DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING
AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA SERI ISKANDAR PERAK.
(MARCH-JULY 2021)
BQS502
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III
LITERATURE REVIEW
DEMOLITION AND ALTERATION
AAP2243A 2021110695
PREPARED BY: 2021505111
ABDUL RAHIM BIN MUZAIRI 2021112641
WAN MOHAMAD FAIZ HILMI BIN WAN AZMI 2021118287
NUR AFRA BINTI ABU BAKAR 2021123797
NURUL FARHAH BINTI MOHD ZULKIFLI
NURUL SYAFIQAH BINTI AINURIZAM
PREPARED FOR:
PROFESOR MADYA DR KHARIZAM BINTI ISMAIL
SUBMISSION DATE:
29 JUNE 2021
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERAK
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,2
2.0 Types of Demolition …….…….…….…..……………………………………………….......... 2
2.1 Partial Demolish ….….………………………………………………………………… 3
2.2 Fully Demolish ….….…………………………………………………………......… 3,4
3.0 Method of Demolition …………………….….………………………………………………… 4
3.1 Hand Demolition Method …………………………………………………………… 5,6
3.2 Pushing Arm Demolition Method ………………………………………………..… 6,7
3.3 Demolition Ball Method ………………………………………………………….…. 7,8
3.4 Explosive Demolition Method …………………………………………….….… 8,9,10
3.5 Deliberate Collapse Demolition Method …………………………………………... 11
3.6 Wire Rope Pulling Demolition Method ……………………………………… … 11,12
4.0 Demolition Process ………………………………………………………………………...… 12
4.1 Hand Demolition ……….……………………………………………………….….… 13
4.2 Pushing Arm Demolition ………….……………………………………………... 13,14
4.3 Demolition Ball ……….…………………………………………………………….... 14
4.4 Explosive Demolition ………….……………………………………………….… 14,15
4.5 Deliberate Collapse Demolition ……….…………………………………………….15
4.6 Wire Rope Pulling Demolition ……………………………………………...…… 15,16
5.0 Plant and Material Use for Demolition ……………………………………………………... 16
5.1 Hand Demolition ……………………………………………………………….… 16,17
5.2 Mechanical Demolition ………………………………………………………...… 17,18
5.3 Explosive Demolition ………………………………………………………….… 18,19
6.0 Standard Guidelines of Demolition …………………………………………….... 19,20,21,22
7.0 Method Statement for Demolition Works ………………………………………………...… 23
8.0 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………. 24
References ………………………………………………………………………………… 25,26
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Malaysia has experienced rapid industrial development and urbanization, with aims to becomes
a developed country. Because of the development will occur from time to time, Malaysia will be
overburdened with crowded construction progress especially in the city area. Considering
Malaysia has experienced rapid infrastructure and development over the last decade, the country
will be overburdened with old structures that will hinder progress. The best solution to encounter
the old structures is to demolish the existing structures that have reach the life span limit for one
building. As we all know, every design of a building or structure has a lifespan that known as
design life and building in Malaysia is usually designed considering a life span of 80-100 years. If
a building's design life is over the time limit, the structure is not secure for living and utilizing the
buildings. According to Ertas and Erdogan (2017), today, demolition work is used to gauge a
country's economic activity which is demolition works has involved in progress, improvement, and
growth. In Malaysia, the improvement of old building or structures into new building has
successfully implemented as happened for project Flat Pekeliling or known as Tunku Abdul
Rahman Flat which is has been fully demolish in 2015 for new development.
The word demolition means destruction, breaking down or removal. Demolition of building
is the process of dismantling or destroying of a structure once its life has been used in a planned
and controlled manner. There are a few reasons for the building to be demolished. It is not just
that the life cycle has been exhausted, often the system has lost its integrity or other structural
damage. Therefore, it is to ensure that the building is safe for consumers to stay or leave in that
building. Besides, small buildings are demolished to construct a big building which is to make new
development. In addition, alteration is the work involves in refurbishment. After it has been built
during its in-use period, a building will need to be altered and renovate at some stage which will
require modification work. Alteration work may be required for a wide range of reasons such as
factors that are uncertain at the design level, total or partial change of use, change of ownership,
which includes enlargement, expansion or other improvements, failure of materials for
construction, changing technical options.
However, demolition involves additional hazards due to unexpected factors which makes
demolition work particularly dangerous such as changes made during construction from the
design of the structure, authorized or unapproved revisions that have altered the initial design,
materials contained inside structural elements like lead, asbestos, silica, and other chemicals
or heavy metals that require special handling of materials. All workers at a demolition worksite
must be fully aware of the dangers they can face and the safety measures they must take to
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protect themselves and their workers to prevent them. Basically, there are three main ways of
demolishing the structure such as gradually demolishing the structure, dropping, or rejecting it,
and blasting it with explosives. The selection of demolition method is identified by the state of the
building, the environment of building area, the demolition reasons, and the cost. The use of
explosives is typically the quickest form of demolition, but when other buildings are close, it might
not be feasible. If dust and noise cannot be created by demolition, the manual process will be
carried out. Everyone who is performing or undertaking has a primary responsibility to ensure that
they are not too vulnerable to health and safety threats resulting from demolition works to what
degree they need in operation, workers, and others. Umar et al., (2021) mentioned that
coordination among all stakeholders involved in the planning, design, and construction processes
is essential to reduce construction waste generated on-site, because a significant amount of
construction materials is wasted due to improper handling at construction sites. This proper
planning also can reduce the accidents during demolition process and can make the process went
well.
2.0 TYPES OF DEMOLITION
Demolition is simply the safe and careful removal of existing structures and buildings to repurpose
the land. Types of demolition chosen is based on the purposed of construction to be done after
the demolition. For example, if the aim of demolition is to construct new development or building,
it must be wholly demolished to make the site clean from any existing building. Demolition of a
building or structure can be considered under two types which is partial demolish and fully
demolish. According to Pranav et al., (2015), demolition refers to the complete or partial
dismantling of a building structure. It excludes refurbishment if the work does not involve the
alteration of existing structural components. Difference types of demolition will have difference
process to be carried out during construction.
TYPES OF DEMOLITION
PARTIAL DEMOLISH FULLY DEMOLISH
Figure 1: Types of Demolition.
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2.1 Partial Demolish.
Partial demolition is the dismantling, razing, or removal of structural members, floors,
interior bearing walls, and/or exterior walls or portions thereof, including all incidental operations.
Partial demolition is known as selective demolition since it only removes some parts of the building
instead of the whole structure. Partial demolition is necessary before a renovation project can be
started, to ensure that it can produce a good result. A careful preparation for partial demolition is
required to avoid the mistake during the process. The contractor needs to remove walls and other
components without undermining the overall support of the building or impairing the integrity of
the plumbing, electrical and cable systems. Partial demolition starts with maintenance and repair
work, and this will potentially proceed until the whole building has been progressively demolished
one or more times. Other than that, interior demolition is also known as partial demolition which it
is requires the demolition of specific interior structures and the method will differ depending on
whether want to remove one or more sections of the buildings. This usually involve tearing down
walls, ceilings, and pipes.
Picture 1: Partial Demolition.
2.1 Fully Demolish.
Full demolition is the demolition of an entire structure, and it can be achieved by several
methods, such as hand demolition, pusher arm demolition, deliberate collapse, demolition ball,
wire rope pulling demolition and demolition by explosive. Full demolition removes all parts of the
building and usually will be done at the end of the building’s life span. The building will be
demolished after achieving the limit where it is unsafe to stay and leave. The planning process
for this type of demolition should be done carefully to choose what method to be use and the
hazards for every method.
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Picture 2: Fully Demolition.
3.0 METHOD OF DEMOLITION
As reviewed previously, demolition work involves either a full or partial demolition of a structure
or building. In addition, demolition work may also be categorized under specialist work, as the
work is highly hazardous to the environment, workers, and people surrounding. Before any
demolition work begins, demolition methods must first be determined and considered because
the various techniques have different appropriateness and construction processes. All this
method should be planning before starting the works. It is because Building demolition requires
planning, designing, and implementation, as well as unique issues such as conventional or
alternative demolition methods. Although currently popular machine demolition is a quick, cheap,
and easy way to remove structures, there is another option for simple and safe work. Pranav et
al., (2015). The demolition method can be divided into hand demolition, pushing arm, demolition
ball, explosive method, deliberate collapse, and wire rope pulling.
Figure 2: Method of Demolition.
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3.1 Hand Demolition Method.
The first method of demolition is hand demolition method. This process is commonly used
by workers or manpower, and it is known as the easiest demolition method among other
demolition methods. This demolition process is typically used for small projects and partial
demolition work that only involve easy works for demolition. Furthermore, some of the building's
parts are partly destroyed, for example by renovations. In addition, the demolition of hands
regularly used hand tools to demolish a structure element such as a hammer, hydraulic hammer,
rotary hammer, chipping hammer, hydraulic concrete crusher, mounted breaker and many more.
The construction method is hazardous to workers and needs to be supervised by skill workers to
avoid the accident during the process. Moreover, during demolition work, lifting devices may be
required to demolish and release material from top to bottom.
Picture 3: Hand Demolition.
The demolition process for hand demolition method will be done starting from ground to
upper floor. The process is different with other method because the other method of demolition
will begin the demolition works start from top to ground which is starting from roof level until the
ground level. The main reason the operation started from the top to the ground level is that there
is a risk that crushed material from above will fall freely on employees, preventing any repetitive
work and potential accidents such as demolition waste cleanup.
