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
RAM ˆewk nGe Zvi KvGRi MwZ ˆewk| ZvB 1g jÅvcUcwU KÌq
Kiv ˆgvnGbi RbÅ ˆewk ˆhŒwÚK| JK ˆKvb msLÅv ˆjLv ev cÉKvk Kivi c«¬wZGK msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj|

JL evBbvix msLÅv c«¬wZi 0 ‰es 1 ‰B `ywU ˆgŒwjK AsKGK weU

eGj| weU I evBGUi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ:

JckÉ J²fJ11 ivwd KwÁ·DUvi KvÑ Gm wewf®² aiGbi msLÅv c«¬wZ mÁ·GKÆ weU

aviYv jvf KGiGQ| ‰B aviYvi wfwîGZ ˆm Zvi eqm (21)8 ‰es ˆivj 1| evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi 0 ‰es 1 ‰B `ywU ˆgŒwjKGK weU eGj|

bÁi¼ (1101)2 wjGL Zvi e®¬y ivRyGK ˆ`Lvj| 2| D`vniY-1101 msLÅvwUGZ 4 wU weU iGqGQ|

K. msLÅv c«¬wZ KvGK eGj? 1 evBU

L. 3D ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 1| AvU weGUi MÉ‚c wbGq MwVZ nq ‰KwU evBU|

M. ivwdi eqm Decimal ‰ KZ eQi? 3 2| D`vniY 10,100100 msLÅv wUGZ 8 wU weU iGqGQ hv wgGj

N. DóxcGK eÅen†Z msLÅv `ywUi gGaÅ ˆKvb msLÅvwU ‰KwU evBU, MwVZ nGqGQ|

KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi KiGj ˆggwiGZ Kg RvqMv aviY JM dvwng ˆKvb cixÞvq ˆewk bÁ¼i ˆcGqGQ Zv ˆei KiGZ msLÅvwUGK

KiGe? weGkÏlYmn hywÚ `vI| 4 ‰KB msLÅv c«¬wZGZ ˆhgb- `kwgK msLÅvq icƒ v¯¦i KiGZ nGe|
iƒcv¯¦i t (i) (1000000)2 =1 × 26 + 0 × 25+ 0 × 24 + 0 × 23
11 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi + 0 × 22 +0 × 21 + 0 × 20

JK ˆKvb msLÅvGK cÉKvk Kivi c«¬wZGK msLÅv c«¬wZ eGj| = 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
JL 3D nGjv ˆnÝGWwmGgj msLÅv KviY DÚ msLÅvq D AskwU
‰Kgvò ˆnWÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv c«¬wZGZ eÅenZ† nq| ˆnÝ c«¬wZGZ = (64)10
eÅen†Z AskàGjv nGjv- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. (ii) (111)8 = 1 × 82+1 × 81+1 × 80
JM DóxcK AbymvGi iwdGKi eqm (21)8 hv ˆWwmGgj c«¬wZGZ = 64 + 8 +1
iƒcv¯¦i KGi cvB
= (73)10

34 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

DcGivÚ djvdj ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq@ dvwng wbeÆvPbx cixÞvq ˆewk bÁ¼i (ˆhgb-PvqwbR, ˆKvwiqvb, RvcvbxR BZÅvw`) ˆm mKj fvlvi mKj
ˆcGqGQ| wPn×GK mnGRB ˆKvWfzÚ Kiv mnRZi nj| eZÆgvGb ‰B ˆKvGWi
JN ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅvwUGK 5 wfwîK msLÅvq cÉKvk KiGZ nGj cÉPjb ÷i‚ nGqGQ| ˆhGnZz ‰KB ˆKvW w`Gq c†w^exi mgÕ¦ fvlvGK
cÉ^Gg ZvGK `kwgGK cÉKvk KiGZ nGe AZci ZvGK 5 wfwîK KwÁ·DUvGii A¯§fÆƒÚ Kiv hvq| myZivs `†kÅK͸ -2 ‰i cÉevn wPòwU
msLÅvq iƒcv¯¦i KiGZ nGe| AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvGii myweavRbK ˆKvwWs eÅeÕ©v|
msLÅvwUGK `kwgGK iƒcv¯¦i: JckÉ J²fJ14
(4E)16 = 4 ×161 + E×160
XS F
= 4 × 16 + 14 × 1
Y H/A
C
64 + 14
wPò: 1 wPò: 2

(78)10 K. ˆiwRÕ¡vi wK? 1

msLÅvwUGK 5 wfwîK msLÅvq iƒcv¯¦i:

msL¨v fvMdj fvM‡kl L. wPò-2 ˆMBUwU ˆKb ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z eZÆbx? eÅvLÅv `vI| 2

