SCHEDULE WASTE S I S A TERJ ADUA L
TITLE/TAJUK PAGE LIST OF AUTHORS / SENARAI PENULIS 1 PREFACE / PRAKATA 2-3 WHAT IS SCHEDULE WASTE ? / APAKAH ITU SISA TERJADUAL? 4-5 5 CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEDULE WASTE / 5 KLASIFIKASI SISA TERJADUAL 6-17 HOW TO DISPOSE OF SCHEDULED WASTE PROPERLY ? BAGAIMANAKAH CARA MEMBUANG SISA TERJADUAL DENGAN BETUL ??? 18-57 IMPACT / EFFECT OF IMPROPERLY DISPOSED OF SCHEDULE WASTE AKIBAT / KESAN PEMBUANGAN SISA TERJADUAL YANG TIDAK TERURUS : 58-79 REFERENS / RUJUKAN 80-81
A U T H O R S / P E N U L I S : J U N E C H E A H E 2 0 2 3 1 0 3 1 4 2 6 H E L E N A T H I V I A R A J E 2 0 2 3 1 0 3 1 3 9 2 M O H A M M A D I Z Z A T B I N A L I E 2 0 2 3 1 0 3 1 4 5 9 S R I T H A R A N M U R U G A N E 2 0 2 3 1 0 3 2 3 0 2 1
PREFACE: This work is a product of Semester 1 students in Diploma of Lab Technology from the year 2023/2024. Itis also our first e-book as an assignmentfrom the course SSM1043 (Science Lab Management, Safety and Operation). Several key points about scheduled waste will be highlighted and focused on in this e-book, namely its definition, classifications, daily examples, correct disposal methods and impacts brought by improper management. All information mentioned has been thoroughly scrutinised and reviewed by the authors in order to presentthe most accurate portrayal of scheduled waste and its relations. This e-book aims to achieve several goals throughout: 1. Enlighten readers about scheduled waste and its classifications 2. Enable identification of scheduled waste information waste by relating to readers' daily lives with common examples 3. Spread awareness among readers about dangers of improper management of various classes of scheduled waste 4. Introduce safe and proper disposal methods for various types of scheduled waste 5. Encourage individual and communal responsibility in reducing the risks brought about by scheduled waste, whether by proper disposal,treatment or recovery 2
PRAKATA: Karya ini adalah hasil pelajar Semester 1 dalam Diploma Teknologi Makmal dari tahun 2023/2024. ia juga merupakan e-book pertama kami sebagai tugasan daripada kursus SSM043 (Pengurusan, Keselamatan dan Operasi Makmal Sains). Beberapa perkara penting tentang pembaziran terjadual akan diketengahkan dan difokuskan dalam e-book ini iaitu definisinya, klasifikasi, contoh harian, kaedah pelupusan yang betul dan kesan yang dibawa oleh pengurusan yang tidak betul. Semua maklumat yang dinyatakan telah diteliti dan disemak dengan teliti oleh pengarang untuk mempersembahkan gambaran paling tepat mengenai sisa terjadual dan hubungannya. E-book ini bertujuan untuk mencapai beberapa matlamat sepanjang: 1. Menjelaskan pembaca tentang sisa terjadual dan klasifikasinya 2. Membolehkan pengenalpastian sisa maklumat sisa terjadual dengan mengaitkan kehidupan harian pembaca dengan contoh biasa 3. Menyebarkan kesedaran di kalangan pembaca tentang bahaya pengurusan tidak betul pelbagai kelas Sisa terjadual 4. Memperkenalkan kaedah pelupusan yang selamat dan betul untuk pelbagai jenis sisa terjadual 5. Menggalakkan tanggungjawab individu dan komunal dalam mengurangkan risiko yang ditimbulkan oleh sisa terjadual, sama ada melalui pelupusan, rawatan atau pemulihan yang betul 3
What is scheduled waste? • Scheduled waste is any waste falling within the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule, which usually has hazardous characteristics with the potential to negatively impact the public and the environment • The First Schedule is based on the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 • There are 77 subclasses of scheduled waste in total, categorised into 5 main classifications 4
