Event Studies_ Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events (Events Management) ( PDFDrive )

426 References

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(2004). Festival and Events Management: An International Arts and Culture Perspective.
Oxford: Elsevier.

Yoo, J., and Weber, K. (2005). Progress in convention tourism research. Journal of
Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29(2): 194–222.

Yoon, S. Spencer, D., Holecek, D., and Kim, D. (2000). A profile of Michigan’s festival
and special event tourism market. Event Management, 6(1): 33–44.

Young, H. (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.

Yu, Y., and Turco, D. (2000). Issues in tourism event economic impact studies: the case
of Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(2): 138–149.

Zaichkowsky, J. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer
Research, 12(December): 341–352.

Zaltman, G., and Coulter, R. (1995). Seeing the voice of the customer: Metaphor-based
advertising research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(July/August): 35–51.

Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. Hillsdale,
NJ: LEA.

Index

Abbott, J., 119 anti-social behaviour, 64, 341
Abrahams, R., 41, 199 Archer, B., 321
Acadia University, 163 Arcodia, C., 186
accountability, 285–286 Argonne Productions, 292
action research, 368–369 Armstrong, J., 271
activity(ies), 30, 226, 308, 313, 316 Arnett, D., 188
aesthetic(s), 76–78, 185, 216 art(s),
affect(ive) quality of places, 219–220
and cultural management, 158–159
dimension of experience (see experience) and cultural development, 337–339
affordance (setting), 67, 212, 248–249 and entertainment, 37, 185–186
agency theory, 94–95 visual, 38
agenda (see research agenda) performing, 37
aggression, 64, 200, 210, 222, 291 performance, 11, 45, 157
Ahmed, Z., 14 installation, 38, 157–158
AIEST, 25 assembly, 39, 213, 217, 162–163
Ajzen, I., 70, 143, 238 ATLAS (Association for Tourism and
Alberta, 107–108
Ali-Knight, J., 339 Leisure Education), 140
Allen, J., 297 attitudes, 238
Allport, G., 238 attraction, 136, 140–141
American Anthropological Association, 55 attraction gradient, 216
American Council for the United Nations attractiveness, 116–117, 140–141, 250–251
Auld, C., 290
University, 123 Australian Bureau of Statistics, 289
American Historical Association, 106 authenticity, 113–114, 200–203
Ammon, R., 291 award(s), 34, 37, 53, 182, 185, 189, 193, 224,
Ancient History Sourcebook, 112
Anderson, H., 228 334, 347
Anderson, V., 282 Axelson, M., 186
Andersson, T., 82, 88, 268, 285, 312, 313, 319, axiology, 358

321, 333 Back, K., 243
animation/animator, 13, 25, 33, 139, Backman, S., 242
Backman, K., 242
141–142, 188, 202, 335 Bailey, P., 213
antecedents (and choices), 10, 12–13, Baker, D., 227
Bandura, A., 69
179–180, 236–255, 373–374, 387–388
anthropology, 50–55

428 Index

Barker, M., 286 Benedict, B., 41
Barker, R., 68 benefits
Barney, J., 91
Baron, R., 68, 70 and costs, 60, 72, 89, 101–102, 117–118, 161,
barriers and constraints, 236, 245–249, 266, 273, 300–301, 305, 307–308, 310, 314,
317–320, 324, 325, 330, 343, 380, 389
374, 387
Bates, C., 290 cultural, 337–338
Bateson, J., 218 economic/tourism, 4, 25, 87–88, 99, 103, 117,
Baum, A. 74
Baum, J., 95, 96 140, 189, 196, 305, 310–314, 324, 334–336
Baxter, M., 142 environmental, 134
Beck, J., 242 generic, 182, 204, 209, 250, 281–282, 312,
Becker, D., 102, 104
Becker, H., 137 385, 387, 388
behaviour/behavioural leisure, 57, 129, 133–134, 251, 330
personal, 166, 181–182, 198–199, 239–240,
aggressive, 222
and experiential influences, 66–67 244, 252, 290, 303, 372, 385
anti-social, 64, 222, 341 political, 113
approach-avoidance, 65 public, 263, 330–331, 338
consistent, 137 psychic, 192, 186, 322, 333, 349
constraints, 220 social, 59, 341–342
consumer, 12, 64, 73, 81, 323, 363 targeted, 27, 250, 251, 312, 388
crowd, 72, 309 Berlonghi, A., 222, 292
dangerous, 79 Berridge, G., 203, 209
deviant/elicit, 59, 103 Beverland, M., 111
ethical, 78 Birzell, R., 371
fan, 188 Bloom, B., 149
geography, 114 blueprinting, 212, 228–230, 386
learned, 51 Boella, M., 259
leisure, 69, 137 Bohlin, M., 116
modification, 288 Boissevan, J., 306
organizational/inter-organizational, 72, Boo, S., 143
Boorstin, D., 113, 125, 201, 361
160, 262, 264, 269–270 Borrie, B., 371
political, 98 Bos, H., 141
ritualistic, 47, 51–53 Botterill, D., 197
setting, 68, 219 Bouchet, P., 186, 187
sciences, 5 Bourdieu, P., 58
social, 55, 59 Bowdin, G., 15, 266, 297
socially accepted, 244 Boyd, S., 201
strategies, 247 Bramwell, B. , 150, 271
theory, 186 brand(ing)/co-branding, 142–143, 282–284
theory of planned, 70–71, 238, 244, 253, 290 Branscombe, N., 188
travel/tourist, 143, 212, 242, 253 Brantley, V., 345
type A, 64 Breen, H., 364
volunteer, 290 Breiter, D., 190
Bell, P., 65, 66, 74, 221, 222 Bristow, D., 188
British Arts Festivals Association, 33, 313
British Columbia Sport Branch, 42, 118