78 ÷ 5 15 3 M. DóxcGK X=0 ‰es Y=1 nGj F ‰i gvb mZÅK mviwYmn

15÷5 3 0 eÅvLÅv Ki| 3

3÷5 0 3

∴ (78)10 = (303)5 N. ÷ay NAND ˆMBU eÅenvi KGi mvwKÆGUi F ‰ cÉvµ¦

∴ (4E)16 = (303)5 mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb Ki| 4
JckÉ J²fJ13 `k† ÅK͸ 1: ’K’ KGjGRi AvBwmwU welGqi wkÞK KÑvGm
‰KRb QvGòi AvBwmwU welGqi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i kyay 0,1 eÅenvi KGi 14 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
1010101 wjLGjb| wkÞv^Æxiv QvGòi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼Gii gvb RvbGZ PvBGj
mÅvi msLÅvi c«¬wZi cÉKviGf` I iƒcv¯¦i eÅvLÅ KiGjb| JK ˆiwRÕ¡vi nGjv KZKàGjv wdÑcdÑc ‰i mg¯¼Gq MwVZ mvwKÆU hv
`k† ÅK͸ 2:
evBbvwi Z^ÅGK msiÞY KGi ^vGK| ˆiwRÕ¡vi ‰K cÉKvi ˆggwi

wWfvBm| mvaviYZ gvBGKvÌ cGÉ mmi ˆWUv cÉwKÌqvKiGYi mgq AÕ©vqxfvGe

ˆiwRÕ¡vGi ˆWUv msiÞY Kiv nq|

ˆKvwiqvb fvlv I PvBwbR 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 JL wPò-2 ˆMBUwU ‰KwU X-OR GMBU| Bnvi BbcyU X I Y nGj

hvi mgxKiY X ⊕ Y = −− + −− ‰wU ‰KvwaK ˆMBGUi msGhvGM
XY XY

K. msLÅv c«¬wZ wK? 1 ŠZwi| ‰RbÅ Bnv (X-OR ˆMBU) ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z eZÆbx|

L. weU I evBU ‰KB bq- ˆKb? 2 JM jwRK dvskGbi BbcyU I AvDUcyUGK ‰KwU mviwYGZ cÉKvk

M. DóxcGKi QvGòi cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i ˆWwmGgGj cÉKvk Ki| 3 Kiv hvq| ‰B mviwYGK mZÅK mviwY eGj| X=0 ‰es Y=1 nGj F

N. `†kÅK͸-2 ‰i cÉevn wPòwU AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvGii ‰i gvb wbYÆGqi mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²iƒc:
myweavRbK ˆKvwWs eÅeÕ©v ˆKb? hywÚmn weGkÏlY Ki| 4
XY S C F=S+C

13 bÁ¼i cGÉ k²i Dîi 00 0 0 0

JK ˆKvGbv msLÅv ˆjLv ev cÉKvk Kivi c«¬wZB msLÅv c«¬wZ| 01 1 0 1

JL evBbvwi wWwRU 0 I 1 ˆK weU eGj| Avi 8 wU weU wgGj ŠZwi 10 1 0 1

nq evBU| mZy ivs weU I evBU ‰KB bq| 11 0 1 1

JM (1010101)2 JN AÅv´£ ˆMBGUi ci ‰KwU bU ˆMBU hyÚ KGi ˆh ˆMBU cvIqv
hvq ZvGK bÅv´£ ˆMBU eGj|
= 1×26+0×25+1×1624+0×23+1×22+0×21+1×20 cÉvµ¦ mgxKiY t F = S + C

= 64+16+4+1 = (−xy + x−y) + xy
= −xy + x−y + xy
= (85)10
÷ay NAND ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ F ‰i mgxKiY evÕ¦evqb:
JN DóxcGK ˆ`Lv hvGœQ ˆKvwiqvb fvlv I PvBwbR fvlvGK
F=S+C
evBbvwiGZ icƒ v¯¦i Kiv nGqGQ| myZivs DóxcKwU BDwbGKvGWi = −xy + x−y + xy
cÉevnwPò cÉKvk KiGQ| UniCode ‰i cƒYÆiƒc nGjv Universal code
ev meÆRbxb ˆKvW| weGk¼i mKj fvlvGK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆKvWfzÚ Kivi
RbÅ eo eo ˆKvÁ·vwbàGjv ‰KwU gvb ŠZwi KGiGQb hvGK

BDwbGKvW ejv nq| 1999 mvGj Apple Computer Corporation = XY + X Y + XY
‰es Xerox Corporation ‰i ˆhŒ^ ‰K`j cÉGKŒkjx BDwbGKvW
D«¿veb KGib| BDwbGKvW gƒjZt 2 evBU ev 16 weGUi ˆKvW| ‰B = XY.X Y.XY
ˆKvGWi gvaÅGg 65,536 ev 216 wU Aw«¼Zxq wPn×GK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv hvq| mvwKÆU:
dGj ˆh mgÕ¦ fvlvGK ˆKvWfzÚ Kivi RbÅ 8 weU AchÆvµ¦ wQj

