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i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................2 1.0 FLEMMING LEFT HAND .....................................................................................................2 1.1 ADVANTAGE OF DC MOTOR............................................................................................3 1.2 DISADVANTAGE OF DC MOTOR .....................................................................................3 1.3 TYPES OF DC MOTORS.......................................................................................................4 1.4.1 Self Excited DC Motor......................................................................................................4 1.4.2 Separately Excited DC Motor ...........................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION AND PART OF MOTOR..............................................................8 2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF MOTOR AND PART OF MOTOR......................................................9 CHAPTER 3 OPERATIONAL OFPRINCIPLE...............................................................................10 3.0 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE..................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION OFDC MOTOR .................................................................................13 4.0 SIMULATION OPERATION OF DC MOTOR ......................................................................14 CHAPTER 5 SPECIFICATION OFMOTOR...................................................................................15 5.0 SPECIFICATION OF DC MOTOR......................................................................................16 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATION &CALCULATION ..........................................................................18 6.0 APPLICATION .....................................................................................................................19 6.1 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION.........................................................................................23 CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND CONCLUSION...........................................26 7.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION..........................................................................................27 7.1 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................29 REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................... ii
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
2 1.0 INTRODUCTION An electric motor that transforms electrical energy into mechanical motion is called a direct current (DC) motor. It uses the interplay of magnetic fields and electric current to produce rotational movement and works on the basis of electromagnetism. DC motors find extensive usage across many domains such as robotics, automotive systems, industrial machinery, and home appliances. A DC Motor is a device that drives motor, typically as a speed controller of motor. [1] The brushless series-wound Dc motor is very popular in industrial application and control systems because of the high torque density, high efficiency and small size. First suitable equations are developed for DC motor. 1.0 FLEMMING LEFT HAND A current-carrying conductor receives a force perpendicular to the direction of the current flow and the field when it is put in an external magnetic field. [8] The direction of the force exerted on a current-carrying conductorin a magnetic field may be ascertained using Fleming's left-hand rule. The thumb points in the direction of the force experienced by the conductor, the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, and the middle finger points in the direction of the electric current, according toFleming's Left Hand Rule. This arrangement of the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand is perpendicular to each other.
3 Figure of Fleming left hand 1.1 ADVANTAGE OF DC MOTOR These advantages position DC motors as highly versatile solutions across diverse applications. The ability to control speed over a broad range ensures adaptability to varying operational requirements, while the high starting torque makes them ideal for applications demanding powerful initial movements. [2] The precise and step-less speed control, coupled with consistent torque delivery, adds a layer of precision crucial in scenarios where exacting control is paramount. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of DC motors further enhances their attractiveness, making them a practical choice for industries seeking efficient and economical motor solutions. 1.2 DISADVANTAGE OF DC MOTOR Despite their numerous advantages, one notable drawback of DC motors is the need for regular maintenance. The brushes and commutators, integral components of DC motors, are susceptible to wear and tear with prolonged use. This wear and tear can impact the overall durability and reliability of the motor, necessitating periodic maintenance interventions to ensure optimal