Index 429

British Standards Institute, 266, 342 travel, 133, 181, 241, 244, 248, 254
Brothers, G., 364 professional, 3, 6, 22, 90, 128, 138, 147, 160,
Brown, G. , 136, 142, 313
Brown, S., 208, 209, 215, 225, 289, 290, 392
Brunson, M., 251 volunteer, 137, 375
Bruun, T., 242, 243 catalyst, 13, 33, 60, 144, 202, 311, 340
Bryan, H., 136 Catherwood, D., 283
Bryant, S., 289 causal factors/forces (stressors), 13, 301–302,
Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), 41
bureaucracy/bureaucratization, 95, 104, 304–305, 310, 315, 323
cause-related, 26, 175, 261
259, 264–267 Cavalcanti, M., 54
Burgan, B., 332 celebration (cultural), 30–36, 183–185
Burns, J., 308, 318, 321, 322, 333 Center for Exhibition Industry Research
Burr, S., 136
business (CEIR), 40, 190
Chalip, L., 142, 143, 161, 179, 186, 193, 238,
management, 90
plan(ning), 271–274 242, 290, 313
travel/tourist, 140, 313, 378 Chen, P., 76–77, 187, 188, 190, 365
venture, 90, 260, 283–285, 310 Chernushenko, D., 101, 316, 325
and trade events, 38, 42, 190, 225, 244 Cheska, A., 306
Busser, J., 143 Chick, G., 135
Butler, R., 271 choice(s)
Byrne, D., 68, 70
antecedents and, 235–255, 373–374, 387–388
Calgary Herald, 45, 107 theory of, 82
Cameron, C., 142 freedom of, 172
Campbell, S., 272 Chon, K., 189, 242
Canadian Heritage, 34–35 choreography, 224–225, 386
CanWest News Service, 45 Church, I., 266
capacity Citrine, K., 177
Clarke, J., 113
building, 21, 85, 195, 310, 314, 319, 345 closely related fields, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 90,
design/site, 66, 219, 223, 278, 343, 347
management, 163, 278, 295 127–167, 352, 354, 380, 384, 390–392
surplus, 88, 285, 311, 333 club management, 162–163
to absorb events, 119, 323, 343 Club Managers Association of
Cardenas, D., 249
Carlsen, J., 123, 226, 266, 309, 314, 367 America, 163
carnival, 33–34, 52, 53, 64, 79, 178, 180, 181, cognitive

183, 204, 292, 372 dissonance theory, 65, 247, 251
case study(ies), 80, 90, 138, 149, 152, 267, 270, mapping, 66, 77, 114, 218
psychology, 61–62, 64, 148, 150, 171, 175,
282, 334, 353, 354, 368, 375
careers 186, 215, 231, 232, 384, 386
strategies, 247
event, 12, 13, 179, 181, 203, 236, 243, 248, Cohen, E., 132, 201
253, 254, 302, 303, 312, 323, 374, 385, 387, collaboration, 58, 92–93, 104, 119, 259, 260,
388, 389
264, 270–272, 307, 345, 347–348, 357
leisure, 133 Coleman, D., 290
Coleman, J., 58, 268
colour, 66, 67, 212, 215–217
Columbia University, 158

430 Index

commemoration, 19, 31, 34–35, 52, 107–109, 149, 166, 189–190, 193, 224, 227, 243, 251,
143, 183, 232 313, 332, 36, 359, 379
convention centres/venues, 39, 53, 86, 141,
commitment, 137 144, 146, 147, 162, 179, 213, 214, 332, 335,
communications 336, 377
convention and meeting experiences,
live, 203 189–190, 217
mix, 278–282 Coopers and Lybrand Consulting Group, 84,
studies, 152–154 312, 313
theory, 57–58 core phenomenon and major themes, 9–12
communitas, 179–182, 184, 187–189, 191–193, corporate
events, 26, 39
198, 203, 204, 290, 366, 385 meanings, 203
community cost-benefit analysis/evaluation, 317–323
Costa, C., 142
development, 60, 159, 340, 350 Coughlan, D., 284
involvement, 304, 307–308, 314, 317, 347–348 Coulter, R., 77
sense of, 181, 200 counter arguments, 334
comparative advantage, 94 Coyne, B., 290
competition(s), 186–187 Coyne, E., 290
competitive and comparative Crawford, D., 245
creating knowledge, 391–392
advantage, 94 creativity and design, 210–211
competitive sport/recreation event Crespi-Vallbona, M. 202
critical
experience, 186–187 path analysis, 277
complex(ity) social theory, 57, 362, 371
Crompton, J., 117, 197, 227, 228, 242, 280,
in settings, 68, 218 283, 313, 317, 318, 321
or over-stimulation, 217 cross-cultural, 20, 51, 56, 78, 370
conative (see experience) Crouch, G., 74, 237
conference (defined), 39 crowd(ing), 221–222
consensus building, 347 management and control, 223
constraint(s) (and barriers), 10–12, 57, 64, 67, Csikszentmihalyi, M., 180, 237, 239, 243, 366,
367
82, 95, 103, 129, 130, 135, 137, 166, 189, Csikszentmihalyi, I., 366, 367
198, 220, 236–237, 245–250, 251, 253, 254, culture, 51–52
265, 267, 272, 275, 361, 373, 374, 387 traditional, 340
structural, 245–246 cultural
personal, 246 authenticity, 200–202
interpersonal, 246 celebration, 30–36
constructivism, 361 development, 337–339
consumables, 12, 21, 210, 212, 228, 230–231, differences, 135
279, 386 event tourism, 144–145, 339
consumer experiences, 183, 337
show, 39–40
surplus, 82, 321, 333
content analysis, 367
contested culture, 202
contingent(cy) valuation, 321, 333
controls and accountability, 285–286
convention(s), 18, 21, 25, 27, 36, 38, 39 ,40, 46,
54, 67, 85, 86, 103, 114, 116, 123, 146, 147,