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 35

XY wPò-2
ˆhGnZz wPò-1 ‰ `ywU AÅv´£ I ‰KwU Ai ˆMU mn ˆgvU ˆMU ˆjGMGQ
XY wZbwU| Aciw`GK wPò-2 ‰ ‰KwU Ai ‰es ‰KwU AÅv´£ ˆMBUmn
XY F ˆgvU ˆMU ˆjGMGQ `ywU|
XY GhGnZy wPò-2 ‰ ‰KwU AND gate Kg ˆjGMGQ | ZvB ejv hvq 2q
jvBb 1g jvBGbi Zjz bvq Kg msLÅK gate «v¼ iv evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq|

JckÉ J²fJ15 F = CA + BC JckÉ J²fJ16

= C(A + B+ A
Y
=?
B
−
= ABC + AC X

−− K. mZÅK mviwY Kx? 1
= ABC + AC (B + B)

−− 1 L. (15)10 ‰i mgKÞ BCD GKvW ‰es evBbvwi msLÅvi
= ABC + ABC + ABC
gGaÅ ˆKvbwUGZ ˆewk weU jvGM? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
K. ‰bGKvWvi Kx?

L. XOR Gate ‰i ‰KwU BbcyU 1, AbÅwU A nGj AvDUcyU M. DóxcGKi Y ‰i mgxKiY wbaÆviY Ki| 3

Kx nGe wbYÆq Ki| 2 N. KÅvwi eÅvwZZ A I B ‰i ÷ay ˆhvMdj, X ‰i gvGbi

M. ? wPwn×Z AsGk wK nGe eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 mgvb wKbv Zvi cGÞ hywÚ ˆ`LvI| 4

N. DóxcGKi 1g I 2q jvBGb ˆKvbwUGZ Kg msLÅK ˆMBU 16 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

«¼viv evÕ¦evqb Kiv hvq Zv wbavÆ ib Ki| 4 JK ˆh ˆUwej ev mviwYi gvaÅGg wewf®² ˆMBGUi KvhÆbxwZ cÉKvk

15 bÁ¼i cGÉ k²i Dîi Kiv nq ZvGK mZÅK mviwY eGj|

JK ‰bGKvWvi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU hvi mGeÆvœP 2x JL 15 ‰i BCD ˆKvGW 4+4+=8 weU jvMGe| KviY ‰GZ 2 wU

msLÅK BbcyU ‰es n msLÅK AvDUcyU ^vGK| wWwRU iGqGQ|

JL ˆhGnZz ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, ‰KwU BbcyU 1 AbÅwU A nGj AvDUcyU nGe Avgiv Rvwb 15 ‰i evBbvwi 1111 hv 4 weU| myZivs BCD ˆKvGW

x =1⊕ A ˆewk weU jvMGe|

= 1A +1A JM
= 0.A + A
AA
=A
A.B A.B = A.B
∴ ‰i AvDUcyU nGe –
A BB

x-or gate Y = X

JM C (A+B)

= C (A+B) (A+B) myZivs, Y = A.B

= C (AB+A) A

=ABC+AC B Y
X = A⊕B
myZivs ? wPwn×Z AsGk nGe,

C (AB+A)

C (A+A) (A+B)

JN 1g jvBb AC+BC ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU wbÁ²iƒct

A BC X = A⊕B
C BC+AC
= AB + AB
AC
B = AB + AB

wPò-1 = A⊕B
2q jvBb C (A+B) ‰i jwRK mvwKÆU wb‚iƒct `ywU msLÅvi ˆhvMdj nvd ‰WvGii mvnvGhÅ ev ‰ÝAi ˆMBGUi
mvnvGhÅ Kiv hvq myZivs Dfq ˆÞGò ˆhvMdj nGjv S = A ⊕ B|
A A+B
B C(A+B) DóxcGKi X = – ⊕ – hv nvd ‰WvGii ˆhvMdGji mgvb| myZivs
A B
C
A ‰es B ‰i ÷ay ˆhvMvdj X ‰i gvGbi mgvb|

36 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

JckÉ J²fJ17 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt dvskbwUGK mijxKiY KGi cvB,

A A Z = (A ⊕ B)B
BY BZ ––

wPò-1 wPò-2 = (AB + AB)B
––
K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1
= AB.B + AB.B
L. `kwgK msLÅv c«¬wZGZ Õ©vbxq gvGbi eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 –