4 performance. While DC motors offer impressive functionality, this maintenance requirement is a factorthat industries must consider when integrating them into theirsystems, weighing the benefits against the need for consistent upkeep. 1.3 TYPES OF DC MOTORS Direct current (DC), which can originate from a battery or DC power supply, powers DC motors. For motors that are electronically commutated, the commutation can be brushless, or brushed for mechanical commutation.[2] A brushed DC motor may have its speed changed just by altering the voltage. On the other hand, alternating current (AC), which is dependent on both voltage and frequency, powers an AC motor. As a result, in order to adjust speed, AC motors need a change in frequency, requiring more intricate and expensive speed control electronics. Because of this, DC motors are more appropriate for devices that need to manage speed both above and below the specified speeds, such as conveyor motors and 12VDC systems in cars. DC motors are used in many different applications, such as cars and electric shavers. Based on the field winding connections to the armature, they are divided into many categories to accommodate this broad variety of applications: 1. Self-Excited DC Motor 2. Separately Excited DC Motor Now, let us discuss the various types of DC Motors in detail. 1.4.1 Self Excited DC Motor The field winding in self-excited DC motors is linked to the armature winding either in series or parallel. This further allows for the self-excited DC motor to be categorised as follows: • Shunt wound DC motor • Series wound DC motor • Compound wound DC motor
5 1. Shunt wound DC motor In addition to having a minimal speed fluctuation across the load range, DC shunt motors may be set up for applications requiring a constant horsepower throughout an adjustable speed range. They are extensively employed in applications that need for exact torque and speed control. As their load circumstances change, some motors like the DC series motor and some DC compound motors show rather abrupt variations in speed. The reversibility of the DC shunt motor is a crucial characteristic. Altering the direction of current flow in the armature or the shunt field winding, but not both, will reverse the direction of rotation. In a shunt wound motor, the field winding is connected parallel to the armature as shown in the figure. 2. Series wound DC motor The DC series motor is one of the traditional 'work-horses' of electromechanical energy conversion. Its popularity with railway, automobile and other traction applications largely stems from the very high torque developed by this motor at standstill and at low speeds. [2]The torque is high because armature current flows through both, the armature and the
6 series field giving rise to an exceptionally strong magnetic field between the armature conductors and the pole faces. The motor obligingly supplies greater torque in response to shaft loading until a limit is imposed because of magnetic saturation. The older control method via a series-connected resistance was naturally very wasteful of energy, it sufficed for trams, but is unacceptable for electric automobiles. On the other hand, control by dutycycle modulation of pulsed waveforms is extremely efficient and allows smooth variation of speed and torque. In a series-wound DC motor, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding as shown in the figure. 3. Compound wound DC motor
7 DC motors having both shunt and series field winding is known as Compound DC motor, as shown in the figure. The compound motor is further divided into: • Cumulative Compound Motor • Differential Compound Motor In a cumulative compound motor, the magnetic flux produced by both the windings is in the same direction. In a differential compound motor, the flux produced by the series field windings is opposite to the flux produced by the shunt field winding. 1.4.2 Separately Excited DC Motor In a separately excited DC motor, the field coils are energized from an external source of DC supply as shown in the figure.
8 CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION AND PART OF MOTOR
9 2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF MOTOR AND PART OF MOTOR Figure part of motor No Part of Motor Explanation 1. Stator Magnet magnet stator creates a fixed magnetic field that interacts with the electric current flowing through the rotor, resulting in the rotation of the motor. 2. Armature The core component of the motor, consisting of a coil of wire (usually copper) wound around a cylindrical core. 3. Brush Brushes are conductive components that maintain electrical contact with the commutator. 4. Commutator The commutator is used to reverse the direction of current in the coil windings at the point where the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
10 CHAPTER 3 OPERATIONAL OF PRINCIPLE
11 3.0 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE The foundational principles of direct current (DC) motor operation are rooted in fundamental electrical and magnetism concepts taught in introductory physics courses. These concepts, encompassing magnetic fields, magnetic force, Faraday's law, and induced electromotive forces (emf), are comprehensively examined through the practical lens of a real-world example—the DC motor. [9] The insights gained from this exploration serve as a cornerstone for the modeling of electric machines elaborated upon in subsequent chapters of the book. It is noteworthy that this chapter consistently refers to the fundamental physics ideas discussed in Halliday and Resnick's seminal work, Physics. Figure of field magnet Prior to comprehending how a DC motor operates, we must first grasp how it is made. The two primary components of a DC motor are the stator and armature. The stator is their fixed component, while the armature is their revolving component. The DC supply is linked to the armature coil. The brushes and commutators make up the armature coil. The brushes transport the current from the spinning portion of the motor to the stationary external load, and the commutators convert the AC induced in the armature into DC. The permanent or electromagnet's armature is positioned between its north and south poles.
