ICT for HSC -4

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 233

cvV-1 I 2

IGqe wWRvBGbi aviYv (Concept of Web Design)

IGqe wWRvBb nGœQ Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe ‰i gvaÅGg wewf®² welqeÕ§ eÅenviKvixG`i KvGQ DcÕ©vcb Kivi
‰KwU wk͸| is Zzwji ˆQvqvq wk͸x ˆhgb Zvi wPòKgÆ dzwUGq ˆZvGjb wVK ˆZgwb IGqe wWRvBbviMY wewf®²
wWRvBb cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi KGib wewPò I m±y `i me IGqeGcR| IGqe wWRvBb ejGZ gƒjZ IGqeGcBR
ŠZwiGZ wbGqvwRZ wewf®² KvhÆKÌGgi mgwÓ¡GKB ˆevSvq| Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe ‰i gvaÅGg wewf®² welqeÕ§
eÅenviKvixG`i KvGQ m±y `i I wkw͸Zi…c DcÕ©vcb Kivi bv±`wbK KvRwUGKB IGqe wWRvBb ejv nq| AvGiv

mwy bw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ejv hvq, IGqe wWRvBb nGœQ IGqeGcBGRi dÌ´Ÿ‰´£ (Frontend) wbgÆvGY wbe®¬ KvR| ‰K K^vq
ejv hvq, ‰KwU IGqemvBGUi evwnÅK ˆmŒ±`hÆ wbgÆvY ˆKŒkjB nGœQ IGqe wWRvBb|

Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe (World Wide Web-WWW)

Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe nGœQ wek¼Rvj| WWW ˆK AwaKvsk mgqB IGqe bvGg ˆRGb ivL: 1989
WvKv nq| IGqe nGjv wek¼RyGo QwoGq ^vKv mKj KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU mvGj B´ŸviGbGUi http ev
ˆbUIqvKÆ| mZy ivs Avgiv ejGZ cvwi, “Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe” nGœQ wek¼eÅvcx
ew¥ŸZ MwZkxj (Dynamic Interactive) MÉvwdKÅvj nvBcvi ˆUÝU nvBcvi ˆUÝU UÇv´Ödvi
BbdiGgkb wmGÕ¡g hv B´ŸviGbGU ivb KGi| ZvnGj cÉk² nGœQ B´ŸviGbU Kx? ˆcÉvGUvKj AvweÓ•vi nIqvi
‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii mvG^ AvGiKwU KwÁ·DUvGii ˆhvMvGhvMGK ˆbUIqvKÆ ci KwÁ·DwUs mwy eavGK
eGj| Avi ‰KwU ˆbUIqvGKÆi mvG^ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆbUIqvGKÆi
ˆhvMvGhvMGK B´ŸviGbU eGj| ‰K K^vq ejv hvq, ˆbUIqvGKÆi ˆbUIqvKÆGK B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg e¥ŸGbi
B´ŸviGbU eGj| wZbwU bZzb chÉ ywÚi mg¯¼Gq IGqe (Web) MGo DGVGQ| RbÅ 1992 mvGj Tim
 cÉ^gZ, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) hvi «¼viv
Berners-Lee mBy RvijÅvG´£i
IGqeGcBR ˆjLv nq| ˆRGbfvq Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe
ŠZwi KGib|

 w«¼ZxqZ, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) hvi «¼viv Web Server Computer IGqe UÇv´ÖwgU
ev ˆcÉiGYi KvR mÁ·®² KGi|

 Z‡ZxqZ, Web browser: ˆh ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆWUv wiwmf I Abyev` KGi KÑvGq´ŸGK Zvi djvdj cÉ`kÆb KGi|

IGqeGcBR (Web Page): B´ŸviGbU Z^v IGqGe ˆh ˆKD Z^Å ivLGZ cvGi ‰me Z^Å nGZ cvGi ˆjLv, AwWI,

wfwWI, wÕ©i wPò, ‰wbGgkb BZÅvw`| IGqGe ‰me

Z^Å ivLvi ˆcBRGK eGj IGqeGcBR| mZy ivs Avgiv

ejGZ cvwi, B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixG`i ˆ`Lvi DcGhvMx

B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ mshyÚ wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfÆvGi ivLv

dvBjGK IGqeGcBR eGj| IGqeGcBRGK Avevi

IGqe WKzGg´ŸI eGj| ‰K ev ‰KvwaK IGqeGcBGRi

mg¯¼Gq IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ev IGqemvBU ŠZwi nq|

mZy ivs ‰KB ˆWvGgBGbi AaxGb ciÕ·i msGhvMGhvMÅ

‰KvwaK IGqeGcGRi mgwÓ¡GK IGqemvBU eGj|

IGqGe cÉ^g XzKGj ˆh ˆcBRwU cÉ`wkÆZ nq ZvGK wPò : ‰KwU wkÞv ˆevGWiÆ ˆnvg ˆcBR
ˆnvgGcBR eGj|

234 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

DcGi cÉ`wkÆZ wPòwU gvaÅwgK I DœP gvaÅwgK wkÞv ˆevWÆ, XvKv ‰i IGqemvBGUi ˆnvg ˆcR|

MVb ŠewPGòi Ici wbfÆi KGi IGqemvBU mvaviYZ `yB aiGbi nGZ cvGi| h^v:

1| Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBU: ˆh mKj IGqemvBGUi ˆWUvi gvb IGqeGcBR ˆjvwWs ev Pvjy Kivi ci cwieZÆb Kiv

hvq bv, ZvGK Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBU eGj| Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBU ÷ay HTML fvlv w`GqB Kiv hvq|
Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBU-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å:

 KbGU´Ÿ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ^vGK|

 eÅenviKvix Z^Å cÉ`vb ev AvcGWU KiGZ cvGi bv|

 Lye `ËyZ ˆjvW nq|

 ˆKvGbv iKg ˆWUvGeGRi mvG^ msGhvM ^vGK bv|

 ˆKejgvò mvfÆvi ˆ^GK KÑvGqG´Ÿ (‰KgyLx) KwgDwbGKkb Server Website
nq|
wPò : Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBGUi KgÆ cÉwKÌqv
 ÷ay HTML I CSS eÅenvi KGiB ‰wU D®²qb Kiv hvq|

Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBGUi myweav:
 LiP Kg|
 IGqemvBU D®²qb I wbq¯¨Y Lye mnR|
 AwZ `ËyZ, `ÞZv I wbivcîvi mvG^ KbGU´Ÿ mieivn Kiv hvq|
 Lye mnGRB mvPÆ Bwéb cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
 mnGRB IGqeGcBGRi ˆj-AvDU cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|
 ˆbU Õ·xW Lye Kg nGjI `ËyZZvi mvG^ ˆWUv WvDbGjvW Kiv hvq|

Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBGUi Amyweav:
 ˆhGnZz KbGU´Ÿ ˆKvwWs KGi ˆ`Iqv nq ZvB KbGU´Ÿ AvcGjvW KiGZ cÉPzi mgq jvGM|
 IGqemvBGUi AvKvi e†w«¬i mvG^ mvG^ KbGU´ŸàGjv wbq¯¨Y Kiv KwVb nGq hvq|
 gvbmÁÃZ IGqeGcBR wWRvBwbs AZů¦ KÓ¡mvaÅ ‰es mgq mvGcÞ|
 eÅenviKvixi wbKU nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK bv|

2| WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU: ˆh mKj IGqemvBGUi ˆWUvi gvb

IGqeGcBR ˆjvwWs ev Pvjy Kivi ci cwieZÆb Kiv hvq ZvGK

WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU eGj| WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU ŠZwii

RGbÅ HTML fvlvi mvG^ wÕ˜w¶Ÿs fvlv ˆhgb- wc‰BPwc

(PHP) ev ‰‰mwc (ASP) fvlv ‰es ‰i mvG^ ˆWUvGeR

cÉGqvRb| Server Website
WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å:
Database
 cwieZÆbkxj Z^Å ev B´ŸviAÅvKwUf IGqeGcR ^vGK| wPò : WvBbvwgK IGqemvBGUi KgÆ cÉwKÌqv

 ivbUvBGgi mgq ˆcBGRi wWRvBb ev KbGU´Ÿ cwieZÆb nGZ cvGi|

 ˆWUvGeR eÅen†Z nq dGj KzGqwi KGi Z^Å ˆei Kivi myGhvM ^vGK|

 mgq eÅenviKvix Z^Å cÉ`vb ev Z^Å AvcGWU KiGZ cvGi|

WvBbvwgK IGqemvBGUi myweav:

 eÅenviKvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ˆcBR ‰i KbGU´Ÿ cwieZÆb nGZ cvGi|

 Z^Å ev welqeÕ§ AvcGWU Lye `ËyZ Kiv hvq|

 wbaÆvwiZ eÅenviKvwiG`i RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ ˆcBR cÉ`kÆGbi eÅeÕ©v Kiv hvq|

 eÅenviKvixi wbKU nGZ BbcyU ˆbIqvi eÅeÕ©v ^vGK|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 235

 AGbK ˆekx Z^Å eüj nGZ cvGi|

 AvKlÆYxq I B´ŸvGiwÙf ˆj-AvDU ŠZwi Kiv hvq|

WvBbvwgK IGqemvBGUi Amyweav:

 ˆWUvGeR eÅen†Z nq dGj eÅenviKvixi eËvDRvGi ˆjvW nGZ ˆewk mgq ˆbq|

 D®²qb I wbq¯¨Y Kiv ZzjbvgƒjK RwUj|

 LiP ˆewk|

Õ¡ÅvwUK I WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU ‰i gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅ:

Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqemvBU WvBbvwgK IGqemvBU

1. IGqemvBGUi w^g ‰es IGqeGcBGRi KG´Ÿ´Ÿ 1. IGqemvBGUi wWRvBb ‰es KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ivb UvBGg

wbw`ÆÓ¡| cwiewZÆZ nq|

2. KGqKwU gvò gvKÆAvc ^vKvq `ËyZ ˆjvW nq| 2. WvBbvwgK KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ŠZwi nIqvi RbÅ ˆjvW nGZ

ˆ`ix nq|

3. KLGbv ˆWUvGeR KvGbwÙwfwU eÅenvi KGi bv| 3. ˆWUvGeR KvGbwÙwfwU eÅenvi KGi

4. ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe ˆewk wbivc` 4. ZzjbvgƒjK fvGe Kg wbivc`

5. ˆKvb msMVb ev cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Z^Å cÉ`kÆb KGi| 5. ˆhLvGb ivb UvBGg KbGU´Ÿ cwieZÆb nq ˆhgb-

B-Kgvm,Æ AbjvBb ‰Ývg BZÅvw` IGqemvBGUi

Z^Å cÉ`kÆb KGi|

6. mivmwi ivb KGi| AbÅ mvfÆvi jÅvsàGqGRi 6. mvfÆvGi ‰wµGÏ Kkb ivb KGi ‰es AvDUcyU

cÉGqvRb nq bv| mvaviYZ HTML ‰es CSS IGqGeGcGR cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZvB ‰GZ mvfÆvi

w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv mnR| ‰wµGÏ Kkb jÅvsàGqR ˆhgb-PHP, ASP.NET,

JSP BZÅvw`i cÉGqvRb nq|

7. ˆWGfjc Kiv mnR| 7. ˆWGfjc Kiv, ˆUÕ¡ Kiv, eÅeÕ©cbv Kivi RbÅ

`Þ ˆWGfjcvi cÉGqvRb nq|

8. cwieZÆb KiGj cybivq mvfÆvGi AvcGjvW KiGZ 8. mvfÆvi ‰wµGÏ Kkb eÅenvi KGi KbGU´Ÿ ˆcR

nq| cwieZÆb Kiv hvq weavq mvfÆvGi AvcGjvW Kivi

cÉGqvRb nq bv|

 CSS: wm‰m‰m gvGb nGjv KÅvmGKwWs Õ¡vBj wkU (CSS-Cascading Style Sheets)| ‰wjGg´Ÿm àGjv
wKfvGe cÉ`wkÆZ nGe Zv Õ¡vBjmgƒn wbaÆviY KGi ˆ`q| ‰me Õ¡vBjàGjv mvaviYZ Õ¡vBj wkU mgƒGn msiÞY KGi
ivLv nq| ‰ÝUvbÆvj Õ¡vBj wkUàGjv cÉPzi cwigvGY KvR Kiv ˆ^GK euvwPGq w`GZ cvGi| ‰àGj CSS dvBGj msiÞY
Kiv ^vGK|

 Java Script: HTML ˆcBRàGjvGZ B´ŸviAÅvKwUwfwU c`É vGbi jGÞÅB RvfvwÕ˜¶ŸGK wWRvBb Kiv nGqwQj|
wÕ˜w¶Ÿs jÅvsàGqR nGjv ‰KwU nvjKv aiGbi ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR| RvfvwÕ˜¶Ÿ mvavibZ HTML ˆcBRàGjvGZ
mivmwi ‰gGeW KGi ˆ`qv nGq ^vGK| ‰wU ‰KwU B´ŸviwcÉGUW jÅvsàGqR hvi gvGb nGjv cÉv^wgK KÁ·vBGjkb
QvovB wÕ˜¶ŸwU ‰wÝwKDU nGZ cvGi| jvBGm´Ö QvovB ‰wU mKGj eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi|

 php: php gvGb nGjv nvBcviGUÝU wcÉcÉGmmi (php: Hypertext Preprocessor)| ‰wU ‰KwU mvfÆvi mvBW
wÕ˜w¶Ÿs jÅvsàGqR| php wÕ˜¶ŸàGjv mvfÆvGi KvhÆKi nGq ^vGK| ‰wU wewf®² aiGbi ˆWUvGeR mg^Æb KGi| IGcb
ˆmvmÆ mdUIqÅvi nIqvq ‰wU webvgƒGjÅ WvDbGjvW I eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ‰i dvBj ‰ÝGUbkb nGjv “.php”,
“.php3” A^ev “.phtml”

 ASP: ASP -‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv Active Server Pages| ‰wU ‰KwU mvfÆvi mvBW wÕ˜w¶Ÿs cÉhywÚ hv B´ŸviGbU
mvfÆvi ˆ^GK wÕ˜¶Ÿ Pvjbv KGi| ‰wU gvBGKÌvmdU cÉhywÚ| ‰wU HTML dvBGji gGZvB ‰KwU dvBj| ‰
dvBGj HTML, XML ‰es Scripts ^vKGZ cvGi|

236 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

Avevi AeÕ©vGbi Dci wfwî KGi IGqeGcR `yB cKÉ vi- 1| ˆjvKvj IGqeGcR 2| wiGgvU IGqeGcR

 ˆjvKvj IGqeGcR: Õ©vbxqfvGe HTML HTML with CSS
wWRvBb I msiÞYK‡Z IGqeGcBRàGjvGK

ˆjvKvj IGqeGcR ejv nq| ˆjvKvj HEAD APPEARANCA
IGqeGcBRàGjv mvaviYZ ˆmvmÆ WÈvBf

I wWGiÙwi ˆ^GK mnGRB eÅenvi Kiv BODY LOOK
hvq| ‰ aiGbi ˆcBR eÅenvGii RbÅ
B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi cÉGqvRb nq bv|

 wiGgvU IGqeGcR: `ƒieZxÆ ˆKvb Structural Layer Presentation Layer
KwÁ·DUvGi msiwÞZ IGqeGcBRàGjvGK

wiGgvU IGqeGcR ejv nq| wiGgvU IGqeGcBR WvDbGjvW Kivi RbÅ B´ŸviGbU msGhvGMi cÉGqvRb nq | ‰

aiGbi IGqeGcBR eËvDwRs ‰i RbÅ IGqe AÅvGWÈm Rvbvi cÉGqvRb nq| ‰i…c AÅvGWÈmGK Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) ejv nq|

eÅenvGii wfwîGZ IGqemvBGUi ˆkÉwYwefvM:
 AvKÆvBf mvBU: ‰me mvBGU cyiGbv wewf®² àiyZ½cƒYÆ Z^Åvw` mKGji eÅenvGii RbÅ Rgv ivLv nq|
 weRGbm mvBU: eÅemvq cÉmvi, cÉPvi ‰es eÅemvwqK ˆmev`vGbi DGóGkÅ ‰me mvBU ŠZwi Kiv nq|
 B-KgvmÆ mvBU: cYÅ wewKÌi RbÅ ‰me mvBU ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰GZ BGjÙËwbK c«¬wZGZ cYÅ ˆKbv hvq|
 KgyÅwbwU mvBU: wewf®² eÅwÚ ‰KmvG^ ˆhvMvGhvGMi RbÅ ‰me mvBU ŠZwi KGib| ‰GZ ˆgGmR ˆevWÆ mvBU ^vGK|
 ˆWUvGem mvBU: ‰B aviYvi mvBU mvaviYZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆWUvGeGRi KbGU´Ÿ ˆLuvRv I cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
 ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ mvBU: mdUIqÅvi D®²qb, IGqe wWRvBb cÉf‡wZi RbÅ wewf®² wiGmvmÆ I Z^Å ‰me mvBGU ^vGK|
 wWGiÙwi mvBU: ‰B aiGbi mvBUàGjv wewf®² KbGU´ŸGK KÅvUvMwi I mveKÅvUvMwi AvKvGi cÉ`kÆb KGi|
 WvDbGjvW mvBU: mdUIqÅvi, IqvjGccvi BZÅvw` wRwbmàGjv ‰me mvBU nGZ WvDbGjvW Kiv hvq|
 ˆMg mvBU: ‰i…c mvBUàGjv ‰GKKwU wbGRB KwÁ·DUvi ˆMGgi wePiYGÞò| ‰me mvBGU mivmwi ˆMg ˆLjv hvq|
 BbdiGgkb mvBU: ‰me mvBU ˆ^GK cÉPzi Z^Å AvniY Kiv hvq| mvBUàGjvGZ webvgƒGjÅ Z^Å cvIqv hvq|
 wbDR mvBU: ‰LvGb ˆKej Pjgvb weGk¼i wewf®² aiGbi msev` ZvrÞwYKfvGe mieivn Kiv nq|

‰BPwUwUwc (HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): HTTP A^Æ nGjv Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol| B´ŸviGbGU wUwmwc / AvBwc cÉGUvKGji gvaÅGg ˆh cÉGUvKj IGqe mvfÆvi I IGqe KÑvGq´Ÿ-‰i gGaÅ
ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb KGi ZvGK ‰BPwUwUwc (HTTP) eGj| KÑvGq´Ÿ wewf®² eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg IGqeGcBGRi RbÅ
mvfÆviGK AbyGiva cvVvGZ ^vGK| mvfÆvi KÑvGqG´Ÿi AbyGivGa mvov w`Gq IGqeGcBRGK KÑvGqG´Ÿi KvGQ cvwVGq
ˆ`q| KÑvGq´Ÿ wewf®² eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg Zv ˆ`LGZ cvq| Avi hvi gvaÅGg ˆWUv Av`vb-cÉ`vb nq Zv nGjv
‰BPwUwUwc (HTTP)| mZy ivs ‰BPwUwUwc (HTTP) ‰i KvR nGœQ@ mvfÆvGii mvG^ eËvDRvGii msGhvM ŠZwi

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 237

Kiv, eËvDRvGii ˆhGKvGbv AbyGiva mvfÆvGi ˆcuŒGQ ˆ`Iqv, eËvDRvGii AbyGivGa mvfÆvGii mvov ˆgvZvGeK
IGqeGcBRGK eËvDRvGi wbGq Avmv, eËvDRvi ‰es mvfÆvGii msGhvM wewœQ®² Kiv|

IGqe KxfvGe KvR KGi?

Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe KÑvGq´Ÿ / mvfÆvi AvwKÆGUKPvi Abyhvqx MGo DGVGQ| ‰i A^Æ nGœQ KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvGi

client programme A^vÆ r IGqe eËvDRvi ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ivb (run) KiGe hvi mvnvGhÅ B´ŸviGbGUi ˆKv^vI mvfÆvi
programme run KiGQ ‰gb ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK ZG^Åi RbÅ KÑvGq´Ÿ AbyGiva (request) KiGe|

KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvGii AbyGivaK‡Z Z^ÅwU mvfÆvi B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvGii eËvDRvGii KvGQ cvwVGq

ˆ`Ge ‰es eËvDRvi Zv Abyev` (Interpret) KGi wÕKÌGb c`É kÆb KiGe| 3

1 2 http://www.anysite.com

eËvDRvi ˆcÉvMÉvg 7 gGWg Internet HTTP
6 5 4 Server
8 Client

ˆhGKvGbv mvBGUi ˆnvgGcBR HTML WKzGg´Ÿ

wPò: IGqe ˆhfvGe KvR KGi
‰dwUwc (FTP): File Transfer Protocol ‰i mswÞµ¦ i…c nGjv ‰dwUwc (FTP)| ‰wU B´ŸviGbU gvaÅg
eÅenvi KGi dvBj Av`vb-cÉ`vGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z cÉGUvKj (Protocol)| FTP-‰i gvaÅGg eÅenviKvix AGbÅi
KwÁ·DUvi nGZ dvBj cÉGqvRbvbyhvqx wbGRi KwÁ·DUvGi wbGZ cvGi hvGK WvDb-ˆjvW eGj| Avevi wbGRi

KwÁ·DUvi nGZ mvfvÆGi ˆKvb dvBj cÉGqvRb nGj cvVvGbv hvq ‰GK Avc-ˆjvW eGj| Avc-ˆjvW ev WvDb-

ˆjvGWi RbÅ mvfvÆGi DchyÚ cvmIqvWÆ w`Gq Login (jMBb) KiGZ nq| B´ŸviGbGUi eyGjwUb ˆevGWÆ ˆKvb
IGqeGcR Õ©vcb Kivi RbÅI ‰B cÉGUvKj eÅen†Z nq| mvaviYZ `ËyZ MwZGZ dvBj ev mdUIqÅvi WvDbGjvW

ev AvcGjvW Kivi ˆÞGò FTP eÅenvi Kiv nq| KGqKwU DGÍLÏ GhvMÅ FTP mdUIqÅvi nGjv WS-FTP, Fetch
BZÅvw`| mvfÆvGii ˆhme dvBj eÅenviKvixi Access Kivi ÞgZv ^vGK ÷aygvò ˆmme dvBj eÅenviKvix
Access KiGZ cviGe| mvfvÆGi Access mvaviYZ `y’fvGe ˆ`Iqv nq|

1. cÉvBGfU ‰GÝm (Private Access)
2. cvewjK ‰GÝm (Public Access)

238 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvi (Client Computer): ˆh
KwÁ·DUvi ˆ^GK Avgiv IGqeGcBR eËvDR Kwi
ZvB KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvi| KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·UvGii `ywU
gƒj wiKqviGg´Ÿ (Requirement) iGqGQ|
cÉ^gZ, ‰B ˆgwkGbi mvG^ AekÅB B´ŸviGbU
KvGbKkb ^vKGZ nGe| w«¼ZxqZ, ‰B ˆgwkbGK
IGqe eËvDRvi ˆcÉvMÉvg ivb Kivi ÞgZv ^vKGZ
nGe| B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ ‰B msGhvM nq Wvqvj Avc ˆdvGbi mvnvGhÅ| gGWGgi gvaÅGgI nGZ cvGi|

IGqe mvfÆvi (Web Server): IGqeGcBR ev IGqemvBU ˆh mvfÆvGi msiwÞZ ^vGK ZvGK ejv nq IGqe
mvfÆvi| Avgiv eËvDRvGii mvnvGhÅ ‰me ˆcBR ev mvBU IGqe mvfÆvi ˆ^GK c`Ævq wbGq Avwm| IGqe mvfÆvi
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) cÉGUvKj eÅenvi KGi MÉvnGKi IGqeGcBR msKÌv¯¦ AbyGivGa mvov
w`Gq ^vGK A^Ævr IGqeGcBR mieivn KGi|
AvBwc ‰GWÈm (IP Address): AvBwc ˆbUIqvKÆ Z^v B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ mshyÚ cÉwZwU KwÁ·DUvGii ‰KwU c†^K
wbRÕ¼ wVKvbv ^vGK, ZvGK AvBwc ‰GWÈm eGj| Z^Å Av`vb cÉ`vGb mvaviYZ AvBwc ‰GWÈm eÅen†Z nGq ^vGK|
mvaviY eÅenviKvixMY AvBwc ‰GWÈGmi gvaÅGg Z^Åvewj MÉnY I ˆcÉiY KGi ^vGKb| AvBwc ‰GWÈmGK wewf®²
KÅvGiÙvGii mvnvGhÅ wPwn×Z bv KGi bÁ¼Gii mvnvGhÅ wPwn×Z Kiv nq| ˆhgb- 192.168.0.125 ‰KwU AvBwc
‰GWÈm| ZGe ‰fvGe bÁ¼i gGb ivLv mnR bv ZvB ˆWvGgBb bvg eÅenvi Kiv nq| cÉwZwU AvBwc ‰GWÈGm ˆbUIqvKÆ
AvBwW ‰es ˆnvÕ¡ AvBwW wbG`Æk KGi| ˆhgb- 192.168.0 chƯ¦ ˆbUIqvKÆ AvBwW ‰es 125 nGjv ˆnvÕ¡ AvBwW|
‰wU 4wU AsGk wefÚ ˆgvU 32 weGUi ‰KwU bÁ¼i|
BDAvi‰j (URL): cÉwZwU IGqemvBGUi ‰KwU mwy bw`ÓÆ ¡ I Aw«¼Zxq IGqe AÅvGWÈm iGqGQ hvi mvnvGhÅ ˆKvb
IGqemvBGUi ˆcRàGjvGK IGqe eËvDRvGi ˆ`Lv ev LuyGR ˆei Kiv hvq| cÉwZwU IGqe AÅvGWÈGmi ˆcQGb ‰KwU
AvBwc AÅvGWÈm KvR KGi| B´ŸviGbGU hLb ˆKvb IGqe AÅvGWÈm wjGL ‰´Ÿvi (Enter) Pvcv nq ZLb wW‰b‰m
(DNS) ‰i gvaÅGg Zv AvBwc AÅvGWÈGm i…cv¯¦wiZ nGq hvq ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ KwÁ·DUvi LuyGR cvq| Avgiv ejGZ cvwi,
AvBwc AÅvGWÈGmi AvjdvwbDGgwiK (KÅvGiÙvi I bvÁ¼vi mÁ¼wjZ) i…cB nGœQ IGqe AÅvGWÈm| gƒjZ IGqe AÅvGWÈm
ˆWvGgBGb A¯¦f„ÆÚ ‰KwU KwÁ·DUvGii cwiPq enb KGi hv IGqe mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi|
IGqe ‰GWÈm URL bvGg cwiwPZ| URL ‰i A^Æ Universal / Uniform Resource Locator| URL `ywU
c†^K Ask «¼viv ŠZwi Kiv nq, ‰KwU nGjv protocol Avi AciwU nGjv domain name| cÉGUvKj URL-‰i
cÉ^g Ask, hv wbG`Æk KGi mvBUwU wK aiGbi IGqemvBU, ˆKvb dvBj UÇv´Ödvi mvBU bvwK ˆKvb secure mvBU|
‰GÞGò cÉGUvKjwU nGjv http, ˆhUvi A^Æ nGœQ Hypertext Transfer Protocal ‰es ‰wU nGœQ IGqeGcR ‰K
RvqMv ˆ^GK AbÅ RvqMvq cvVvGbvi cÉGUvKj| Avi w«¼Zxq AskUv nGœQ domain name ˆhUv AGbKUv AvgvG`i
evwoi wVKvbvi gGZv| ‰Uv IGqe eËvDRviGK eGj ˆ`q mvBUwU LuyGR ˆcGZ nGj ˆKv^vq ˆhGZ nGe| ‰KwU IGqe
AÅvGWÈGm ˆh ˆh Ask ^vGK ZvnGjv-

2

http: // www.corneliusenterprises.co.uk

1 34 56

1 protocol
ˆekxi fvM IGqe ‰GWÈmB ÷iy nq http : // w`Gq| ‰i A^Æ Hypertext Transfer Protocol| B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg
mvaviY IGqeGcR àGjvGK UÇv´Ödvi KiGZ ‰B cÉGUvKj eÅenvi Kiv nq| AbÅvbÅ cÉGUvKGji gGaÅ ˆhàGjv Avcbvi
ˆPvGL coGe Zvi ‰KwU nGjv-

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 239

ftp : // (file transfer protocol) ‰es https : // ‰wU eÅenvi Kiv nq miy wÞZ IGqemvBGUi ˆÞGò, ˆhme
mvBGU àiyZ½cƒYÆ I ˆMvcbxq Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv nq| ‰B me mvBGU ˆXvKvi RbÅ jM Bb KiGZ nq|
2 Domain name
domain name-‰i ˆek wKQy Ask AvGQ| gƒjZ IGqe ‰GWÈGmi ‰B AskwUB B´ŸviGbU cÉGUvKj (IP) ‰GWÈGmi
Avmj KvRwU KGi|
3 www
ˆewki fvM IGqe ‰GWÈGm www AskwU ^vGK| ‰i A^Æ World Wide Web| domain name-‰i cÉ^g AsGk
‰wU ^vGK|
4 Host
domain name-‰i ‰B AsGk IGqemvBGUi mî½vwaKvixi wbeÆvwPZ ˆKvb bvg ˆ`qv ^vGK| ‰ bvgwU ˆKvb eÅwÚ ev
ˆKvÁ·vwbi bvGgI nGZ cvGi|
5 mvBGUi aiY
domain name-‰i ‰B AskUv ˆZvgvGK ejGe mvBUwU wK aiGbi mvBU| D`vniYÕ¼i…c, .co A^ev .com-‰i
A^Æ nGjv mvBUwU ˆKvb KgvwkÆqvj mvBU, Avevi .gov-‰i A^Æ miKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni mvBU .org-‰i A^Æ
ˆmevgƒjK cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni mvBU ‰es .edu A^ev .ac-‰i A^Æ nGjv wkÞvgƒjK mvBU|
6 ˆ`k
US eÅZxZ Aci ˆKvb ˆ`Gki IGqemvBU nGj mvBUwUi ‰KwU country code ^vKGZ cvGi| ˆhgb .uk-‰i A^Æ
nGjv ‰wU United kingdom wfwîK ˆKvb IGqemvBU|

IGqe eËvDwRs (Web Browsing)

c†w^exi wewf®² ˆ`Gki mvfÆvGi ivLv ciÕ·i msGhvMGhvMÅ IGqeGcR cwi`kÆb KivGK IGqe eËvDwRs ejv nq|
IGqe eËvDwRs nGjv c†w^exi wewf®² ˆ`Gki wewf®² mvfÆvGi ivLv IGqeGcR cwi`kÆb cÉwKÌqv| IGqe eËvDwRs ‰i
mvnvGhÅ B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK AmsLÅ Z^Å AvGivnb mÁ¿e| IGqe eËvDwRs-‰i RbÅ AGbK mdUIqÅvi iGqGQ| ˆhgb-
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, Mosaic BZÅvw`| IGqe eËvDwRs ‰i
`yBwU c«¬wZ nGjv-
1. wbw`ÆÓ¡ AÅvGWÈm ev wVKvbvi gvaÅGg eËvDwRs ‰ eÅenviKvixGK ˆh cÉwZÓ¤vb ev welGqi IGqemvBGU ˆhGZ Pvb

ˆmB mvBGUi wVKvbv ev AÅvGWÈm RvbGZ nGe ev ˆKvb gvaÅGg Zv ˆRGb eËvDRvi IGcb Kivi ci
Address/looking eGÝ DÚ mvBUwUi AÅvGWÈm UvBc KGi Enter w`Gj Kvw›LZ mvBUwUi gƒj/ cÉavb ev
Home page AvmGe| ‰B c«¬wZGK KwÁ·DUvGii fvlvq Log on ejv nq| Log on ‰i ci ˆnvg ˆcR
AvmGe ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK Hyperlink ‰i gvaÅGg mvBUwUi AbÅvbÅ ˆcGR ögb Kiv hvq|
2. kõ ev evGKÅi gvaÅGg eËvDwRs ‰ hw` eÅenvKvix ˆh welGqi IGqemvBGU Mgb KiGZ Pvb ˆm welGqi
AÅvGWÈm ev wVKvbv hw` bv Rvbv ^vGK ZvnGj eÅenviKvixGK ‰KwU mvwPÆs IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg welq eÕ§wUi
ˆKvb gƒj kõ ev evKÅ msKÌv¯Z AvKvGi wjGL Enter w`Gj Kvw›LZ welGqi IGqe mvwPÆs ‰ IGqemvBU
AmsLÅ IGqemvBU AÅvGWÈm cÉ`kÆb KGi ^vGK| ‰i gGaÅ ˆ^GK DchyÚ mvBUwU evQvB KGi eÅenviKvix
Kvw›LZ mvBU eËvDwRs KiGZ cvGib| Google, Lycos, yahoo cÉf‡wZ RbwcÉq mvwPÆs Bwéb ev IGqemvBU|
IGqe mvwfÆm nj ˆbUIqvGKÆ mshyÚ wewf®² KwÁ·DUvGi Pvjy ^vKv wewf®² mdUIqÅvGii gGaÅ Av¯¦twKÌqvi
‰KwU eÅeÕ©v| IGqe mvwfÆmàGjv mvaviYZ mwy bw`ÆÓ¡ ˆÕ·wmwdGKkb AbymvGi cÉKvwkZ wKQy B´ŸviGdm| gƒjZ
‰wU IGqe mvwfÆm ˆWmwKÌckb jÅvsàGqGR ˆjLv nq| ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi hLb IGqe mvwfÆm MÉnY KGi ZLb
AvmGj ‰wU ˆmiKg ‰KwU B´ŸviGdGm evZÆv cvVvq| ‰B evZÆv ˆmvc (SOAP) cÉGUvKj ˆgGb PGj| mvwfÆGmi
AbyGiva wKsev Dîi - DfGqB ‰Ý‰g‰j‰ ˆjLv nq|

IGqe eËvDRvi (Web Browser)

IGqe eËvDR Kivi RbÅ ˆh mKj mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK IGqe eËvDRvi eGj| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq,
IGqemvBUàGjv NyGi ˆ`Lvi RbÅ eÅenviKvix ˆh weGkl mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi ^vGKb, ZvGK IGqe eËvDRvi
(Web Browser) eGj| eËvDRvi kõwUi A^Æ nGœQ mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe ˆKvb wKQy cov ev ˆ`Lv| IGqe eËvDRvi ‰i

240 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

gvaÅGg ˆKvb wKQy LyuRGZ ˆMGj ev ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉwZÓ¤vb ev msMVGbi IGqemvBGU Mgb KiGZ nGj ‰KvwaK c^
AvGQ| IGqe eËvDRvi mdUIqÅvGii DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KvRmgƒn nj- B´ŸviGcÉUvGii bÅvq IGqeGcGR wjwLZ ˆKvWàGjv
Abyev` KGi djvdj cÉ`kÆb KGi, eËvDRvi mdUIqÅvi eÅenvi KGi mnGR B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK ˆh ˆKvb Z^Å LyuGR
ˆei Kiv hvq, IGqemvBGUi wVKvbv Rvbv bv ^vKGjI mvPÆ BwéGbi gvaÅGg Z^Å LyuGR cvIqv hvq, IGqemvBU
ˆ^GK Z^Å WvDbGjvW Kiv hvq, wbR ˆ^GK IGqemvBGU wewf®² Z^Å AvcGjvW Kiv hvq BZÅvw`|

IGqe eËvDRvi nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi hvi gvaÅGg ‰KRb eÅenviKvix ˆhGKvGbv IGqeGcBR, Iqv룮 IqvBW

IGqGe A^ev ˆjvKvj ‰wiqv ˆbUIqvGKÆ AewÕ©Z ˆKvGbv IGqemvBGUi ˆhGKvGbv ˆjLv, Qwe ‰es AbÅvbÅ ZG^Åi

Abym®¬vb, WvDbGjvW wKsev ˆ`LGZ cvGib| ˆKvGbv IGqemvBGU AewÕ©Z ˆjLv ‰es Qwe ‰KB A^ev wf®²

IGqemvBGUi mvG^ Av¯¦tmshyÚ (nvBcviwjâW) ^vKGj ‰KwU IGqe eËvDRvi ‰KRb eÅenviKvixGK `Ë‚Z ‰es mnGR

‰B mKj wjGâi gvaÅGg wewf®² IGqemvBGU AewÕ©Z AmsLÅ IGqeGcBGRi mvG^ Z^Å Av`vb-cÉ`vGb mvnvhÅ KGi|

wbGP eZÆgvb mgGqi RbwcÉq wKQy IGqe eËvDRvGii bvg ˆ`Iqv nGjv|

 B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivi (Internet Explorer)

 gwRjv dvqvidÝ (Mozilla Firefox)

 àMjGKÌvg (Google Chrome)

 mvdvwi (Safari)

 IGciv (Opera) Google Crome Mozilla Firefox Internet Opera Safari

ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvg eÅenvi KiGe? Explorer

ˆKvb ˆcÉvMÉvgwU eÅenvi KiGe Zv ‰Kv¯¦B wbfÆi KiGQ eÅenviKvixi Dci| DcGi ˆh me eËvDRvGii bvg Avgiv

ˆRGbwQ ev ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ ZvG`i cÉGZÅKwUB RbwcÉq| ‰G`i gGaÅ ˆ^GK BGœQgZ ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU eËvDRvi eÅenvi

Kiv hvq| ZGe ‰Kgvò B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏviviB ˆKej Avjv`vfvGe BbÕ¡j Kiv jvGM bv A^vÆr DBG´£vR AcvGiwUs

wmGÕ¡Ggi mvG^ weΟBb fvGe BbÕ¡j nGq ^vGK| ZvB B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivi eÅenvi Kiv meGPGq mnRjfÅ|

ev`evKx AbÅ meàGjv eËvDRviàGjv eÅenvi KiGZ nGj ZvG`iGK AvGM msMÉn KiGZ nGe Zvici Avjv`vfvGe

BbÕ¡j KiGZ nGe| hw`I eËvDRvi msMÉn Kiv mvgvbÅ mgGqi eÅvcvi gvò| Avgiv B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK A^ev ˆKvGbv

e®¬yi wbKU ˆ^GK A^ev ˆKvGbv mdUIqÅvi wewKÌ KGi ‰gb ˆ`vKvb ˆ^GK mnGRB mdUIqÅviwU msMÉn KiGZ cvwi|

eËvDRvi mÁ¼G®¬ AviI wKQy K^v:

cÉGZÅKwU IGqe eËvDRvi IGqemvBUàGjvGK ‰KUz wf®²fvGe ˆ`LvB| ZGe ‰B wf®²Zv LyeB mvgvbÅ| hw` ‰KB

mgGq ‰KwU eËvDRvi w`Gq IGqemvBU ˆLvjv nq ZvnGj wf®²Zv ˆevSv KÓ¡Ki nGq hvGe wK¯§ ‰KB mvG^ ‰KB

mgGq KGqKwU eËvDRvi w`Gq ‰KwU IGqemvBU LyjGj wf®²Zv ev mƒÞ cwieZÆb ˆPvGL coGZ cvGi|

mvPÆ Bwéb: mvPÆ Bwéb nGjv ‰gb ‰K aiGbi Uzjm hvi mvnvGhÅ B´ŸviGbGUi ARmÉ IGqe mvfÆvi ˆ^GK mnGRB