M. wPGò (i) I (ii) jwRK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb AÅvWvi = AB + 0
–
ŠZwi Kiv hvq Zv wPòmn eÅvLÅv Ki| 3 Z
= AB
N. wPò (i) ‰i AvDUcUy Y ˆK hw` (ii) ‰i BbcUy A ‰i
mijK‡Z mvwKÆUwU nGjv-

A

B

cwieGZÆ eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvnGj cÉvµ¦ mgxKiGYi mijxKZ‡

jwRK mvwKÆU weGkÏlY Ki| 4 JcÉkJ²f1J8 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt

17 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

JK ˆh mKj BGjÙËwbK mvwKÆU hwy Ú wfwîK msGKZ cÉven wbq¯¨Y F
A
KGi ˆh mKj mvwKÆUGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj| B

JL ˆKvb `kwgK msLÅvq ˆh Õ©vGb AsKwUi AeÕ©vb Zvi gvbGK

AsKwUi Õ©vbxq gvb eGj| ˆhgb: 125 msLÅvwUGZ 2 AsKwUi

wbRÕg¼ vb 23wU msLÅvwUi w«Z¼ xq AeÕ©vGb ‰es ‰LvGb msLÅv c«¬wZi K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1

ˆeR 10| mZy ivs ‰ wZbwU ˆWUvi wfwîGZ ejv hvq AvGjvPÅ msLÅvi L. (169)10 msLÅvGK KwÁ·DUvi mivmwi MÉnY KGibv-

`ywU `kK AvGQ| MvwbwZK fvlv nGœQ: eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

125 = 1 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 5 × 1 M. DóxcGKi eZÆbxwUi mgxKiY I mZÅK mviwY wjL| 3
ev, 1 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 5 × 100
N. DóxcGKi eZÆYxwUGZ Kx aiGbi cwieZbÆ AvbGj AvDUcUy

ev, 100 + 20 + 5 – cvIqv hvGe? 4
F = A + AB
ev, − 125
18 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
JM ˆh `ywU weU ˆhvM KGi ˆhvMdj I nvGZ ^vKv msLÅv Carry ˆei
JK ˆh ˆMBGUi mvnGhÅ hywÚgƒjK msGKGZi ceÉ vn wbq¯¨b Kiv hvq
KiGZ cvGi ZvGK nvd AÅvWvi eGj| ‰Wvi `yB aiGbi| h^v: nvd
ZvGZ jwnK ˆMBU eGGj|
‰Wvi I dzj ‰Wvi|
JL KwÁ·DUvi evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZGZ KvR KGi| Avgiv Š`bw±`b
nvd ‰Wvi ŠZwi KiGZ ‰KwU ‰ÝAi ‰es ‰KwU AÅv´£ ˆMBU jvGM|
RxeGb `kwgK msLÅvc«¬wZ eÅenvi Kwi hv KwÁ·DUvi eySGZ cvGibv|
AbÅw`GK dzj ‰Wvi ŠZwi KiGZ ‰KwU ‰ÝAi, wZbwU AÅv´£ I ‰KwU
KwÁ·DUvGii cwÉ KÌqvKiGbi fvlv nGœQ evBbvwi ev ˆgwkb fvlv| `kwgK
Ai ˆMBU cÉGqvRb| wPò-1 «v¼ iv ‰KwU ‰ÝAi ‰es wPò-2 «¼viv
msLÅv c«¬wZi fvlv ˆK KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvGii RbÅ hvw¯¨K fvlvq
‰KwU AÅv´£ ˆMBU eSy vGœQ| mZy ivs ÷agy vò wPò-1 I wPò-2 eÅenvi
icƒ v¯¦Gii RbÅ ˆh eZbÆ x eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK ‰bGKvWvi eGj|
KGi nvd ‰Wvi AsKb Kiv mÁe¿ | wbGP ‰KwU X-OR I ‰KwU AND
(169)10 ˆK KwÁ·DUvGi eÅenvi KiGZ nGj ‰bGKvWvGii gvaÅGg
ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ nvd AÅvWvGii jwRK mvwKUÆ AuvKv nGjv: cwieZÆb KiGZ nq|

AB JM DóxcGK eZÆwbi eÅvLv ˆ`Iqv nGjv-

S=

A A.AB = AB

C = A.B A AB
B
JN wPGò-1 ‰i AvDUcyU Y wPò-2 ‰i BbcyU A cwieGZÆ eÅenvi
KGi cÉvµ¦ jwRK mvwKÆU nGjv- DóxcGKi mgxKiYwU nGjv F= AB
A mZÅK mviwY
BZ
input output
cÉvµ¦ mvwKÆU nGZ cÉvµ¦ dvskbwU nGjv-
Z = (A ⊕ B)B AB B AB

00 10

01 00

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 37

10 11 JM Y1 = C(B + C)(A + B + C)