identity, 202 Index 431
meanings, 200–202
outcomes/impacts, 303–309 disciplinary perspectives, 353
performances, 188–189 discourse, 154
policy, 337–340 displacement, 117–118
Cunneen, C., 309 Donaldson, L., 93
Cuskelly, G., 269, 289, 290 Donaldson, T., 91
customer, 192, 228–229 Downward, P., 194
actions, 228–229 Drews, P., 60
orientation, 279–280 Drummond, S., 228
Du Cros, H., 145
Daniels, M. 161 Duke University, 163
Dann, G., 242 Dungan, T., 163
Darcy, S., 219 Durkheim, E., 267
Davidson, R., 47, 189 Dwyer, L. 88, 117, 313, 318, 319, 321, 326,
Deci, E., 69, 134
Decrop, A., 237, 238, 240, 255, 361 332, 370
decision to attend or participate, 251–252
decision-making, 249–252, 271–275 Eagleton, T., 32
deductive research, 360 Echtner, C., 8, 362
Deery, M., 246, 281, 326 economic(s), 80–89
Deighton, J., 156
definitions of design, 208–209 development, 85–87, 336
defining experience, 170–177 efficiency, 333
Delamere, T., 308 laws, 332
Delphi, 122–123, 370 impacts, 88–89
demand meanings, 202
outcomes, 309–314
for goods and services, 82–83 policy, 334–337
for events, 83–85, 250 Economic Planning Group, 141
demonstration effect, 46 education and interpretation, 147–152
Deng, J., 135 educational and scientific events, 42
Denton, S., 119 effectiveness and efficiency, 336
Derrett, R., 200 ego involvement, 135–136
describing and classifying events, 18–27 Ekman, A., 32
design, 173–176, 208–212, 374–376 elements of style, 225–226
destination, 97, 140 Ellingsen, K., 280
development, event-related, 308–309, 315 Ellis, M., 131
De Young, R., 66 Elstad, B., 195, 290
Dieser, R., 135 EMBOK, 2–3, 211, 288
Dietz-Uhler, B., 188 Emery, P., 141
diffusion of innovation theory, 58–59 Encyclopedia Britannica, 80, 98
Diller, S., 197, 198, 205 End, C., 188
Dimanche, F. 135, 312 Ensor, J., 120
direct and induced demand, 85 entertainment (arts and), 37, 173
discipline or field of study, 8 entrepreneurs, 90, 260–261
environmental
education, 344
impacts/outcomes, 314–317

432 Index

environmental (Continued) failure of the marketplace, 332
policy, 342–344 fairs, 40–42
preferences, 68 Fairley, S., 179, 181, 192, 309
psychology, 65–68 Falassi, A., 31, 47, 53, 178, 179,
sociology, 60
themes, 344 183, 384
Fainstein, S., 272
epistemology, 355–356 Farber, C., 32
Epting, F., 197 Farrell, J., 195, 290
equity (social), 331–332 Faulkner, B., 305, 308, 364
ethics, 55, 78, 357, 366 Federation European Carnival
ethnography, 54–55
evaluation, 236, 253–254, 281, 293–294, 348, 363 Cities, 34
event(s) Federman, M., 155
Fenich, G., 47
and ordinary life, 109 Fesenmaier, D., 116, 228
and society, 109–110 Festinger, L., 65
and the economy, 110 festival(s), 31–33, 183
as theatre, 214–215 field(s) of study, 4–6, 8
at the margin, 44–47 Fishbein, M., 143
defined, 18 Fisher, J., 74
design, 208–232 flash mobs, 44–45
education, 3–4 Fleck, S., 219
experiences and meanings, 9–12 Fleming, W., 321
history of, 110–112 Florida, R., 211, 338
life-cycle, 110–111 Formica, S., 242, 371
places, 118–119 forms of event (typology), 30–46
settings, 213–214 forms of theatre, 165–166
studies, 2–3, 6–7, 9–14 Foucault, M., 154
tourism, 116–118, 140–146, 305–307, founders, 258–264
Fredline, E., 305, 308, 326
312–313, 316, 335–336 freedom (of choice), 130, 172
typology of forms, 30–46 Freeman, J., 95
exhibitions, 39–40, 189, 214 Freeman, L., 58
existence value, 321, 333 Freeman, R., 91
expectations, 244–245 Freedman, J., 222, 223
expectation-confirmation theory, 71 frequency of events, 29–30
expenditure, 305 Fried, G., 291
experience Frisby, W., 111, 267, 340
economy, 172–175 Funk, D., 242, 243
defining, 170–177 functions of planned events, 23–24,
design, 386 Furse, B., 119
leisure, 131–132, 172 future(s)
nature of, 76–77, 384–386
research agenda, 371–373 intentions, 253–254
touristic, 175 issues, 378–379
experience factor model, 230 research, 370
experiential sampling, 366–367 studies, 119–123