ˆhGKvGbv Z^Å LuyGR ˆei Kiv hvq| mvPÆ Bwéb nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU Uzjm hv mgÕ¦ B´ŸviGbU weÕ¦‡Z IGqemvBUàGjvGK

AvqGîi gGaÅ ivGL| eüj eÅen†Z wKQz RbwcÉq mvPÆ Bwéb nGjv -

àMj : http://www.google.com

Bqvü : http://www.yahoo.com

wes : http://www.bing.com

Avm&K : http://www.ask.com

AvgvRvb : http://www.amazon.com

wKfvGe IGqe ˆ^GK Z^Å ˆLuvRv hvq?
B´ŸviGbGU cÉGqvRbxq ˆKvGbv welq mÁ·GKÆ Rvbvi RbÅ IGqe AÅvGWÈm Rvbv ^vKv cÉGqvRb| wK¯§ hw` H welGqi
IGqe AÅvGWÈm Rvbv bv ^vGK ZvnGj mvPÆ BwéGbi mvnvGhÅ mnGRB BbdiGgkb cvIqv ˆhGZ cvGi| IGqe
eËvDRvGii gvaÅGg `yBfvGe Z^Å ˆLuvRv hvq| h^v-

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 241

1. mivmwi ˆKvb IGqeGcR eËvDR KGi: B´ŸviGbGU KvGbÙ nGq eËvDRvi ˆcÉvMÉvg Pvjy KGi AÅvGWÈm evGi ˆKvb

IGqemvBGUi wVKvbv wjGL ‰´Ÿvi w`Gj DÚ IGqeGcRwU cÉ`wkÆZ nGe| ‰fvGe mivmwi ˆKvb IGqeGcR ˆ^GK

Z^Å cvIqv hvq|

2. mvPÆ BwéGbi gvaÅGg IGqeGcR eËvDR KGi: ˆKvb welq ‰i Z^Å Rvbvi RbÅ IGqe eËvDRvGii AÅvGWÈm evGi

ˆKvb mvPÆ BwéGbi wVKvbv wjGL ‰´Ÿvi w`Gj H mvPÆ BwéGbi IGqeGcRwU IGcb nGe| mvPÆ BwéGbi dvB´£

eGÝ ˆh welGqi Z^Å Rvbv `iKvi Zvi UvBGUj wjGL ‰´Ÿvi w`Gj ˆm mÁ·wKÆZ wewf®² wjsGKi ZvwjKv

cÉ`wkÆZ nGe| ZvwjKv ˆ^GK ˆhwUGZ wKÑK Kiv nGe ˆmwUi IGqeGcRwU IGcb nGe| ‰fvGe IGqe eËvDRvGii

gvaÅGg B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK ˆhGKvGbv Z^Å Rvbv hvq|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg I IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s (Domain Name and Web Hosting): mviv weGk¼i cÉwZwU gvbyGliB ‰KwU

bvg iGqGQ| ‰wUB Zvi cwiPq| ‰KB bvGg ‰KB knGi AGbK ˆjvK ^vKGZ cvGi wK¯§ Zvi wVKvbv ^vGK wf®²

wf®²| ‰G`i ˆ`k ‰KI nGZ cvGi Avevi wf®² wf®²I nGZ cvGi|

Avevi fvlvI nGZ cvGi wf®² wf®²| B´ŸviGbGUiI ‰iKg eÅenvi

iGqGQ| B´ŸviGbGU `yB aiGbi wVKvbv eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆRGb ivGLv: mviv weGk¼i ˆWvGgBb

ˆhGKvGbv KwÁ·DUviGK ˆPbvi RGbÅ ˆh Dcvqmgƒn AvGQ, ‰i ˆbg ev AvBwc ‰GWÈm ˆh cÉwZÓ¤vbwU wbq¯¨Y
‰KwU nGjv AvBwc AÅvGWÈm ‰es AbÅwU nGjv ˆUÇÝU wbfÆi KGi Zvi bvg AvBwm‰‰b‰b (ICANN-
Internet corporation for Assigned
ˆWvGgBb ˆbg wmGÕ¡g (wW‰b‰m)| ˆWvGgBb ˆbgI nGœQ ‰KwU
Õ¼Z¯¨ ˆUÝU ‰GWÈm ev IGqe ‰GWÈm| ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ‰gb ‰KwU Names and Numbers)| ˆhGnZz mKj
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ˆWvGgBb ˆbGgi gvaÅGgB mviv weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦i cÉ`vb KGi ‰B ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvB ˆhGKvGbv
B´ŸviGbU eÅenviKvixiv IGqemvBU LuyGR cvGe| mZy ivs AvBwc ˆWvGgBb ˆbGgi cybive†wî nevi mÁ¿vebv Kg|
‰GWÈGmi Abyev`B nGœQ ˆWvGgBb ˆbg| hw` ‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ‰B cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KGqK nvRvi wWwÕ¡ÈweDUi
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AvBGWw´ŸwU cvGe| A^Ævr ‰KB bvg Avi ˆKD wbGZ cviGe bv| ˆ^GK ˆiwRÕ¡vi Kiv ˆnvK bv ˆKb ‰wU
ˆhgb- awi gvBGKÌvmdU ˆKvÁ·vwbi IGqe AÅvGWÈm nGjv ICANN ˆ^GKB AvmGe|

www.microsoft.com ‰es ‰i AvBwc AÅvGWÈm nGjv 207.68.137.53

‰Lb IGqe eËvDRvGi AÅvGWÈGmi Õ©Gj www.microsoft.com wjLGj ˆh IGqeGcRwU cÉ`wkÆZ nGe Avi ‰i

AvBwc AÅvGWÈm 207.68.137.53 wjLGjI ‰KB IGqeGcR cÉ`wkÆZ nGe| ‰KwU ˆWvGgBGbi 2 ev ZGZvwaK

Ask ^vGK| cÉwZwU AskGK WU (.) «¼viv fvM Kiv nq|

ˆhgb: Top Level Domain (TLD) Country Code Top level Domain

http://www.dhakaboard.gov.bd

Hostname/ Second Level Domain (SLD)

Third Level Domain

‰KwU ˆWvGgBb ˆbGg ˆnvÕ¡ ˆbg I ˆmGK´£ ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb ˆbGgi gaÅLvGb AvGiKwU bvg ^vKGZ cvGi ZvGK
eGj mve ˆWvGgBb| ˆhgb wbGPi AÅvGWÈmwU Avgiv ˆ`wL|

Top Level Domain Country Code

http://www.dhakaboard.gov.bd

Protocol Hostname Second Level Domain

242 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

‰Lb ‰B www.dhakaboard.gov.bd ˆK FQDN ev Fully Qualified Domain Name ejv nq| ‰i ˆnvÕ¡

ˆbg (www) I ˆmGK´£ ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb (dhakaboard) ‰i gaÅLvGb AGbKàGjv AGbKàGjv mveGWvGgBb

^vKGZ cvGi| ‰B mveGWvGgBbàGjv ‰KwU Avjv`v ˆWvGgBb ˆbg wnmvGe cwiMwYZ nGe|

Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb (TLD)

DcGi DGÍÏwLZ AÅvGWÈmwUGZ .gov nGjv ˆ™Ïvevj Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb ˆbg| ‰GWÈmwUGZ ‰ AskwU ˆ^GK ˆevSv

hvGœQ ˆh ‰wU ‰KwU miKvwi cÉwZÓ¤vb| hZ w`b hvGœQ ZZB ‰B Uc ˆjGfGji ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆeGoB PGjGQ|

RbwcÉq wKQz Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb ˆbg nGjv-

.com - mvaviYZ eÅemvwqK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ ZGe ˆKvGbv aivevuav ˆbB|

.org - mvaviYZ AjvfRbK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ ZGe ˆKvGbv aivevuav ˆbB|

.edu - mvaviYZ wkÞvmsKÌv¯¦ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ wbavÆ wiZ|

.biz - eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|
Kvw´ŸÈGKvW Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb (CCTLD):

Kvw´ŸÈGKvW Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb (www.dhakaboard.gov.bd) nGjv

`yB AÞi wewkÓ¡Å Uc ˆjGfj ˆWvGgBb ˆbg hv ˆ`Gki bvg ev ˆfŒMwjK AeÕ©vb ˆevSvGZ eÅen†Z nq| ˆhgb aiv

hvK www.dhakaboard.gov.bd AÅvGWÈmwUGZ .bd AskwU w`Gq ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ ˆWvGgBbwU evsjvG`Gki| wbGÁ²

KGqKwU ˆ`Gki Kvw´ŸÈ ˆKvW DGÍLÏ Kiv nGjv-|

Kvw´ŸÈ ˆKvW ˆ`Gki bvg Kvw´ŸÈ ˆKvW ˆ`Gki bvg

.bd evsjvG`k .cn Pxb

.au AGÓ¡Èwjqv .fi wdbjÅv´£

.in Bw´£qv .fr dÌv´Ö

.br eËvwRj .hk nsKs

IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆnvwÕ¡sGK Avgiv AGbGK IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡sI eGj ^vwK| ˆmvRv K^vq B´ŸviGbGU IGqGei dvBjàGjv
ˆKvGbv mvfÆvGi ivLvGK IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s eGj| ˆnvwÕ¡s nGœQ gƒjZ AbjvBGb IGqemvBU AvcGjvW Kivi mvfÆvi ev

KwÁ·DUvGii nvWÆwWGÕ•i RvqMv| ‰B RvqMv mvaviYZ ˆKvGbv AvB‰mwc (ISP-Interner Service Provider)
eÅemvqxiv w`Gq ^vGK| IGqeGcRwU ˆnvwÕ¡s KiGZ KZUzKz RvqMv jvMGe Zvi Ici wfwî KGi eÅemvqxiv ‰KwU

fvov wbavÆ iY KGi ˆ`q| ‰G`i KvQ ˆ^GK UvKvi wewbgGq wewf®² aiGbi mvwfÆm cvIqv hvq|

ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i cÉKviGf`: µÏvUdgÆ ev AcvGiwUs wmGÕ¡Ggi Dci wfwî KGi ˆnvwÕ¡s `y&’aiGbi nGq ^vGK| h^v:

 DBG´£vR ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆh ˆmKj IGqemvBU ‰‰mwc (ASP-Active Server Page) ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ‰es
ˆWUvGeR wnmvGe gvBGKÌvmdU ‰mwKD‰j mvfvÆi (SQL Server) eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv nq ˆmme mvBUGK
DBG´£vR mvfÆvGi ˆnvwÕ¡s KiGZ nq|

 wjbvÝ ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆh mKj IGqemvBU wc‰BPwc (PHP) ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv ‰es ˆWUvGeR wnmvGe gvB‰mwKD‰j
(MySQL) eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv nq ˆmme mvBUGK wjbvÝ mvfÆvGi ˆnvwÕ¡s KiGZ nq|

wewf®² aiGbi myweavi Ici wfwî KGi ˆnvwÕ¡s wewf®² cÉKvi nGq ^vGK-
webvgƒGjÅ ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆQvULvGUv eÅvwÚMZ IGqemvBGUi RbÅ ‰B ˆnvwÕ¡s fvGjv| ZGe eÅv´£DBW^ AGbK Kg|
wbivcîv ˆbB ‰es ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ^vGK bv|

ˆkqviW mvfÆvi: ˆkqviW mvfÆvGi ˆnvwÕ¡sGqi ˆÞGò mvfÆvGii RvqMv I AbÅvbÅ wiGmvmÆ AbÅG`i mvG^ ˆkqvi Kiv
hvq| mvfÆvGii nvWÆIqÅvi KbwdMvGikb ‰KB aiGbi ^vKGZ nq| ˆkqviW mvfÆvi ˆnvwÕ¡s ˆWwWGKGUW mvfÆvGii

ˆPGq AGbK `vg Kg| ˆkqviW mvfÆvGii ˆÞGò wiGmvmÆ fvM Kivi KviGY mvfÆvGii KvhÆKÌg axi nGq hvq ‰es
wfwRGUi ˆÞGò ˆ`Lv hvq ‰Kevi wKKÑ KGi AGbKÞY eGm ^vKGZ nq| ‰LvGb AGbK KÑvGq´Ÿ ‰K mvG^ ^vGK

eGj wbivcîv Kg| ‰Qvov ˆkqviW ˆnvwÕ¡sGqi ˆWUvGeR, B-ˆgBj, eÅv´£DB^ me wKQzB mxwgZ|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 243

ˆWwWGKGUW ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆWwWGKGUW ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i ˆÞGò mvfÆvGii RvqMv, eÅv´£DB^mn AbÅvbÅ me wiGmvmÆ kyaygvò
‰KvB eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ˆWwWGKGUW mvfÆvi ÷aygvò eo AÅvwµÏGKkb ‰es ˆhme IGqemvBGUi AGbK ˆekx
wiGmvmÆ jvGM ˆmGÞGò eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰i wbivcîv AGbK ˆewk| ‰LvGb ˆWvGgBGbi bvg, AvbwjwgGUW
eÅv´£DB^, ˆWUvGeGRi myweav cvIqv hvq| ‰ aiGbi ˆnvwÕ¡s `yB cÉKvi| h^v-
 gÅvGbRW ˆnvwÕ¡s: ‰LvGb wbw`ÆÓ¡ UvKvi wewbgGq mvwfÆm cÉfvBWviiv mewKQz KGi w`Ge A^vÆr ˆmev`vZv

ˆKvÁ·vbx UvKvi wewbgGq mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j, wbivcîv BZÅvw` me eÅeÕ©vcbv cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK A^vÆr
KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbj ˆmev`vZv ˆKvÁ·vwbi nvGZ nGq ^vGK| hvi dGj LiP AGbK ˆewk nq|
 AvbgÅvGbRW ˆnvwÕ¡s: ‰LvGb IGqemvBGUi gvwjKB mKj eÅeÕ©vcbvi `vwqZ½ wbGq ^vGK dGj LiP Kg nq|
‰LvGb KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbj wbGRG`i ^vGK |
KGjvGKGUW ˆnvwÕ¡s: ˆnvwÕ¡s ˆmev`vZv ˆKvÁ·vbxàGjv mvaviYZ B-ˆgBj AÅvKvD´Ÿ I mvwfÆm w`Gq ^vGK|
mvaviYZ ˆnvwÕ¡s KiGj ˆWvGgBb bvGgi mvG^ mãwZ ˆiGL B-ˆgBj wVKvbv w`Gq ^vGK| ˆnvwÕ¡s wZb aiGbi B-
ˆgBj mvwfÆm cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK| h^v-

 POP (Post Office Protocol) B-ˆgBj|
 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) B-ˆgBj

 IGqf ˆemW B-ˆgBj

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg I IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ (Differance between Domain and Hosting)

ˆWvGgBb I ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²i…c:

ˆWvGgBb ˆnvwÕ¡s

cÉwZwU IGqemvBGUi ˆh Õ¼Z¯¨ bvg ^vGK ZvGK B´ŸviGbGU IGqGei dvBjàGjv ˆKvGbv mvfÆvGi

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ejv nq| ivLvGK IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s ejv nq|

ˆWGgBb ˆbg nGe ‰K ‰es Aw«¼Zxq ‰KB ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i AaxGb AGbKàGjv ˆWvGgBb ^vKGZ

cvGi|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb KiGjB eQGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆnvwÕ¡s Kivi RbÅ hZUzKz ˆÕ·m cÉGqvRb nGe Zvi

cwigvY fvov w`GZ nq| Dci wfwî KGi fvov wbavÆ iY Kiv nq|

ˆWvGgBb Qvov eÅenviKvixiv ˆKvGbv IGqemvBGUi IGqe ˆnvwÕ¡s Qvov IGqemvBUwU B´ŸviGbGU ivLv

ˆWUv ˆ`LGZ cvGe bv| hvGe bv|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡ÈkGbi ˆÞGò mvfÆvi ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i ˆÞGò mvfÆvi KbwdMvGii K^v weGePbv

KbwdMvGii K^v weGePbv KiGZ nq bv| KiGZ nq|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡ÈkGbi ˆÞGò eÅv´£DBW^ ‰i ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i ˆÞGò eÅv´£DBW^ ‰i welq weGePbv

welq weGePbv KiGZ nq bv| KiGZ nq|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡ÈkGbi ˆÞGò KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbj ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i ˆÞGò KG´ŸÈvj cÅvGbj ‰i welq weGePbv

‰i welq weGePbv KiGZ nq bv| KiGZ nq bv|

ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆiwRGÕ¡ÈkGbi ˆÞGò ˆWvGgBb ˆbg ˆnvwÕ¡s ‰i ˆÞGò ˆnvwÕ¡s cÉ`vbKvix cwÉ ZÓ¤vGbi

cÉ`vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vGbi àYMZ gvb , KvwiMwi `ÞZv àYMZ gvb , KvwiMwi `ÞZv BZÅvw`i K^v weGePbv

BZÅvw`i K^v weGePbv KiGZ nq bv| KviY mgÕ¦ KiGZ nq|

ˆiwRGÕ¡Èkb nq ICANN ˆ^GK|

KvR: 1. `j A: ‰BPwUwUwc-‰i KvR ˆZvgiv KGqKRb e®¬y wgGj Awfbq KGi ˆ`LvI|
2. `j B: KÑvGq´Ÿ KwÁ·DUvi I mvfÆvGii mÁ·KÆ Awfbq KGi ˆ`LvI|

244 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-3 I 4

IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgv (Website Structure)

‰KwU IGqemvBGUi ˆfZi AGbK IGqe ˆcR ^vKGZ cvGi| IGqemvBGUi A¯¦MÆZ wewf®² ˆcRàGjv wKfvGe
mvRvGbv ^vKGe ZvB nGjv IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgv| A^Ævr ˆh AeKvVvGgvGZ ‰KwU IGqemvBGUi mKj Z^Å
DcÕ©vcb Kiv nq ZvGK IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgv ejv nq| ‰KwU IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgvGZ wewf®² aiGbi ˆcR
^vKGZ cvGi| ZvG`i gGaÅ AbÅZg nGjv- ˆnvg ˆcR (Home Page), gƒj avivi ˆcR (Main Section Page)
‰es Dcavivi ˆcR (Subsection Page)|