Apakah itu sisa terjadual? • Sisa terjadual ialah apa-apa sisa yang termasuk dalam kategori sisa yang disenaraikan dalam Jadual Pertama, yang biasanya mempunyai ciri-ciri berbahaya yang berpotensi memberi kesan negatif kepada orang ramai dan alam sekitar • Jadual Pertama adalah berdasarkan Peraturan- Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual) 2005 • Terdapat 77 subkelas sisa terjadual kesemuanya, dikategorikan kepada 5 klasifikasi utama 5
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SW 1: METAL AND METALBEARING WASTES EXAMPLE: 1. SLUDGE FROM METAL PLATING BATHS AND RINSEWATERS (SW 105 - GALVANIC SLUDGES) FROM ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRIES 2. MERCURY THERMOMETERS (SW 109 - WASTE CONTAINING MERCURY OR ITS COMPOUND) FROM MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 8
SW 1: BAHAN BUANGAN LOGAM DAN LOGAM CONTOH: 1. ENAP CEMAR DARIPADA MANDIAN PENYADURAN LOGAM DAN AIR BILAS (SW 105 - ENAP CEMAR GALVANIK) DARIPADA INDUSTRI PENYADURAN ELEKTRIK 2. TERMOMETER MERKURI (SW 109- SISA YANG MENGANDUNGI MERKURI ATAU SEBATIANNYA) DARIPADA INDUSTRI PEMBUATAN PERALATAN PERUBATAN 9
2. HYDROCHLORIC ACID AS A RUST REMOVER (SW 206 - SPENT INORGANIC ACIDS) FROM METAL WORK INDUSTRIES SW 2: WASTES CONTAINING PRINCIPALLY INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS WHICH MAY CONTAIN METALS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS EXAMPLE: 1. PALLADIUM CATALYSTS (SW 202 - WASTE CATALYSTS) FROM AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES 10
SW 2: SISA YANG MENGANDUNGI TERUTAMANYA JUZUK BUKAN ORGANIK YANG MUNGKIN MENGANDUNGI LOGAM DAN BAHAN ORGANIK CONTOH: 1. PEMANGKIN PALADIUM (SW 202 - PEMANGKIN SISA) DARIPADA INDUSTRI AUTOMOBIL 2. ASID HIDROKLORIK SEBAGAI PENGHILANG KARAT (SW 206 - ASID TAK ORGANIK TERPAKAI) DARIPADA INDUSTRI KERJA LOGAM 11
SW 3: WASTES CONTAINING PRINCIPALLY ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS WHICH MAY CONTAIN METALS AND INORGANIC MATERIAL EXAMPLE: 1. SPENT HYDRAULIC OIL (SW 306 - SPENT HYDRAULIC OIL) FROM INDUSTRIAL MACHINES 2. SYNTHETIC LATEX GLOVES (SW 321 - RUBBER OR LATEX WASTES OR SLUDGE CONTAINING ORGANIC SOLVENTS OR HEAVY METALS) FROM RUBBER OR LATEX INDUSTRIES 12
SW 3: SISA YANG MENGANDUNGI TERUTAMANYA JUZUK ORGANIK YANG MUNGKIN MENGANDUNGI LOGAM DAN BAHAN BUKAN ORGANIK CONTOH: 1. MINYAK HIDRAULIK YANG DIBELANJAKAN (SW 306 - MINYAK HIDRAULIK YANG DIBELANJAKAN) DARIPADA MESIN PERINDUSTRIAN 2. SARUNG TANGAN LATEKS SINTETIK (SW 321 - SISA GETAH ATAU LATEKS ATAU ENAP CEMAR YANG MENGANDUNGI PELARUT ORGANIK ATAU LOGAM BERAT) DARIPADA INDUSTRI GETAH ATAU LATEKS 13
SW 4: WASTES WHICH MAY CONTAIN EITHER INORGANIC OR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS EXAMPLE: 1. BLOOD SAMPLES (SW 404 - PATHOGENIC WASTES, CLINICAL WASTES OR QUARANTINED MATERIALS) FROM CLINICS AND HOSPITALS 2. SPENT NITRIC ACID AS A DYE INTERMEDIATE (SW 424 - SPENT OXIDIZING AGENT) FROM TEXTILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 14
SW 4: SISA YANG MUNGKIN MENGANDUNGI BAHAN BUKAN ORGANIK ATAU ORGANIK CONTOH: 1. SAMPEL DARAH (SW 404 - SISA PATOGEN, SISA KLINIKAL ATAU BAHAN YANG DIKUARANTIN) DARI KLINIK DAN HOSPITAL 2. ASID NITRIK YANG DIBELANJAKAN SEBAGAI PERANTARAAN PEWARNA (SW 424 - AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN YANG DIBELANJAKAN) DARIPADA INDUSTRI PEMBUATAN TEKSTIL. 15
SW 5: OTHER WASTES EXAMPLE: 1. SOLIDIFIED RESIDUE (SW 501 - ANY RESIDUES FROM TREATMENT OR RECOVERY OF SCHEDULED WASTES) FROM SCHEDULED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECOVERY FACILITIES 2. INCINERATED WASTE (SW 501 - ANY RESIDUES FROM TREATMENT OR RECOVERY OF SCHEDULED WASTES) FROM SCHEDULED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECOVERY FACILITIES 16