Index 433

Gabrenya, W., 135 Grigg, J., 271
Gaiko, S., 289 Grippo, R., 35
Gammon, S., 179, 181, 185 grounded research, 354, 360–361
gap between practitioners and guaranteed and safe experience, 176–177
guests, 192
researchers, 7–8 guerrilla gigs, 44–45
gastronomy, 230–231 Gursoy, D., 307
Geddie, M., 119 Gustafsson, I., 231
Geertz, C., 32, 200
generic Haahti, A., 215
Habermas, J., 57, 154
benefits, 204, 250, 251, 312, 385, 387 Halewood, C., 179
event settings, 213–214 Hall, E., 221
and specific experiences, 182–196 Hall, M., 13, 42, 98, 100, 101, 309, 319, 329,
geography, 114–119
Getz, D., 15, 26, 71, 81, 90, 92, 95, 111, 114, 345, 348, 350
hallmark and iconic events, 24–25
117, 119, 123, 214, 224, 226, 228, 241, 262, Ham, S., 151
265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, 282, Hanlon, C., 269, 287, 289
283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 305, 309, 314, 316, Hannan, M., 95
319, 320, 335, 340, 367, 368, 371, 378 Hannam, K.179
Gibson, H.,187, 188, 205, 242, 253, 255 Harrington, M., 290
Gilmore, J., 164, 165, 172–175, 205 Harris, M., 33
Gitelson, R., 142, 284 Harris, R., 7, 219, 297, 374
Glaser, B., 360 Harris, V., 288, 289
Gleick, J., 20 Harrison, L., 290
Glenn, J., 125 Harvey, M., 218
global challenges, 123 Havitz, M., 135
Goffman, E., 57, 337 Hayllar, B., 365
Goh, F., 337 health, 291–293, 341–342
Goldblatt, J., 43, 260, 293 Hede, A., 144, 281
Goodson, L., 15 Heimer, C., 268
Gool, 181 Hektner, J., 367
Gordon, T., 125 heritage commemorations, 34–35
governance, 264–265 hermeneutics, 76–77, 365–366
Grado, S., 313 Herzberg, F., 227, 287
Graham, S., 43, 160 Higham, J., 253
Grant, R., 91 Hill, B., 143
grant givers, 194 Hiller, H., 60, 101
Gratton, C., 202, 312 Hilliard, T., 149
Gray, B., 92 Hinch, T., 237, 248
Green, B.C., 179, 186, 238, 242, 248, 290 history, 106–114
Green and Gold Inc., 317 historical research, 369
green events, 342–344 historiography, 106–107, 369
Greene, T., 74 Hofstede, G., 262
Greenwood, D., 305 Holdnak, A., 313
Gregson, B., 214
Griffin, T., 365

434 Index

Hormans, G., 72 interpersonal factors, 244
hospitality management and studies, 146–147 interpretation, 150–152
host-guest interactions, 305–307 interpretivism, 361
Housego, A., 151 interviews, 367–368
Hover, M., 181 intrapreneurship, 261
Hoyle, L., 297 intrinsic motivation, 172
Hu, C., 293 invisible management processes, 230
Hudson, S.,143 investment, 305, 311–312, 315
Hughes, G., 32 involvement, 135–136
Hughes, H., 119 Iso-Ahola, S., 173, 240, 241
Huizinga, J., 131
Hultkrantz, L., 118 Jackson, E., 135, 247, 255
Hwang, K., 135 Jafari, J., 8, 178
human Jago, L., 7, 26, 142, 143, 246, 281, 318, 321,

geography, 114–119 326
resources and volunteer management, Jamal, T., 8, 92
James, Jeffrey, 188
286–291 James, Jane, 209, 215, 225
hypotheses, 359 Janiskee, R., 60, 116, 125, 376
Jarvie, G., 111
iconic events, 24–25 Jawahar, I., 91
ideology, 330–331 Jaworski, A., 152, 154
inductive research, 360–361 Jennings, G., 357, 361
image making, 142–144 Jisha, J., 282
Imagine Canada, 289 Johnson, D., 292
impacts (and outcomes), 300–326 Johnston, R., 321
individual involvement in events, 314 Johnston, M., 195, 290
information Jones, H., 116
Jones I., 248
management, 281 Jordan, J., 305
search and use, 249–250 Jung, M., 189
installation art, 157–158 justifying
institutions/institutionalism/
market intervention, 98–108
institutionalization, 96–98, 266–269, 329 public sector involvement, 329–334
integrated marketing, 280
interdisciplinary, 352–353 Kang, Y., 85
interpersonal constraints, 246–247 Kaplan, S., 68, 218, 375
International Association for Exhibition Kapferer, J., 136
Katz, A., 267
Management (IAEM), 39 Kay, P., 370
International Events Group (IEG), 283, 322 Kelly, J., 142, 358, 359
International Association of Fairs and Kendall, K., 307
Kerstetter, D., 119, 221, 284
Expositions (IAFE), 41 Kim, S., 137
International Festivals Association (IFA), 292 Kitayama, S., 135
International Festivals and Events