ˆnvg ˆcR (Home Page): IGqGe cÉ^g XzKGj ˆh ˆcRwU cÉ^g cÉ`wkÆZ nq ZvGK ˆnvg ˆcR eGj| ˆnvg ˆcGRi
gvaÅGgB wbGRG`i cwiPq, jÞÅ I DGókÅ mÁ·GKÆ `kÆKG`i mwVK aviYv ˆ`qv nq| mvaviYZ ˆnvgGcGRi AaxGb
‰KvwaK ˆcR ^vGK ‰es me ˆcGRi ZvwjKv BbGWÝ AvKvGi ˆnvgGcGRi gGaÅ cÉ`wkÆZ ^vGK| ‰B BbGWÝ ˆ^GK
Rvbv hvq ˆh IGqemvBUwUGZ KZàGjv ˆgBb ˆmKkb AvGQ|
ˆnvg ˆcGRi ˆÞGò jÞYxq welqmgƒn:
 ˆnvg ˆcGRi gGaÅ Lye ˆewk Z^Å bv w`Gq cwiÓ•vi cwiœQ®² ivLv DwPZ|
 `kÆKG`i weövw¯¦ ‰ovGbvi RbÅ ‰LvGb ÷ay gƒj avivi ˆcGRi wjsK ˆ`Iqv DwPZ|
gƒj avivi ˆcR (Main Section Page): ˆnvg ˆcGRi wewf®² ˆgby ev AckGb wKÑK KGi AbÅvbÅ ˆcGR hvIqv
hvq| ˆnvg ˆcGRi ˆgbyàGjvGK eGj ˆgBb ˆmKkb, hv IGqemvBGUi Site Index wnGmGe cwiwPZ| ˆnvg ˆcGRi
wjsK ˆ^GK gƒjaviv ˆcRàGjvGK `kÆKiv hvGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ ZG^Åi RbÅ| ‰wU AGbKUv mdUIqÅvGii ˆgbyi wKsev
eBGqi BbGWÝ- ‰i gGZv| ‰Lvb ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, IGqemvBUwUi ˆKv^vq ˆKvb aiGbi welqeÕ§ AvGQ|
gƒj avivi ˆcGRi ˆÞGò jÞYxq welqmgƒn:
 ‰KB aiGbi ZG^Åi RbÅ ‰KvwaK gƒjaviv ˆcR ^vKv evçbxq bq ZvGZ `kÆKiv weiwÚ ˆeva KiGZ cvGi|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq mÁ·GKÆ mKj Z^Å msewjZ Dcaviv ˆcGRi wjsK ^vKv cÉGqvRb|
 gƒj aviv ˆcRàGjvi gGaÅ cwiögGYi RbÅ ˆgby wjsK ^vKv cÉGqvRb|
Dcavivi ˆcR (Subsection Page): wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq mÁ·GKÆ mKj aiGbi Z^Å Dcavivi ˆcGR mw®²GewkZ ^vGK|
gƒj avivi ˆcR-‰i AaxGb ‰KvwaK Dcavivi ˆcR ^vGK| ˆnvg ˆcGRi mvG^ ‰me Dcavivi ˆcGR mivmwi wjsK
^vGK|
Dcavivi ˆcGRi ˆÞGò jÞYxq welqmgƒn:

 Dcaviv ˆcGR cÉvmwãK ZG^Åi evBGi AbÅ Z^Å ˆ`Iqv wVK bq|
 cyGiv IGqemvBGU cwiögGYi RbÅ ‰LvGbI wjsK ^vKGZ nGe|
IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgvi ˆÞGò ˆh me welq weGePbvq ivLGZ nq ˆmàGjv nGœQ:
1. Kx aiGbi ZG^Åi ˆÞGò ˆKvb aiGbi Structure fvGjv KvR KiGe|
2. cvVKiv ZvG`i cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å wf®² wf®² aiGbi Structure ˆ^GK KxfvGe ˆcGZ cvGi|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 245

3. WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆKv^vq cvVK AeÕ©vb KiGQ ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK KxfvGe cƒGeÆi RvqMvq wdGi AvmGe ‰ eÅvcvGi
ˆKvb Structure-‰ ˆewk wbwøZ nIqv hvq|

IGqe ˆWGfjc ‰i ˆÞGòI ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs (Story boarding) ‰i aviYvwU ˆek PgrKvi KvR KGi| IGqe
ˆcÉGRG´ŸkbwU ˆ`LGZ ˆKgb nGe, ˆm mÁ·GKÆ ‰KwU Lmov aviYv ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs (Story boarding) ‰i gvaÅGg
cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb- ˆKvb UwcKm ˆKvb ˆcGR hvGe, cÉvBgvwi wjsK (Primary link) àGjv ˆKgb nGe, ˆKv^vq Kx
aiGbi MÉvwdÝ eÅenvi nGe BZÅvw` mewKQy mÁ·GKÆB ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs (Story boarding) ‰i gvaÅGg ˆgvUvgywU
‰KwU aviYv IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆkl nIqvi cƒGeÆ cvIqv hvq| eo AvKvGii ˆKvGbv IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ŠZwii
RGbÅ ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGbi ‰K ‰KwU Ask wbGq ‰K ‰KRb KvR KiGZ cvGi ‰es cGi wewf®² AskàGjvGK
ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs Abyhvqx ‰KwòZ KGi IGqe ˆcÉGRG´ŸkbwUGK mÁ·ƒYÆ Kiv hvq| ZGe ˆQvU aiGbi IGqe
ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGbi RGbÅ ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs eÅenvi Kiv wbÓ·ÉGqvRb| wK¯§ eo gvGci IGqe ŠZwii RGbÅ ˆÕ¡vwi ˆevWÆ ‰i
DcwÕ©wZ AGnZzK, SvGgjv, mgGqi AcPq ‰es nZvkvi nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv KGi| ‰Lb ˆ`Lv hvK IGqe
ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGbi ˆÞGò ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs ˆKgb ˆ`Lvq| IGqe wWRvBGbi ˆÕ¡vwiGevwWÆs Lye mvaviY ev ˆKejgvò wKQy
ˆccviwkU ‰i mgwÓ¡| cÉwZwU wkU ‰K ‰KwU ˆcGRi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KGi| welq (Topics) ‰i wjÕ¡ mn cÉwZwU
ˆcGR wKQyUv eYÆbv ‰es ˆcRàGjvi gvGS wjsK msKÌv¯¦ aviYvi eYÆbv ^vGK|

IGqemvBGUi ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx IGqemvBGUi KvVvGgvGK wbGÁ²vÚfvGe mvRvGbv hvq| h^v

ˆgby ev nvqvivwKÆm (Hierarchies): nvqvivwKÆ ev ˆgbyB mÁ¿eZ IGqe WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆÞGò meGPGq mnR ‰es

hywÚcƒYÆ| BnvGK wUÇ KvVvGgv home page
eGj| ˆewki fvM AbjvBb ˆn͸ main topics

wmGÕ¡gB (On line help

system) ‰ c«¬wZ eÅenvi sub topics of sub topics of sub topics of
KiGQ| ‰ Õ¡ÈvKPvi c«¬wZGZ home page home page home page

gƒj UwcKm (Topics) ‰i wjÕ¡ Board of Expertise Item-1 Item-2 Item-3
A^ev ˆgby ŠZwi KGi, ‰i directors
ˆ^GK mve-UwcKm ŠZwi KiGZ
nGe| wPò: nvqvivwKÆKÅvj AMÆvbvBGRkb

246 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

ˆhLvGb Avgiv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Topics mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv Kie| ‰ Õ¡ÈvKPvGii ˆÞGò gƒj welq (Major topics) w`Gq
ˆgby ev wjÕ¡ ŠZwi KiGZ nq| AZtci ‰B gƒj welq (Major topics) ‰i wjÕ¡ ev ˆgby ˆ^GK ‰KwUGK mPƒ bv ev
c^ cÉ`kÆK aGi Avi ‰KwU mve UwcKm (Sub topics) ŠZwi KiGZ nq hv ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ welq (Topics) mÁ·GKÆ
AvGjvPbvi mƒPbv wnGmGe KvR KGi|
‰ aiGbi wWRvBb eÅenvGii gvaÅGg BDRviG`i Z^Å MÉnGYi ˆÞGò AwZwiÚ Õ¼vaxbZv cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| djkÉywZGZ
BDRviiv ˆcBRwU eÅenvGii ˆÞGò AwaK Õ¼vœQ±`Å ˆeva KGi| wjsGKi gvaÅGg BDRviiv cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx
mnGRB IGqGei ‰K ˆcBR ˆ^GK AbÅ ˆcBGR AbvqvGm ˆhGZ (Move) cviGe ‰es IGqeGcBRwUi ˆKvb AsGk
BDRvi AeÕ©vb KiGQ, Zv Zvi RGbÅ Rvbv mnRGevaÅ nGe| Hierarchies wWRvBGbi ˆÞGò ˆnvg ˆcBRwUGZ
mgÕ¦ WKzGgG´Ÿi cƒYÆvã wPò mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi ^vGK| weÕ¦vwiZ ZG^Åi RbÅ ˆnvg ˆcBGR wjsK eÅenvi KGi
Hierarchy-‰i cieZÆx ˆcBRàGjvGZ hvIqv hvq|

wjwbqvi (Linear):
IGqeGcBR WKzGg´ŸGK Organize Kivi RGbÅ ‰KwU AbÅZg c«¬wZ nGœQ Linear A^ev Sequential
Organization| ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆnvg ˆcBR nGœQ mPƒ bv ev Title| ‰ Õ¡ÈvKPvGi cÉGZÅKwU ˆcBR nGœQ AbyKÌwgK|
cieZÆx ‰es cƒeÆeZÆx ˆcBGRi gGaÅ gyf (Move) Kivi ˆÞGò ‰LvGbI wjsK eÅenvi Kiv nq| WKzGg´ŸwU Lye eo
bv nGj A^Ævr ˆcBGRi msLÅv hw` Kg nq ZGe Linear organization eÅenvi Kiv fvGjv| ˆKbbv ‰ ˆÞGò
WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆhGKvGbv AskGK mnGRB LuyGR ˆei Kiv hvq|

Home.html A.html

B.html C.html

wPò: wjwbqvi AMÆvbvBGRkb-1

‰ ˆÞGòI mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉGRG´ŸkGbi Home page ˆ^GKB hvòv ÷i‚ Kiv nq ‰es H me ˆcBGRB WKzGgG´Ÿi mviggÆ
ev cieZÆx avcàGjv mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv ^vGK| wjwbqvi AMÆvbvBGRkbGK (Linear organization) AbÅfvGeI eÅenvi
Kiv hvq| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vb (point) ˆ^GK kvLv ˆei nGq AvGm ‰es wewœQ®² Ask cieZÆxGZ gƒj kvLvi
mvG^ cybivq msGhvM Õ©vcb KGi| cÉv^wgK aviYvi RGbÅ wbGÁ²i wPòwU jÞ Kwi|

Home A B DF
CE

wewœQ®² kvLv wewœQ®² kvLv

wPò: wjwbqvi AMÆvbvBGRkb-2

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 247

ˆbUIqvKÆ (Network)
‰LvGb meàGjv IGqeGcBGRi mvG^B meàGjvi wjsK ^vGK, A^Ævr ‰KwU
ˆgBb ˆcBGRi mvG^ ˆhgb AbÅvbÅ ˆcBGRi wjsK ^vGK ˆZgwb cÉwZwU
ˆcBGRi ZvG`i wbGRG`i mvG^ I ˆgBb ˆcBGRi mvG^ wjsK ^vGK| ˆdÌg
eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv IGqeGcRBàGjvGKB ‰B ˆbUIqvGKÆi gvaÅGg wjsK
Kiv nGq ^vGK hvGZ ‰KwU ˆQvGUv ˆdÌGgi gGaÅ AbÅvbÅ ˆcBGRi wjsKàGjv
ˆgby AvKvGi ivLv hvq| ‰B ˆdÌgwU mvaviYZ wÕ©i ^vGK ‰es ˆKvGbv ‰KwU
wjsK wbeÆvPb KiGj H ˆcBRwU ‰KwU AGcÞvK‡Z eo ˆdÌGgi gGaÅ ˆ`Lvq| wPò: ˆbUIqvGKÆi AMÆvbvBGRkb
cvGk¼Æi wPòwU jÞÅ Kwi|
nvBweËW ev KwÁ¼Gbkb (Combination) : ˆKvb ‰KwU ˆKŒkj eÅenvi KGi KLbI ‰KwU IGqemvBU ŠZwi Kiv
nq bv| eis ‰KvwaK ˆKŒkGji mg¯¼Gq ‰KwU IGqemvBU wWRvBb Kiv nGq ^vGK| Hierarchical
Technique eÅenvi KGi ˆKvb IGqemvBU wWRvBb KiGj Zv Lye `kÆbxq nq bv| Avevi ÷aygvò Network
Technique eÅenvi KGi ŠZwi Kiv IGqemvBU nvWÆ wWGÕ• ˆewk RvqMv `Lj KGi| ZvB ‰KvwaK ˆKŒkj
eÅenvi KGi IGqemvBU ŠZwi nq| ZGe ‰K IGqeGcBR ˆ^GK Avi ‰K IGqeGcBGR hvIqvi RbÅ hv eÅenvi

Kiv nq ˆhgb wjsK, evUb, ˆgby BZÅvw` (‰G`iGK ejv nq Navigational Uzj) AekÅB Õ·Ó¡ nGZ nGe| hw`
wjsKàGjv ˆKvb ˆcBGRi DcGi evg w`GK ˆ`qv nq ZGe ‰KB wjsK ˆcBGRi bxGPI ˆ`qv DwPr|
Avevi nvqvivwKÆ (Hierarchies) ‰es wjwbqviGK (Linear) cviÕ·wiK mg¯¼q mvaGbi gvaÅGg eÅenvi Kiv hvq|

Home.html

A.html B.html

C.html D.html E.html

wPò : Combination AMÆvbvBGRkb
IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb wWRvBb Kiv AGbKUv evwo Kivi µÏÅvb wWRvBb Kivi gGZvB| ZvB IGqe ŠZwi Kivi cƒGeÆ
cwiK͸bv gvwdK wWRvBGb AMÉmi nGj KvRwU AGbK mnR I my±`i nq|

KvR: 1. ˆZvgvi Õ•zGji IGqemvBU ŠZwii RbÅ ‰KwU wjwbqvi Õ¡ÈvKPvi ŠZwi KGiv|
2. ˆZvgvi Õ•zGji IGqemvBU ŠZwii RbÅ ‰KwU ˆgby Õ¡ÈvKPvi ŠZwi KGiv|

248 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5, 6, 7, 8 I 9

HTML-‰i ˆgŒwjK welq (Basic Concept of HTML)

HTML-‰i aviYv (Concept of HTML)

HTML ‰i cƒbÆbvg nGœQ Hypertext Markup Language| ‰wU gƒjZ Web page ŠZwii RbÅ eÅen†Z
ˆcÉvMÉvwgs jÅvsàGqR| HTML KvhÆKifvGe µÏvUdgÆ Õ¼wbfÆi (Platform Independent) mg¯¼q| Iqv룮 IqvBW
IGqe ev WWW WKzGgG´Ÿi wewf®² aiGbi Dcv`vb ev DcKiY ŠZwi Kiv hvq ‰B mg¯¼q ‰i gvaÅGg| ‰wU

‰KwU eügƒLx (Versatile) jÅvsàGqR| HTML «¼viv ŠZwi dvBjmgƒn mvaviYfvGe Web page bvGg cwiwPZ|

cÉK‡Z AG^Æ HTML ˆKvGbv ˆcÉvMÉvwgs fvlv (language) bq| ZGe ˆcÉvMÉvgviMY IGqeGcBGR ˆUÝU, AwWI,
wfwWI, MÉvwdÝ ev AÅvwgGbkbGK m±y `ifvGe mvRvGZ ev diGgU KiGZ HTML eÅenvi KGi| HTML w`Gq
ˆKejgvò Conventional ev Static ev MZvbyMwZK IGqeGcBR ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e wK¯§ Dynamic ev
interactive ev MwZkxj IGqeGcBR ÷aygvò HTML w`Gq ŠZwi Kiv mÁ¿e bq| HTML ‰K mvwi gvKÆ Avc

UÅvM ‰es µÏvUdig Õ¼wbfÆi mg¯¼q ‰es ‰B mg¯¼Gqi gvaÅGg World Wide Web WKzGgG´Ÿi wewf®² aiGbi
Dcv`vb I DcKiY diGgU Kiv ev mvRvGbv hvq|

1990 mvGj ˆRGbfvi CERN ‰ KvR Kivi mgq wUg evbvÆm-Æ jx meÆcÉ^g HTML AvweÓ•vi KGib| 1995
mvGj HTML 2.0, 1997 mvGji Rvbyqvwi gvGm HTML 3.2 ‰es ‰KB mvGji wWGmÁ¼i gvGm HTML 4 fvmÆb

evRvGi AvGm| HTML-‰i meÆGkl fvmÆb nGœQ HTML 5|
HTML-‰i myweav:

 ‰wU ‰KwU BDRvi ˆdÌ´£wj IGcb ˆUKGbvjwR

 meÆeÅvwc eÅenvi

 AwaKvsk eËvDRvi mvGcvUÆ KGi

 eÅenvi mnR ‰es wmbGUÝ mnR ZvB HTML ˆkLv mnR

 DBG´£vGRi mvG^ wWdΟ ^vGK ZvB Avjv`vfvGe wKbGZ nq bv

 ˆhGKvGbv ˆUÝU ‰wWUGi ˆKvW ˆjLv hvq

 ˆcGRi mvBR Kg nIqvGZ ˆnvwÕ¡s ˆÕ·m Kg jvGM ZvB ‰wU gƒjÅ mvkÉqx|

HTML-‰i Amyweav: wPò: wUg evbÆvm-Æ jx
 ÷aygvò Õ¡ÅvwUK IGqeGcR ˆWGfjc Kiv hvq WvBbvwgK IGqeGcR Kiv hvq bv

 mvaviY IGqeGcR ŠZwi KiGZI AGbK ˆKvW wjLGZ nq

 wbivcîv eÅeÕ©v fvGjv bq

 IGqeGcR ŠZwii RbÅ AGbK ˆKvW wjLGZ nq ZvicGiI RwUjZvi m†wÓ¡ nq|

HTML ‰wjGg´Ÿ Tag I wmbGUÝ cwiwPwZ (Introducing to HTML Tag & HTML Syntax)
‰BPwU‰g‰j fvlvq eÅen†Z UÅvMGKB gƒjZ ‰BPwU‰g‰j UÅvM (HTML Tags) eGj| UÅvM (Tag) ˆhGKvGbv
wbG`ÆkGK mwy bw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`q| UÅvMàGjv nGjv wKIqvWÆ| Tag wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv wbG`ÆGki mvsGKwZK wPn× wnGmGe
eGm| `ywU ‰Gãj < > eËvGKGUi gvGS AewÕ©Z ‰K ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ Dcv`vb (Element) wbGq ‰BPwU‰g‰j UÅvM
(HTML Tag) MwVZ| ‰B UÅvMàGjv nGœQ ‰BPwU‰g‰j (HTML) ‰i wKQy Symbols ev Unit Mark up hv
«¼viv IGqe WKzGg´Ÿ-‰i wewf®² aiGbi digÅvU ‰es wjsK mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK|
ˆhGKvGbv fvlvq ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbvi ˆÞGò eÅen†Z KxIqvWÆ àGjv ˆjLvi wKQz wbqgbxwZ AvGQ, hv ˆgGb ˆcÉvMÉvg iPbv

KiGZ nq| ‰B me wbqgbxwZGKB wmbGUÝ eGj|

Tag ‰i Syntax nGœQ
less than sign + keyword + greater than sign A^Ævr <keyword>

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 249

HTML-‰ cÉwZwU UÅvM ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ A^Æ enb KGi| cÉwZwU UÅvM Zvi wbRÕ¼ bvg AbymiY KGi ˆKŒwYK (< >)

eËvGKU ÷iy ev IGcb KiGZ nq ‰es ‰GK ÷iy UÅvM ev IGcwbs UÅvM eGj|

IGcb nIqv UÅvM ˆKŒwYK (< >) eËvGKU AbymiY KGi UÅvGMi ˆkGl (</ >) w`Gq UÅvM ˆkl ev e®¬ KiGZ nq|