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The demolition technique also needs to be used to fix some of the concrete work without
tearing up the whole house. For example, repairing concrete in the basement due to the presence
of water and a bad concrete mixture. To save demolition costs, the demolition is also only
operating in the most vulnerable areas. In addition, the hand demolition method is highly labor
intensive, slow, and expensive because of need to pay salary to workers. This technique is only
used when the other method is not suitable and typically used as an alternative method is based
upon the availability of equipment and tools. Other reason why this method used is because the
work to be done is only for simple thing that not necessary to used other method. Hand demolition
is primarily used to salvage as many materials as possible and this is done so that the materials
can be recycled or reused effectively. However, safety is critical in any demolition project, but it is
especially important when using hand wrecking. Personnel will be walking in, around, and through
the building, so it must be safe and secure.
3.2 Pushing Arm Demolition Method.
Second method of demolition is the pusher arm demolition. The procedure entails this
method of demolition is known as the pull-in and pull-out procedure. Mechanical pusher arm
consists of the use of machines equipped with pusher arm attachment for applying horizontal
thrust to demolish the structural element. The special requirements for this method include design,
condition of equipment, the capability to operate and safety distance. The pusher arm's demolition
method is a mechanical method where the structure is destroyed by a machine such as a push
arm machine or a hydraulic power excavator and fits with the pusher of steel or other demolition
material. In addition, pusher arm demolition work can be listed under demolition by engineering
since good coordination of the machinery must first be formed before demolition work begins.
Moreover, this method is not sufficient for large constructions and recommended for buildings of
six (6) meters in height.
Picture 4: Pusher Arm Demolition.
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The equipment used to destroy the building must also be operated at a strong and stable
floor. Besides, all obstacles like existing buildings and trees, at least six (6) meters of radius, must
be eliminated from the surrounding activity area. It is necessary to apply this method to buildings
with a height of six (6) meters, if the building exceeds seven (7) meters, they must first be removed
by hand demolition method in the height of six (6) meters. To operate these machines efficiently,
the length of boom when fully extended should be at least 1.5 meters above the height of the
building being demolished. Other than that, the push arm machine is not to be overloaded, run
from outside the building by specialist workers, and the machine must have a robust cab with
shatterproof glass so that any potential flying debris or rock hits the operator without any
problems. For additional knowledge, if the building is connected to a new one, the link between
the two buildings must first be demolished using a hand demolition technique.
3.3 Demolition Ball Method.
The third method of demolition is demolition ball method or technique. For this demolition
method, there are three (3) ways to be used in the process of building demolition which include
vertical drop, jib-like swinging and slewing jib. This kind of demolition method is used to demolish
the building by swinging demolition balls or so-called wrecking balls. In addition, the wrecking ball
remains attached or suspended by the lifting systems and machinery like the crane. Selection of
the crane is also extremely important since the operator, the workers, and the surrounding area
would be affected by selecting the crane.
Picture 5: Demolition Ball.
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The first way uses this demolition technique is dropped vertically. This is the standard
demolition ball method, in which the demolition ball is dropped from above and then strikes the
building. In addition, demolition work is started from top to bottom, meaning that from the roof to
the ground. Otherwise, water will be sprayed against the house, while the demolition process
begins, so that the demolition work can be fast. The second way is swinging in line with jib or
crane, works by swinging the demolition ball with a convertible crane or excavator from left to
right. To make sure this way to be controlled, the debris or rocks from the building must be
removed and covered in the surrounding environment, which will minimize the risk of waste from
entering the adjacent structure. The third way is slewing jib. However, slewing the jib is not
recommended way to be used in demolition works because the motion of the ball by slewing the
jib is difficult to control. It is required for expert knowledge of the machine and the structure as
well as the operating skill to make the task safely.
This method of demolition is also necessary to have skilled workers or operators, in
whatever way to be used, because any mistake is subjected to death and injury. If the building
selected is pitched, the pitched roof shall first be removed by hand demolition to the wall plate.
Besides that, demolition work should proceed from floor to another floor. However, this method
cannot be used on buildings with a height of thirty (30) meters and higher because the dropping
and flying residues could be not managed. The connection should be destroyed before the main
work starts if the building was attached to a different building.
3.4 Explosive Demolition Method.
Next method of demolition is explosive demolition method. Explosion is a flexible and high-
risk procedure which had been practiced for centuries in the demolition industry. This technique
uses explosive materials and is located strategically on a particular part of the structure such that
the structure collapses by itself. Besides any legislation to prevent the demolition process's failure,
the safety and precautions calculation are the critical factors concerned, particularly public safety
and concern. Other than that, Malaysia also has done the explosive demolition works with
successful controlled. According to the New Straits Times on December 14, 2017, CCM Fertilizers
Sdn Bhd became the first company in Malaysia to undertake a controlled demolition works. The
works involved the controlled demolition of CCM Fertilizers’ 53-year-old reinforced concrete stack,
sited on a 70-acre facility in Shah Alam, Selangor. This project used the explosive demolition
method to make the structure destroyed. This process also has a well-planned by the CCM
company to make sure the blast controlled.
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Picture 6: Explosive Demolition.
This method of demolition process, explosion specialists and experts must play an
important role in planning and relocate the hazard during the explosion because explosive
demolition is extremely costly, and neither the environment nor explosion personnel is harmed.
Therefore, this method of demolition is extremely fast and one of the most rapid methods of
demolition but its need extra concern about the planning before starting the works. In addition,
there are five standard techniques in explosive demolition which is telescoping, toppling,
shattering, implosion, and progressive collapse.
The first standard technique in explosive demolition is telescoping explosive. Telescoping
explosive demolition is a method for collapsing structures straight down. It is useful when there is
no space around the structure, and it is also a continuous collapse inducement that has been
influenced by an initial collapse. Next is toppling technique. Toppling is a method for collapsing
buildings mostly with 2 to 3 rows of pillars to one side. Toppling is appropriate when there is
enough space in one or two directions and the coincidence of felling and telescoping. The
shattering method is possible to fell and collapse within the planned space by controlling felling
direction. It is technically a simple method and mainly used for such objects as a chimney,
elevated water tanks & power posts. Sufficient space is needed in the felling direction. Implosion
can be applied to limited space, especially in urban centers. As the structure's outer wall is drawn
to the middle and collapsed, the surrounding area required is reduced. After that, progressive
collapse technologically close to implosion. Progressive collapse happens linearly as opposed to
implosion by which buildings collapse toward the center. It is applicable to the lengthwise
structures such as apartment building.
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Explosive demolition can be split in three which are including the gas, hydraulic, and
thermal expansion buster. The first method under explosive technique includes gas expansion
buster. This method uses a steel cylinder steel containing liquefied gas, which, due to an electrical
charge, reacts and expands with great strength. Normally, it is placed inside a cavity or between
the building's structure members, such as in the wall or the floor before blasting start.
Picture 7: Gas Expansion Buster.
Second is hydraulic buster. Hydraulic buster is an explosion started by a steel cylinder with
various pistons that will be forced out radially under high hydraulic pressure. Hydraulic bursting is
the safest and efficient technique for demolition work in a building compared with another
demolition process. This type of approach is simple to control while the noise due to explosion or
vibration is reduced. The hydraulic buster works by involves by putting the cylinder in the drilled
holes with different diameter depending on the size of the building. This approach is also a solution
to the demolition of a nearby hospital and school building that prioritizes quiet and peace.
Picture 8: Hydraulic Buster Explosion.
The last method under the explosive method is a thermal reaction. The thermal reaction is
the cutting and removal of steel components enclosed with a combination or metal oxide. By using
the electric current, the cover for the steel members was activated. This is because it softens the
steel structure, in the presence of large amounts of energy, which makes the steel soft as plastic.
After that, the wire rope connected to the building requires minimal force and the tensioning
machine causes the building to collapse.
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3.5 Deliberate Collapse Demolition Method.
In this method of demolition, the key structural elements of the building are systematically
removed or weakened so that the structure can be deliberately lowered. By removing the key
structure members of building, it can cause complete collapse of the whole or part of the building.
This method is used only for the demolition of a building that is isolated from the surrounding
building, plus the ground level should be almost level which is this method can only be use on
detached isolated buildings with clear surrounding area and exclusion zone on reasonably level
site so that the safety to personnel can be carefully controlled. This method should also obtain an
expert engineering advice before works started because it is considered the most dangerous
method of demolition.
Picture 9: Deliberate Collapse Demolition.
3.6 Wire Rope Pulling Demolition Method.
The last method for demolition is wire rope pulling demolition. Wire rope is a mechanical
method where a machine destroys the structure. Mechanical demolition can also be defined as a
demolition method involving heavy machinery and other fixing equipment for buildings to be
demolished from outside and only applied for the building on flat ground. Mechanical demolition
by pulling a wire rope typically requires using earthmoving equipment or mechanical winching
devices with heavy steel wire to pull structural components. The demolition of wire rope is a
method that demolished the building by pulling it down before it collapsed. Usually, wire ropes of
at least 38mm diameter that are suitable and sufficient for the building's size include materials
used for demolition work. Then, at both ends at the building frame and the tug machine, the seam
must be tightly connected. During the demolition process, great attention must be paid to ensure
that the vehicle does not lift off the mounting wheels or track in the size of a building.