12 A huge number of armature coils make up the real DC motor. The number of coils a motor uses determines its speed in a direct proportion. The magnetic field exerts its influence on these coils. The conductors are maintained with the north pole exerting influence on one end and the south pole exerting influence on the other. Via the north and south poles, the current enters the armature coil and exits via them. The coil's polarity also shifts simultaneously with its movement from one brush to another. As a result, the force or torque applied to the coil continues in the same direction. [9] When the armature coil is perpendicular to the main field, the torque that it generates in the coil becomes zero. When the torque is zero, the motor ceases to rotate. The number of armature coils in the rotor is employed to solve this problem. Thus, the other coils induce the torque if one of them is perpendicular to the field. Moreover, the rotor never stops turning. Figure rotation of motor
13 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION OF DC MOTOR
14 4.0 SIMULATION OPERATION OF DC MOTOR 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAtPHANEfQo
15 CHAPTER 5 SPECIFICATION OF MOTOR
16 5.0 SPECIFICATION OF DC MOTOR Among other things, RPM, maximum current load, no-load speed, and stall torque are among the characteristics of DC motors. Here are some explanations of these terms to assist you better understand them while reading a DC motor datasheet. a. Voltage Rating (V): The recommended or maximum voltage that should be applied to the motor for proper operation. b. Current Rating (Amps): The maximum current the motor can handle without overheating. c. Power Rating (Watts): The electrical power consumed by the motor, calculated as the product of voltage and current. d. Speed (RPM - Revolutions Per Minute): The rotational speed of the motor shaft when operating at the rated voltage. This can be the no-load speed or the speed under a specified load. e. Torque (N-m or oz-in): The rotational force produced by the motor. This is an important specification, especially for applications where the motor needs to move or rotate a load. f. Efficiency (%): The efficiency of the motor, representing the ratio of mechanical output power toelectrical input power. It is usually expressed as a percentage. g. Construction Type: DC motors can be classified as brushed or brushless. Brushed motors have brushes and a commutator, while brushless motors use electronic commutation h. Size and Dimensions: Physical dimensions of the motor, including diameter, length, and mounting details. i. Weight: The mass of the motor, which can be important in applications with weight constraints. j. Operating Temperature Range: The range of temperatures within which the motor can safely and reliably operate.
17 k. Ingress Protection (IP) Rating: Indicatesthe level of protection against dust and water. For example, IP54means the motoris protected against dust and splashing water. l. Insulation Class: The motor's insulation class, indicating the maximum temperature that the insulation system can withstand. m. Life Expectancy: An estimate of the motor's expected operational lifespan under typical operatingconditions. n. Compliance and Certifications: Any relevant industry standards, certifications, or compliance information.
18 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATION & CALCULATION
19 6.0 APPLICATION a. Automotive Industry: These essential vehicle systems rely on the efficient operation of DC motors, providing seamless functions such as electric seat adjustments for optimal comfort, cooling fans to regulate the engine's temperature, power windows for convenient operation, and windscreen wipers ensuring clear visibility during diverse weather conditions. [3]The integration of DC motors exemplifies the automotive industry's commitment to enhancing user experience and technological advancements in modern vehicles. b. Electric Vehicles: Additionally,DC motors play a crucial role in the electric vehicle landscape, propelling the wheels with efficient torque delivery, contributing to responsive power steering systems that enhance maneuverability, and facilitating the smooth operation of various auxiliary systems. Their versatility and reliability make DC motors a cornerstone in the propulsion and functionality of electric vehicles, exemplifying the ongoing evolution toward sustainable and technologically advanced transportation solutions. c. Industrial Machinery: Moreover, in the realm of industrial machinery, DC motors find widespread application, powering crucial components such as conveyor belt systems and aiding in material handling processes.[3] Their precise speed and position control capabilities make them indispensable for manufacturing operations that demand accuracy and efficiency. As a result, DC motors stand as integral components in the intricate web of technologies that drive modern industrial processes, showcasing their adaptability and reliability in diverse applications.