11 00 = C(B + C)((B + C) + A))
= C(B + C)
JN DóxcGKi DGÍÏwLZ mgxKiGYi weGkÏlY KGi cvB-
JN mviwYi gvb A = 1, B = 0, C = 1 eÅenvi KGi
F = A + AB–
Y1 = C(B + C)
= A.A + A.B– [A.A = A] = 1(0 + 1)
=1
= A(A + B–)
‰es Y2 = ⎯C(⎯B ⎯+ C⎯)
mgxKiY Abyhvqx jwRK mvwKÆU-
= ⎯1(⎯0 +⎯1⎯)
A F = A.(A + B) =0

A A+B KvGRB Y1, Y2 = 1.0 = 0 nq| KvGRB
B Y1, Y2 = 1 ˆcGZ nGj Y2 ‰i gvb 1 nGZ nGe| ˆmGÞGò mvwKÆU
ˆ^GK NOT GATE AcmviY KiGj Y1, Y2 = 1 nGe|
F = A + – mgxKiYwU mijxKiY KGi ˆh mgxKiY cvIqv ˆMj GmGÞGò mvwKÆUwU nGe wbÁ²i…ct
AB
A
Zvi jwRK mvwKÆU AsKb KGi ˆ`Lv ˆMj ˆh DóxcGKi eZÆYxi cÉ^g
B Y1
AND ˆMBGUi cwieGZÆ OR ˆMBU eÅenvi KiGj mgxKiYwU F = A C

+ – cIqv hvq| Y2
AB

JckÉ J²fJ19 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt
A

B Y1
C

Y2 JckÉ J²f2J0 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt

A1

AB C B 2 5 6Y
10 1 C3

4

K. msLÅv c«¬wZi ˆeR ev wfwî Kx? 1

L. Y = – + – – dvskbwUi mZÅK mviwY ŠZwi Ki| 2 K. ‰bGKvWvi Kx? 1
AB A B

M. AvDUcyU Y1 nGZ cÉvµ¦ mgxKiGYi mijxKiY Ki| 3 L. ⎯⎯⎯ dvskbwU ˆKvb ˆMBU mg^Æb KGi? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2
N. mviwYGZ DwÍÏwLZ gvb eÅenvi KGi Y1Y2=1 djvdj A+B

ˆcGZ mvwKÆUwUGZ Kx aiGbi cwieZÆb KiGZ nGe Zvi M. DóxcGKi mvwKÆGUi cÉwZwU avGci Output wbG`ÆkcƒeÆK Y

jwRK wPò ŠZwi Ki| 4 ‰i gvb ˆei Ki| 3

19 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi N. DóxcK ˆ^GK 2bs ˆMUwU ev` w`Gq cÉvµ¦ mgxKiY

JK ˆKvGbv msLÅv c«¬wZGZ eÅen†Z ˆgŒwjK wPGn×i ˆgvU msLÅvGK H mijxKiY KGi ˆgŒwjK ˆMBGUi mvnvGhÅ evÕ¦evqb Ki| 4

msLÅv c«¬wZi wfwî eGj| 20 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

JL ˆKvGbv dvskb ev jwRK mvwKÆGUi mÁ¿veÅ mKj BbcyU ‰es JK ‰bGKvWvi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK mvwKÆU hv gvbyGli

AvDUcyUGK ˆh mviwYGZ cÉKvk Kiv nq ZvGK mZÅK mviwY eGj| ˆevaMgÅ fvlvGK KwÁ·DUvGi ˆevaMgÅ ev hvw¯¨K fvlvq i…cv¯¦wiZ

dvskbwUi mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²i…c: KGi| ‰bGKvWvGi mGeÆvœP 2n msLÅK input ‰es n msLÅK output

AB A B A–B A– B– A–B + A– B– ^vGK| input jvBGb ‰KwU 1 evwKàGjv 0 nGe|

00 1 1 0 1 1 JL A + B dvskbwU NOR Gate mg^Æb KGi| ˆgŒwjK OR Gate

01 1 0 1 0 1 ‰i outpur ˆK ˆgŒwjK NOT Gate ‰i gGaÅ w`Gq cÉevwnZ KiGj

10 0 1 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 0

38 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

NOR Gate cvIqv hvq| awi, NOR Gate ‰i `ywU input A.B ‰es JM F = x + xy + y z
= x + x + y + yz
output Q. = x + y + yz
= x + ( y + y)( y + z)
A
Q = A+B