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Picture 10: Wire Rope Pulling Demolition.
Safety steps must be taken during the demolition work to ensure no accident during the
demolition process. The safety caution that employees should take is to ensure that there is
nothing important to fall in the paths. Otherwise, experience in this demolition method would be
very necessary to ensure that the pulling machine and the collapse area have enough space.
Adequate length is within three-quarters of the building height is sufficient. If the building still does
not collapse, another alternative method will be used to demolish building either using the ball
demolition method or the pusher arm method. The alternative process simpler because the first
method will weaken building strength.
4.0 DEMOLITION PROCESS
Demolition process is referring to the process of destroy the building or structure either in fully
demolition or partial demolition. The process of demolition should be done properly by follow all
safety requirement to avoid any mistake happened during construction. It is because any mistakes
happened during the works can cause injured or death. All construction companies and
employees are required to follow safety rules and regulations on construction sites, but recent
fatalities on construction sites have exposed a safety gap in construction projects. Ahmad et al.,
(2018). This demolition works is considered as one of dangerous because it should use the risk
process of demolition. Azmi et al., (2020), mentioned that several factors have been identified as
having an impact on general workplace safety, including safety culture, organizational structure,
codes and standards, communication, clear instructions, training, leadership, and responsibility.
So, the process of demolition must be done carefully by follow all the planning that has been done
before starting the works.
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4.1 Hand Demolition.
Hand demolition is the easiest method which uses the hand tools. First step needed to be
done is the labor need to prepare any suitable tools or equipment that need to be used during the
demolition work such as hammer, hand saw, driller, jack hammer and much more to demolish the
building. The labor also needs to be provided with complete safety equipment such as a safety
helmet and safety boots. The process of hand demolition will be started from the upper level to
the ground level which is the labor will start demolishing the building from roof and finish it at
ground level. Rathi and Khandve, (2014). After carrying out the equipment, the labor can begin
the process of hammering and drilling the building with a drill and hammer, which is extremely
dangerous and requires the supervision of a specialist.
The labor also can use jack hammers which can be used to break down the concrete.
Before cutting the reinforcement, the reinforcement shall remain in place until all the concrete that
is connected to or supported by the reinforcement is destroyed or no longer needs its support.
The labor will use an oxy-acetylene torch to cut the reinforcement in the concrete. Kumar, (2014).
Next, it also needs lifting appliances to hoist released materials from the upper floor to the ground
floor. Then setting out chute, slide or any other suitable equipment to bring down any debris from
above or upper level after the labor is already done with the hammering and drilling process. But
if the horizontal distance to the walkway or adjoining building is greater than 6.00m or half the
height of the building, the debris should fall freely. Kumar, (2014).
4.2 Pushing Arm Demolition.
This type of demolition method will be using a machine fitted with a steel pusher arm. First,
the labor and the operator need to be occupied with complete safety equipment. Next, the labor
needs to provide adequate propping which needs to be installed at floor levels below the working
floor to safely support the operation of the mechanical plant. After that, the demolition will begin
with lifting of the mechanical plant on top of the building floor using mobile crane or other
appropriate means as approved. The labor also needs to take safety precautions by providing
edge protection and a restraint system to prevent these machineries from falling to holes in the
floors or from the edge of the buildings. Kumar, (2014). The machine operator needs to operate
the mechanical plants with a minimal movement which is only within the propped area. The
propped areas shall be marked.
The movement of mechanical plants shall be prohibited within 2.00m of the building edge
and within 1.00m of any floor openings. Then, the operator may start demolishing the slab and
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beam and repeat the same process at other areas. The machine will go down to the next floor by
the used ramp. The ramp that will be used may be a temporary structure or other appropriate
design. To allow the machine to climb down to the next floor below, an access ramp needs to be
provided. Rathi and Khandve, (2014). After that, continue to demolish the interior column to create
an access and working room for the exterior wall demolition. Next, cut the external wall with the
external column. Lastly, pull down the wall section. This process will be repeated until reached at
the bottom level of the building. This top-down method is suitable for building with 5 storey and
more.
4.3 Demolition Ball.
The process application for the demolition ball consists of a crane that is loaded with a steel
ball. First, the labor and skilled worker or the operator of the crane need to be occupied with a
complete safety equipment such as safety helmet and safety boot. The operation necessitates a
clear space, which necessitates the labor to create a clear space for the demolition work to be
completed. Next, install a safety barrier around the demolition site, such as a fence, to prevent
public access during the demolition process. The labor also needs to cover the demolished area
with a net which is used to prevent the debris from flying away and hitting the adjacent building.
Kumar, (2014). Before starting the demolition work, the labor needed to pre-soak the structure to
demolish with water. The spraying of water on the building will continue throughout the demolition
process. Kumar, (2014). This is done to minimize any dust impact.
After that, setting the well-maintained equipment which is the crane. A suitable crane needs
to be selected as it will give an effect to the operator, workers and to the surrounding area. The
labor needs to connect the dragline and the lifting rope to the ball horizontally to control the ball
motion. The operator shall begin to demolish the structure from top to the bottom. Ball demolition
can be done in two ways which is vertical drop and swing in line. For vertical drop, the crane that
was operated by the operator, dropped the ball from above and hit the building. For swinging in
line, the crane should swing the demolition ball from left to right. Rathi and Khandve, (2014).
4.4 Explosive Demolition.
One of the common techniques in explosive method demolition is implosion. Careful
analysis of the site condition, type of structure, structural member, and implosion range prior to
the execution of the demolition work. Kumar (2014). First step for this method of demolition is to
examine the architectural blueprints of the building to determine how the building is put together.
Any implosion components must be examined in advance by a skilled worker which is a blasting
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expert. Facilitator, (2020). After that, to research the support system on each floor of building, the
building will be surveyed by expert before starts the work. The blasting expert will determine what
sort of explosive to use, where to put the explosive object in the building and even how to time it,
based on the data that will be collected from the previous activities.
Next, the worker can begin preparing for the demolition process by installing a safety
precaution or clearing the area to be demolished to prevent public access. After that, the blaster
will load the explosive objects and eventually detonate on several different floors of the building
so that the building structure falls on itself at multiple points. The blaster will start with a real
implosion with a building that is surrounded by a building to be preserved, where the destroyed
building will be collapsed right down to its own footprint. When all is properly prepared and
performed, it is necessary to make sure the total damage of the explosive and falling construction
material to totally collapse the building. So, the clean-up crews just have a pile of debris left to be
handled. Kumar, (2014).
4.5 Deliberate Collapse Demolition.
This method of demolition is done by destroy the main part of structure or building. First
expert must determine the structural part to be destroyed to make sure the building will collapse
after crashing the main structure. All workers involve should know the planning very well because
the building can collapse anytime if the key structure start weak. It is very important to make sure
the surrounding of building is clear before starting the process of demolition works for this method.
It is because the building will destroy with collapse to the ground. After the building successfully
collapse, all workers should do cleaning works all debris to make sure the site clean after the
demolition.
4.6 Wire Rope Pulling Demolition.
The method of wire rope pulling demolition is a method of demolishing the building by
pulling the building until it collapses. Safety precaution is an important thing in any construction.
Firstly, the workers need to be equipped with safety equipment like a safety helmet, safety boots
and so on. After that, workers also need to provide a clear space for the building to be collapsed
in a safe way so that there is no accident occurring during the process of demolition. workers
must make sure that no one is standing between the machine and the building that will be
demolished or even nearer. Besides that, the workers need to ensure that for the building to
collapse, there is nothing valuable on the tracks that will disturb the process of demolition. To
apply a pulling force, a well anchored heavy mechanical machine should be used.
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The worker can start setting out the machineries to start the demolished process. To ensure
that the vehicle does not lift off its mounting, wheels or tracks, a great care must be taken. Then,
the labors need to firmly attach the rope at both ends and pulling tension applied gradually. The
only rope that can be used for wire rope demolition is a steel rope with 38mm or more. To ensure
the strength of the rope, it must be checked frequently. The demolition can be started after doing
all the process. The machine will start pulling the structure of the building. After several pulls, if
the building has not collapsed yet, it may have been weakened and therefore cannot be
approached.
5.0 PLANT AND MATERIAL USE FOR DEMOLITION
The demolition can be executed during different methods depends on its suitability, such as hand
demolition, mechanical demolition, and explosive demolition. Each technique of demolition uses
different materials or tools and machineries. Material use for safety should be also consider in
demolition works because like mentioned above, this works is exposed to unpredictable hazards.
5.1 Hand Demolition.
Hand demolition employs a wide range of tools, including the demolition hammer, hydraulic
hammer, rotary hammer, chipping hammer, hydraulic concrete crusher, mounted breaker, and
others. A demolition hammer can be used to crack open a concrete floor and cut a narrow slot.
Its head does not rotate, but rather moves back and forth, hammering the chisel into the tiles or
floor tiles. It might be less versatile, but it delivers more powerful blows compared to rotary
hammer. Due to lesser parts in a demolition hammer, it gives 35 percent more power than rotary
hammer.
The rotary hammer allows the hardened concrete to be demolish or for boring holes in it by
driving twist drills and core bits. Pounding force is generated making them very effective at
blasting through masonry. Battering ram is used in rotary hammer that floats inside a cylinder and
is launched and retrieved by a piston. As the piston moves, a shock-absorbing airspace between
the ram and the piston compresses and pushes the ram forward then sucks it out as the piston
retracts.
