50 reference body in standardization works such as in the aspects of spellings, usage of terminologies, adoption of terminologies from other local dialects and languages, as well as from foreign languages. This joint Agreement Declaration was signed by: Huguan Siou, Datuk Seri Panglima Joseph Pairin Datuk Kitingan, on behalf of KDCA in his capacity as KDCA’s President, and Datuk Mark Koding, on behalf of USDA in his capacity as USDA’s President. The signing ceremony was witnessed and attested with signatures by the Secretary-Generals of KDCA and USDA, in the persons of Gundohing Benedict Topin and Gundohing Raymond Tombung respectively. The joint declaration of agreement by both KDCA and USDA in naming the Kadazandusun language as KADAZANDUSUN and establishing the BUNDULIWAN as the standardization and development foundation served well to remove the last impediment to the formal teaching and learning of the Kadazandusun language in government schools. The joint efforts to preserve, name, standardise, develop and promote the Kadazandusun Language, initiated by KCA(KDCA), USDA and empowered later by the Kadazandusun Language Foundation (KLF), culminated in the government approval for Kadazan to be taught as a subject in government primary schools, an effort initiated by the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association. In 1997, the Education Department of Sabah started the first phase of teaching KD language in 15 primary schools in Sabah (Lasimbang & Kinajil, 2000). By 2001, 30,000 children in primary 4 to 6 from 435 primary schools in 23 districts in Sabah had learnt KD (Lasimbang, 2004). Today the teachings of the Kadazandusun Language founded upon the Bunduliwan dialect but enriched by the numerous dialects of the Kadazandusun Language in government schools is continuously progressing well. © Borneo Mail - January 10, 1997
51 1. KADAZANDUSUN – The Official Name of the Language of the Kadazandusuns (January 24, 1995)
52
53 2. BUNDULIWAN – The Official Dialect of the Kadazandusun Language.
54
55 © DBK_ KDCA HQ Archives
56 4.4 The Kadazandusun Resolution 2 (2004) While KDCA recognizes that for cultural heritage preservation the real challenge remains in the self-determination capacities and capabilities of the individual indigenous ethnic or speech communities (under whatever generic identity they wish to adopt), to revalue, preserve, develop and propagate their very own unique ethnic cultural identity and mother tongues, it will be more difficult if their efforts are split in disarray due to emphasis on parochialism and minor dialectical differences and insignificant adat variations. A workshop “Pemurnian Klasifikasi Etnik dan Sub Etnik Sabah” was held on February 13, 2015 at the Ming Garden Hotel Kota Kinabalu organized by Lembaga Kebudayaan Negeri Sabah and Jabatan Hal Ehwal Anak Negeri Sabah in response to the State Government’s request to speed up a cabinet paper on the definitive listing of factual Ethnic and Sub-Ethnic Communities in Sabah, a need that arose from decisions to do away with the “dan lain-lain” item that is so commonly found in Official and unofficial government Forms/Documents pertaining to the numerous ethnic and sub-ethnic communities in Sabah and Sarawak. There were two levels of the working committee on this subject matter: i) A workshop conducted by the Sabah Cultural Boards to get as much as possible the consensus from all affected communities through their Cultural Associations, and ii) A Bill Drafting Committee with the State Attorney General’s Office. The KDCA-Executive Secretary Dr Benedict Topin briefed the meeting that Guided by the KDCA Delegates Conference Resolutions and having consulted and gotten endorsement from the office of the KDCA President, KDCA maintains its stand that “Kadazandusun” is the Common Generic Identity or Main Ethnic Identity of 40 ethnic and sub-ethnic communities as per specific Conference Resolutions 2 dan 5, that were unanimously debated and adopted during the 10th KDCA Delegates Conference held on December 4-5, 2004 at Hongkod Koisaan Penampang, as worded below in Bahasa Malaysia: 2. Bahawa Kerajaan Malaysia hendaklah menerima pakai nama “Kadazandusun” sebagai nama bangsa masyarakat itu di dalam semua keterangan diri (seperti sijil kelahiran, kad pengenalan dan sebagainya) dan bukannya menggunakan sama ada “Kadazan” atau “Dusun”, kerana sesungguhnya dua nama itu merujuk kepada suku bangsa yang sama. Di-usulkan oleh Gun. Jusking Ejim perwakilan dari Beaufort dan disokong oleh Gun Duing Sumpong (Papar), Gun Allan G Dumbong (Tg Aru), Gun Suman Yasambun (Linsudan, Keningau) dan Gun John Amit (Dambai, Membakut). All other sub-ethnic groups and speech communities under the Kadazandusun other than the current listings of 40 sub-ethnic communities as per KDCA Constitutional provision are still being finalized based on consultations with the relevant communities. 4.5 THE MULTI-ETHNIC KADAZANDUSUNS The enumeration of the natives Indigenous Population of Sabah is still currently being revised from colonial days listing by the Sabah State Department of Native Affairs (JHEANS). In the context of this book, we shall respect and uphold the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association, Sabah (KDCA’s perspectives of the Kadazandusuns as Definitive Natives (Indigenous Peoples) of Sabah.