Association (IFEA), 214
International Special Events Society (ISES), 26
inter-organizational behaviour, 269–271

Kleiber, D., 62, 63, 64, 68, 74, 131, 172 Index 435
Klemke, E., 358
knowledge leisure constraints, 135, 245
leveraging, 336, 341, 344
and philosophy, 355–359 Leyns, A., 313
domains, 2–3 Li, F., 111
based theory of the firm, 91 Li, R., 242, 255
creation, 10, 14, 122, 352–381, 391–392 Li, Y., 175
Kokolakakis, T., 202 life-cycle, 110–111
Komppula, R., 215 life stage, 132–133
Kotler, P., 142 lifestyle, 130–131, 238, 281
Krug, D., 259 light, 216
Kyle, G., 135 liminal and liminoid, 178–181
linear-nodal settings, 214
Ladkin, A., 123 literature, 38
land use changes, 314, 317 Locke, E.,
Lane, B., 150 Lockyer, T., 227
Lanius, U., 219, 220 logistics, 273, 275–278
Larson, M., 58, 91, 271 Long, P., 93
Larson, R., 367 longitudinal research, 369
Lashley, C., 230 Lord Cultural Resources, 141
Laurent, G., 136 Love, L., 227, 228
law(s), 101–103, 332 loyalty, 252
law of the commons, 333–334 Lumsdon, L., 194
Laws, E., 233, 281 Lynch, K., 218–219, 376
Laybourn, P., 271, 272 Lynch, R., 309
Lavenda, R., 50, 51, 74, 357
Laverie, D., 188 MacAloon, J., 188, 189, 205
Laxson, J., 306 MacCannell, D., 132, 201, 361
leadership, 258–264 Macintosh, D., 199
learning Mackellar, J., 312
Mackie, D., 188
organization, 269 Macnaught, T., 305
theory, 148–149 macro and micro economics, 81–82
Lee, C., 242 Madrigal, R., 188
Lee, H., 221 Mahony, D., 188
Lee, J.M., 243, 381 Malouf, L., 213
Lee, J., 118 management, 10, 13, 89–98, 388–389
Lee, S., 117
Lee, Y., 242 research agenda, 374–376
Leibold, M., 242 needs, 354
Leiper, N., 8, 139 Mandelbaum, S., 272
legacy, 319–320 Mannell, R., 62, 63, 64, 68, 74, 131, 172, 241,
legal considerations, 102–103
legitimacy, 202 247
leisure studies, 128–138 (see also serious Manning, F., 32
margin (events at the), 44–47
leisure) market(ing), 2, 87–88, 145, 278–282
Markus, H., 135

436 Index

Marris, T., 25 Mitchell, R., 91
Maslow, A., 61, 239, 241, 287, 288 Mitler, B., 51, 52, 200
Masterman, G., 43, 280 Mistillis, N., 326
Mateucci, X., 32 models, 358–359
Mayfield, T., 280 model of the planned event experience, 177–181
McCarville, R., 283 Mohr, K., 242
McConnell., A., 241 Monga, M., 290
McDonald, S., 85 Morrison, A., 280
McDonnell, I., 297 Morrow, S., 39, 47
McGehee, N., 136, 242, 248, 249 Moscardo. G., 233
McGregor, D., 288 Mossberg, L., 143, 172, 282, 381
McGuirty, J., 161 motive, 240
McKay, S., 242, 317, 321 motivation, 190, 240–244, 287–290
McKercher, B., 145 motivator-hygiene theory, 287
McLaughlin, G., 91 Mount, J., 284
McLuhan, M., 155, 390 Mowen, 221–223
McMahon-Beattie, U., 285 Moyer, K., 64
McPhail, T., 155 Mules, T., 85, 88, 119, 284, 319, 326, 332
meanings, 9–12, 196–203, 253, 371–373, 384–386 Murrmann, S., 242
means-end theory, 76–77 Murrell, A., 188
media, 193, 196
Nash, D., 361
coverage, 309, 314, 317 National Association for Interpretation, 150
events, 25 National Outdoor Events Association, 219
studies, 155 need for Event Studies, 6–7
value, 322 needs, 239–240
meetings and conventions, 38–39, 189 Neimeyer, R., 197
Meetings Professionals International (MPI), new money, 311–312
Nelson, K., 15
39, 213 Neulinger, J., 130, 134
Mehmetoglu, M., 280 Neuman, W., 359
Mei, W., 145 Newton Jackson, E., 290
mega-events, 25, 60, 199 Nickerson, N., 63
Mellor, R., 326 Nickerson, R., 211
memorable experiences, 181 Nicholson, R. 182, 242
Mendell, R., 144 Ngamsom, B., 242
Merrilees, B., 92 Niro, B., 284
meta analysis, 370 Nogawa, H., 242
methods, 362–370 Norman, W., 161
methodology, 8, 54–57, 359–362 North American Society for Sport
Meyersohn, R., 132
microeconomics, 81–82 Management, 160
Mifflin, K., 92 Norton, P., 297
Mihalik, B., 308, 313 not for profit, 96–97
Mikolaitis, P., 262, 273, 292, 297 Noronha, R., 46
Miller, L., 246 Nurse, K., 33
Mintzberg, H., 258, 259