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Picture 11: Tools for Hand Demolition.
The subsequent hand tool is a chipping hammer. It is light and easy to position to break
vertical and overhead surfaces. The heavier the weight of chipping hammer, the more powerful
the tool will work. The range of chipping action for this tool is between 900 to 3,000 blows per
minute, and it is a rapid action. Several tools have a second handle along its side with the purpose
of giving the operators control of the weight of tools and the ability to guide the chipping operation
at various angles.
5.2 Mechanical Demolition.
For the demolition ball technique, it uses a wrecking ball that is attached to a crane. A huge
ball that is made of steel weighing up to 12,000 pounds is suspended from a crane and swung by
a drag rope into a building which it works like pendulum. Using its sheer weight, inertia, and gravity
it will be able to break the building structure. Most wrecking balls are in the pair shaped rather
than a fully round shape. The shape helps to avoid the ball from getting stuck in the structure.
Next, for wire rope pulling demolition, a rope that is made of heavy steel with more than
38mm will be firmly attached at both ends of an earthmover machine or mechanical winch for
pulling down structural members. Hong Kong, BD Code of Practice, (2004). The size of wire ropes
should be adequate with the purpose and workload. A well anchored winch or heavy vehicle
should be used to apply the pulling force. Besides that, the rope should be inspected regularly to
ensure that it is strong enough to execute the demolition works.
Another mechanical method is by using pusher arm. It involves machines such as hydraulic
excavator or loader that is fitted with a steel pusher arm. Mechanical pusher arm involves the use
of machines equipped with pusher arm attachment for applying horizontal thrust to demolish the
structural element. Hong Kong, BD Code of Practice, (2004). A hydraulically powered pusher arm
machine is mounted on tracked or wheeled chassis. Menon & Jayaraj, (2017). For a high rise
building or structure, the machines will be fitted a three pieces high reach configuration in which
the height of pin is up until 26m and can reach 41m forwardly.
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Picture 12: Mechanical Demolition.
5.3 Explosive Demolition.
Explosive demolition uses explosive devices which they are put in a series of drilled holes
that is made on the structure. An electrical charge is set up and the current is sent through the
wire, to ignite the flammable substance, and the main explosives is set off. According to the Sixth
Edition of Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods, there are four main types of
commercial high explosives which are dynamite, two-component explosives, ANFO, and slurries.
Dynamite is more properly defined as the packaging of nitroglycerin, a very poisonous explosive
liquid, or other volatile compounds such as sensitized ammonium nitrate. Dynamites can be
packaged in measured charges, detonated safely using a proper. The main material used in this
type of explosive is Nitroglycerin, and it is based product is also called as straight dynamite.
Nitroglycerin was difficult to handle and very unstable that leads to accidental explosion.
By mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth, it can increase the stability and reduce the
volatility of the explosive. This mixture then forms as dynamite. Dynamite is categorized as a
secondary high explosive and considered a commercial explosive. However, the straight
dynamite is still the most sensitive explosive method compared to other products and less suitable
for demolition applications because it is anti-shock product. The most suitable used product is
known as high density extra dynamite products which some of the nitroglycerin has been replaced
with ammonium-nitrate, that can lessen its sensitivity to shock.
Picture 13: Explosive Demolition.
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The next explosive material is slurries. This is a common term for emulsions and water
gels. Water gels are the explosive mixtures of oxidizing salts, fuels, and sensitizers, that is water
resistant. The separate ingredients in slurries can be moved to the project in bulk and mixed
immediately before loading the blast-holes, which make it as an advantage compared to
dynamite. Other than that, a mixture of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate (ANFO), which also
identified as dry blasting agents is also one of the materials used for explosive demolition. In
contrast to the use of dynamite, it is the most economical source of explosive energy and less
harmful. However, it requires a complex fuel-condition procedure. Lastly, two-component
explosive which is also known as binary explosives is a combination of two components or any
chemical mixture. They give advantage in transporting and storage besides as an alternative
option for small demolition works yet more costly compared to other products.
6.0 STANDARD GUIDELINES OF DEMOLITION
To ensure the safety and health of the people, the demolition method chosen should consider the
structure's size, strength, and location. A risk assessment study should also be conducted to
determine the possible causes of structural instability and to provide a plan of action to ensure
safety and health. The stability of the structure or adjacent structure should not be affected by
demolition work because it may lead the structure to collapse unplanned. In demolition of
structures that are near public area, demolition work should be carried out during non-peak hours.
All demolition work should be done by trained personnel under the supervision of a designated
person. Demolition activities should not be continued under adverse weather conditions, such as
high winds, storm, which could cause collapse of already weakened structures.
Several procedures must be followed during a demolition project to ensure the health and
safety of everyone on and off the demolition site. First, a demolition strategy must be developed
based on the original building's construction method and its proximity to other buildings,
structures, and the public. The location of the demolition, the cost of the project, the availability of
tipping and disposal with the desirability and economics of reuse need to be considered. To plan
the most efficient method of demolition, it is important to have a full understanding of the method
of construction and the stress patterns imposed upon the building. Failure to do so may result in
risks to the safety of both those who involved in the demolition and those near the construction
site.
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There are several important factors to consider when deciding on appropriate demolition
techniques. The height of the building, the type of building, the stability, and the use of the
structures are all factors to consider when designing a structure. For the site conditions, it must
be health and safety for all people on and off the site, as well as the acceptance level of nuisance
when using techniques such as explosion demolition. The proximity of the nearest adjacent
structure and site accessibility also need to take into consideration. The experience such as
familiarity with specific technique is the most important thing as it need to be handled such care
from specialized worker. The availability of plant and equipment, and availability of expertise also
need to check on it. Total demolition time, total cost compared to each of the demolition
techniques and level of reuse and recycling elements should be consider on selecting appropriate
techniques.
Prior to the start of demolition operations, an adequate inspection should be performed by
a designated person. To avoid danger, unstable parts of the structure should be secured, and all
utilities should be effectively disconnected or turned off at or near the property line. The danger
zone surrounding the structure should be adequately fenced off or marked with warning signs.
The structure should be free of any toxic or hazardous substances, such as asbestos materials,
before demolition work begins. Around the building or structure to be demolished, the appropriate
metal scaffold enclosed with peripheral nettings should be erected. Before beginning demolition
work, ensure that all glass in doors and windows, loose objects, projecting parts, and explosive,
inflammable, toxic, and harmful substances are removed.
To prevent injury to the public during the demolition of the exterior walls of a structure that
was originally more than 12.2 meters high, catch platforms shall be provided along the exterior
faces of such wall, where necessary. Prior to erection and use, such a platform must be designed
by a Professional Engineer and certified for safety. The catch platform shall be maintained not
more than 6 meters below from which the exterior walls are being removed. Catch platform shall
not be used for storage of materials or be used as working platforms or walkways.
All loose materials at elevated areas should be secured to prevent them from being blown
off the structure by strong gusts of wind. During demolition work, the contractors should provide
workers and public the appropriate information related to safety and health hazards during
demolition works. They also need to follow demolition sequence and method as provided by
demolition/structural engineer. The contractor needs to ensure the site in a safe condition and in
compliance with safety and health plan requirements. They also must provide workers with all the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) related to safety and health risks they are
20 | P a g e
exposed to. Finally, the contractor should take adequate steps to keep the debris or area being
worked on sufficiently moist to lay the dust.
Before carrying out blasting and the use of explosives, approval from the appropriate
authorities must be obtained. Explosives must only be handled and used according to the
manufacturer's instructions. All blasting work shall be done by trained personnel under the
immediate control of a designated person who has a training, knowledge, or experience in the
field of transporting, storing, handling and use of explosives. Before blasting, the owner should
take every precaution for the protection of life and property such as fly rock, dust, and vibration.
Warning notices shall be given to all residence and others in the immediate vicinity of the blasting
operation.
The industry and construction/demolition sectors generate the greatest amount of waste.
Construction and demolition waste is a general term for waste generated by the construction
industry. It is defined as a mixture of different waste streams, including inert waste, nonhazardous
waste, and hazardous waste, generated from construction, renovation, and demolition activities
on buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. Saez et al., (2020). All use of explosives and
any handling of explosive shall be stopped immediately upon the approach of a thunderstorm.
All personnel in the area must seek safe shelter as soon as the person in charge of the
blasting directs. The structures that will be demolished with explosives should be cordoned off
with hoarding and adequate warning signs. Before firing, the blaster shall sound a warning
distinctly audible to all persons within the danger zone and all such persons shall retreat to a safe
distance or to a safe shelter. No blast shall be fired while any person is in the danger zone as
determined by the blaster. Round-the-clock security, signboards and red flags should be used to
keep out unauthorized people from the area. Residents from the adjacent buildings should be
given circulars to inform them of the explosion and explain the safety measures adopted. The
public also should be informed by the media of the closure of nearby public roads. After demolition
by explosive method, areas and building within the immediate vicinity should be certified safe by
competent person.