‰GK ˆkl UÅvM eGj| jÞYxq ˆh UÅvM ˆkl KiGZ ‘/ ’ wPn× eÅen†Z nq|

ˆhgb : <HTML> ...... </HTML>

HTML ‰ Element àGjv Case Independent A^Ævr Tag ˆjLvi mgq eo nvGZi AÞi (Upper case) A^ev

ˆQvU nvGZi AÞi (Lower case) A^ev DfGqi wgkÉYI eÅenvi Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ZGe Iqv룮 IqvBW IGqe

KbGmvwUÆqvg (W3C) ‰i civgkÆ nGjv HTML ‰i RbÅ ˆQvU nvGZi AÞi eÅenvi Kiv|

HTML Element (Dcv`vb): Õ¡vUÆ UÅvM ˆ^GK ÷iy KGi B´£ UÅvM chƯ¦ mKj wKQyGK HTML Element

(Dcv`vb) eGj| Avi Õ¡vUÆ I B´£ UÅvGMi gaÅeZÆx mewKQyB nGjv KbGU´Ÿ ‰wjGg´Ÿ|

ˆhgb: Opening Tag Attribute Value Closing Tag

<P align= “left”> This is HTML Class </P>

Element content

Element

mZy ivs ejv hvq ‰wjGg´Ÿm gƒj wZbwU Ask wbGq MwVZ| h^v: Õ¡vUÆ UÅvM, ‰wjGgG´Ÿm ‰i aviYK‡Z Ask (KbGU´Ÿ
‰wjGg´Ÿ) ‰es B´£ UÅvM|
AÅvwUÇweDU (Attribute): AÅvwUÇweDU nGœQ ˆKvGbv wKQyi ŠewkÓ¡Å wbaÆviK wbG`Æk| AÅvwUÇweDU àGjv HTML
‰wjGg´ŸmgƒGni evowZ wKQy Z^Å cÉ`vb KGi| AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv me mgq Õ¡vUÆ UÅvGM wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`qv ^vGK|
AÅvwUÇweDGUi `ywU Ask ^vGK| h^v-

 Attribute Name
 Attribute Value
AÅvwUÇweDU fÅvjyGK me mgGqB D«¬w‡ Z wPGn×i gGaÅ Ave«¬ ivLv DwPZ| ‰KB UÅvGM ‰KvwaK AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi
Kiv hvq|
‰BPwU‰g‰j (HTML)- ‰ `y’aiGbi Tag eÅen†Z nq|
h^v@ 1. Empty Tag ‰es 2. Container Tag.
dvuKv ev ‰Á·wU UÅvM (Empty tag): ˆh mgÕ¦ UÅvGMi IGcwbs ev ÷iy UÅvM AvGQ wK¯§ ˆKÑvwRs ev ˆkl UÅvM ˆbB
ZvGK duvKv ev ‰Á·wU UÅvM eGj| WKzGg´Ÿ diGgwUs ‰i RbÅ Empty tag ‰i eÅenvi nq| ˆhgb: <Br>,
<Hr>| jvBGbi gvGS ˆeËK ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ <br> ‰es nivBR´Ÿvj jvBb ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ <hr> eÅenvi Kiv nq| ZGe
HTML-‰i D®²Z msÕ•iGY mKj ‰wjGg´ŸGK AekÅB End UÅvM w`GZ nq| ZvB mew`K wP¯¦v KGi ‰Á·wU
‰wjGgG´Ÿi ˆÞGò Start UÅvGM <br/>, <hr/> ‰i gGZv ‰KwU ÕÏÅvk hyÚ KGi w`Gq ‰wjGg´ŸGK e®¬ KGi ˆ`IqvUvB
mwVK Dcvq|
aviK ev KbGUBbvi (Container Tag) UÅvM: ˆh mgÕ¦ UÅvGMi IGcwbs ev ÷iy, UÅvGMi welqeÕ§ I ˆKÑvwRs ev
ˆkl UÅvM ^vGK ZvGK KbGUBbvi UÅvM eGj| container tag WKzGg´Ÿ ˆUÝGUi Formatting ev construction
wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi|
ˆhgb: <HTML> ... </HTML>|
ˆewki fvM container tag-B Avevi AbÅvbÅ Container Tag ev Empty tag ˆK aviY KiGZ cvGi|
KvhÆKvwiZv e†w«¬i RbÅ ‰BPwU‰g‰j(HTML) ‰i AGbK Element-B AwZwiÚ cÅvivwgUvi (additional

250 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

parameter) ev AvMÆyGg´Ÿm (Arguments) eÅenvi KGi| hw`I End UÅvM w`GZ fzj nGj AwaKvsk IGqe
eËvDRviB HTML ˆK mwVKfvGeB cÉ`kÆb KGi| ZGe AGbK mgqB End UÅvM w`GZ fzj nevi KviGY
AbvKvw›LZ djvdj AvmGZ cvGi| ZvB End UÅvM ev` ˆ`Iqv ˆgvGUI mgw^ÆZ bq|

HTML bKkv I KvVvGgv ˆj-AvDU (HTML Syntax and Layout)

‰evGi Avgiv HTML ‰i Õ¡ÈvKPvi wbGq AvGjvPbv Kie| HTML «¼viv wjwLZ WKzGg´ŸwU ‰KwU ˆµÏBb ˆUÝU,

hv `ywU wRwbm aviY KGi|

1. Document Text 2. HTML Tag

Document Text nGœQ Topics ‰i Content hv HTML ‰i UÅvM «¼viv aviYK‡Z AeÕ©vq ^vGK| HTML

Tag àGjv WKzGgG´Ÿi Dcv`vb (Element), MVb (Structure) ‰es diGgwUs (Formatting) ‰es AbÅ

WKzGgG´Ÿi mvG^ nvBcvi ˆUÝU wjsK wbG`Æk KGi|

HTML WKzGgG´Ÿi Õ¡ÈvKPvi (Structure) `ywU Ask wbGq MGo IGV|

1. Head section 2. Body section

mÁ·ƒYÆ WKzGg´ŸwU nGœQ HTML hv <HTML> </HTML> UÅvGMi Afů¦Gi AeÕ©vb KGi| A^Ævr ‰B

<HTML>..............</HTML> UÅvM `ywUi Afů¦GiB Head ‰es Body section ‰i AeÕ©vb <Head>

UÅvGMi cGiB ÷iy nq Head section| Head section ‰i UÅvM <Head>..........</Head> hv WKzGgG´Ÿi

Title I WKzGg´Ÿ mÁ·wKÆZ AbÅvbÅ Z^Å, WKzGg´Ÿ UvBc, Meta Name ˆhgb@ mvPÆ BwéGbi RbÅ Kx IqvWÆ

wbaÆviY Kiv nq|

Head section ‰i mgvwµ¦i gaÅ w`Gq Body <HTML>
section ‰i hvòv ÷iy| Body section ‰i <Head>

UÅvM <Body>.......</Body> hv WKzGg´Ÿ <Title> Head Section

welqeÕ§ (Topics) `†kÅgvb ev cÉ`kÆGbi </Title> H

DcGhvMx KGi aviY KGi ‰es ‰B AsGkB </Head> T
ˆUÝU diGgwUsmn wewf®² WKzGgG´Ÿi gGaÅ <Body> M
nvBcviwjsK Õ©vcGbi KvRwU Kiv nq| L
meGkGl </HTML> UÅvGMi gvaÅGg HTML
Body Section

WKzGg´Ÿ ˆkl nq| ‰ZÞY Avgiv eYÆbvi </Body>

gvaÅGg HTML ‰i Õ¡ÈvKPvi AvGjvPbv </HTML> wPò: HTML dvBGji Õ¡ÈvKPvi
KGiwQ| ‰evi Avgiv ‰K bRGi HTML

Õ¡ÈvKPvi ˆ`wL|

‰BPwU‰g‰j ˆcR ˆjAvDU

IGqemvBGU wewf®² Dcv`vb ^vGK| ˆhgb UvBGUj, ˆnwWs, cÉavb
KG´Ÿ´Ÿ (ˆcUÝU, BGgR, wjsK BZÅvw`), dzUvi BZÅvw` ˆKvbwU
ˆKv^vq, KxfvGe Õ©vwcZ nGe Zvi cwiK͸bv ev QKGK ˆjAvDU
eGj| ˆjAvDU nGjv ‰KwU ˆcGRi cÉavb KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ‰wiqvi Õ¡ÈvKPvi
ev AeKvVvGgv| mÁ·ƒYÆ IGqemvBUwU ‰KwU wWRvBb nGZ cvGi
wK¯§ cÉGZÅKwU Avjv`v ˆcGRi ˆjAvDU wf®² nGZ cvGi|
IGqemvBU ŠZwii cƒGeÆ ‰i ˆjAvDU ŠZwi KGi wbGj KvGRi mwy eav
nq|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 251

ˆnW ˆmKkb ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Head Section Elements):

‰B AsGk WKzGgG´Ÿ mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å ˆhgb WKzGgG´Ÿi UvBGUj, welq eÕ§, WKzGgG´Ÿ eÅen†Z wm‰m‰m (Õ¡vBjwkU)

ev wÕ˜¶Ÿ BZÅvw`| ‰B AsGk ˆh UÅvMàGjv gƒjZ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆmàGjv wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv|

HTML WKzGgG´Ÿ Head Section ‰i wKQy Element

‰wjGg´Ÿ ‰wjGg´Ÿ UvBc eYÆbv

Title Container gƒjZ IGqemvBGUi welqeÕ§i mvG^ msMwZ ˆiGL ‰KwU mswÞµ¦ UvBGUj ‰B

UÅvGMi gvGS ˆjLv nq| UvBGUj ˆ`qvi mgq `ywU wRwbm gGb ivLGZ nq| (1)

UvBGUj UÅvGM kõ msLÅv 40 ˆ^GK 80 nIqv evçYxq (2) UvBGUj UÅvGMi

gvGS AbÅ ˆKvGbv UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv hvq bv|

META Container ‰B UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv nq WKzGg´Ÿ mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å mw®G² ek Kivi RbÅ| ˆhgb-

IGqeGcRwU ˆK ŠZwi KGiGQ Zvi cwiPq, IGqemvBGUi welqeÕ§ BZÅvw`|

Link Empty ‰KwU WKzGgG´Ÿi mvG^ ‰ÝUvibvj AbÅ ˆKvGbv dvBGji (Õ¡vBjwkU ev wÕ˜¶Ÿ)

msGhvM ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ ‰B UÅvM eÅen†Z nq|

Base Empty ‰KwU IGqemvBGUi mgÕ¦ wjsKGK ‰KwU IGqeGcGRi wWdΟ wjsGKi mvGcGÞ

eÅenvGii RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nq ˆeR UÅvM|

Style Container WKzGgG´Ÿ wm‰m‰m Õ¡vBjwkU hyÚ Kiv nq| ‰B UÅvGMi mvG^ Type bvGg
‰KwU AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi Kiv nq|

Script Container hv wÕ˜w¶Ÿs jÅvsàGqR «¼viv wjwLZ Command àGjvGK aviY Kivi RbÅ eÅen†Z

nq|

ewW ˆmKkb ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Body Section Elements): ˆnW (Head) ˆmKkGbi mgvwµ¦i ciciB A^Ævr closing

</Head> cGiB ewW ˆmKkb (Body section) ‰wjGg´Ÿ ‰i hvòv ÷i‚| ˆhGnZz ewW ‰wjGg´Ÿ ‰KwU KbGUBbvi

UÅvM ˆmGnZz ‰i ÷i‚ nq <Body> ‰es ˆkl nq </Body> w`Gq| ÷iy ‰es ˆkl ewW UÅvM ‰i Afů¦Gi mgÕ¦

Text wUGKB eËvDRvi ˆ`wLGq ^vGK| A^Ævr ewW UÅvM WKzGgG´Ÿi mgÕ¦ ˆUÝUGKB aviY KGi|
ˆUÝUGK diGgU Kivi RbÅ ewW UÅvM ‰i Afů¦Gi AbÅvbÅ UÅvMI eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi| ewW ˆmKkGb `y’aiGbi

HTML ‰wjGg´Ÿ eÅenZ† nq| h^v-

1. eÐK ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Block level elements)
2. ˆUÝU ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Text level element)

ˆUÝU ‰i AvPiY wewa wbq¯¨Y A^ev ˆUÝU w`Gq ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ KvR KivGbvi RbÅ eÐK ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z

nq| ˆhgb- dgÆ, IGqeGcR wjLGbi RbÅ Address, Table BZÅvw`|
AbÅw`GK wjsK ŠZwi Kiv, BGgR BbmvUÆ, Text ˆK mvRvGbv BZÅvw`i KviGY ˆUÝU ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ eÅen†Z nq|

DfGqi gGaÅ gƒj cv^ÆKÅ Zv nGjv eÐK ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ w`Gq jvBb ˆeËK Kiv hvq wK¯§ ˆUÝU ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ w`Gq

‰Uv mÁ¿e bq|

eÐK ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Block level elements) ‰i D`vniY:

<P>....</P> cÅvivMÉvd

<Center> ˆm´Ÿvi

<FORM>...</FORM> dgÆ

<PRE>....</PRE> wcÉwWdvBb UÅvM

ˆUÝU ˆjGej ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Text level element) ‰i D`vniY:
<B>..................</B> ˆevΣ

<BR/> jvBb ˆeËK

<IMG SRC= URL”> BGgR

252 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

<body> UÅvGMi mvG^ ˆgvU QqwU AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcRGK AvKlÆbxq KGi ˆZvjv nq| ‰àGjv nGjv:

bgcolor: ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcGRi eÅvKMÉvDG´£i is cwieZÆb Kiv hvq|

background: ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcGRi eÅvKMÉvDG´£ BGgR eÅenvi Kiv nq|

text: ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcGRi mKj ˆUÝGUi is wbaviY Kiv nq|

link: ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcGRi hveZxq nvBcviGUÝU wjsK ‰i is wbaÆviY Kiv nq|

vlink: ˆh nvBcviGUÝ wjsK wfwRU Kiv nGqGQ Zvi is wbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi Kiv nq|

alink: eZÆgvGb ˆh wjsK ‰i Dci KvmÆi Õ©vcb Kiv nGqGQ Zvi is wbaÆviY Kiv nq ‰B AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi

KGi|

ewW ˆmKkGb wewf®² UÅvM eÅenvi KGiI KbGU´ŸGK cÉ`kÆb I ZvG`i m±y `i KGi mvRvGbv nq| ‰ ˆmKkGb eÅen†Z

wKQy UÅvM wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv|

HTML WKzGgG´Ÿ Body Section ‰i wKQy Element

‰wjGg´Ÿ ‰wjGg´Ÿ UvBc eYÆbv

A Container wjsK Õ©vcGbi RbÅ AÅvsKi UÅvM wbG`Æk KGi|

B Container ˆUÝUGK ˆevΣ KGi|

Block quote Container cÅvGmR ˆKvGUW KGi|

BR Empty jvBb ˆeËK KGi|

DD Empty ˆWwdwbkb ˆWkwKÌckb-‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

DL Container ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡-‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

DT Empty ˆWwdwbkb UvgÆ-‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

EM Container ˆUÝUGK ‰Á¹vmvBRW KGi ˆ`Lvq|

H1 to H6 Container ˆnWvi 1 ˆ^GK 6 ˆK eYÆbv KGi|

HR Empty nivBR´Ÿvj i‚j wbaÆviY KGi|

I Container ˆUÝUGK BUvwjK A^Ævr euvKv KGi|

IMG Empty BGgR UÅvGMi RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

LI Empty wjÕ¡ AvBGUg

OL Container AWÆvi wjÕ¡ ‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

PRE Container IqvWÆ cÉGmmGi ˆhfvGe ˆUÝU jvBb ˆfGO ˆfGO mvwRGq

wjwL ˆmfvGe ˆKvGW wjLGj ‰B UÅvMwU Abyi…cfvGeB

cÉ`kÆb KGi|

Strong Container ˆUÝUGK Õ¡Ès KGi ˆ`Lvq|

UL Container AvbAWÆviW wjÕ¡ ‰i RbÅ eÅen†Z nq|

U Container ˆUÝU Av´£vijvBb KGi|

HTML w`Gq eÅenvwiK KvR (Practical works with HTML)
BwZgGaÅ Internet, IGqeGcBR I Web design ‰es HTML-‰i wewf®² Tag mÁ·GKÆ ˆRGbwQ| ‰evGi Avgiv KvR
÷i‚ Kie| Zvi AvGM Avgiv ˆRGb wbB, HTML-‰ KvR Kivi RbÅ AvgvG`i Kx Kx cÉGqvRb|

 cÉ^gZ, ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU Text ‰wWUi|
 w«¼ZxqZ, wjwLZ IGqeGcBRwUi output ˆ`Lvi RbÅ ‰KwU eËvDRvi|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 253

‰LvGb ˆUÝU ‰wWUi wnGmGe Avgiv ˆbvUcÅvW

(Notepad) ‰es eËvDRvi wnGmGe Internet Explorer ˆnW ˆmKkb ‰wjGg´Ÿm-‰i meàGjvB
eÅenvi Kie| wK¯§ cÉk² nGœQ ˆKb Avgiv ˆbvUcÅvW
(Notepad) ‰es eËvDRvi wnGmGe Internet Explorer wK eËvDRvGi ˆ`Lvq?
eÅenvi Kie? ˆhGnZz ˆbvUcÅvW I B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivGii
DBG´£vGRi mvG^ weΟBb AeÕ©vq ^vGK ZvB Text ‰wWUi IGqe wfDqviG`i KvGQ ˆKejgvò Head section
‰es eËvDRvGii RbÅ Avjv`v ˆKvGbv mdUIqÅvi BbÕ¡j ‰i Title element-‰i gvb cÉ`wkÆZ nq| ZvB
Kiv jvMGe bv| ‰LvGb ÷aygvò Avgiv Title ‰wjGg´Ÿ wbGq
AvGjvPbv Kie|

Title Element-‰i eÅenvi: Title ‰wjGg´Ÿ nGœQ WKzGgG´Ÿi bvg| WKzGgG´Ÿi bvg ev Title AekÅB

<Title>.........</Title> UÅvM-‰i Afů¦Gi nGZ nGe| WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆKejgvò ‰KwU Title-B nGZ cvGi ‰es

Title ˆKejgvò plain text-ˆKB aviY KGi| Avgiv IGqeGcBGR hv DcÕ©vcb KGiwQ Zv ˆhb ˆcBGRi Title

ˆ`GLB ˆevSv hvq| ‰evGi Avgiv PGj hvB ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆKvW ˆjLvi RbÅ ˆbvUcÅvW ‰wWUGi|

ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg Pvjy :
1. Start-‰i Ici wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
2. Programmes /All programs-‰i Ici wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
3. Accessories-‰i Ici wKÑK KiGZ nGe|
4. Notepad-‰i Ici wKÑK KiGZ nGe|

ZvnGj wPò-1 ‰i gGZv ˆbvUcÅvW (Notepad) ‰wWUi cve|
‰Lb, Avgiv ˆKvW UvBc Kwi|

<html> wPò: UvBGUj ‰i eÅenvi
<head>
<title> Test Program </title>
</head>
<body>
</body>

</html>

dvBj msiÞY :

1. File menu ˆZ wKÑK KGi Save / Save As-‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi| ZvnGj Save as WvqvjM eÝ AvmGe|
2. File Name-‰i Text eGÝ ˆhGKvGbv bvg UvBc Kwi ‰es bvGgi ˆkGl .htm ev .html wjwL|
3. Save as type-‰i drop down list nGZ All files wmGjÙ (select) Kwi|
4. AeGkGl Save-‰i Ici wKÑK Kwi|

djvdj : ‰KUz AvGM ˆh dvBjwU ˆmf KGiwQ ˆmwU ˆhGKvGbv IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi| Avgiv ‰LvGb
Internet Explorer-‰ IGcb Kwi| ZvnGj wPGòi gGZv ˆcRwU cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|