SW 5: BAHAN BUANGAN LAIN CONTOH: 1. SISA PEPEJAL (SW 501 - SEBARANG SISA DARIPADA RAWATAN ATAU PEMULIHAN SISA TERJADUAL) DARIPADA KEMUDAHAN RAWATAN DAN PEMULIHAN SISA TERJADUAL 2. SISA TERBAKAR (SW 501 - SEBARANG SISA DARIPADA RAWATAN ATAU PEMULIHAN SISA TERJADUAL) DARIPADA KEMUDAHAN RAWATAN DAN PEMULIHAN SISA TERJADUAL 17
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The scheduled waste should be sampled and analyzed to identify the hazard and contaminant in the waste. 1. Identification of waste characteristics 20
Sisa terjadual hendaklah diambil sampel dan dianalisis untuk mengenal pasti bahaya dan bahan cemar dalam sisa. 1. Pengenalpastian ciri buangan 21
corrosive substances explosive substances infectious substances inflammable liquids inflammable solids organic peroxides oxidizing substances solid: spontaneously combustible solid: dangerous when wet toxic substances mixture of miscellaneous dangerous substances E X A M P L E S O F H A Z A R D O U S C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S 22
Bahan menghakis Bahan letupan Bahan berjangkit Cecair mudah terbakar Pepejal mudah terbakar Peroksida organic Bahan pengoksidaan Pepejal: mudah terbakar secara spontan Pepejal: berbahaya apabila basah Bahan toksik Campuran pelbagai bahan berbahaya C O N T O H C I R I B E R B A H A Y A 23
2 . S E L E C T I O N O F C O N T A I N E R S An appropriate container should be selected according to the characteristics of the scheduled waste. The characteristics of scheduled waste should be compatible with the type of material used for the container to prevent any reaction which will deteriorate the container. 24
2 . P E M I L I H A N B E K A S Bekas yang sesuai hendaklah dipilih mengikut ciri-ciri sisa terjadual. Ciri buangan terjadual hendaklah serasi dengan jenis bahan yang digunakan untuk bekas untuk mengelakkan sebarang tindak balas yang akan merosakkan bekas. 25
B U N G H O L E D R U M plastic steel O P E N T O P D R U M W I T H C O V E R A N D C L A M P I N T E R M E D I A T E B U L K C O N T A I N E R plastic steel 26
“ B U N G H O L E D R U M ” plastik besi “ O P E N T O P D R U M W I T H C O V E R A N D C L A M P ” “ I N T E R M E D I A T E B U L K C O N T A I N E R ” plastik besi 27
C O R R U G A T E D B O X / C A R T O N B O X F L E X I B L E I N T E R M E D I A T E B U L K C O N T A I N E R S [ F I B C S ] / J U M B O B A G / B U L G E B A G 28
K O T A K K A R T O N / K O T A K K A D B O D “ F L E X I B L E I N T E R M E D I A T E B U L K C O N T A I N E R S [ F I B C S ] / J U M B O B A G / B U L G E B A G ” 29
3. Labeling of containers. For identification and warning purposes, containers of scheduled waste shall be clearly labeled in accordance with the Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 and marked with the scheduled waste code as specified in the First Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005. 30
3. Pelabelan bekas. Untuk tujuan pengenalan dan amaran, bekas buangan terjadual hendaklah dilabel dengan jelas mengikut Jadual Ketiga Alam Sekitar. PeraturanPeraturan Kualiti (Buangan Terjadual) 2005 dan ditandakan dengan kod buangan terjadual seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Pertama PeraturanPeraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Buangan Terjadual) 2005. 31
EXAMPLE OF WASTE CHARACTERISTIC LABEL : EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES (WASTE) SYMBOL (EXPLODING BOMB): BLACK; BACKGROUND: LIGHT ORANGE L A B E L 1 INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (WASTE) SYMBOL (FLAME): BLACK OR WHITE; BACKGROUND: RED L A B E L 2 32
CONTOH CIRI LABEL BUANGAN: BAHAN LETUPAN (SISA) SIMBOL (BOM MELETUP): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: OREN MUDA L A B E L 1 CECAIR MUDAH TERBAKAR (SISA) SIMBOL (API): HITAM ATAU PUTIH; LATAR BELAKANG: MERAH L A B E L 2 33