Index 437

Oakes, S., 281 peak experience, 239
Oakley, E., 259 Pearce, D., 182, 242
observation, 367 Pearce, P., 181, 212, 241, 255, 309
O’Brien, D., 97 Pennington-Gray, L., 313
O’Brien, E., 289 Penrose, E., 91
O’Dell, T., 181 people movement, 276
officials, 194 Perdue, R., 74, 85
Oldberding, D., 282 performance
Oliver, R., 71
Olsen, D., 36, 184, 205 art, 157
Olson, J., 76 studies, 156–157
one-time events, 269 performers, 193
ontology, 355–356 performing art events, 37–38
Ooi, C., 175 permanent event organizations, 269
open space settings, 214 personal
open system theory, 265 and interpersonal factors, 244
operations and logistics, 275–278, 374–376 construct theory, 197
Oppermann, M., 189, 242 outcomes, 301–303
ordinary life, 109 meanings, 197–198
organization(al) space, 220–221
personality, 62–64, 237, 260
behaviour, 264–271 Petrick, A., 242, 255
culture, 261–263 Pfeffer, J., 93
evaluation, 266–269 phenomenology, 76–77, 365–366
quality, 266 Phillimore, J., 15
structure, 264–265 philosophy
O’Sullivan, E., 176 and knowledge, 355–359
Otnes, C., 44 of planned events, 78
O’Toole, W. 15, 262, 273, 292, 297 of science, 355–356
outcomes and impacted, 10, 13–14, 300–326, Picard, D., 33
Picard, M., 306
379–380, 389–390 pillow fight club, 44–46
overstimulation, 217 pilgrimage, 36, 184–185
ownership, 264–265 Pine, B. , 172–175, 205
Oxford English Dictioanry, 173 Pitts, B. 34, 242
place,
Page, S., 345 marketing, 142, 337
Pak, S., 364 affective quality of, 219–220
Paluba, G., 134 time and, 20–21
parades and processions, 35, 112–113 planning,
Parasuraman, A., 229 and decision-making, 271–275
parks and recreation, 128–129 business, 273–274
Parry, B., 44 project, 273
participants, 193 research agenda, 374–376
participant observation, 367 strategic, 274
participation events, 27, 193 theory, 272–273
patterns and processes, 10, 14, 376–379

438 Index

planned psychic benefits, 322, 333
event experience model, 177–181 psychology, 61–62
versus unplanned, 27–28 public
behaviour theory, 70–71, 238, 244, 253, 290
event typology, 21–23, 384–386 administration, 96
event functions, 23–24 at large, 196
goods, 82, 88, 330, 331, 344
play theory, 131 policy, 263–264, 328–329, 390–391
Plog, S., 63, 237 relations, 113
Pol, L., 364 publicity stunt, 26
policy, Pugh, C., 348
pulsating events, 269, 286, 294
considerations, 345 Putnam, R., 58
domains, 93, 97, 328 Pyo, S., 85
environment, 345–346
making, 344–349 qualitative research, 364–370
needs, 355 quality, 226–230
questions, 379 quantitative methods, 363
political questionnaire surveys, 363–364
and state events, 36, 185 queuing theory, 277
outcomes and impacts, 303–309 Quick, S., 289, 300
science, 98–101 Quinn, B., 33, 200, 262
population ecology theory, 95–96
Porter, M., 94 Radbourne, J., 338, 350
positioning, 282 Ralston, L., 230
positivism, 356–357, 359–360, 362 Ralston, R., 195, 240
post experience evaluation and feedback, Raj, R., 285
Ravenscroft, N., 32
253–254 Raybould, M., 119, 242, 364
postmodernism, 357–358 recreation(al)
preferences (setting), 218
Preda, P., 163, 278 events, 443–444
Prentice, R., 282 experiences, 186–187
premier or prestige events, 25 specialization, 136–137
Preston, L., 91 reflective professional practice, 354
Prideaux, B., 228 Reid, G., 334
Pritchard, A., 152, 154 Reisinger, Y., 184
private events, 44 regulators, 194, 270
procession settings, 213–214 regulations, 347
procurement, 277–278 religious
product events, 36
experiences, 183–184
orientation, 279–280 studies, 78–80
quality, 226–227 research
professional(ism), 288–289, 354 and evaluation and public policy, 348–349
programming, 223–227 agendas, 371–380
propositions, 359 evaluation, and information systems, 293–294
protests, 46
Przeclawski, K., 132

