BIODIVERSITY KINGDOM PLANTAE

Kingdom Plantae

BIODIVERSITI

KINGDOM PLANTAE

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Describe the morphological characteristics of phyla in the
kingdoms of Plantae

KINGDOM PLANTAE

multicellular eukaryotes.
autotrophic and derive energy by photosynthesis.
Plants trap light energy by chorophyll a and b an other
pigments (xanthophyll and carotenoid are enclosed in
chloroplasts which give plants these green colour.



KINGDOM PLANTAE

cell walls made of cellulose and food is stored in the
form of starch.
plants reproduce sexually
adapted for life on land and in water.
All plant life cycles involve alternation of generations.

KINGDOM PLANTAE

The alternation of generations refers to the shifting
back and forth between haploid and diploid stages
during the life cycle of an organism.
sporophyte generation is diploid (2n)
gametophyte generation is haploid (n).

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Non-vascular plant Vascular Plant

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

Bryophytes are small, simple plants that live mainly in
damp, shady places.

The body is a thallus or are differentiated into simple
"leaves’ and “stem

Bryophytes lack true roots, stems and leaves.

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

Bryophytes are anchored to the substratum by
filamentous out-growths of the stem called
rhizoids.

The whole surface of the plant, including the
rhizoids can absorb water and mineral salts.

There is no vascular tissue (xylem or phloem)
present.

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

Bryophytes exhibit alternation of generations in which the
gametophyte generation is dominant.
The sporophyte is attached to and is dependent on the
gametophyte for its nutrition.



PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA

two main classes of the phylum
(a) Class Hepaticae Example:liverworts-Marchantia
(b) Class Musci Example:Polytrichum

►The sporophyte has true roots, stems and leaves.
► Filicinae has vascular tissue which consists only of tracheids
and sieve tubes.

Phylum Filicinophyta

Ferns are terrestrial and are especially common in temperate
woodlands and tropical rainforests.
They can be found on the branches of trees, riverbanks, mountains
and even deserts.

Filicinae (ferns) shows alternation of generations which sporophyte
generation is dominant.

The gametophyte generation is reduced to a small, simple,
independent and photosynthetic prothallus.

Phylum Filicinophyta

PHYLUM FILICINOPHYTA

Phylum Filicinophyta

Filicinae can be described as heterosporous or homosporous.
Homosporous means producing only one type of spore, for
example, Dryopteris filix-mas (Class Filicinae -ferns).

Heterosporous means producing two types of spores,
megaspores and microspores, for example, Selaginella
(Class Lycopsida - club mosses).

An example of Filicinophyta is Dryopteris.
The leaves are large(macrophyllous) and are called fronds.
They are spirally arranged around the stem and are circinate (coiled
up like a millipede) when young. The leaflets are known as pinnae.
The stem is mostly underground rhizome.
The stem and the petiole are covered with numerous brownish scales
called ramenta.

Phylum Filicinophyta

Phylum Filicinophyta

Phylum Filicinophyta

The roots are adventitious (fibrous),growing profusely from the
rhizome.

These are plants with vascular tissues.
The sporangia are usually in clusters called sori on the lower surface
of the leaves.
These plants are mostly homosporous.

Phylum Filicinophyta

The plants have seeds that are exposed,that is,the
seeds are not protected by an ovary.

The leaves are needle-like and covered with a thick,
waxy cuticle and have sunken stomata.

This ensures that the tree does not lose too much
water from its leaves.

The leaves are evergreen.

Phylum Coniferophyta

(a)The vascular tissues contain xylem tracheids which have well-
developed secondary thickening of lignin.

The phloem contains sieve tubes, fibres and parenchyma cells but
companion cells are absent.

An example of Coniferophyta is Pinus.

Phylum Coniferophyta

The sporophyte generation is dominant and the gametophyte
generation is reduced.

This phylum of plants is heterosporous, that is, it produces two types
of spores:megaspores and microspores (Figure 14.9).

The plants usually bear male and females cones in which sporangia
develop. Both cones consists of closely packed sporophylls around a
central axis (Figure 14.9).

Phylum Coniferophyta

(a) Each sporophyll of the male cone has two microsporangia on its
lower surface in which pollen grains/microspores are formed.

(b) These pollen grains are dispersed by wind.
Hence,no external water is needed for fertilisation (Figure 14.9).

On the upper surface of the female cone sporophyll are two ovules
that contain megasporangia. Within the megasporangium are the
megaspores (Figure 14.9).

Phylum Coniferophyta

Phylum Coniferophyta

Phylum Coniferophyta

Phylum Coniferophyta

Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering plants.
These plants have seeds protected by an ovary wall that forms
a fruit.
Their vascular tissues are highly developed.
The xylem contains Vessels as well as tracheids.
The phloem has sieve tubes and companion cells.

Angiospermophyta

The sporophyte generation is dominant while the gametophyte generation is
reduced.

They are heterosporous (produce two types of spores).

(a)Sexual reproduction is by flowers.
Flowers are unique to angiosperms as this has enabled the plants to use
insects, birds

Angiospermophyta

（b)Therefore,flowers are usually brightly coloured,scented and
also provide pollen or nectar as food.
►No external water is needed for fertilisation.

► If the flowers are not colourful, they are usually wind-pollinated.

Angiospermophyta

Angiospermophyta

Angiosperms are divided into two classes.
（a)Monocotyledonae
（b) Dicotyledonae
Example:Zea mays
Example:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Angiospermophyta

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MONOCOT AND DICOT

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MONOCOT AND DICOT

CHARACTERISTICS

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