Every safety net must be attached to sufficient anchorages or supports outside and beyond
the area of potential fall and supported at a sufficient height to prevent falling to any surface or
object. Every safety net must meet any applicable international standard. Where a scaffold is
erected in an area where the construction activities may pose hazards to pedestrian or vehicular
traffic in the form of falling objects, peripheral nets should be used to envelope the scaffold. Each
21 | P a g e
safety net or combination of safety net shall be of sufficient size, strength and must be provided
to the area of possible fall. No safety net and peripheral net that is broken should be installed.
Safety net and peripheral net shall be inspected by a designated person before each installation.
Safety net, peripheral net and their supports shall be inspected daily after each installation.
Next, prior to dismantling operations, all jacking devices should be inspected. Only those
who are responsible should be allowed to do the job. Dismantling procedures should be
established in a safe manner. The manufacturer's specifications and recommendations should be
included in these procedures. Dismantling shall not take place unless written permission from
DOSH is obtained. Debris must be handled and disposed of in a manner that does not endanger
workers or public safety and health. It must not be allowed to accumulate to the point of posing a
hazard. Debris must be kept moist enough to lay the dust. Wherever materials are dropped more
than 6 meters to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building, an enclosed chute of
wood, or materials of equivalent strength shall be used. Scaffolding and site hoardings should be
providing where necessary about 2.5 meters high to the relevant building regulations.
Then, with the demolition of structures and buildings, especially older structures, comes
the need to deal with hazardous materials. Through a building survey conducted by qualified
professional, the architect or engineer will know the types, extent, and condition of hazardous
materials present. Hazardous materials include asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).
The potential for the release of asbestos, which is the most common hazardous material found in
buildings is one of particular concern.
Lastly, the demolition contractor will use the service of licensed abatement contractor who
is specialize in the removal of hazardous materials. Demolition contractor has a greater
awareness of construction waste management and disposal as they have long been economic
incentives to recycle materials. There is a greater interest in deconstructing a building to reduce
the amount of waste going to landfills. This method allows the contractor to recover, reuse and
recycle much of the demolition waste.
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7.0 METHOD STATEMENT FOR DEMOLITION WORKS
Project Title Proposed Demolition for New Development.
Revision Number F/K/1/2021
Task Clear all existing building and structure.
Expected Duration 3 to 4 Weeks.
Scopes This method statement describes work procedures shall be carried
out during building demolition stage as per specification and guideline
that has been describe. This method statement refer to all method of
demolition use in construction industry.
Materials dynamite, two-component explosives, ANFO,slurries, and wrecking
ball.
Tools Equipment 1. Hand demolition: hammer, hydraulic hammer, rotary hammer,
chipping hammer, hydraulic concrete crusher, mounted
breaker.
2. Mechanical demolilition: hydraulic excavator.
Work Procedures
1. Planning all work and choose methopd of demolition to be used.
2. Identified possible hazards during demolition to be aware.
3. Prepair all tools and equipment and start the demolition process.
4. Clear all demolition waste to make the site clean.
Possible Hazards
1. The problems need deep observation before start the works.
2. The debris can falling into worker or people surroundings.
3. Buiding surrounding the site can get effect or damage from demolition process.
Safety
1. The planning must be done by experts carefully.
2. Material and equipment use in carrying out demolition should be monitor by experts.
3. All works shall comply safety procedures or instruction and set in project safety plan, rules
and regulations.
Quality Approval
1. All demolition watse can be handle successfully.
2. All the problems can be determined earlier before starts demolition works.
Table 1: Method Statement for Demolition.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
To summarize, demolition is the process of wrecking, destroying, and tearing down buildings and
other structures, which is diametrically opposed to the construction process. Before beginning
demolition work, careful planning should be made because the activities may have an impact on
neighboring buildings or properties. There are two types of demolition: full demolition and partial
demolition. The term "fully demolition" refers to the complete removal of an entire structure,
whereas "partial demolition" refers to the removal of only certain parts of a structure. There are
numerous methods for demolishing a structure that can be used, including pushing arm,
demolition ball technique, wire rope pulling, explosive and hand demolition. The method of
demolition chosen is determined by the type, size, and location of the structure. Every method
has its own set of guidelines and procedures to follow, and safety precautions must be taken for
the work to be completed safely.
Lastly, to carry out demolition activities, various materials and equipment are used, such
as a rotary hammer, demolition hammer, chipping hammer for hand demolition, steel wire rope,
wrecking ball, steel pusher arm for mechanical demolition, and dynamite, ANFO, slurries, and
binary explosives for explosives demolition. These materials and equipment should be handled
by the skilled workers, especially the dangerous ones as they are not easy to handle and can be
harmful if they are being misconducted.
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REFERENCES
Abdullah, A. (2012). CIDB Demolition Seminar Construction Technology. Civil Engineering
Faculty, University Technology Malaysia. Retrieved from SCRIBD Web Site:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/228926330/CIDB-Demolition-Seminar-Dr-Arham-Slide
Ahmad, M., Manan, A. and Turi, J.A. (2018) ‘Safety Management in Construction Projects:
Malaysia Context’. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(2), pp.
1597-1606.
Azmi, N.S., Sukadarin, E.H. and Abdul Aziz, H. (2020) ‘The Performance of Safety
Implementation Towards Accident Occurrence in Malaysia Construction Industry’.
Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 1, PP. 14-22.
Brookside Studios and Media Development. (n.d.). What Equipment is Used in Demolition?
DTSpecializedServices. https://dtspecializedservices.com/blog/posts/view/83/what-
Equipment-is-used-indemolition
Collapse methods. (n.d.). Retrieved from Hanwha Corporation:
https://m.hanwhacorp.co.kr/eng/explosives/business/area3_2.jsp#:~:text=Explosives%2
0demolition%20is%20a%20method,collapse%20under%20their%20own%20weight.
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia (2018). Construction Industry
Standard (Construction Activities Risk Assessment (CARA) Hazard Identification, Risk
Analysis and Risk Control (HIRARC)).
Demolition Methods and Process for Building Structures. The Constructor. (2016, October 27).
https://theconstructor.org/structures/demolition-methods-process-buildings-structure
Demolition Methods and Types. (n.d.). Retrieved from R. Baker & Son:
Https://www.rbaker.com/press-room.php?id=230
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia
(2007). Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites (1st Revision) ISBN:
978-983-2014-58-4.
Ertas, H. and Erdogan, A. S. (2017) ‘An Analysis of Occupational Accidents in Demolition Work’.
Civil Engineering and Architecture, 5(2), pp. 37-51.
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Facilitator, C. (2020, February 3). Demolition by Implosion Method. Constro Facilitator.
https://www.constrofacilitator.com/demolition-by-implosion-method/
How dynamite is made - material, manufacture, history, used, procedure, product, history,
process design and facilities. (n.d.). How Products Are Made.
https://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Dynamite.html
Izam Lukman Follow. (n.d.). Building Service Chapter 4. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/izamlukman/building-service-chapter-4.
Kumar, R. (2014, March 11). Demolition methods and its sequence [Slides]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/ranjithkumarcivil/demolition-methods-and-its-sequence
Menon, A. H. and Jayaraj, D. G. K. (2017) ‘Comparative Study of Demolition Methods’.
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research and Engineering Trends, 2(2), pp.
26-31.
Pranav, P., Pitroda, J. and Bhavsar, J.J. (2015) ‘Demolition: Methods and Comparision’. In
International Conference on: Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for
Development, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli
(11th April 2015), pp. 1-10.
Rathi, S. O. and Khandve, P. V. (2014). ‘Demolition of Buildings-An Overview’. International
Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD), 1(6), pp. 2348 –
4470.
Saez, P. S., Amores, C. P. and Merino, M. D. R. (2020) ‘Estimation of construction and demolition
Waste’. Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, 2(1), pp. 13-30.
Selaiman, K. F. (2006). Case Study: Demolition Practice of Old MARA Building on Lot 1767, Lot
1218 and Pt 4, Section 46, Mukim Bandar Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman
(Doctoral dissertation, UMP).
Umar, U. A., Shafiq, N. and Ahmad, F. A. (2021) ‘A case study on the effective implementation of
the reuse and recycling of construction & demolition waste management practices in
Malaysia’. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12, pp. 283–291.
Yusof, A. (2017, December 15). Shah Alam's 53-year-old concrete stack demolished: New Straits
Times. NST Online.
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DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING
AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA SERI ISKANDAR PERAK.