20 d. Home Appliances: DC motors are preferred in household appliances due to their efficient and controlled operation. In devices like vacuum cleaners, blenders, mixers, electric shavers, and hairdryers, DC motors provide the necessary power and reliability, ensuring optimal performance. Their adaptability makes them a go-to choice for various applications, contributing to the convenience and functionality of everyday tasks. e. Power Tools: Additionally, the compact and lightweight nature of DC motors makes them ideal for integration into cordless power tools like drills and screwdrivers. Their efficiency and controllable speed enhance the versatility and user experience of these tools, providing a reliable power source for various DIY and professional tasks. This makes DC motors a key component in the design of portable and efficient cordless tools. f. Robotics: The versatility and precision of DC motors find extensive applications in the field of robotics. Whether it's propelling wheels for locomotion, controlling joints for articulated movements, or driving other essential components, DC motors play a crucial role.[7] The ability to achieve accurate and controlled motions makes them indispensable in creating robotic systems with a wide range of functionalities. g. Aerospace Industry: DC motors find essential applications in the aerospace industry, where precision and reliability are paramount. They are employed as actuators to control flight surfaces, ensuring the precise maneuvering of aircraft. Furthermore, DC motors contribute to satellite positioning systems, playing a pivotal role in executing mission-critical tasks essential for the success of aerospace missions. The inherent characteristics of DC motors make them a trusted choice in applications demanding high performance and accuracy.
21 h. Medical Devices: Their versatile nature extends into the realm of medical equipment, where DC motors play a crucial role in devices like infusion pumps, ventilators, and laboratory instruments. The precise and controlled movements afforded by DC motors are particularly valuable in medical settings, ensuring the accuracy and reliability necessary for such critical applications. This underscores the significance of DC motors in contributing to advancements in healthcare technology and the overall efficiency of medical processes. i. Consumer Electronics: In our daily lives, DC motors are seamlessly integrated into the functionality of common electronic devices. For instance, electric toothbrushes rely on the compact power of DC motors for efficient and precise brushing movements.[7] Entertainment systems, including DVD players, incorporate DC motors to enable the smooth rotation of disks, enhancing the overall viewing experience. Additionally, computer peripherals like hard disk drives and CD/DVD drives benefit from the reliable and controlled rotationsfacilitated by DC motors, showcasing their ubiquity in modern consumer electronics. j. HVAC Systems: DC motors play a vital role in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, where their usage extends to the control of fans and dampers. This application leverages the efficiency and precision offered byDC motors, contributing to the overall effectiveness and energy efficiency of HVAC systems. The ability to modulate speed and adjust airflow with accuracy makes DC motors a preferred choice for maintaining optimal conditions in various environments.
22 k. Military and Defense: DC motors serve crucial roles in diverse military applications, encompassing missile systems, remotely operated vehicles, and surveillance equipment. Their reliability, precision, and ability to operate in harsh conditions make DC motors essential components in military technology. Whether propelling unmanned vehicles, facilitating surveillance mechanisms, or contributing to the propulsion systems of missiles, DC motors play a pivotal role in enhancing the capabilities and effectiveness of military equipment and operations. l. Textile Industry: DC motors are integral to the textile industry, providing the motive force for a variety of machinery involved in crucial processes such as spinning, weaving, and fabric finishing. These motors contribute to the precise control of equipment, ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of textile manufacturing processes. Whether driving spinning frames to produce yarn or controlling the intricate movements of weaving machines, DC motors play a vital role in supporting the productivity and quality standardsofthe textile industry. Their adaptability and controllability make them well-suited for the nuanced requirements of textile machinery, contributing to the seamless production of textiles for various applications. m. Renewable Energy: In the realm of renewable energy systems, DC motors serve as essential components, contributing to the optimization of various tasks. For instance, they play a crucial role in adjusting solar panels to maximize exposure to sunlight, enhancing the overall efficiency of solar energy capture. Additionally, in the domain of wind energy, DC motors are utilized to position and adjust the blades of wind turbines, ensuring optimal harnessing of wind power. Their precision and controllability make DC motors valuable assets in renewable energy applications, allowing for the dynamic adaptation of systems to environmental.