SOLID: SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE (WASTE) SUBSTANCE LIABLE TO SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION SYMBOL (FLAME): BLACK; BACKGROUND: UPPER HALF WHITE, LOWER HALF RED L A B E L 4 SOLID: DANGEROUS WHEN WET (WASTE) SUBSTANCES WHICH, IF IN CONTACT WITH WATER, EMIT INFLAMMABLE GASES SYMBOL (FLAME): BLACK OR WHITE; BACKGROUND: BLUE L A B E L 5 INFLAMMABLE SOLIDS (WASTE) SYMBOL (FLAME): BLACK; BACKGROUND: WHITE WITH VERTICAL RED STRIPES L A B E L 3 34
PEPEJAL: SPONTAN TERBAKAR (SAMPAH) BAHAN YANG BOLEH MENYEBABKAN PEMBAKARAN SPONTAN SIMBOL (NYALA): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: SEPARUH ATAS PUTIH, SEPARUH BAWAH MERAH L A B E L 4 PEPEJAL: BERBAHAYA APABILA BASAH (SAMPAH) BAHAN YANG, JIKA BERSENTUHAN DENGAN AIR, MENGELUARKAN GAS MUDAH TERBAKAR SIMBOL (NYALAAN API): HITAM ATAU PUTIH; LATAR BELAKANG: BIRU L A B E L 5 PEPEJAL MUDAH TERBAKAR (SISA) SIMBOL (API): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: PUTIH DENGAN JALUR MERAH MENEGAK L A B E L 3 35
ORGANIC PEROXIDES (WASTE) SYMBOL (FLAME OVER CIRCLE): BLACK; BACKGROUND: YELLOW L A B E L 7 TOXIC SUBSTANCES (WASTE) POISONOUS (TOXIC) SUBSTANCES SYMBOL (SKULL OVER CROSSBONES): BLACK; BACKGROUND: WHITE L A B E L 8 OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES (WASTE) SYMBOL (FLAME OVER CIRCLE): BLACK; BACKGROUND: YELLOW L A B E L 6 36
PEROKSIDA ORGANIK (SISA) SIMBOL (NYALA DI ATAS BULATAN): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: KUNING L A B E L 7 BAHAN TOKSIK (SISA) BAHAN BERACUN (TOKSIK). SIMBOL (TENGKORAK ATAS TULANG BERSILANG): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: PUTIH L A B E L 8 BAHAN PENGOKSIDAAN (SISA) SIMBOL (NYALA DI ATAS BULATAN): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: KUNING L A B E L 6 37
CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES (WASTE) SYMBOL (LIQUIDS SPILLING FROM TWO GLASS VESSELS AND ATTACKING A HAND AND A METAL): BLACK; BACKGROUND: UPPER HALF WHITE, LOWER HALF BLACK L A B E L 1 0 MIXTURE OF MISCELLANEOUS DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES (WASTE) SYMBOL (NIL); BACKGROUND: WHITE WITH UPPER HALF VERTICAL BLACK STRIPES L A B E L 1 1 INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES (WASTE) SYMBOL (THREE CRESCENTS SUPERIMPOSED ON A CIRCLE): BLACK; BACKGROUND: WHITE L A B E L 9 38
BAHAN MENGAKIS (SISA) SIMBOL (CECAIR TUMPAH DARI DUA BEKAS KACA DAN MENYERANG TANGAN DAN LOGAM): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: SEPARUH ATAS PUTIH, SEPARUH BAWAH HITAM L A B E L 1 0 CAMPURAN PELBAGAI BAHAN BERBAHAYA (SISA) SIMBOL (TIADA); LATAR BELAKANG: PUTIH DENGAN SEPARUH ATAS JALUR HITAM MENEGAK L A B E L 1 1 BAHAN BERJANGKIT (SISA) SIMBOL (TIGA BULAN SABIT DITINDIH PADA BULATAN): HITAM; LATAR BELAKANG: PUTIH L A B E L 9 39
LABEL FOR THE SCHEDULED WASTES CONTAINERS : waste code waste name Date when scheduled waste are first generated name of waste generator Address Telephone number Informations that needs to be include in scheduled wastes containers : 40 40
LABEL UNTUK BEKAS SISA TERJADUAL: kod sisa nama buangan Tarikh apabila sisa terjadual pertama kali dihasilkan nama penjana sisa Alamat Nombor telefon Maklumat yang perlu dimasukkan ke dalam bekas sisa terjadual: 41
- Incompatible scheduled wastes shall be stored in separate containers and shall be placed in a separate secondary containment area - Containers containing scheduled wastes should always be closed at all times except when it is necessary to add or remove the scheduled wastes - If a container is in poor condition or leaking, the spillage should be contained immediately and prevented from spreading. The scheduled wastes should be immediately transferred to a new or a better-conditioned container 4 . M A N A G E M E N T O F C O N T A I N E R S C O N T A I N I N G S C H E D U L E D W A S T E S 42