(MARCH-JULY 2021)
BQS502
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY III
CASE STUDY
DEMOLITION AND ALTERATION
AAP2243A 2021110695
PREPARED BY: 2021505111
ABDUL RAHIM BIN MUZAIRI 2021112641
WAN MOHAMAD FAIZ HILMI BIN WAN AZMI 2021118287
NUR AFRA BINTI ABU BAKAR 2021123797
NURUL FARHAH BINTI MOHD ZULKIFLI
NURUL SYAFIQAH BINTI AINURIZAM
PREPARED FOR:
PROFESOR MADYA DR KHARIZAM BINTI ISMAIL
SUBMISSION DATE:
29 JUNE 2021
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERAK
CONTENTS
Case Study 1
1.0 Project Background …………………………………………………………………….. 1,2
2.0 Parties Involve ……...…….…….…….…..…………………………………………....... 3,4
3.0 TYPES/ METHOD, PROCEDURES, MATERIAL USED, DEMOLITION PROCESS,
AND SAFETY PROCEDURES …………………………………………………………... 4
3.1 Types & Method of Demolition ………………………………………………...… 4
3.2 Procedures of Demolition …………………………………………..………..… 4,5
3.3 Material Used for Demolition ……………………………………………..…. 6,7,8
3.4 Construction Process ………..……………………………………….……....… 8,9
3.5 Safety Procedures ……………………………………………………………….. 10
4.0 Problem Encountred and Suggested Solution ……………………………………...… 10
4.1 Problem and Solution 1 ……….………………………………………….…...… 10
4.2 Problem and Solution 2 ………….…………………………………………….... 11
4.3 Problem and Solution 3 ……….……………………………………………….... 11
4.4 Problem and Solution 4 ………….……………………………………………… 12
Case Study 2
5.0 Project Background …………………………………………………………....…….. 12,13
6.0 Parties Involve ……...…….…….…….…..…………………………………………... 13,14
7.0 TYPES/ METHOD, PROCEDURES, MATERIAL USED, DEMOLITION PROCESS,
AND SAFETY PROCEDURES …………………………………………………………. 15
7.1 Types & Method of Demolition ……………………………………………… 15,16
7.2 Procedures of Demolition ………………………………………………....… 17,18
7.3 Material Used for Demolition ……………………………………………….…... 18
7.4 Construction Process ………..……………………………………….……….… 19
7.5 Safety Procedures ……………………………………………………………….. 20
8.0 Problem Encountred and Suggested Solution ……………………………………...… 21
8.1 Problem and Solution 1 ……….…………………………………………..… 21,22
8.2 Problem and Solution 2 ………….…………………………………………….... 22
8.3 Problem and Solution 3 ……….……………………………………………….... 23
9.0 Comparative Studies Between 2 local Case Studies on Demolition …. 24,25,26,27,28
10.0 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………...…. 28
References ……………………………………………………………………………...… 29
Site Appendices ………………………………………………………………………..…. 30
CASE STUDY 1
1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Demolition known as tearing down a whole building or part and section of the building
based on the main objective of that demolition. For this report we choose the first case study
project as PROPOSED RENOVATION DESIGN AND BUILD FOR PENGURUSAN AIR
SELANGOR OFFICES, HEADQUARTERS BUILDING (8 LEVELS), ELECTRICAL
BUILLDING (2 LEVELS), WISMA PANTAI (1 LEVEL) AND WISMA GOSHEN (3 LEVELS).
The objective of the proposed project is to demolish partial of the building which is only certain
part of the building is torn down.
Figure 1: Logo of AIR SELANGOR.
The destruction works for this task is to finish the customer prerequisite of remodel this
structure into the new plan as proposed by the customer. This remodel is relied upon to
forestall further harms to neighbourhood climate and this redesign additionally gives the
customer new look to the structure subsequently fixed any harmed structure in the structure.
Back to the primary reason for this remodel is to give occupants wellbeing to involving the
structure. The undertaking includes the incomplete destruction, explicitly including hand
destruction as the fundamental technique in this destruction.
Fractional destruction is specific in nature as its deal with emptying a solitary divider
or a division of the structure as opposed to gutting or clearing a total construction. Specialists
who perform them should have the profundity data of the segments inside the structure to
guarantee that by destroy one locale that the assistant cleverness doesn't suffer in different
zones of the structure. They additionally need to ensure the enveloping zone to ensure than
no damage occurs there. Other than that, the pipes, link, or electrical structures may call for
rerouting some time as of late the partial destruction can proceed without issue.
1|Page
Project Name PROPOSED RENOVATION DESIGN AND BUILD FOR
PENGURUSAN AIR SELANGOR OFFICES; HEAD
QUARTERS BUILDING (8 LEVELS), ELECTRICAL
BUILDING (2 LEVELS), WISMA PANTAI (1 LEVEL) AND
WISMA GOSHEN (3 LEVELS)
Contractor And Project TALENG SDN BHD
Manager 18 MONTHS
Project Period
Project Location KUALA LUMPUR FEDERAL TERRITORY
Type Of Demolition PARTIAL DEMOLITION
(Hand Demolition)
Table 1: Case study 1 project detail.
This venture includes the incomplete destruction wherein the technique use is hand
destruction for Air Selangor Offices. A couple of a piece of this structure will be destroy. The
works include for this demolition work is demolition of brick wall, demolition of ceiling finishes,
demolition of existing latrine fittings just as demolition of window and entryway. The strategies
started on 28th March 2018 beginning with offering stages, pre-demolition stage and in
conclusion genuine demolition stage.
2|Page
2.0 PARTIES INVOLVE
In this project “PROPOSED RENOVATION DESIGN AND BUILD FOR
PENGURUSAN AIR SELANGOR OFFICES; HEAD QUARTERS BUILDING (8 LEVELS),
ELECTRICAL BUILDING (2 LEVELS), WISMA PANTAI (1 LEVEL) AND WISMA GOSHEN (3
LEVELS)”, the project only involving with the small demolition of the building which make it as
a small-scale project. Thus, the works led in a more touchy way in more delicate way coming
about because of site requirements. Accordingly the gatherings who included won't be pretty
much as confounded as another full destruction. This undertaking including Air Selangor which
previously referred to as SYABAS as a client. This undertaking is then granted to Taleng
SDN.BHD as the contractor for hire and task administrator. Taleng SDN.BHD was set up in
1995 with the target of doing the matter of Designing Development. Taleng SDN.BHD enlisted
with PKK Class and CIDB G7. The field that covered by Taleng SDN.BHD range from Water
Supply Improvement, Thruways, Street and Scaffolds and some more. Their organization
situated at Pusat Bandar Wangsa Maju, 53300 Kuala Lumpur. They likewise been effectively
associated with the general population and private area development.
Parties Involve Role in construction
Building owner In construction, owner alludes to the individual or association that
claims the constructed resources. owner assume the significant
Client part as they deciding if a provider and worker for hire manage
Contractor their work and give total data about the structure to another
gatherings.
Sub-Contractor Client is the individual for whom the undertaking is done. Client
likewise will hold a huge level or command over evaluation and
arrangement of worker for hire for the undertaking. For this
contextual investigation the customer is Air Selangor
Contractor for hire is answerable for arranging, driving ,
executing, overseeing and assessing from the start to the furthest
limit of the venture, in any case it scope. Contractor additionally
recruit the subcontractors for particular region like electrical
establishment and air conditioning frameworks. Taleng
SDN.BHD is mindful to dealing with the venture for this case
study.
A subcontractor is a sort of worker for hire. Subcontractors
additionally work on an authoritative premise, and they likewise
offer a specific arrangement of abilities which they perform for
3|Page
Cost Consultant clients. The central issue about subcontractors is that they
structure concurrences with the worker for hire, not with the
client.
Also known as quantity surveyors ensure building projects
remain within budget. They provide cost and material estimates,
draw up projected budgets, and work alongside a team, noting
any design changes and their effect on cost.
Table 2: Parties involve in construction.
3.0 TYPES/ METHOD, PROCEDURES, MATERIAL USED, DEMOLITION PROCESS,
AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
3.1 Types & Method of Demolition.
In this case study, ‘Proposed Renovation Design and Built for Pengurusan Air
Selangor’, it used partial demolition. In the bills of quantity, it was stated that the work will be
commencing at doors, partitions, the existing ceiling finishes, including making good and
maintaining works.
Partial demolition is selective in that it just demolishes a portion of a structure rather
than the complete structure. Before a renovation job can begin, it is frequently vital to verify
that it will be completed properly. This work necessitates meticulous preparation because the
contractor will need to remove walls and other features without jeopardizing the entire
structure's support or jeopardizing the integrity of the plumbing, electrical, and cable systems.
So, careful planning is required. A partial or selected demolition varies from a complete
destruction in this way. This work is a type of work where they need to tear down a certain
part of the building that needed an alteration works. For an example, when the clients want to
enlarge an existing room that only need a partial demolishing to clear a wall that divide two
rooms.
3.2 Procedures of Demolition.
The procedures are divided into three (3) phases. Phases one is pre-demolition
process. Phases two demolition process and phases three is post-demolition phases.
Pre-demolition stage starts when the client has made decision to demolish the
structure. then, contractors that involved in demolition work are invited to bid for the work. the
contractor also needs to find out about the site by before preparing any risk assessment. Then,
risk assessment needs to be carried out. This will identify the risk that will happen with the
work and planning the removal or reduction of the risks before work commencement.
4|Page
Next, site survey, site preparation and mobilization must be done. In this stage, it may
include some activity like erection of safety fencing & hoarding, site offices, and other facilities.
Plus, it also involves decommissioning. Decommissioning is referring to a work
involved in the scheduled shut-down and ceasing of operations of industrial, chemical,
petrochemical, power or nuclear facilities. It encompasses a detailed process, and it also
requires defined surveying, planning and management throughout the work.
Decommissioning activities can vary in duration. It depends on the scale of plant or facility to
be decommissioned and whether the works are to be carried out in agreed phasing to allow
the continued operation of another area or the facility.
After decommissioning, soft stripping process need to be carried out. Soft stripping is
a process of removal of non-structural items like fittings, doors, windows, frames, partitions
and ceilings. Some of the item can be used again.