57 The current constitution of the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association Sabah (2022), under Article 6 (1) defines the Kadazandusuns as the definitive indigenous peoples of Sabah, made up of the following ethnic communities: 4.5.1 MULTI-ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE KADAZANDUSUNS (KDCA-CONSTITUTION) 1. Bisaya 2. Bonggi 3. Bundu 4. Dumpas 5. Gana 6. Garo 7. Ida’an 8. Kadayan 9. Kimaragang 10. Kolobuan 11. Kuijau 12. Lingkabau 13. Liwan 14. Lobu 15. Lotud 16. Lundayo 17. Makiang 18. Malapi 19. Mangkaak 20. Minokok 21. Murut 22. Nabai 23. Paitan 24. Pingas 25. Rumanau 26. Rungus 27. Sinobu 28. Sinorupu 29. Sonsogon 30. Sukang 31. Sungei 32. Tatana 33. Tangara 34. Tidong 35. Tindal 36. Tobilung 37. Tolinting 38. Tombonuo 39. Tuhawon 40. Tutung 41. Bagahak 42. Gobukon 43. Subpan 44. Tagahas 45. Tinagas and persons whose mother tongue is any of the above dialect and who habitually practices and expresses the traditions, customs and other cultural manifestations of the same. Due to numerous and widespread complaints by other ethnic and speech communities that they have been left out as part of the Kadazandusun community, KDCA had to undertake a research and statewide survey to establish which are other Kadazandusunic ethnic communities identified and acknowledged in the past through available literatures as well as those who are still currently identifiable by own self-reference or by neighboring communities’ references to them. With the help of the 27 District and sub-district coordinating centers of KDCA and aided by its more than 500 branches statewide, KDCA finally came out with a list of past and present Kadazandusunic main ethnic groups as well as sub-ethnic groups and this was then tabled to the Koisaan (KDCA) Council of elders for scrutiny, deliberation and adoption. In another development, in July of 2002, KDCA received a letter from the Sabah State Department of Native Affairs (JEHANS), requesting KDCA to submit the listing of ethnic communities under the inclusion of Kadazandusun generic family identity. United Sabah Dusun Association (USDA) was also requested to submit the listing of ethnic communities under the generic term Dusun, but USDA’s representative submitted his view that USDA’s list should be the same as the one submitted by KDCA. On May 7, 2003, the Koisaan (KDCA) State Level Council of Elders held its conference and adopted the following main groupings and enumerations of ethnic communities under the generic family of Kadazandusun and recommended it to be submitted to JEHANS.
58 4.5.2 NATIVE-KADAZANDUSUNS OF SABAH, MALAYSIA - KDCA SUBMISSION TO JABATAN HAL EHWAL ANAK NEGERI SABAH ON MAY 14, 2003. ETHNICITY SETTLEMENTS A. DUSUNIC 1) Bangkaakon Moyog, Penampang 2) Bisaya Klias, Beaufort, Kuala Penyu 3) Bundu Bundu Tuhan, Kelawat, Kiulu, Kadamaian, Tambunan 4) Dalamason Kiubak, Ensuan 5) Dumpas Beluran, Lohan, Tidok, Pintasan, Kinabatangan 6) Gana Bingkor Keningau, Apin-Apin 7) Garo Tandek, Kota Marudu 8) Gobukon Liposu, Liwogu Ranau, Kota Marudu 9) Gonsomon Ronggu, Kulilad, Moggong, Milau, Kudat 10) Gunatong Langkabong, Malagatan 