ˆnwWs ‰wjGg´Ÿ (Heading Element)

‰BPwU‰g‰j(HTML)-‰ Heading ˆUÝU WKzGgG´Ÿ eÅen†Z ˆUÝU-‰i AvDUjvBb mieivn KGi A^Ævr
ˆUÝUGK wewf®² ˆmKkGb fvM KGi| Heading ‰wjGg´Ÿ nGœQ KbGUBbvi, HTML WKzGgG´Ÿ AekÅB ‰i ÷iy
‰es ˆkl UÅvM ^vKGZ nGe|

254 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

ˆnwWsàGjv <hl> ˆ^GK <h6> UÅvM «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq|
<h1> UÅvM eÅenvi KiGj meGPGq eo ˆnwWs cÉ`wkÆZ nq| Avi
<h6> UÅvM eÅenvi KiGj meGPGq ˆQvU ˆnwWs cÉ`wkÆZ nq|
<h1> ˆ^GK <h6> ‰i gGaÅ ^vKv UÅvMàGjv eÅenvi KGi
ˆnwWsGK KÌgv¯¼Gq eo ˆ^GK ˆQvU AvKvGi cÉ`kÆb KivGbv hvq|

‰evGi Avgiv AvGMi ˆcÉvMÉvGg ˆnwWs-‰i eÅenvi ˆ`wL|

<html>

<head>

<title> Test Program </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> This is heading1</h1> <br/>

<h2> This is heading1</h2> <br/> wPò: ˆnwWs-‰i eÅenvi
<h3> This is heading1</h3> <br/>

<h4> This is heading1</h4> <br/>

<h5> This is heading1</h5> <br/>

<h6> This is heading1</h6>

</body>

</html>

dvBjwU ˆmf Kwi ‰es B´ŸviGbU ‰ÝGµÏvivGi ivb KiGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU cve| jÞÅ Kwi ‰GKK

UÅvGMi gGaÅ ^vKv ˆnwWsàGjv ‰GKK mvBGR c`É wkÆZ nGœQ|

‰evi KGqKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ UÅvM mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv KGi Avgiv cÅvivMÉvd-‰i eÅenvi ˆ`Le|

‰BPwU‰g‰j (HTML) KGg´Ÿm : ‰BPwU‰g‰j (HTML) ˆKvWGK AviI ˆewk cVbGhvMÅ I ˆevSvi mwy eavi

RbÅ ˆKvGWi ˆfZi KGg´Ÿ mshyÚ Kiv nq| ‰B KGg´ŸàGjv IGqe eËvDRvi «¼viv AMÉvnÅ nq ‰es ˆmàGjv

cÉK‡ZcGÞ eËvDRvGi cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv| KGg´Ÿ ˆjLvi wmbUÅvÝ :

<!......................comments........................>

cÅvivMÉvd-‰i eÅenvi ‰es KgÆc«¬wZ

aGiv ˆZvgvGK ejv nGjv Daily Life mÁ·GKÆ ‰KwU Essay ˆjL| ZvnGj ˆjLvi mgq iPbvi ˆmŒ±`hÆÅ e†w«¬ I
ˆevSvi mwy eavi RbÅ ˆZvgvGK Essay wU KGqKwU fvGM fvM KGi wbGZ nGe A^Ævr cÅvivMÉvGdi eÅenvi KiGZ
nGe| IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ˆhGnZz ˆUÝU ˆmGnZz ‰GÞGòI IGqGe DcÕ©vwcZ WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆmŒ±`hÆÅ e†w«¬i jGÞ mgÕ¦
WKzGg´ŸGK wewf®² cÅvivMÉvGd mvwRGq wjLGZ nGe| KvMGR ˆjLvi ˆÞGò ‰ welqwU LyeB mnR wK¯§ IGqGe
HTML ‰i ˆÞGò WKzGg´ŸGK jvBb ev cÅvivMÉvGd wefwÚKiY wKQyUv RwUj|
ˆUÝU ‰wWUGi ˆjLvi mgq ˆhfvGe mvwRGq wjLGe ˆmfvGe wWmGµÏ KiGe bv| eËvDRvi HTML-‰ wjwLZ
WKzGg´ŸGK wWmGµÏ Kivi RbÅ ˆKejgvò wewf®² UÅvM AbymiY KGi A^Ævr wewf®² UÅvGMi wewf®² A^Æ aGi wbGq ˆm
Abyhvqx Zv B´ŸviGcÉU KGi| mZy ivs ˆUÝU ‰wWUGi ‰KwU UÅvGMi gGaÅ hZ cÅvivMÉvd KGiB mvwRGq ˆjL bv ˆKb

wWmGµÏ Kivi mgq eËvDRvi cÅvivMÉvd ev Line break ‰i RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ Tag-wU bv ˆcGj ˆZvgvi KwÁ·DUvGi
‰GjvGgGjvfvGe Zv cÉ`kÆb KiGe| cÅvivMÉvdGK <p>...............</p> UÅvM «¼viv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv nGq ^vGK ‰es
line break ‰i RbÅ <br/> UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK| nwiR´Ÿvj i‚j <hr/> ‰i KviGY ‰KwU jvBb nGe|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 255

‰evi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjwL ‰es cÅvivMÉvd ‰wjGgG´Ÿi wKQy wWdΟ AvPiY mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nB| ‰RbÅ wbGPi

c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi@

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj|

2. ZvGZ wbGPi gGZv ˆKvWàGjv wjwL|

<html>

<body>

<p>

This paragraph

contains a lot of lines

in the source code,

but the browser ignores it.

</p> <hr/>

<p>

This paragraph

contains a lot of spaces wPò: cÅvivMÉvd-‰i eÅenvi
in the source code, but the browser ignores it.

</p> <hr/>

<p> <hr/> UÅvGMi AÅvwUÇweDUt
The number of lines in a paragraph depends on the size of align= “ Left/center/right ”
your browser window. If you resize the browser window, the width= “ Length ”
number of lines in this paragraph will change.
size= “ Thickness ”
</p> <hr/>
color= “ colorname ”

<p>This is<br />a para<br/> graph with line

breaks</p>

</body>

</html>
3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK Save Kwi|
4. ‰evi fvGjv KGi jÞ Kwi, cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq cÅvivi ˆjLvGK <p>-‰i wWdΟ eÅenvi Kx?
<p>-‰i wWdΟ eÅenvi nGjv ˆhGKvGbv
ˆfGO KGqKwU KGi jvBb Kiv nGqGQ| w«¼Zxq cÅvivi wKQy bvÁ¼vi jvBb ‰KwU ˆÕ·m wnGmGe ˆMvbv nGq

wKQy kGõi cGi ˆek wKQy ˆÕ·m ivLv nGqGQ| ‰Qvov ^vGK ‰es ˆhGKvGbv msLÅK ˆÕ·m ‰KwU
Z‡Zxq cÅviv ‰KB jvBGb ˆjLv nGqGQ| ‰evi djvdj ˆÕ·m wnGmGe ˆMvbv nGq ^vGK|
ˆ`wL|

5. IGqe eËvDRvGi ‰KUz AvGM ˆmf Kiv dvBjwU Lywj| DcGii wPGòi gGZv djvdj ˆ`LGZ cve| djvdj

jÞ Kwi hZ m±y `i KGi ˆUÝwUGK ˆKvGWi gGaÅ digÅvwUs KGiwQ AvDUcyGU Zv cÉ`wkÆZ nGœQ bv|

cÅvivMÉvGdi ˆfZi ˆfGO ˆ`Iqv ˆjLvàGjv ‰K jvBGb cÉ`wkÆZ nGœQ| 4^Æ cÅvivMÉvd ‰K jvBGb cÉ`wkÆZ

nGœQ bv| ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ÷ay <p>....................</p> UÅvM eÅenvi KiGj ˆcRwU cÉ`kÆGbi mgq

eËvDRvi evowZ ˆÕ·m I jvBbàGjv mwiGq ˆdjGe|

6. cÉGZÅKwU cÅvivMvÉ d jvBb w`Gq Avjv`v Kiv nGqGQ| ‰B jvBbwUGK nivBR´Ÿvj i‚j <hr/> ‰i KviGY

nGqGQ|

KvR: 1. cÉGZÅK UvBGUj, ˆnwWs I cÅvivMÉvd ‰wjGg´Ÿ w`Gq ‰KwU KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL ˆ`LvI|
2. UvBGUj, ˆnwWs , cÅvivMÉvd , <br/> I <hr/> ‰wjGg´Ÿ w`Gq ‰KwU KGi ˆcÉvMÉvg wjGL ˆ`LvI|

256 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-10, 11, 12 I 13

HTML digÅvwUs (HTML Formatting)

ˆKvGbv wKQy ŠZwi Kivi ci ZvGK wewf®²fvGe ŠewkÓ¡Å gw´£Z KivGKB diGgwUs ejv nq| diGgwUs nGjv ˆUÝGK

mwVK AvK‡wZ cÉ`vb KGi m±y `ifvGe DcÕ©vcb KGi IGqeGcBGR dzwUGq ˆZvjvi c«¬wZ| Avi HTML-‰
diGgwUs ‰i KvGR ˆh mKj UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv nq ZvGK diGgwUs UÅvM eGj| WKzGg´ŸGK gGbvigfvGe IGqGe

DcÕ©vcb Kivi RbÅ ‰i ˆUÝUGK digÅvU Kivi cÉGqvRb nq| ˆUÝU digÅvU ejGZ mvaviYZ AÞi digÅvU I

cÅvivMÉvd digÅvUGK ˆevSvq| AÞi digÅvGUi gGaÅ ^vGK mvaviYZ AÞi ˆKgb nGe ˆQvU bv eo, AÞi euvKv

bv ˆgvUv, AÞGii wbGP Av´£vijvBb nGe wK bv ‰es AÞGii Kvjvi ˆKgb nGe BZÅvw`| cÅvivMÉvd digÅvGUi

gGaÅ ^vKGQ cÅvivMÉvGdi cÉ^g AÞi ˆKgb nGe? AbÅG`i Zzjbvq eo bv mgvb? jvBb ˆKv^v ˆ^GK ÷iy nGe?

jvBGbi webÅvm ˆKgb nGe BZÅvw`|

HTML-‰ ‰B KvRàGjv Kivi RbÅ wbw`ÆÓ¡ wKQy UÅvM AvGQ| ‰ UÅvMàGjvGK digÅvwUs UÅvM eGj| digÅvwUs
UÅvMàGjvi eYÆbv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv|

UÅvM eYÆbv

<b>..................</b> ˆUÝUGK ˆgvUv ev ˆevΣ KGi|

<big>...............</big> ˆUÝUGK eo KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<em>................ </em> ˆUÝUGK BÁ¹vmvBRW KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<i>...................</i> ˆUÝUGK euvKv/BUvwjK KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<small>...........</small> ˆUÝUGK ˆQvU KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<strong>..........</strong> ˆUÝUGK Õ¡Ès KGi ˆ`Lvq|

_{...............} mvewÕ˜¶Ÿ ˆUÝU ˆ`LvGZ eÅen†Z nq|

^{...............} ˆUÝUGK mycviwÕ˜¶Ÿ KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<ins>................</ins> BbmvUÆK‡Z ˆUÝUGK Av´£vijvBb KGi ˆ`Lvq|

<del>.................</del> ˆUÝGUi gvSLvGb `vM ˆUGb ˆmwU wWwjU Kiv nGqGQ ˆevSvGZ eÅen†Z

nq|

<pre>................</pre> IqvWÆ cÉGmmGi ˆhfvGe ˆUÝU jvBb ˆfGO ˆfGO mvwRGq wjwL ˆmfvGe

ˆKvGW wjLGj ‰B UÅvMwU Abyi…cfvGeB cÉ`kÆb KGi|

<strike> ...........</strike> ˆUÝGUi gvSLvGb `vM ˆUGb ˆ`q|

<s> ................</s> ˆUÝGUi gvSLvGb `vM ˆUGb ˆ`q|

<u>.....................</u> ˆUÝUGK Av´£vijvBb KGi ˆ`Lvq|

Avgiv wKQy ˆUÝU digÅvwUs UÅvM mÁ·GKÆ ˆRGbwQ| ‰evi Avgiv

HTML-‰ KxfvGe ˆUÝU digÅvwUs Kiv hvq Zv D`vniGYi gvaÅGg
ˆ`Le| ‰RbÅ wbGÁ²i gGZv ˆÕ¡càGjv MÉnY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 257

2. wbGPi gGZv KGi ˆKvWàGjv wjwL|

<html>

<body>

<p> This is normal text </p>

<p> <small> This is small text </small> </p>

<p> <big> This is big text </big> </p>

<p> <b> This is bold text </b> </p>

<p> <strong> This is strong text </strong> </p>

<p> <u> This is underline text </u> </p>

<p> <ins> This is inserted text </ins> </p>

<p> <i> This is Italic Text </i> </p>

<p> <em> This is emphasized Text </em> </p>

<p> <del> This is deleteted Text </del> </p>

<p> <s> This is strike Text </s> </p>

<p> <strike> This is strike Text </strike> </p>

<p> This is _subscript text</p>

<p> This is ^superscript text <p>

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258 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

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IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 259

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260 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

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IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 261

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262 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

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align top, middle,bottom marquee’i ˆUÝUwU emGe|

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IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 263

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264 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

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type = "A" nGj AvDUcyU nGe A, B, C type = "disc" nGj AvDUcUy nGe ●

type = "a" nGj AvDUcyU nGe a, b, c type = "circle" nGj AvDUcUy nGe O
type = "I" nGj AvDUcyU nGe I, II, III type = "square" nGj AvDUcUy nGe ■

type = "i" nGj AvDUcyU nGe i, ii, iii

‰evi Avgiv ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvg wjwL| ˆcÉvMÉvg ˆjLvi RbÅ wbÁ²wjwLZ c`GÞcàGjv AbymiY Kwi|
1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU IGcb Kwi|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 265
wPò: Order wjÕ¡-‰i eÅenvi
2. wbGPi gGZv ˆKvW wjwL|

<html>
<body>
<h4>Numbered list:</h4>

<ol>
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Letters list:</h4>
<ol type="A">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Lowercase letters list:</h4>
<ol type="a">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Roman numbers list:</h4>
<ol type="I">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Lowercase Roman numbers list:</h4>
<ol type="i">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

266 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvi w`Gq AvDUcyU ˆ`wL ZvnGj cvGki wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU
ˆ`Lv hvGe| ‰evGi Avgiv AvbAWÆvi wjÕ¡ w`Gq ˆcÉvMÉvg wjwL

<html>
<body>
<h4>Disc bullets list:</h4>

<ul type="disc">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
<h4>Circle bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
<h4>Square bullets list:</h4>
<ul type="square">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

wPò: unorder wjÕ¡-‰i eÅenvi

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<html>
<body>

<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>

<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea

<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea

<Ol>
<li>China</li>
<li>Africa</li>
</Ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

</body> wPò: Nested list wjÕ¡-‰i eÅenvi
</html>

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 267

ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡ (Definition list)

ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡ nGœQ HTML-‰ eÅen†Z ‰K weGkl aiGbi wjÕ¡ hv ˆ™Ïvmvwi wjÕ¡ bvGgI cwiwPZ| ‰B wjÕ¡

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LyeB KvhÆKix| ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡ `ywU AsGk wefÚ|

1. UvgÆ (Term) hv AvBGUg-‰i welqGK ˆevSvq; 2. UvGgÆi eYÆbv

ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡ ÷i‚ nq <dl> UÅvM Definition list w`Gq| cÉwZwU AvBGUg ÷i‚ nq <dt> UÅvM (definition

term) w`Gq Avi cÉwZwU eYÆbv ÷i‚ nq <dd> UÅvM (definition description) w`Gq| <dd> UÅvGMi gGaÅ

cÅvivMÉvd, jvBb ˆeËK, BGgR, wjsK ‰es AbÅvbÅ wjÕ¡mgƒn emvGbv hvq|

‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, <DD> ‰es <DT> DfGqB Empty UÅvM| ‰G`i RbÅ ˆKvGbv Closing UÅvGMi cÉGqvRb nq bv|

wbGPi D`vniYwU jÞ KiGj ‰ mÁ·GKÆ AviI fvGjvfvGe eySGZ cvie| ‰RbÅ wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv AbymiY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj|

2. wbÁ²i…Gc ˆKvW UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<h4> A definition list : </h4>

<dl>

<dt> Rice

<dd> Made from paddy

<dt> Tea

<dd> Black not drink

<dt> Milk

<dd> white cold drink

<dt> Sugar wPò: ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡-‰i eÅenvi
<dd> A cristal like matter that tastes sweet.

<dt> salt

<dd> Taste salty.

<dt> Potato
<dd> A vegetables.