B

JM = x + y + z

A1 = xyz
A ABC
B
25 Y = A B C . AC JN F = x + xy + y z
B
6

C 3C = x + xy + y z

4 = x.xy.y z

Y = A B C . AC = xy.yz
JN wbG‚ mvwKÆUwU bÅv´£ ˆMBU «¼viv evÕ¦evqb Kiv nGjv

xyz
F = xy . y z

Y = A C . AC JcÉkJ²fJ22 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt

= A C + AC AvBwmwU mÅvGii wbKU `y’Rb Qvò eB PvBGj mÅvi `wy U kZÆ ˆ`b:
= A C + AC
kZÆ-1: kyaygvò c†^KfvGe ˆ`Lv KiGj eB cvGe|
AC
kZÆ-2: DfqB ‰KGò ˆ`Lv KiGj eB cvGe|

K. 2-‰i cƒiK Kx? 1

L. 13D ˆKvb aiGbi msLÅv? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

Y M. DóxcGKi kZÆ-1 ˆh jwRK ˆMBGUi mvG^ mvgémÅcƒYÆ-

Zv eYÆbv Ki| 3

N. kZ-Æ 1 I kZ-Æ 2 ‰i AvGjvGK ‰KwU ewy jqvb mgxKiY ŠZwi

KGi MvwbwZK weGkÏlGbi gvaÅGg Dfq kZÆ cƒiGY mÞg,

‰iƒc ‰KwU jwRK ˆMBU cvIqv hvq wKbv gZvgZ `vI| 4

JckÉ J²fJ21 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt 22 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

F = –x + ⎯xy + y–z JK ˆKvb evBbvwi msLÅvi 1 ‰i cƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KiGj ˆh

K. eywjqvb PjK Kx? 1 msLÅvwU cIqv hvq ZvGK DÚ evBbvwi msLÅvi 2 ‰i cƒiK eGj|

L. 2-‰i cwicƒiK ˆKb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2 JL ˆhGnZz DÚ msLÅvwUGZ D AvGQ| myZivs DÚ msLÅv 13D ‰KwU

M. DóxcGKi dvskbwU mij Ki| 3 ˆnÝvGWwmGgj msLÅv|

N. DóxcGKi dvskbwUGK ÷ay NAND ˆMBU «¼viv evÕ¦evqb JM DóxcGKi `Ry b QvòGK h^vKGÌ g A I B awi ‰es ZvG`i

Ki| 4 DcwÕ©wZ 1 ‰es Abcy wÕ©wZ 0 awi| eBGK Y awi, eB cvIqvGK 1

21 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi ‰es bv cvIqvGK 0 awi| dGj kZ-Æ 1 ‰i mZÅK mviwY wbÁ²icƒ nGe|

JK eywjqvb AÅvjGReivi ˆKvb ivwki gvb hw` `ywU wf®² AeÕ©v mZÅK mviwY:
wbG`kÆ KGi (A^vÆ r 0 I 1) ZGe ZvGK eywjqvb PjK eGj|
JL ˆKvGbv evBbvwi msLÅvi 1 ‰i cwicƒiGKi mvG^ 1 ˆhvM KGi ˆh AB Y
msLÅv cvIqv hvq ZvGK 2’‰i cwicyiK eGj| 2’‰i cwicyiGKi
mvnvGhÅ ‰KB eZÆbx eÅenvi KGi ˆhvM I weGqvGMi KvR Kiv nq 01 1
dGj Z^Å cÉwKÌqvKiY `Ë‚Z nq|
10 1

DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB,

Y = AB + AB
= A ⊕ B ; hvnv ‰ÝAi (XOR) ˆMBGUi jwRK dvskb|

Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ 39

myZivs DóxcGKi kZÆ-1 ‰ÝAi (XOR) jwRK ˆMBGUi mvG^ = AB + AB
mvgémÅcƒYÆ| = A⊕B
JN DóxcGKi `yRb QvòGK h^vKÌGg A I B awi ‰es ZvG`i
DcwÕ©wZ 1, AbycwÕ©wZ 0 awi| eBGK Y awi, eB cvIqvGK 1, eB JN jwRK mvwKÆUwUi ˆkGli NOR ˆMBUwU cwieZbÆ KGi NAND
bv cvIqvGK 0 awi| dGj kZÆ-1 I kZÆ-2 ‰i AvGjvGK mZÅK ˆMBU eÅenvi Kivq AvDcyGU cwieZÆb jÞÅ Kiv hvq| cwiewZZÆ
mviwY wbÁ²ic… nGe| AvDUcyGUi gvb 1 nq|
mZÅK mviwY:
A
AB Y
01 1 Q
10 1
11 1 B

DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB, cwiewZZÆ jwRK mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcUy mgxKiYwU mijxKiY Kiv nGjv@

Y = A–B + AB– + AB Q = ( A + B).( A + B)
––
= (A + B) + (A + B)
= AB + A(B + B)
– = (A + B) + (A + B)