23 n. Toys and Entertainment: Furthermore, DC motors are prevalent in the realm of entertainment and leisure. They are frequently integrated into toys, remote-controlled vehicles, and various entertainment devices, where they play a pivotal role in delivering motion and functionality. The simplicity, compactness, and versatility of DC motors make them ideal for powering the dynamic components of these recreational items, contributing to the joy and interactivite of users, especially in the context of toys and gadgets designed for playful engagement and amusement. 6.1 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION 1. Figure of calculation
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26 CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND CONCLUSION
27 7.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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29 7.1 CONCLUSION DC motors are electric motors that run on direct current (DC), which can come from a DC power supply or a battery. Brushless or brushed commutation is possible for them. A brushed DC motor's speed can be adjusted only by adjusting the voltage. Alternatively, alternating current (AC), determined by a voltage and frequency, powers an AC motor. Consequently, to adjust speed, motors driven by AC must alter their frequency, requiring a more intricate and expensive speed control system. Because conveyor motors and 12VDC systems in cars both need precise speed control across a range of speeds above and below the authorized rates, DC motors are thus a betterfit for various types of equipment. In industrial settings, the choice between DC and AC motors is a critical decision influenced by various factors. DC motors, relying on direct current, are often preferred due to their inherent simplicity and ease of speed control. Unlike AC motors, where speed adjustment involves altering frequency and necessitates more complex systems, DC motors offer a straightforward method of adjusting speed by manipulating voltage. This makes them particularly suitable for applications such as conveyor motors and 12VDC systems in automobiles, where precise and flexible speed control across a range of speeds is crucial. For industrial buyers, selecting the right DC motor involves a thorough consideration of several factors. These include the specific environmental conditions of the intended application, adherence to design and size constraints, and a careful evaluation of key performance characteristics. This comprehensive selection guide aims to assist in navigating these considerations, providing valuable insights to streamline the decision-making process and ensure the optimal choice for industrial needs.
ii REFERENCE [1] Diponkar Paul, R. Mondal,"Design and fabrication of a dc driver circuit control dc motor",2013 [2] Admin. (2022b, May 13). DC Motor - Definition, working, Types, and FAQs. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/dcmotor/#:~:text=When%20kept%20in%20a%20magnetic,which%20the%20DC%20motor s%20work. [3]Kertas penerangan k1 motor arus terus. (n.d.). PDF. https://www.slideshare.net/sdin5543/kertas-penerangan-k1-motor-arus-terus [4] Chiasson, J. (2005). The Physics of the DC Motor. , 3-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471722359.CH1. [5] Srinu, S., & Ashok, P. (2018). A Review on Balancing Dynamic Load with Adaptive Power System for the Dc Motor Control. International Journal of Research, 5, 156-161. [6] Liu, Z. (2019). Design and Research of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Direct Drive Hub Motor. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 644. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/644/1/012009. [7] SECTION-D DC MOTOR and its applications. (n.d.). DC Motor. https://ggn.dronacharya.info/EEEDept/Downloads/QuestionBank/IIIsem/EM/SectionD/DC-Motor.pdf
iii [8] lecture 25 - DC motors.PDF. (n.d.). https://www.rosehulman.edu/class/ee/HTML/NSF/CCLI_EMD_DUE_0088904/PDFS/lecture_notes_25.p df [9] Working Principle of a DC Motor - Circuit Globe. (2015, November 14). Circuit Globe. https://circuitglobe.com/working-principle-of-a-dc-motor.htm [10] “CARA KERJA DAN PENGGUNAAN MOTOR DIRECT CURRENT (DC).” Ojs.balitbanghub.dephub.go.id, ojs.balitbanghub.dephub.go.id. Accessed 5 Dec. 2023. https://ojs.balitbanghub.dephub.go.id