In demolition phase, the work is done with the help of heavy equipment and
machinery but it depends on the technique selected whether to break and demolish the
structure into a smaller, fragments for disposal and recycling. The techniques that can be used
are progressive demolition, deliberate collapse mechanisms and deconstruction. For this
project, it is suitable to use deliberate collapse. The elements that need to be removed must
be identified first. Then, the effects of removal of the remaining structure should be understood
and included in the method statement. If instability of any of the remainder might result in a
risk to personnel on the site or to the people nearby, section of the structure should not be
removed. The deconstruction can be done by hand, machine or busting.
This phase also included waste management and recycling. It can be done after or
concurrently with structural demolition process. It is to manage all waste and debris generated
from the demolition. The management also covers storage of ordinary debris and hazardous
wastes, handling, transportation, duping and burning. The typical recycled materials are
metals and concrete debris. The recycled metals are scrap iron, rebar, aluminium, stainless
steel and copper. Concrete debris is pulverised and it can be used as a fill material.
The last phase is post-demolition phases. In this phase, it has site clearance which
the site needs to be in a safe and secure condition. The project site will be cleared and
reinstated to eliminate any potential hazards available. Any pits, sump, trenches, or voids must
be covered and be left filled, and the site drainage system must be cleaned and tested to
ensure that it continues to operate. All contaminants must be left or removed in a manner.
Finally, the planning supervisor should ensure that the Health and Safety File has been
compiled and handed to the client upon completion of the work.
5|Page
3.3 Material Used for Demolition.
In demolition works, it also requires many materials or plants and equipment. In this
case study, the involved items are such as mechanical and loading operations, access
equipment, electric tools, and hand tools. Not to forget, PPE are included too.
Mechanical & Loading operations:
• Lorries, Rubbish Skips and Crew Vans.
Rubbish skip
Figure 2: Mechanical & Loading Operations.
Access Equipment:
• Tower/podium Scaffold Unit/s – of varying sizes dependent on space available.
Podium scaffolding
Figure 3: Access Equipment.
6|Page
Electric Tools:
• Hilti (low vibration) breakers, Angle Grinders, Tile lifter, Chutes, Diamond Disc Cutter,
Wire Saw, chipping hammer.
Angle Grinder Tile lifter
Chipping Hammer
Figure 4: Electric Tools.
Hand Tools:
Hammers, Mattocks, Shovels Wheelbarrows, Back-pack spray units, Asbestos waste sacks,
Cloth adhesive tape, 1000 gauges polythene, Mobile water bowser + spray attachment,
Crowbar, Pliers, Nail Puller, Snips, Demo Fork, Wonder Bar, Safety Gear.
Shovel and Wheelbarrow Sledgehammer Snips
Hammer CROWBAR
Figure 5: Hand Tools.
7|Page
PPE (Personal Protection Equipment):
• Hi-vis clothing, safety footwear, safety harness, eye protection, gloves, safety helmet,
hearing protection.
Figure 6: PPE.
3.4 Construction Process.
In Proposed Renovation Design and Built for Pengurusan Air Selangor’, several
demolitions happen. It consists of demolition of existing toilet fittings, demolition of brickwall,
demolition existing door and window and demolition of ceiling finishes.
i) Demolition of existing toilet fittings.
Survey all the pipes Plan on the demolition Mark the parts that
and connections in the process. nee to be demolished.
toilet.
Start the demolishing work to the Make good, maintain, seal off with protection,
required parts of the toilet. cleaning the existing sanitary wares and
fittings.
Diagram 1: Flow of Works for Demolition of Existing Toilet Fittings.
8|Page
ii) Demolition of Brick wall.
Survey the wall and Plan on the Mark the parts of the wall
electrical appliances that demolition process. that need to be demolished.
are connected to it.
Demolish the Make good, maintain, seal off with protection,
required parts of reinstate and treat the existing walls and floor
the wall. back to its condition.
Diagram 2: Flow of Works for Demolition of Brick Wall.
iii) Demolition of Existing Door and Window.
Survey the placement Plan on the Mark the exact doors and
and the amount of demolition windows that need to be
windows and doors that process. demolished.
are required to be
demolished.
Demolish the required Make good, maintain, seal off with
doors and windows. protection, reinstate and treat the existing
walls and floor back to its condition.
Diagram 3: Flow of Works for Demolition of Existing Doors and Windows.
iv) Demolition of Ceiling Finishes.
Survey the parts of Plan on the demolition Mark the parts of the
ceiling finishes that are process. ceiling and its finishes
needed to demolished
that are to be
and replaced. demolished.
Demolish the required Install and make good new
parts ceiling finishes into the vacant
of the ceiling. parts of the ceiling that has
been demolished previously.
Diagram 4: Flow of Works for Demolition of Ceiling Finishes.
9|Page
3.5 Safety Procedures.
Whatever the demolition method that we choose, or the size of the job, safety is of
prime importance. This must be planned at the very beginning to prevent any accidents on the
site and it allow workers to take a serious measure on the site safety and their safety too.
Workers must always stand on a firm base while carrying the demolition work. The protective
measures shall consist of venue, preparing a plan for fire safety and evacuation, provision of
EPP equipment, respiratory protection, security of the hearing, Intimate Device of Fall Arrest
(PFAS), other safety clothing, and security access to first aid and emergency care service.
Plus, adequate public safety need to be maintained in public places and areas
adjoining the workplace as the work progress, said (Dmytryk, 2012). Where demolition work
is adjacent to a public place and there is a risk of falling debris or hazardous noise, a safety
procedure needs to be selected.
4.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTRED AND SUGGESTED SOLUTION
4.1 Problem and Solution 1.
Problem No.1: Taints in development drawing.
In view of the examination of the contextual analysis, the project worker has discovered
that there is a flaw in the drawing given for destruction works, as the situation of the beam that
should be obliterated is wrongly positioned at some unacceptable destruction area. There is
likewise an error with respect to the quantity of entryways and windows in the drawing that
should be wrecked. The designing given the drawing isn't equivalent to the genuine structure
when the worker for hire finds that there is a beam behind the partial wall that isn't in the
drawing state.
Solutions No.1: Before began the work the drawing must be revise.
Prior to proceeding with any sort of work, we need to verify all the drawing subtleties.
In the first place, the contractor recheck every one of the plans and finds that there is an
irregularity in the divider position and the quantity of windows and entryways that fluctuate
from the task brief and amount of bills for this project. The contractor for hire gives the architect
affirmation subtleties before the destruction works start.
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4.2 Problem and Solution 2.
Problem No.2: Breakdown of some unacceptable demolition segment.
There could be a piece of the wall that should be eliminated during the destruction
work. When doing the demolition activities, it was the most sudden occurrence. The part is
required to stay as the current wall, yet the impact of destruction works can cause the task.
This is since as there is a slip-up while conveying the destruction work, the work will turn out
to be more breakdown.
Solution No.2: Use of a satisfactory and adequate number of supports.
During partial demolition should utilize shoring. This is since, in such a case that there
is deficient and sufficient shoring that is utilized to help any piece of the work in the destruction
works, the encompassing bit could collapse. For instance, when annihilating wall for new
windows, the wall should be upheld with shoring or other help gear to guarantee that the wall
does not fall while the destruction is happening.
4.3 Problem and Solution 3.
Problem No.3: on location injury can happen.
When leading the demolition works, there can be unfortunate accident, as the labour
can abuse the instruments of hand destruction and machine. While conveying these works,
the representatives are frequently reckless and not mindful and are exceptionally in danger of
injury. On the off chance that there is a harmed labour, the work will be delayed since there
could be no number of staff.
Solution No.3: Give total nearby security safeguards.
The contractor should guarantee that the working environment should be finished with
all security means to guarantee the wellbeing of the labour is secure. While conveying the
demolition work like wellbeing head protector, security boots, face veil and so forth, the labour
likewise needs to wear all wellbeing particulars. In the event that the specialist meets the whole
security arrangement, it will diminish the shot at getting injured while conveying the work.
11 | P a g e
4.4 Problem and Solution 4.
Problem No.4: Restricted of Sources.
A total site examination should be done by a proficient individual before any work is begun to
evaluate the dangers and related dangers that the destruction cycle can work later on, the site
staff or a public individual who may move close to the destruction site. Either the past project
contractor should have the past building information or have an expert guide to acquire the
demolished building records. In this way, if the substance in the past building isn't
distinguished, then, at that point it will be difficult for us to keep working. Thusly, it won't be
demolished when we attempt to break anything since we don't have a clue what the element
is on the grounds that it gets more diligently to destroy after the building has been finished or
deserted.
Solution No. 4: Analysed the building layout, structure design and material.
The builders or contractor need to analysed data and information on the building carefully in
making the demolition process easier. The work would be easier so that the structure can
rapidly be taken out. At the point when the building layout, structure design furthermore,
materials have been exceptionally expounded, then, at that point the labour can manage their
work. The demolition is simpler to do because the contractor knows precisely where the
harming tasks can begin and finish.
CASE STUDY 2
5.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The project was involved in the construction of CADANGAN MEROBOH DAN
MEMBINA SEMULA MASJID HABIB HASSAN AL-ATTAS SEDIA ADA KEPADA SEBUAH
MASJID 2 TINGKAT JENIS KEKAL DAN KEMUDAHAN BERKAITAN DI ATAS LOT JALAN
TUN ABDUL RAZAK SUSUR / DAERAH JOHOR BAHRU, JOHOR.
Figure 7: Masjid Habib Hassan Al-Attas.