</dl>

</body>
</html>

3. ‰evi dvBjwU ˆhGKvGbv bvGg Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi| ZvnGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv
djvdj ˆ`Lv hvGe|

KvR: 1. ‰gb ‰KwU IGqeGcBR ŠZwi KGiv hvi UvBGUj nGe College Information| ewWGZ ‰KB
2. cÅvivMÉvGd `ywU jvBb ^vKGe hvG`i is I d´Ÿ Kvjvi Avjv`v nGe|
3. wewf®² d´Ÿ mvBR, Kvjvi, wewf®² Õ¡vBj I ‰jvBbGg´Ÿ eÅenvi KGi evwo ˆ^GK ‰KwU
IGqeGcBR ŠZwi KGi AvbGZ nGe|
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kZÆ nGœQ hvG`i 4^Æ welq MwYZ ZvG`i ‰KwU ZvwjKv nGe Avi hvG`i 4^Æ welq Rxeweævb
ZvG`i ‰KwU ZvwjKv nGe|
ˆZvgvi wZbRb e®¬yi bvg ˆjL I ˆWwdwbkb wjÕ¡ eÅenvi KGi ZvG`i eYÆbv w`Gq ‰KwU

IGqeGcBR ŠZwi KGiv|

268 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-14, 15 I 16

nvBcviwjsKm (Hyperlinks)

‰KwU mÁ·ƒYÆ IGqe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb nGœQ ‰KvwaK HTML
WKzGgG´Ÿi mgwÓ¡| Avgiv hLb ˆKvGbv IGqeGcBR IGcb Kwi

ZLb cÉ^Gg AvgvG`i mvgGb ˆh ˆcBRwU AvGm ˆmwU nGjv

ˆnvg ˆcBR| ˆnvg ˆcBGRi wewf®² Õ©vGb wKÑK KiGj AviI

bZzb bZzb ˆcBR AvGm| IGqGe ˆnvg ˆcBRmn cÉwZwU

ˆcBRB ‰K ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ HTML dvBj| A^Ævr cÉwZwU Õ¼Z¯¨
dvBGji mvG^ ˆnvg ˆcBGRi ‰KwU msGhvM ˆ`Iqv AvGQ|

Avi ‰B msGhvMGKB wjsK ev nvBcvi wjsK eGj| IGqGei

fvlvq ejGZ ˆMGj nvBcviwjsK nGjv IGqGei ‰KwU wiGmvGmÆ

AewÕ©Z ˆKvGbv ˆidvGi´Ö (ˆKvGbv wVKvbv)| HTML ˆcBR, wPò: c†w^exi mKj ˆ`Gki gGaÅ ˆmZze®¬b
BGgR, mvD´£ dvBj, gywf BZÅvw` wiGmvmÆGK nvBcviwjsK iPbv KGiGQ nvBcviwjsK

w`Gq wbG`Æk Kiv nq| ˆKvGbv WKzGgG´Ÿi Afů¦Gi

nvBcviwjsGKi mÁ¿veÅGK wbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ AÅvsKi UvgÆwU eÅen†Z nq| nvBcviwjsK ‰es AÅvsKi DfqB wbaÆviY

KiGZ AÅvsKi ‰wjGg´Ÿ <a> eÅen†Z nq| HTML wjsGKi wmbUÅvÝ nGjv:

<a href = "url" > Link Text </a>

‰LvGb gGb ivLv cÉGqvRb@

 wjsK UÅvM ˆUÝU digÅvU-‰i cv^ÆKÅ KGi bv, mZy ivs cÅvivMÉvd UÅvM <p>... </p> ‰i Afů¦Gi wjsK

UÅvM wjLGZ nGe|

wjsKGK Avgiv `ywU fvGM fvM KiGZ cvwi|

 Internal link: Internal link nGœQ ‰gb ‰KwU dvBGji mvG^ wjsK Õ©vcb Kiv hv AvgvG`i wbRÕ¼
IGqemvBGUi Ask A^Ævr wjsK Kiv dvBjmn mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcÉGRG´ŸkbwUB AvgvG`i ŠZwi| ‰KB ˆcBGRi gGaÅ

wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv AsGki mvG^ wjsK KivI B´Ÿvibvj wjsGKi Ask|

 External link: External link nGœQ AvgvG`i IGqemvBGU ˆKvGbv dvBGji mvG^ Internet-‰ AewÕ©Z
AbÅ KviI ŠZwi IGqemvBGUi ev IGqemvBGUi ˆKvGbv AsGki mvG^ msGhvM|

AÅvsKi UÅvGMi href AÅvwUÇweDGU URL eÅen†Z nGqGQ| URL nGœQ ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ cv^ ev wVKvbv| ‰B cv^GK
Avevi `yB fvGM fvM Kiv nGqGQ| h^v-

1. wiGjwUf cv^ (Relative path) : wiGjwUf cvG^ ˆKejgvò URL ‰i mvaviY AskàGjv ^vGK ‰es

‰GÞGò eËvDRvi Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe URL ‰i evwK Ask wPwn×Z KGi ˆbq|

ˆhgb: href = “Address.html”
2. AÅvemjyU cv^ (Absolute path): Absolute path ‰i ˆÞGò wjsGKi RbÅ WKzGg´ŸGK wÕ©i Kiv nq|

WvBGiÙwii Uc ˆjGej nvqvivwKÆ Abyhvqx ‰es wjsKK‡Z dvBj chƯ¦ ˆcuŒQvi RbÅ mgÕ¦ WvBGiÙwii

wbÁ²KÌgvbyhvqx KvR KGi| ˆhgb: href = “C:\Kamal\ATC.html”

nvBcviwjsGKi myweav:

1. nvBcviwjsGK wKÑK KGi ‰KB WKzGgG´Ÿi wf®² ˆcGR A^ev ‰KB WKzGgG´Ÿi wf®² ˆKvGbv AeÕ©vGb

A^ev wf®² ˆKvGbv WKzGgG´Ÿi wf®² ˆKvGbv ˆcGR hvIqv hvq|

2. mÁ·wKÆZ Z^Å `ËyZ cÉ`kÆb KGi Rvbv hvq|

3. eËvDRKvixi mgq evuGP|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 269

nvBcviwjsK UÅvGM ˆh mgÕ¦ AÅvwUÇeDU eÅen†Z nGZ cvGi ˆmàGjv wbÁ²i…c:

AÅvwUÇweDU eYÆbv
href nvBcvi ˆidvGi´Ö
title UzjwUc wnmvGe eÅen†Z nq
target bZzb DBG´£vGZ ˆcR IGcb KiGZ eÅen†Z nq
name eyKgvKÆ ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq

‰ZÞGY Avgiv ˆRGbwQ wjsK, wjsGKi cÉKviGf` ‰es wjsGKi cv^ mÁ·GKÆ| ‰Lb Avgiv ‰G`i eÅenvi

D`vniGYi gvaÅGg ˆ`wL| ‰RbÅ wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg Lywj|

2. wbGÁ²i gGZv ˆKvWàGjv wjwL|

<html>

<head>

<title> our Address </title>

</head>

<body>

<hl> Congratulation!</h1>

<p>

<b> our Address: </b> <br/>

Akkhar-patro publication <br/>

43 shilpacharya Joinul Abedin Sarak <br/>

old 16 Shantinagar, Dhaka-1217

</p>

</body> </html>
3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK Address.html bvGg ˆmf Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvi eËvDR KGi djvdj ˆ`wL| djvdj

wbGPi wPGòi gGZv ˆ`LvGe|

4. Avevi ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg Lywj ‰es wbGPi gGZv ˆKvW UvBc

Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<p>

<a href = "Address.html" > Our Address </a>

</p>

<p>

<a href="http://www.google.com/">This text</a>

is a link to a page on the World Wide Web.

</p>

</body>

</html> wPò: Link-‰i eÅenvi

270 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

5. ‰evi dvBjwUGK test_link.html bvGg
save Kwi| ‰LvGb gGb ivLGZ nGe
Address.html dvBjwU ˆhLvGb save
KGiwQjvg test_link.html dvBjwUI
ˆmLvGb Save KiGZ nGe|

6. IGqe eËvDRvGi AvDUcyU ˆ`wL| cvGki
wPGòi gGZv djvdj ˆ`LvGœQ| Address
‰i Ici KvmiÆ wbGj bxj is ˆ`LvGœQ ‰es
‰LvGb wKÑK KiGj Address.html dvBjwU
LyjGQ| w«¼Zxq wjsKwUGZ wKÑK KiGj wbGPi
ˆcBRwU AvmGe| ZGe KwÁ·DUviwU AekÅB
B´ŸviGbGUi mvG^ KvGbÙ ^vKGZ nGe|

wjsKm-‰i target AÅvwUÇweDU: target AÅvwUÇweDU

eÅenvi KGi wjsKK‡Z ˆcBRwU ˆh Window-ˆZ

cÉ`wkÆZ nGe Zvi bvg wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`Iqv hvq|

A^Ævr wjsK Kiv WKzGg´ŸwU ˆKv^vq IGcb nGe

ˆmwU wbaÆviGY target AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi Kiv

nq| target AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvGii dGj eËvDRvi

‰KwU bZzb Window ŠZwi KGi hv ˆ`GL gGb

nGe ˆh eËvDRvi-‰i Avi ‰KwU Kwc ivb nGœQ|

‰GÞGò AvGMi Window wU bZzb Window wUi

cøvGZ AeÕ©vb KiGe ‰es ˆh ˆcBRwU wjsKGK

aviY KiGQ Zv ZLbI ˆ`Lv hvGe, hw` bv eËvDRvi

mÁ·ƒYÆ ˆcBRwU eÅenvi KGi| Syntax wU nGœQ:

Syntax wU nGœQ: <a href = “http : // .............. " target = “_blank"> visit the any web page </a>

target ‰i RbÅ ˆh me ˆfjyÅ eÅen†Z nq ZvnGjv -

target = “_blank" : bZzb Browser window ˆZ Page ˆLvjv

target = “_self ” : Current window ˆZ Page ˆLvjv

target = “_parent" : Parent frameset ‰ Page ˆLvjv

target = “_top" : me frame cancel KGi, Current Browser window ˆZ Page ˆLvjv

target = “_framename" : DGÍÏwLZ bvGgi ˆdÌgwUGZ ˆLvjv

wjsKm ‰i Name AÅvwUÇweDU: ‰ZÞY ev ‰i AvGM Avgiv wkGLwQ KxfvGe ‰KwU ˆcBGRi mvG^ AbÅ ˆcBGRi

wjsK Õ©vcb Kiv hvq| ‰evi Avgiv wkLe ˆKvGbv WKzGg´Ÿ wjsK eÅenvi KGi H WKzGgG´ŸiB wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvGbv

AsGk RvÁ· KGi PGj hvIqv hvGe| IGqemvBGU Avgiv ‰ aiGbi eü ˆcBR ˆ`GL ^vwK| ˆmàGjvi ˆKvGbv ‰KwU

wjsGK wKÑK KiGj ˆcBGRi ‰GKevGi DcGi ev wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGk PGj wMGq ˆmwU cÉ`wkÆZ nq| Avevi KLGbv KLGbv

‰KwU wjsGK wKÑK KGi AbÅ ‰KwU ˆcBGRi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGbI PGj hvIqv hvq|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 271

‰KB ˆcBGRi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb hvIqvi RbÅ@

ˆbg AÅvsKGii wmbUÅvÝ: <a name = label> any content </a>
ˆbg AÅvsKGii wjsK wmbUÅvÝ: <a href = label > any content </a>

`ywU wf®² WKzGgG´Ÿi wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGki gGaÅ wjsGKi RbÅ wmbUÅvÝ

nGjv-

cÉ^g WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆbg AÅvsKGii wjsK wmbUÅvÝ:

<a href = pagename.html label > any content </a>
w«¼Zxq WKzGgG´Ÿ ˆbg AÅvsKGii wmbUÅvÝ:

<a Name = label > any content </a>
href AÅvwUÇweDGUi gGaÅ ^vKv # wU ˆKvGbv

ˆbg AÅvsKGi ‰KwU wjsK wbaÆviY KGi|

‰evi Avgiv D`vniGYi gvaÅGg welqwU fvGjvfvGe ˆevSvi RbÅ

wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj|

2. ‰evGi wbGPi gGZv ˆKvW wjwL|

<html>

<body>

<p><a href="#C4">See also Chapter 4.</a></p> wPò: wjsK Name ‰i eÅenvi
<h2><a name="C1">Chapter 1</a></h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<h2>Chapter 2</h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<h2>Chapter 3</h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<h2><a name="C4">Chapter 4</a></h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<h2>Chapter 5</h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<h2>Chapter 6</h2>

<p>This chapter explains ba bla bla</p>

<p> <a href="#C1">Go to Top</a> </p>

</body>

</html>
3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK link_jump_page.html bvGg ˆmf Kwi|
4. ‰evGi IGqe eËvDRvGi djvdj ˆ`wL| cvGki wPGòi gGZv djvdj ˆ`Lv hvGe|

272 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

5. ‰LvGb See also Chapter 4 wjsGK wKÑK KiGj Zv mivmwi Chapter 4 ‰ PGj AvmGe| ‰es Go to top

wjsGK wKÑK KiGj Zv ‰GKevGi ˆcBGRi ÷iyGZ PGj AvmGe|

Email-‰i mvG^ Link Õ©vcb: B´ŸviGbGU meGPGq ˆewk

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w`GZ ˆhb IGqe eËvDRviiv ‰LvGb wKÑK KGi mivmwi mvG^ Avgiv Link Õ©vcb KiGZ PvB|
AvgvG`iGK B-ˆgBGji gvaÅGg ZvG`i g¯¦eÅ ev cÉk² w«¼ZxqZ, ˆUÝU-‰i ˆmB wbw`ÆÓ¡ AsGk ˆh
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mgmÅvi K^vI RvbvGZ cvGi| ZGe ‰i RbÅ KwÁ·DUvGi eËvDRvi nvBjvBU KGi cwiGekb KiGe ‰es
AekÅB ˆhGKvGbv B-ˆgBj KÑvGq´Ÿ ˆhgb ‰g‰m AvDUjyK wfDqviiv ‰B nvBjvBGUW AsGk wKÑK KGi ‰
BbÕ¡j Kiv ^vKGZ nGe| AsGki mvG^ link K‡Z Ask ev ˆcBRwU eËvDR

KiGe|

B-ˆgBj AÅvGWÈGmi mvG^ wjsK ŠZwi Kiv Avi AbÅ ‰KwU Home page ‰i mvG^ wjsK ŠZwi Kiv ‰KB iKg|

ˆnvg ˆcBRGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi RbÅ ˆhLvGb http eÅen†Z nq ˆmLvGb B-ˆgBj AÅvGWÈmGK wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi RbÅ http ‰i
cwieGZÆ mailto wjLGZ nq ‰es URL wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi cwieGZÆ mÁ·ƒYÆ B-ˆgBj AÅvGWÈmwU wjLGZ nq|

B-ˆgBGji mvG^ wjsK Kivi wmbUÅvÝwU nGjv@

<a href = “mailto:email address” > A^Ævr

<a href = “mailto:azmasad_2008 @yahoo.com”>

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2. ˆcBR ŠZwi KGiv hvG`i ‰KwUGZ ˆZvgvi KGjGRi wkÞKG`i ZvwjKv ^vKGe AbÅwUGZ
ˆZvgvi KÑvGmi e®¬yG`i ZvwjKv ^vKGe| ‰evi ˆnvg ˆcBGR wkÞKG`i ZvwjKv I e®¬yG`i
ZvwjKvi `ywU wjsK ŠZwi KGiv|
‰KwU IGqe ŠZwi KiGZ nGe ˆhLvGb ˆZvgvi wbRÕ¼ ˆRjvi ^vbvàGjvi ‰KwU wjÕ¡ ^vKGe
‰es wbGP cÉGZÅKwU ^vbvi eYÆbv ^vKGe| ˆhGKvGbv ^vbvi wjGÕ¡ wKÑK KiGj Kvw›LZ ^vbvi
eYÆbvGZ KvmÆi PGj hvGe ‰es eYÆbvi ˆkGl ‰KwU KGi wjsK ^vKGe ˆhLvGb wKÑK KGi ˆRjvi
bvGgi ILvGb PGj Avmv hvGe|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 273

cvV-17

wPò ev BGgR (Image) , AwWI I wfwWI ˆhvM Kiv

‰ chƯ¦ AvGjvPbvq IGqGe ˆcÉGRG´Ÿkb ÷aygvò ˆUÝU ‰es nvBcvi wjsGKi eÅenvi ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ| ‰Lb Avgiv
ˆ`Le KxfvGe digÅvGUW ˆUÝU-‰i mvG^ BGgR ev MÉvwdÝ msGhvRb Kiv hvq| MÉvwdÝ ev BGgR hvB ˆnvK bv
ˆKb `kÆbGhvMÅ Dcv`vbàGjvi msGhvRb IGqe ˆcÉGRG´ŸkbGK AviI ˆewk weGklZ½ cÉ`vb KGi|
IGqGe MÉvwdÝ eÅenvGii myweav nGjv@

 IGqe ˆcGÉ RG´ŸkGb MÉvwdÝ eÅenvGii gvaÅGg mnGRB ˆUÝGUi cwigvY KwgGq Avbv hvq|
 MÉvwdÝ ev BGgGRi eÅenvi nGœQ gvbyGli `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆGYi ‰KwU DrK‡Ó¡ Dcvq|
 MÉvwdÝGK wjsK wnGmGe ˆbwfGMkb Uzjm wnmvGe eÅenvi KGi IGqeGcRwU AviI `kÆbxq Kiv hvq|
IGqGe MÉvwdÝ eÅenvGii Amwy eav nGjv@
 WvDbGjvW ‰i mgq MÉvwdÝ ev BGgR ˆUÝU ‰i ˆPGq ˆewk mgq ˆbq,
 MÉvwdKÅvj eËvDRvi eÅenvi bv KiGj MÉvwdÝ mvGcvUÆ KGi bv,
 ‰gb wKQy wKQy is AvGQ hv AGbK eËvDRviB mvGcvUÆ KGi bv|
mZy ivs ‰GÞGò BGgR eÅenvGi mZKÆZv AejÁ¼b KiGZ nGe|

IGqe eËvDRvi `y’aiGbi BGgR ev MÉvwdÝ cÉ`kÆb KGi| h^v@

 BbjvBb BGgR (Inline Image): BbjvBb BGgR nGœQ ˆmB BGgR hv eËvDRvGi IGqeGcBR ˆjvGWi

mgqB ˆjvW nq ‰es mivmwi IGqeGcBGR cÉ`wkÆZ nq|

 ‰ÝUvibvj BGgR (External Image): ‰ÝUvibvj BGgR nGœQ ˆmB BGgR hv eËvDRvi KZƆK ˆcBR

ˆjvW nIqvi mgq mivmwi ˆcBGR cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv| ‰ÝUvibvj BGgRGK ÷aygvò WvDbGjvW Kiv hvq ‰es

WvDbGjvW ˆkGl Zv IGqGe cvVK ev `kÆKiv ˆ`LGZ cvGi|

ˆKvGbv BGgRGK wbaÆviY Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq wmbUÅvÝwU nGjv : <img src = "url”>

BGgRwU ˆKv^vq msiwÞZ AvGQ URL ˆmwU wPwn×Z KGi| <img> UÅvGMi mvG^ AviI AGbK AÅvwUÇweDU iGqGQ|
mZy ivs AÅvwUÇweDUmn wmbUÅvÝwU nGjv@

<img src = "url" align = " " width = " " height = " " vspace = " " hspace = " " alt = " " border = " "

title = " " >
‰evi AÅvwUÇweDUàGjv mÁ·GKÆ ‰KUz msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kwi|

 url: BGgRwU ˆKv^vq msiwÞZ AvGQ Zvi wVKvbv|

 align: BGgRwU ev ˆUÝU ‰i AeÕ©vb wbG`Æk KiGe| ‰jvBb Top, middle, bottom, right, left nGZ
cvGi|

align= “Top” : ˆUÝGUi jvBbwU BGgR ev Qwei kxlÆ eivei AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nGe|

align= “middle” : ˆUÝGUi jvBbwU BGgR ev Qwei gvS eivei AeÕ©vb ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nGe|

align= “bottom” : ˆUÝGUi jvBbwU BGgR ev Qwei wbP ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nGe|

align= “right” : BGgRwU Wvb cvGk¼Æ AeÕ©vb KiGe|

align= “left” : BGgRwU evg cvGk¼Æ AeÕ©vb KiGe|

274 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

 width: BGgGRi cÉÕ© KZ nGe Zv wbG`Æk KGi|
 height: BGgGRi Š`NÆÅ wbG`Æk KGi|
 vspace: BGgGRi DcGi ev wbGP A^Ævr jÁ¼vjwÁ¼fvGe duvKv RvqMv cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ vspace eÅen†Z nq|
 hspace: BGgGRi evGg I WvGb Kx cwigvY RvqMv ivLGZ PvB Zv ˆjLvi RbÅ eÅenZ† nq|
 border: BGgGRi Pvwiw`GK Kx cwigvY eWÆvi ivLGZ PvB Zv ˆjLvi RbÅ eÅenZ† nq|
 alt: Alt AÅvwUÇweDU ˆKvGbv BGgGRi RbÅ ‰KwU AjUviGbU ˆUÝU wbaÆviGY eÅen†Z nq| eËvDRvi hw`

ˆKvGbv KviGY BGgR ˆjvW KiGZ eÅ^Æ nq ZLb BGgGRi cwieGZÆ AjUviGbU ˆUÝU cÉ`kÆb KiGe|
 title: UzjwUi eÅenvGii RbÅ A^Ævr title ˆh bvg ˆ`Iqv nGe Zv ˆcBR ˆjvW nIqvi ci BGgGRi Ici gvDm

wbGj H bvg ˆ`Lv hvq|
‰ZÞY nqGZv IGqeGcBGR BGgR msGhvRGbi RbÅ ˆZvgiv D`MÉxe nGq AvQ| ‰evi Avgiv mivmwi IGqeGcBGR
BGgR msGhvRb Kie| ‰RbÅ wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi|
1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg IGcb Kwi
2. wbÁ²wjwLZ ˆKvWàGjv wjwL|