- Container yang mengandungi sisa terjadual hendaklah sentiasa ditutup pada setiap masa kecuali apabila perlu menambah atau mengeluarkan sisa terjadual - Sisa terjadual yang tidak serasi hendaklah disimpan ke dalam bekas berasingan dan hendaklah diletakkan di kawasan pembendungan sekunder yang berasingan - Jika bekas dalam keadaan buruk atau bocor, tumpahan hendaklah dibendung dengan segera dan dielakkan daripada merebak. Buangan terjadual hendaklah segera dipindahkan ke container yang baharu atau dalam keadaan yang baik 4 . P E N G U R U S A N K O N T A I N E R Y A N G M E N G A N D U N G I S I S A T E R J A D U A L 43
- If solvents and other liquid wastes received in bulk are to be stored at the storage site, an adequate number of storage tanks with an appropriate piping and pumping system should be installed. Fire prevention procedures and regulations must be observed - Special tanks for spent oil and lubricants should be provided, and designed to allow for setting and discharge of water and sludge M A N A G E M E N T O F C O N T A I N E R S C O N T A I N I N G S C H E D U L E D W A S T E S 44
- Jika pelarut dan sisa cecair lain yang diterima secara banyak hendaklah disimpan di tapak penyimpanan, bilangan tangki simpanan yang mencukupi dengan sistem paip dan pengepaman yang sesuai hendaklah dipasang. Prosedur dan peraturan pencegahan kebakaran mestilah dipatuhi - Tangki khas untuk minyak dan pelincir terpakai perlu disediakan, dan direka bentuk untuk membolehkan penetapan dan pelepasan air dan enap cemar P E N G U R U S A N K O N T A I N E R Y A N G M E N G A N D U N G I S I S A T E R J A D U A L 45
- Containers containing scheduled wastes should be placed on pallets and should be stored as follows : a. A maximum of 4 drums or 1 bag per standard pallet b. Stacking of pallets without crate storage should not more than 2 tiers. The stacking with crate storage should not be more than 3 tiers c. Two pallets wide in rows d. Drums should be stored vertically and not horizontally for stability. Example of storage layout showing placement of containers is as illustrated at the side M A N A G E M E N T O F C O N T A I N E R S C O N T A I N I N G S C H E D U L E D W A S T E S 46
- Container yang mengandungi sisa terjadual hendaklah diletakkan di atas palet dan hendaklah disimpan seperti berikut : a. Maksimum 4 drum atau 1 beg setiap palet standard b. Susun palet tanpa penyimpanan peti hendaklah tidak lebih daripada 2 peringkat. Susun dengan penyimpanan peti hendaklah tidak lebih daripada 3 peringkat. Contoh penyimpanan peti c. Dalam sebaris, dua palet d. Drums hendaklah disimpan secara menegak dan bukan mendatar untuk kestabilan. Contoh susun atur storan yang menunjukkan penempatan container adalah seperti yang digambarkan di sebelah P E N G U R U S A N K O N T A I N E R Y A N G M E N G A N D U N G I S I S A T E R J A D U A L 47
NOTE : 1. the entire storage area must be fenced-in 2. – the storage place is sheltered or roofed or covered with suitable covering material and equipped with ventilation system for volatile wastes - the floor of the storage is covered with concrete or any suitable lining material, free of cracks and gaps 3. entrance / emergency exit 4. separate compartments for different groups of incompatible wastes 5. the storage area is surrounded by a concrete dyke or other equivalent structure to contain any spillage 6. a jumbo bag containing scheduled wastes is placed on a pallet. The pallet is placed in rows by two pallets wide 7. 4 drums containing scheduled wastes is placed on a pallet. The pallet is placed in rows by two pallets wide 8. containers should be stored with an ample aisle space between groups of containers 9. perimeter drain 10. the storage area should be graded to a sump M A N A G E M E N T O F C O N T A I N E R S C O N T A I N I N G S C H E D U L E D W A S T E S 48