12 | P a g e
Location for this case study report is:
JALAN TUN ABDUL RAZAK, SUSUR 1/1, JOHOR BAHRU, 80000, MALAYSIA
Figure 8: The location of Masjid Habib Hassan Al-Attas.
Contract Amount RM 8, 500,000.00
Estimated Time Completion 16 Months
Actual Project Completion 16 Months
Table 3: Project Detail.
6.0 PARTIES INVOLVED
Parties involved in this project is TPM Technopark. TPM Technopark or known as
Johor Corporation was handled this project and developer for the project Masjid Habib Hassan
Al-Attas. The client for this project is Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Johor. Perniagaan XMatrix
Sdn. Bhd. was chosen as the demolition contractor for the project. The contractor has
extensive demolition expertise, particularly with mosque projects. Because demolition is a part
of the construction process, it must be managed by an expert contractor. At the meantime,
people will be attending the masjid, and there is a significant danger of an accident occurring
13 | P a g e
during the demolition phase. The client has hired Arkitek ICB SDN BHD as an architect
consultant to rebuild the mosque, which will be rebuilt for a new design of mosque. The costing
and payment for the demolition and rebuild mosque project will be handled by B&C JURU
UKUR BAHAN, who has been selected by Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Johor as their expert in
costing and has extensive expertise in pricing demolition and rebuild projects. Because all of
the stakeholders engaged in this demolition and rebuild project had extensive expertise so,
the demolition procedure has been done smoothly without any disagreement or issue amongst
other parties.
MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAM
NEGERI JOHOR
(CLIENT)
TPM TECHNOPARK
(DEVELOPER
PERNIAGAAN X MATRIX
(CONTRACTOR)
ARKITEK ICB SDN BHD
(ARCHITECT)
B&C JURU UKUR BAHAN
(QUANTITY SURVEYOR)
Diagram 5: Parties Involved.
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7.0 TYPES/ METHOD, PROCEDURES, PLANT EQUIPMENT USED, DEMOLITION
PROCESS, AND SAFETY PROCEDURES
7.1 Type and Method of Demolition.
The new mosque, constructed on 1.4 acres of land, replaces an earlier one built in
1873 by the renowned historical figure Habib Hassan Al-Attas. The type of demolition involved
in Case Study 2 is a full demolition. A full demolition is the obliteration of a building. The
demolition of a whole structure requires a huge amount of work, and various sizes and designs
need different techniques and machinery to tear everything down in an orderly fashion. To
create a new mosque, all elements of the old mosque must be destroyed, including the floor,
walls, roof, finishes, doors, and other components.
The construction methods utilized in this case study include hand demolition and
pusher arm demolition. Demolition work must consider the hazards both for persons and
property. Demolition work may expose employees and the general public to serious hazards
that might result in injury or death. These dangers remain whether the job is done at ground
level or at a height level. Fall safety equipment is needed if the job is done above ground level.
Demolishers must evaluate not only the state of the structure to be destroyed, but also the
distance of the structure to adjacent buildings and other assets that may be harmed by the
demolition operation, as well as the condition of such surrounding structures and assets. Using
this method, the top floors of the mosque building that the pusher arm cannot reach are
destroyed floor by floor. Hand demolition requires the use of equipment such as a demolition
hammer, rotary hammer, pneumatic hammer, and hydraulic hammer.
After completing the demolition of a part of the upper floor using hand demolition, the
construction will move on to demolition with a pusher arm excavator. Pusher arm demolition
is a kind of progressive demolition that makes use of a machine equipped with a steel pusher
arm. Pushing arm demolition is a continuous demolition method where the demolition is done
step by step using a machine equipped with a steel pusher arm. To operate the pusher arm
machine from outside the building, a skilled operator is required, and it should not be
overloaded. Generally, the pusher arm should be operated from outside the structure.
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Figure 9: Example of Pusher Arm.
Figure 10: : Example of Pusher Arm.
The method construction of the demolition works is as shown as below;
METHOD CONSTRUCTION OF
DEMOLITION
Using hand demolition method,
demolish the upper level building
Demolish all structure by using
pusher arm method
Dispose wastage demolition by
using excavator and lorry
Diagram 6: Method of Construction for Demoliton Work.
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7.2 Demolition Procedures.
The typical procedure of demolition operations involve assessing building for destruction,
removal of hazardous items, preparation of plan and safety precautions. The Contractor need
to follow step by step the processes in order to make sure all the demolition process that is
carried out according to the procedure and safety requirement of the demolition works. If
theprocedures and method of demolition does not follow properly, then, there are many issue
may arise during the demolition works.
a) Surveying of Buildings for Demolition
Surveying is the investigation of several aspects of a building and its surroundings.
There are two kinds of surveying that are often used, as stated below;
I. Building surveying
When demolition work occurred building surveyor will take part and the flow of the
survey in the case study:
• Types of construction material used.
• Building inspects for usage.
• Existence of wastewater, danger material and chemical.
• Radioactive, explosive and flammable.
• Condition of drainage or possibly water pollution.
• Facilities shared with next building, including stairs and partition walls.
• Area of neighborhood for noise pollution and dust.
II. Structural surveying
The flow of the process in structural survey:
• Method of construction
• Condition of the structural system and basement
• The original design of the older masjid
• Condition of the Building
b) Removal of Hazardous Materials
The removal of hazardous items from the site is the most important process on
a demolition work, particularly in a city area. This is since if an accident occurs because
of this hazardous substance, it may be hazardous to the site and the people who live
nearby. If hazardous substances such as asbestos minerals, petroleum pollution, and
harmful chemicals are discovered at the demolition site, specialist personnel are called
in to remove toxic chemicals from the area to guarantee the safety of everyone in the
area.
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c) Preparation of Plan
This is the first process in preparing for proper demolition works. It takes into
consideration the position of the structure to be destroyed, the distance between the
building and the next building, and the structural support of the building. The plan must
contain the method and the necessary safeguards for the demolition operation.
Also included is a technique of handling plan and the time needed for destruction. This
plan helps make the demolition work more successful.
d) Safety measures
The workers, site managers, and engineers, and plant and equipment
operators, are instructed on the possible risks and demolition process. All flammable
items are removed from the site unless they are required for the job. All flammable
items, such as wood, lumber, fuels, and so on, are properly kept. Firefighting
equipment is stationed at the demolition site until the job is complete. Aside from that,
all labor required wear a suitable safety helmet, and vest.
7.3 Plant and Equipment Use for Demolition.
i. Hand Demolition
Demolition Hammer Rotary Hammer Sledge Hammer
Hydraulic Hammer Shovels Wheelbarrows Crowbar
ii. Pusher Arm Demolition
Pusher Arm Excavator Dumper Truck
Figure 11: Plant and Equipment for Demolition.
18 | P a g e
7.4 Demolition Process.
Firstly, by using hand demolition and a pusher arm machine, the labor will demolish
the building from the upper floor level structure to the ground floor level. Generally, the overall
structure of the building demolished entirely using the pusher arm machine. Demolition of
existing toilet fittings, demolition of brick wall, demolition of window and door, demolition of
finishes and other elements in building are all taking place in this construction. For example,
the process of demolishing a brick wall is seen below.
Examine the wall and Plan the demolition Mark the sections of the
any electrical equipment process the following walls that will be
that are connected to it. demolished.
wall.
Demolish the Restore, maintain, seal
marked sections of the off with protection,
brick walls. reinstate, and treat the
existing walls and floor
to their original state.
Diagram 7: Workflow for Demolition of Brick Wall.
Overall, the demolition work on the building has been completed. All disposal material
is loaded onto a dumper truck and transported away from the site by excavator or lorry. The
building of a new mosque will then begin. It began with the construction of the primary building,
a mosque, and was followed by various alterations such as new windows, doors, finishes, a
new wall, and other aspects. To begin with, the construction of a new building (mosque) starts
with piling work, followed by work below the lowest floor, structure, roof, and minaret
construction. Due to a lack of space, the contractor decided to complete half of the road
construction initially.
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7.5 Safety Procedures.
a) General
i) The selection of demolition method should take into consideration are the size,
strength, and location of the structure to safeguard the safety and health of the
employees and public.
ii) The risk assessment study should be done to determine possible causes for
structural instability and provide the action plan to ensure safety and health.
iii) Demolition work should be carried out in such a way so as not to affect the
stability of the structure or adjacent structure, which may cause the structure to
collapse unplanned.
iv) In demolition of structures that are near public area, demolition work should be
carried out during non-peak hours.
v) All demolition work should be done by trained personnel under the supervision
of a designated person.
vi) Demolition activities should not be continued under adverse weather
conditions, such as high winds, storm, which could cause collapse of already
weakened structures.
b) Preparatory Work
i. adequate inspection should be made by designated person.
ii. if necessary to prevent danger, unstable parts of the structure should be made
secure.
iii. all utilities should be effectively disconnected or shut off at or outside the
property line.
iv. The danger zone around the structure should be adequately fenced off or
warning sign posted.
v. Before the commencement of demolition work, the structure should be free
from any toxic or hazardous substances (e.g., asbestos materials).
vi. Where applicable metal scaffold enclosed with peripheral nettings should be
erected around the building or structure to be demolished.
vii. Before demolition work is carried out, ensure that these materials are removed:
(a) glass in doors, windows, etc.
(b) loose objects.
(c) projecting parts.
(d) explosive, inflammable, toxic and harmful substances.
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