Index 439

for marketing, 281 Russell, Julie, 199
gap between practitioners and academics, Rutley, J., 223
Ryan, C., 116, 178, 227, 237, 242–243, 267,
7–8
methods, 54–55, 362–370 268, 290, 362
methodologies, 359–362 Ryan, R., 69, 134
on political science of events, 101
purposes, 362–363 safety, 291–293
traditions, 54–55 Sahlins, M., 268
resource(s) Salancik, G., 93
and financial management, 282–286 Saleh, F., 194, 227, 290
based theory of the firm, 91 Sandercock, L., 272
dependency theory, 93–94, 284 Samuelson, L., 312, 321
return on investment, 285, 321, 333 San Francisco State University, 147
Reunion Network, 44 Santacons, 44–45
revenue satisfaction, 253
sources, 283–284 scale, 28–29
or yield management, 285 scenario making, 122
total, 321 Schechner, R., 164, 165, 167
Reynolds, T., 77 Schein, E., 261, 262, 267
Rhea, D., 205 Schultz, E., 51, 74, 357
Richards, G., 33, 116, 202 Scotinform Ltd., 313
Richards, P., 267–268 Scott, D., 136, 242
Ridinger, L.,188 Scott, J., 58
Riggio, M., 33 Scott, W., 94, 97, 104
riot, 46 script(ing), 164–165, 224–225
risk, 291–293 Sebastion, R., 188
Ritchie, B., 144 secondary data analysis, 363
Ritchie, J.R., 143, 144, 308, 319 security, 293
rites and rituals, 52–54 seeking and escaping theory, 132, 220, 241
rites de passage, 44, 109, 177–178, 197 segmentation and target marketing, 281–282
Rittichainuwat, B., 189 self
Roberts, K., 132, 308
Robertson, M., 339 actualization, 239–240
Robinson, Mike., 33 construal, 135
Robinson, M., 160 determination theory, 69–70, 134–135
Roche, M., 199 Selznick, P., 267
Rogers, E., 58 semiotics, 361–362
Rogers, T., 39, 47 Senge, P., 269
Rojek, C., 132, 139 sense
Rozin, S., 202 of community, 200
Rukavina, V., 283 of place, 200
Runners World, 250 sensory stimulation, 216–218
rural sociology, 60–61 serious leisure, 241, 245, 247, 137–138
Rusher, K., 329, 348, 350 service(s)
Russell, J., 219, 220 blueprinting, 228–230
design and quality, 228–230

440 Index Soutar, G., 123
Spangler, K., 176
setting spatial patterns, 10, 14, 115–116
affordances, 248–249 special events, 26–27
design, 212–213 specialization, 136–137
spectacle (theory of), 188–189
Severt, D., 189, 190 spectator and interactive events, 26, 187–188
Shackley, M., 36 Spiller, J., 38
Shanka, T., 281 Spilling, O., 85, 87
Shedroff, N., 205, 208 spiritual experiences, 183
Sheehan, A., 289 Spiropoulos, S., 92
Shelby, B., 251 sponsors, 194
Shaw, G., 114, 125, 131, 306, 371 sponsorship, 283, 321
Shaw, M., 289 sport
Shaw, R., 26
Shibli, S. 322 as cultural expression, 200
Shone, A., 44 events, 42–43
Singh, R., 36, 184 experiences, 186–187
Singh, S., 80 management and studies, 160–162
Silvers, J., 2, 15 sociology, 59
Sivan, A., 111 spectators/fans, 187–188
Skinner, Bruce, 283 tourism, 43, 121, 160, 161, 167, 181, 187,
Skinner, B.F., 288
smell, 217 242–243, 253, 328, 346
Smith, B., 143 staff(ing), 194, 229
Smith, E., 188 staging, 215
Smith, M., 180 stakeholder
Smith, S., 243, 360
social and network theory, 91–93
experiences, 190–196
capital theory, 58 management, 202, 270–271
cognition and social cognitive theory, Stear, L., 139
Stebbins, R., 63, 137, 241,
69–70, 73 Sternberg, R., 211
construct, 120–121, 199 Stewart, B., 287
constructivism, 361–362 Stokes, R., 92
cultural, and political outcomes, 303–309 Stott, C., 64
equity, 331–332 strategic
exchange theory, 72 event creation, 263–264, 266
integration, 340–341 planning, 274–275, 346–347
meanings, 199–200 Strauss, A., 360
network theory, 58 stressors, 222–223, 301–302
policy, 340–342 Strigas, A. 290
psychology, 68–72 Strolberg, K., 211
problems, 341 style, 225–226
sociology, 55–61 subsidizing events, 87–88
Sofield, T., 111, 306 substitution, 251
Solberg, H., 313 Supovitz, F., 43
Solomon, J., 42, 43
sound, 216

Index 441

supply chain management, 277–278 Timmermans, H., 74
suppliers, 194, 270 Toepper, L., 321
sustainable, 316, 339, 342–344 Tohmo, T., 312
symbolic interactionists, 57–58 Tomlinson, G., 35
systematic observation, 363 Tomljenovic, R. 339
Toohey, K., 43, 47
tangible evidence, 229 tools of interpretation, 151–152
Tapp, A. 188 touch, 217
target market(ing), 281–282 tourism (see also event tourism)
Tarlow, P., 292, 293, 297
Tassiopoulos, D., 297 body of knowledge, 140
taste, 217 experiences, 175
Taylor, P., 312 management and studies, 138–146
Taylor, R., 281 trade show, 39–40
Taylor, Ruth, 92, 314 traffic, 308–309
Teigland, J., 85, 117 Trail, G., 188
Tellstrom, R., 230 training, 260
temporal transformation, 253
Trauer, B., 242, 243
patterns, 115–116 travel career trajectory, 241–242
process, 10, 14 Travel Industry Association of America,
theatre
events as, 214–215 145, 187
forms, 165–166 trend extrapolation, 121–122
studies, 163–166 Tribe, J., 5, 6, 15, 80, 84, 104, 326, 343, 355
theme and programme design, 223–237 Tse, T., 145
thematic interpretation, 150–151 Tum, J., 276, 277, 278, 297
theory, Turco, D., 43, 312, 321
and models, 358–359 Turner, V., 32, 33, 47, 52–53, 177, 178, 183,
of allocation, 82
of choice, 82 184, 189, 239, 384
of planned action/behaviour, 70–71, 238, Turney, M., 113
Twynam, D., 195
244, 253, 290 typology
of spectacle, 188–189
on experience and meaning, 11–12 of event forms, 30–46
X and theory Y, 287 of planned events, 212–213
Thrane, C., 227 Tyrell, T., 321
Thyne, M., 281 Tzelepi, M., 289, 300
Tilden, F., 150
time Udall, L., 305
budget studies, 368 UK Health and Safety Executive, 292
is of the essence, 19–20 UK Institute for Volunteering, 289
and a place, 201 UK National Outdoor Events Association, 219
switching, 117–118 University of North Carolina, Greensboro, 128
timing and build, 225 unique risk elements, 291–292
Timothy, D., 36, 184, 201, 205 urban