= AB + A .1 = ( A + A) + (B + B)
= A + A–B
=A+B =1 + 1
=1
∴ Y = A + B; hv ‰KwU `yB BbcyU wewkÓ¡ Ai (OR) ˆMBGUi
jwRK dvskb| JckÉ J²f2J4 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt
AZ‰e, DóxcGKi Dfq kZÆ cƒiGY mÞg ‰i…c ‰KwU jwRK ˆMBU
cvIqv mÁ¿e hv nGjv Ai (OR) ˆMBU| weævb ˆgjvq DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ AvRwg `wy U myBP, ‰KwU eÅvUvwi ‰es

JckÉ J²f2J3 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt ‰KwU evwZ w`Gq ‰gb ‰KwU eZÆbx ŠZwi Kij hvGZ `ywU mBy P ‰KGò

A Ab ev Ad ^vKGj evwZwU R¾jGe| Aciw`GK Zvi ev®¬ex Avwikv ‰i

Q wecixZ eZÆbxwU DcÕ©vcb Kij ˆhLvGb evwZwU Rj¾ GZ ˆhGKvb ‰KwU

B myBP Ab ‰es AciwU Ad ivLGZ nq| eZÆbx `wy U ZvG`i AvBwmwU

wkÞK ivwdb mÅviGK ˆ`LvGj, wZwb ZvG`i eZbÆ x `wy UGK Aci ‰KwU

ˆgŒwjK ˆMU «¼viv hÚy KGi ‰gb ‰KwU eZÆbx ŠZwi KiGZ ejGjb

ˆhLvGb evwZ mveÆÞwbK RG¾ j ^vKGe|

K. msLÅv c«¬wZ wK? 1 K. ‰ÅvWvi Kx? 1

L. KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb evBbvwi msLÅv c«¬wZi eÅenvGii L. AvaywbK KwÁ·DUvGi KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬GZ 2-‰i cwicƒiK

KviY ˆjL| 2 c«¬wZ wKfvGe mnvqZv KiGZ cvGi? eÅvLÅv Ki| 2

M. DóxcGKi jwRK mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU mijxKiY Ki| 3 M. Avwikvi ŠZwi mvwKUÆ wUi mZÅK mviwY AsKb Ki| 3

N. jwRK mvwKÆUwUi wK cwieZÆb KiGj AvDUcUy 1 nGe| 4 N. DóxcGK ivwdb mÅvGii wbG`kÆbvwU jwRK mvwKÆU AsKb
23 bÁ¼i cGÉ k²i Dîi
KGi weGklÏ Y Ki| 4
24 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi
JK ˆKvb ‰KwU msLÅv ˆjLv ev cKÉ vGki RbÅ eÅen†Z c«¬wZGK ejv
JK jwRK ˆMU eÅenvi KGi evBbvix weU ˆhvM Kivi eZÆbxGK
nq msLÅv c«¬wZ|
‰ÅvWvi eGj|
JL `kwgK msLÅvi `kwU wf®² wf®² AeÕ©v cÉKvk Kiv mÁ¿e ZGe Zv
JL 2 ‰i cwicƒiK c«¬wZGZ ˆhvM, weGqvM, àY I fvM ‰KB eZÆbx
Ley KwVb I eÅqeüj| wK¯§ evBbvwi msGKZ 0, 1 ˆK Lye mnGRB

BGjKwUÇKÅvj wmMbÅvGji mvnvGhÅ cÉKvk Kiv hvq| wWwRUvj w`Gq Kiv hvq| ‰KB eZÆbx w`Gq ˆhvM, weGqvM, àYI fvM Kiv

wmMbvGj 0 ˆK OFF ‰es 1 ˆK ON wnGmGe weGePbv KiGj mnGR eGj ˆKvb ˆhŒwMK wbG`Ækbv evÕ¦vqGb KwÁ·DUvi cÉGmmGi mgq Kg

ˆevaMgÅ nq weavq wWwRUvj wWfvBm ev KwÁ·DUvGi evBbvwi msLÅv jvGM dGj KvGRi MwZ e†w«¬ cvq|

c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq| ‰ mKj bvbvwea KviGY KwÁ·DUvi wWRvBGb JM Avwikvi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwUi myBP `ywUGK Avgiv A I B awi ‰es

evBbvwi c«¬wZ eÅen†Z nq| evͼwUGK Avgiv Y awi| Avwimvi mBy P AbGK 1 AcGK 0 ‰es

JM Q = A + B + A + B evwZwU R¾jvGK 1 I evwZwU wbGf hvIqvGK 0 awi| ZvnGj Avwikvi

ŠZwiK‡Z mvwKÆGUi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁ²iƒc@

= ( A + B).( A + B) AB Y
= ( A + B)( A + B)
= AA + AB + AB + BB 00 0

01 1

10 1

40 Z^Å I ˆhvMvGhvM cÉhywÚ

11 0 JckÉ J²f2J5 DóxcKwU co ‰es wbGPi cÉk²àGjvi Dîi `vIt

DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB|

Y= AB + AB

= A⊕B

Avwikvi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwU nGjv ‰ÝAi ˆMBU|

JN AvRwgi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwUi myBP `ywUGK Avgiv A I B awi ‰es K. jwRK ˆMBU Kx? 1