<html> <body>
<p>
An image : <img src = "image.jpg" width = "100" height = "100” >
</p>
<p> An image from picture in D drive :
<img src = "D:\picture\tulips.Jpg" width ="50" height ="50">
</p>

</body>
</html>
3. dvBjwUGK test_img_diff_loc.html bvGg ˆmf Kwi|
4. IGqe eËvDRvGi AvDUcUy ˆ`wL|
ZvnGj wbGPi wPGòi gGZv AvDUcUy cve|

An image from picture in D drive:

wPò: BGgR-‰i eÅenvi

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 275

BGgR w`Gq wjsK ŠZwi KiY
AGbK mgq ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, ˆnvg ˆcGRi MÉvwdÝ ev BGgRGK wjsK wnmvGe eÅenvi Kiv nGqGQ A^Ævr BGgGR ev

QweGZ wKÑK KGi ‰i mvG^ wjsKK‡Z ˆcRwU eËvDR KiGZ cviv hvq| ‰GÞGò IGcwbs ‰es ˆKÑvwRs <a> UÅvGMi
Afů¦Gi <img> UÅvMwU hyÚ Kivi cÉGqvRb nq|
wjsK Kivi RbÅ Avgiv wjGLwQjvg-

<a href= “URL ev dvBGjvi bvg ”> Link Text </a>
wK¯§ BGgR w`Gq wjsK ŠZwi Kivi RbÅ wjLGZ nGe-

<a href= “URL ev dvBGji bvg ”> <img src= “BGgR dvBGji bvg (diGgU mn)“> </a>
‰evGi ‰KwU ˆcÉvMÉvGgi mvnvGhÅ BGgR w`Gq wjsK Õ©vcb Kwi| ‰RbÅ wbGPi c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi|
1. ˆbvU cÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg IGcb Kwi
2. wbÁ²wjwLZ ˆKvWàwj wjwL|

<html>
<body>
<p>
You can also use an image as a link:
<a href="lastpage.htm"><img border="0" src="buttonnext.gif" width="65" height="38"></a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

eÅvKMÉvDG´£ BGgR ˆhvM Kiv: Avgiv BœQv KiGj IGqeGcBRwUi eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnGmGe ˆhGKvGbv BGgRI

eÅenvi KiGZ cvwi| ZGe ‰GÞGò Lye nvjKv aiGbi BGgR eÅenvi Kiv DwPZ Zv bv nGj Kx ˆUÝU wjGLwQ Zv

ˆevSv hvGe bv| eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnGmGe BGgR eÅenvi Kivi RbÅ <Body>-‰i ˆfZi Background AÅvwUÇweDU
eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnGmGe ˆh BGgR eÅenvi KiGZ nGe Zv eo nGZ nGe| KviY ˆmwU ˆQvU nGj

‰KB BGgR evi evi hyÚ nGq eÅvKMÉvDG´£ cÉ`wkÆZ nGe|

BGgRGK eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnGmGe ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv MÉnY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvg IGcb Kwi|

2. wbGPi gGZv KGi ˆKvWàGjv UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body

background="background.jpg">

<h1> THIS IS THE FIRST

PROGRAM FOR ME TO ADD A

PICTURE ON THE

BACKGORUND</h1>

</body>

</html>
3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK background image

bvGg ˆmf Kwi|

4. ‰LvGb ˆh BGgR eÅenvi KGiwQ Zvi bvg wPò: eÅvKMÉvDG´£ BGgR msGhvRb
background.jpg ‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh,

276 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

BGgRwU ˆhLvGb AvGQ ‰B dvBjwU ˆmLvGb ˆmf KiGZ nGe| hw` Image wU ‰es html dvBjwU ‰KB
Õ©vGb bv ^vGK ZvnGj image wUi cv^ DGÍÏL KGi w`GZ nGe ‰Uv cƒGeÆ ˆ`LvGbv nGqGQ|
5. IGqe eËvDRvGi dvBjwU IGcb Kwi ‰es AvDUcyU ˆ`wL|

WKzGgG´Ÿ AwWI ˆhvM Kiv

IGqGei ˆKvb ˆcGRi eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnmvGe kõ msGhvRGbi RbÅ cÉPwjZ wZbwU c«¬wZi gGaÅ ˆhGKvGbv ‰KwU
AbymiY KGi IGqe kõ msGhvRb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| wbGÁ² avivevwnKfvGe c«¬wZàGjv ewYÆZ nGjvt
cÉ^g c«¬wZt WKzGgG´Ÿi ˆnW ˆmKkGb Meta refresh eÅenvi KGi eÅvKMÉvDG´£ wnmvGe kõ msGhvRb Kiv
hvGe| ZGe ‰B c«¬wZwU cyivZb c«¬wZ| wbGÁ² D`vniGYi gvaÅGg ˆcÉvMÉvgwU ˆ`Iqv nGjv-
<html>

<head>
<meta http-EQUIV="refresh" content="5; URL="Bangla.wmv">

</head>
<body>

<img src="flagbangladesh.gif">
<p style="font-size: 20"> Avgvi ˆmvbvi evsjv</p>
</body>
</html>

wPò: AwWI ‰i eÅenvi

KvR: 1. IGqeGcBGR ˆZvgvi wbGRi QwewU msGhvRb KGiv|
2. ‰gb ‰KwU IGqeGcBR ŠZwi KGiv ˆhLvGb ˆZvgvi QwewU ^vKGe ‰es eÅvKMÉvD´£ wnGmGe
ˆZvgvi KGjGRi Qwe ^vKGe|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 277

cvV-18, 19, 20, 21 I 22

ˆUwej ŠZwi Kiv (Table Creating)

IGqeGcBGR KxfvGe Table ŠZwi KiGZ nGe Zv ˆkLvi AvGM ˆUwej Kx, ˆm welGq AvgvG`i wKQyUv aviYv ^vKv
cÉGqvRb| ˆUwej nGœQ wf®² aiGbi ˆKvGbv e†nr AvKvGii ˆWUvGK QKe«¬ ev mvwie«¬fvGe cÉKvGki ‰KwU

c«¬wZ| cÅvivMÉvd ev eGÝi cwieGZÆ ˆhGKvGbv ˆWUvGK ˆUwej wnGmGe mvwRGq IGqeGcBR DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|

‰gb wKQy Z^Å AvGQ hv cÅvivMÉvd ev eGÝi cwieGZÆ ˆUwej AvKvGi DcÕ©vwcZ nGj AwaK A^Æmn I gGbvig

nq| HTML ‰ ‰B aiGbi Z^Å ev ˆWUvGK gvKÆAvc Kivi RGbÅ ˆUwej eÅen†Z nq| ˆhgb- ‰KwU KÑvGmi Qvò

QvòxG`i ˆivj, bvg, wefvM ‰es cÉvµ¦ bÁ¼i IGqGe cÉKvk Kivi RGbÅ ˆUweGji KvVvGgvGZ DcÕ©vcb KivB

fvGjv| ˆh mgÕ¦ Dcv`vb wbGq ‰KwU ˆUwej KvVvGgv MGo IGV ˆmàGjv nGjv- ˆiv, Kjvg, ˆmj|

ˆUwej ŠZwii RGbÅ <table> UÅvMwU eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰B <table> UÅvMwU ‰KwU Container UÅvM weavq ‰i
Closing UÅvM </table> I iGqGQ| <table> ‰es </table> ‰ UÅvM `ywUi gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb AviI wKQy UÅvM eÅen†Z
nq| ˆhgb: <Caption>... </Caption>, <TR> ... </TR>, <TD> ..... </TD>, <TH> .... </TH>

BZÅvw`|

 <caption>: ˆUwej UvBGUj ev ˆjGej cÉ`kÆGbi RGbÅ ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| <table> UÅvM ‰i ciB ˆUweGji

Row UÅvGMi AvGM <caption> UÅvMwU eÅen†Z nq| hw` UvBGUj wjLGZ PvB ZGe <table> UÅvMwUi cGiB
< caption > UÅvMwU wjLGZ nGe|

 <tr>: ‰KwU ˆUwej <tr> UÅvM «¼viv Row wefÚ ^vGK| ˆUweGji Row ev mvwi aviY Kivi RGbÅ <tr>

.... </tr> UÅvMwU eÅen†Z nq|

 <td>: cÉwZwU ˆiv Avevi <td> UÅvM «¼viv ˆWUv ˆmjmgƒn wefÚ ^vGK| td ‰i gvGb nGjv Table Data hv

‰KwU ˆWUv ˆmGji KbGU´Ÿ|

 <th>: ˆUweGji gGaÅ ˆnwWs ˆ`Iqvi RGbÅ <th> UÅvM eÅenvi Kiv nGq ^vGK|
ˆUweGji gGaÅ wKQy AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi Kiv nq| ˆhgb- border, align, width, cellspacing, cellpadding ,
Colspan, rowspan BZÅvw`|
‰evi Avgiv ‰KwU ˆUwej ŠZwi Kwi ‰es Zvi RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv AbymiY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<table>

<tr><td> row1, cell1</td>

<td> row1, cell2</td></tr> wPò: eWvÆ iwenxb table eÅenvi
<tr><td> row2, cell1</td>

<td> row2, cell2</td> </tr>

</table> </html>
3. ‰evi dvBjwUGK ˆhGKvGbv bvGg Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi AvDUcyU ˆ`wL| DcGii wPGòi gGZv

djvdj ˆ`Lv hvGe| DcGii AvDUcyGU ˆKvGbv eWÆvi ˆbB| ÷ay ˆUÝU AvKvGi Z^Å ˆ`Lv hvGœQ|

‰evi Avgiv DcGii ˆcÉvMÉvgwUGK Avevi ‰KUz Edit Kwi| ˆUwej UÅvGMi gGaÅ border AÅvwUÇweDUwU eÅenvi KGi

ˆKvWwU wbGPi gGZv wjwL|

278 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

<html>

<table border="1">
<tr><td> row1, cell1</td> <td> row1, cell2</td></tr>

<tr><td> row2, cell1</td> <td> row2, cell2</td></tr>

</table>

</html> wPò: eWvÆ i AÅvwUÇweDU-‰i eÅenvi
‰evGi cvGki wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvGe| mZy ivs ‰evi

ˆevSv ˆMj border AÅvwUÇweDU ‰i KvR Kx|
ˆUweGj KÅvckb I Kjvg / ˆiv ˆnWvi ˆ`Iqv: ‰evi Avgiv wkLe ˆUweGj KÅvckb I Kjvg / ˆiv ˆnWvi ˆ`Iqv|

hw` ˆnwWsGK ˆUweGji DcwifvGM cÉ`kÆb KiGZ PvB, ZGe cÉ^g Row ev mvwii Afů¦Gii ˆnwWs wjLGZ nGe|
A^Ævr Row ‰i RGbÅ wbaÆvwiZ UÅvM <tr> ‰es </tr> ‰i Afů¦Gi hZàGjv ˆnwWs nGe, ZZàGjv ˆnwWs UÅvM
<th> ‰es </th> wjLGZ nGe| Avi hw` ˆnwWsàGjv ˆUwej ˆWUvi evgcvGk¼Æ ˆ`LvGZ PvB ZvnGj cÉGZÅK Row ‰i
cÉ^g cell ˆK ev KÞGK ˆnwWs-‰i RGbÅ eÅenvi KiGZ nGe ‰es cieZÆx KÞ ev cell àGjvGZ ˆUweGji ˆWUv
wjLGZ nGe|

‰evi Avgiv ‰KwU D`vniGYi mvnvGhÅ Caption I ˆnwWs-‰i eÅenvi ˆ`Le| ‰ RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv
AbymiY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<h4>Table headers :</h4>

<table border="1">

<Caption> My Table</Caption>

<tr><th>Name</th><th>Telephone</th>

<th>Telephone</th></tr> wPò: ˆUwej ˆnwWs-‰i eÅenvi
<tr> <td>AZM Asaduzzaman</td><td>555

77 854</td> <td>555 77 855</td> </tr>

</table>

<h4>Vertical headers:</h4>

<table border="1">

<Caption> My Table</Caption>
<tr> <th>Name:</th> <td> AZM Asaduzzaman </td></tr>

<tr> <th>Telephone:</th> <td>555 77 854</td></tr>

<tr> <th>Telephone:</th> <td>555 77 855</td></tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

3. dvBjwUGK .html digÅvGU Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi ZvnGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv
AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGe|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 279

‰evi Avgiv wkLe KxfvGe ‰KwU duvKv ˆmj ŠZwi Kiv hvq

KbGU´Ÿ ˆbB ‰gb ˆUwej ˆmjàGjv AwaKvsk eËvDRvGiB Lye fvGjvfvGe cÉ`wkÆZ nq bv ZGe ‰KwU bbGeËwKÌs ˆÕ·m

(&nbsp) eÅenvi KiGj ‰wU me eËvDRvGiB fvGjvfvGe `†kÅgvb KGi| ‰ RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv AbymiY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<table border="1">

<tr><td>Some text</td> <td>Some text</td></tr> wPò: duvKv ˆmj ŠZwi
<tr><td>&nbsp </td> <td>Some text</td></tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>
3. dvBjwUGK .html digÅvGU Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi ZvnGj wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGe|

Colspan, Rowspan Attribute-‰i eÅenvi

ˆUwej ˆmjGK ‰KvwaK ˆiv/KjvGg wefÚ Kiv A^Ævr Row ‰es Column Spanning ev weÕ¦‡wZi RbÅ

rowspan, Colspan AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KiGZ nq | e†nr AvKvGii ˆWUv aviGYi RGbÅ AGbK mgq Row ‰es

KjvGgi ‰K cvk ˆ^GK AbÅ cvk chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡wZ NUvGbvi cÉGqvRb cGo| Colspan AÅvwUÇweDGUi eÅenvi nq KÞ
ev cell ‰i welq ev ˆWUvGK Avi ‰KwU cell chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡wZ Kivi RGbÅ|

Colspan ‰i RbÅ wmbUÅvÝwU nGœQ-

<th Colspan = "Number">

<td Colspan = "Number">
rowspan ‰i RbÅ wmbUÅvÝwU nGœQ - <TH rowspan = "Number">

hw` KjvGgi weÕ¦‡wZ 2 cell chƯ¦ ˆ`LGZ PvB ZGe colspan = "2" wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi w`GZ nGe| ‰KBfvGe ‰KwU cell
KZàGjv Row wbGq MwVZ nGe, Zv Rowspan AÅvwUÇweDUwU eÅenvi KGi wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`Iqv hvq| ‰evi ‰KwU

D`vniGYi gvaÅGg Rowspan I colspan ‰i eÅenvi wkwL| ‰ RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv Abmy iY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<h4>Cell that spans two columns:</h4>

<table border="1">

<tr> <th>Name</th> <th colspan="2">Telephone</th></tr>

<tr><td>AZM Asaduzzaman</td>

<td>55577854</td><td>55577855</td> </tr></table>

<h4>Cell that spans two rows:</h4> wPò: Kjvg I ˆiv ‰i eÅenvi
<table border="1">

<tr><th>First Name:</th> <td>AZM Asaduzzaman</td></tr>

<tr> <th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th> <td>555 77 854</td></tr>

<tr> <td>555 77 855</td></tr>

</table> </body> </html>
3. dvBjwUGK .html digÅvGU Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi ZvnGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv

AvDUcyU ˆ`LvGe|

280 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

Cellspacing Attribute ‰i eÅenvi: ˆUwej AÅvwUÇweDU Cellspacing Attribute wU eÅenvGii gvaÅGg ‰KwU

cell ˆ^GK Avi ‰KwU cell ‰i gvGS duvKv RvqMv ivLv hvq| cell spacing ‰i syntax nGœQ <table

cellspacing = "Number"> ‰KwU cell ˆ^GK Avi ‰KwU cell ‰i gvGS KZUzKz RvqMv ^vKGe Zv pixel ‰i

msLÅv DGÍÏGLi gvaÅGg wbaÆviY KGi w`GZ nq| ˆhgb cell spacing = "10" ‰i A^Æ nGœQ cÉGZÅKwU cell ‰KwU

Avi ‰KwU ˆ^GK 10 pixel cwigvb `ƒiGZ½ AeÕ©vb KiGe|

‰evGi ‰KwU D`vniGYi gvaÅGg Cellspacing ‰i eÅenvi wkwL| ‰B RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv Abmy iY Kwi|

1. ˆbvU cÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>

<h4>Without cellspacing:</h4>

<table border="1">

<tr>

<td>First</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Second</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

</table> wPò : Cellspacing-‰i eÅenvi
<h4>With cellspacing:</h4>

<table border="1" cellspacing="10">

<tr>

<td>First</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Second</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>
dvBjwUGK .html diGgGU Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi ZvnGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU

ˆ`LvGe|

cellpadding Attribute (KÞGK eo Kiv) ‰i eÅenvi: mvaviYZ cÉGZÅK cell ‰i wfZi ˆWUv cell border

‰i wVK cGi ˆ^GK ÷iy nq| cellpadding Attribute eÅenvGii gvaÅGg cell border ‰es cell ‰i Afů¦Gi
ˆmGji gvGS BœQvbyhvqx cwigvY gGZv RvqMv ivLv hvq| wWdΟ gvb wnmvGe eËvDRvi 1 pixel cwigvY RvqMv
ivGL, ‰Lb Avgiv hw` cell cwigvY RvqMv ivwL, ‰Lb Avgiv hw` cell ‰i WvUv I eWÆvGii gvGSi ‰ AeÕ©vb
Kg-ˆewk KiGZ PvB ZGe cellpadding ‰i gvb ‘0’ A^ev 1, 2, 3 ‰fvGe BœQvbyhvqx ewmGq wbGZ cvwi|
Syntax wU BGœQ: <table cellpadding = "Numbers">

‰evGi ‰KwU D`vniGYi gvaÅGg cellpadding ‰i eÅenvi wkwL| ‰B RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv Abmy iY Kwi|

IGqe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ I HTML 281

1. ˆbvU cÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj
2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvW mgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html>

<body>
<h4>Without cellpadding:</h4>
<table border="1">

<tr>
<td>First</td>
<td>Row</td>

</tr>
<tr>

<td>Second</td>
<td>Row</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>With cellpadding:</h4>

<table border="1" cellpadding="10">

<tr>

<td>First</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Second</td>

<td>Row</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>
dvBjwUGK .html diGgGU Save Kwi ‰es IGqe eËvDRvGi IGcb Kwi ZvnGj DcGii wPGòi gGZv AvDUcyU

ˆ`LvGe|

ˆUweGj cell-‰i gGaÅ ˆWUvGK AÅvjvBb Kiv: ˆUweGji gGaÅ

ˆh me ˆWUv ^vGK ZvG`iGK AÅvjvBb AÅvwUÇweDU eÅenvi KGi

m±y `i KGi mvRvGbv hvq| ‰evi Avgiv align AÅvwUÇweDU-‰i
eÅenvi wkLe| ‰B RGbÅ wbÁ²i…c c`GÞcàGjv AbymiY Kwi|

1. ˆbvUcÅvW ˆcÉvMÉvgwU Lywj

2. wbÁ²i…c ˆKvWmgƒn UvBc Kwi|

<html> wPò: ˆUweGj ˆWUv AÅvjvBb
<body>

<table width="400" border="1">

<tr>

<th align="left">Money spent on....</th> <th align="right">May</th>

<th align="right">June</th>

</tr>

<tr> <td align="left">Clothes</td> <td align="right">$241.10</td>

<td align="right">$50.20</td>