renewal, 341
sociology, 60

442 Index Waterman, S., 339
wayfinding, 218
Urry, J., 175, 186 Weed, M., 346
US Department of Labor, 289 Weiler, B., 150
Uysal, M., 74, 242 wellness, 341
Weppler, K., 283
value, 322–323 Whitford, M., 87, 348
values, 237–238 Whitson, D., 199
Van der Kamp, A., 325 Wickham, T., 119, 221
Van der Wagen, L., 211, 259, 260, 286, Wicks, B., 116, 228, 283, 288
Wiersma, B., 211
287, 297 Wijngaarden, 181
Van Gennep, 177, 178, 189, 384 Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, 45, 122
Vanhove, D., 25 Wikstrom, E., 58, 91, 271
Van Kirk, R., 283 Williams, A., 114, 125, 131, 306, 371
Van Mierlo, J., 181 Williams, P., 290
Van Zyl, C., 242 Wilson, J., 305
Vaughan, R., 321 willingness to pay, 83–85, 250, 321
Veal, A., 43, 47, 56, 64, 330, 362, 381 Wing-Vogelbacher, A., 313
vendors, 194 Witt, S., 25
venue(s) Wood, C., 195, 290
Wood, D., 92
efficiency, 336 Wood, E., 153, 167, 280, 281, 294, 348
management, 162–163 world’s fairs, 41–42
sustainable, 342–344 worth of events, 320–323
Verhoven, P., 117 wow factor, 177
Virden, R., 237 Wright, J., 297
VIPs, 194
visual arts, 38 Xiao, H., 242, 360
visible staff contacts, 229, Xie, P., 54–55, 152, 340
volunteer(s), 194, 286–291
Voss, T., 267 Yeoman, I., 163, 285, 350
Vroom, V., 288 yield management, 285
Yoo, J., 381
Waitt, G., 307 Yoon, S., 116, 249
Walker, G., 135, 237 Young, H., 268
Walle, A., 111 Yu, Y., 321
Wang, N., 201
Wang, P., 142 Zaichkowsky, J., 135
Wang, Y., 190 Zaltman, G., 77
Wanhill, S., 284–285 Zuckerman, M., 63
Wann, D., 187, 188 Zuzanek, J., 247
Waters, H., 40
Watts, T., 163, 278
Weber, K., 381
Weber, S., 339

Concert: Edmonton Folk Festival
Themes: the event experience; entertainment; staging; logistics; leisure constraints;
crowd management

Photo Credit: Travel Alberta

Competitor, Dragon Boat Races
Themes: challenge; intrinsic motivation; participant event

Photo Credit: Tourism Calgary

Festival at the Bay, Glenelg (Adelaide, South Australia)
Themes: celebration; time out of time; special/public place; community building;
the street as event setting; festivalization of cities

Photo Credit: Steve Brown

Winter Olympics, Turino
Themes: mega event; ritual; symbolism; spectacle;
event tourism; image making and place marketing;
economic impacts; globalization

Photo Credit: © Brian Bahr/Getty Images

Colour Plates-H6959.qxd 3/15/07 12:29 PM Page 3

Gothenburg Sweden ‘Varvet’ (Half Marathon)
Themes: participation sport event; involvement;
event careers; sub-cultures; linear-nodal setting

Photo Credit: Henrik Sandsjö

Multicultural Carnival, Adelaide
Themes: ritual; cross-cultural comparison; celebration; authenticity ; animation of places

Photo Credit: Steve Brown

The Calgary Exhibition and Stampede
Themes: Institutions; intrinsic motivations to attend; site planning principles; perceptions
of crowding; behavioural settings; risk management; hallmark event

Photo Credit: Travel Alberta

German National Garden Show
Themes: experiential learning; edutainment; aesthetics; interpretation; behavioural
cues; target marketing

Photo Credit: Ulrich Wünsch

International Rotary Convention
Themes: assembly venues; business events; bidding on events; event tourism

Photo Credit: Queensland Events Corporation

Special Events Show
Themes: designing the setting; theming; setting affordances; sensory stimulation; social
experiences; entertainment

Photo Credit: Ulrich Wünsch

Winter Olympic Venue, Calgary
Themes: legacy; politics; mega events and urban form; cultural and national identity

Photo Credit: Tourism Calgary

TransRockies Challenge
Themes: participant event; media; environmental impacts; stakeholders and the political
market square; risk and safety

Photo Credit: TransRockies Inc./Dan Hudson

Frankfurt International Motor Show
Themes: Commerce; meeting and learning; communication; extrinsic motivation; site
design and circulation; sponsorship; branding

Photo Credit: Ulrich Wünsch

European Athletics Championships, 2006 (Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg, Sweden)
Themes: investment; sport tourism; fan motivation; social experiences

Photo Credit: Leif Gustafsson

Concert in Leeds, England
Themes: Staging; logistics; concerts; suppliers; human resources

Photo Credit: Simon Bell, UK, Centre for Events Management