evͼwUGK Avgiv Y awi| Avwimvi mBy P AbGK 1 AcGK 0 ‰es L. mZÅK mviwY ˆKb eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆjL| 2

evwZwU R¾jvGK 1 I evwZwU wbGf hvIqvGK 0 awi| ZvnGj AvRwgi M. DóxcGKi AvDUcyU ˆ^GK cÉvµ¦ mgxKiYGK eywjqvb

ŠZwiK‡Z mvwKÆGUi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁ²icƒ - AÅvjGReivi mvnvGhÅ mijxKiY Ki| 3

AB Y N. DóxcGKi ˆkGlvÚ GatewU ev` w`Gq OR ˆMBU Õ©vcb

00 1 KiGj mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU gƒjÅvqb Ki| 4

01 0 25 bÁ¼i cÉGk²i Dîi

10 0 JK ˆh mKj BGjKUÇwbK eZÆbx ‰K ev ‰KvwaK BbcyU MÉnb KGi

11 1 eywiqvb AÅvGReiv Abyhvqx cÉwKÌqv KiGj gvaÅGg ˆhŒwMK wm«¬v¯¦

DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB| wnGmGe ‰KwUgvò AvDUcyU cÉ`vb KGi ZvGK jwRK ˆMBU eGj|

Y= AB + AB JL mZÅK mviwYi gvaÅGg ˆKvb jwRK ˆMBGUi BbcyGUi wewf®²

= A⊕B mg¯¼Gqi cwiewZÆZ AvDUcyU mnGRB cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov mZÅK

myZivs AvRwgi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwU nGjv ‰Ýbi ˆMBU| mviwYi mnvqZvi ˆh ˆKvb eywjqvb Dccv`Å mnGRB cÉgvY Kiv hvq

Avwikvi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwUi myBP `ywUGK Avgiv A I B awi ‰es eGj mZÅK mviwY eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
evͼwUGK Avgiv Y awi| Avwikvi myBP AbGK 1 AcGK 0 ‰es
JM ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,

evwZwU R¾jvGK 1 I evwZwU wbGf hvIqvGK 0 awi| ZvnGj Avwikvi A A+B

ŠZwiK‡Z mvwKÆGUi mZÅK mviwY nGe wbÁi² ƒc- B
Y = A + B + AB

AB Y AB

00 0

01 1 AvDUcyU nGe

10 1 Y = A + B + AB

11 0 = A + B.AB
= ( A + B).( A + B)
DcGivÚ mZÅK mviwY nGZ cvB|

Y= AB + AB = AA + AB + AB + BB

= A⊕B = AB + AB

Avwikvi ŠZwi mvwKÆUwU nGjv ‰ÝAi ˆMBU| = A⊕B
ivwdb mÅvGii wbG`Ækbv ˆgvZvGeK ZvG`i eZÆbx `ywUGK Aci ‰KwU
ˆgŒwjK ˆMU «¼viv hyÚ KiGZ nGe| Avgiv Rvwb `yB ev ZGZvwaK JN DóxcGKi ˆkGlvÚ GatewU ev` w`Gq OR ˆMBU Õ©vcb KiGj
BbcyU wewkÓ¡ ˆgŒwjK ˆMBU nGjv `yBwU| h^v- Ai ‰es AÅv´£| mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU nGe wbÁ²iƒc-
myZivs cÉ^Gg Avgiv Ai ˆMBU «¼viv hywÚ Kwi|
⎯⎯
Y = A + B + AB

(A ⊕ B) + (A⊕ B) ev, ⎯− + AB
Y=AB

=1 ˆhGnZy X + X = 1 ∴ Y = ⎯A⎯⊕⎯B hv ‰KwU ‰Ýbi ˆMBU|

ˆhGnZz Avwikv ‰es AvRwgi eZÆbx `ywUi AvDUcyUGK Ai KiGj DóxcGKi ˆkGlvÚ GatewU ev` w`Gq OR ˆMBU Õ©vcb KiGj
Ai-K‡Z ivwki gvb nq 1| myZivs DÚ mvwKÆU«¼qGK Ai ˆMBU «¼viv mvwKÆUwUi AvDUcyU XNOR «¼viv evÕ¦evqb nGe|
hyÚ KiGj evwZ `ywU me mgq R¾Gj ^vKGe|