11) Kadazan Penampang, Papar 12) Kapazan Liwogu, Kanavaan, Ponulangon, Kapazan, Paus 13) Kavananan Paitan, Labuk 14) Kawakahan Ulu Kinabatangan, Nandal Tambunan 15) Kedayan Sipitang, Sindumin, Labuan 16) Kimaragang Tandek, Bengkoka 17) Kinasaraban Kinasaraban, Kundasang 18) Kionop Kionop, Ulu Papar, Ulu Tuaran 19) Kiundu Kiulu, Bundu Tuhan, Kadamaian 20) Kivulu Kiubak, Ensuan 21) Kudundung Kosiladan Labuk 22) Kogosingan Gosing, Morungin Sugut 23) Kohub Tontolob Liwan Tambunan 24) Kolikuan Kolipuan, Paus 25) Koroli Kiubak, Ensuan, Labuk, Poginatan, Telupid 26) Kuijau Apin-Apin, Bingkor, Keningau 27) Kuriou Monsok, Rompon, Tambunan 28) Liwan Kundasang, Ranau, Kadamaian, Kiulu, Tambunan 29) Liwogu Ranau, Nunuk Ragang 30) Lotud Tamparuli, Tuaran, Telipok 31) Luba Marak-Parak, Langkon, Kota Marudu 32) Malapi Ulu Papar, Bundu Apin-Apin 33) Manampahu Pahu, Duhuon Tambunan 34) Mangkaak Lintanga Kinabatangan 35) Marudu Kota Marudu, Tandek 36) Minokok Ulu Kinabatangan 37) Molobong Bengkoka, Pitas 38) Nulu Lajong, Sikuati, Rampai, Popot, Masangkung 39) Papar Papar, Kimanis 40) Pilantong Labuk Sugut 41) Pilapazan Kiopu, Sikuati Kudat 42) Pingas Ulu Kinabatangan
59 43) Pinousuk Kundasang, Ranau 44) Porudou Tongodon, Sogo, Kuala Tongod 45) Potiukan Sinaron, Ranau 46) Putih Tampias, Labuk 47) Rungus Kudat, Matunggung, Bengkoka, Tandek, Pitas, Kanibongan 48) Sarayo Ulu Kinabatangan 49) Segamo Segama, Lahad Datu 50) Sinandapak Sungoi, Kota Marudu, Kota Marudu 51) Sinulihan Kiamalang, Sinulihan Inanam 52) Sogiliton Melapi, Kopuron, Mangkadaik, Lumou, Labuk 53) Sogo Kiubak, Ensuan, Labuk Telupid 54) Sonsogon Sonsogon, Tandek, Pitas, Bengkoka 55) Suang Lotud Tuaran, Mangkaladoi, Dugus Tamparuli 56) Sugut Kadazan Labuk, Sugut, Paitan 57) Sukang Karamuak River, Bukit Garan, Batu Putih & Tulug, Labuk 58) Sungangon Berayon 59) Tagahas Tambunan, Bundu Apin-Apin, Ulu Tuaran 60) Talantang Koingaran, Patau, Kirokot, Talantang Labuk Sugut 61) Tangara Penampang, Putatan, Kawang, Papar 62) Tatana Kuala Penyu, Klias 63) Tibabar Paus, Sogindai, Tambunan 64) Tidung Semporna, Tawau 65) Tilau-ilau Labuk Sugut, Paitan 66) Tinagas Matan Ranau, Karagasan, Molinsou, Labuk, Kota Marudu 67) Tindal Kota Belud 68) Tingalun Labuk Sugut, Kuamut 69) Tinggalan Labuk Sugut, Semporna, Tawau 70) Tobilung Kota Marudu, Timbang Manggaris, Duhuon Kota Belud 71) Tolinting Telupid, Ranau, Tambunan 72) Tompios Telupid, Tampias, Ranau, Tambunan 73) Tompulung Labuk, Poginatan, Telupid 74) Tonggilan Tamparuli 75) Tuhawon Inanam, Moyog, Tambunan 76) Turavid Poginatan, Wonod 77) Tutung Sindumin, Sipitang, Simpadan Brunei-Sabah B. IDAHAN 1) Begahak Sukau, Sepagaya, Lahad Datu 2) Bonggi Banggi Island, Kudat, Pulou Balambangan 3) Buludupi Bilit, Labuk, Sugut, Paitan 4) Idaan Sukau, Sepagaya, Lahad Datu 5) Sabahan Lok Sabahan, Lahad Datu 6) Sibuco Tawau, Lahad Datu 7) Tagalong Lintanga Kinabatangan 8) Segai Kinabatangan, Sebatik, Simpadan Kalimantan-Sabah C. MURUTIC 1) Alumbis Pensiangan, Alumbis River, Simpadan Sabah-Kalimantan 2) Bitak Dugus Padas, Beaufort 3) Bokan (Baukan) Ulu Kinabatangan, Ulu Sook Keningau, Lanas 4) Kalabakan Kalabakan, Tawau
60 5) Kolod Merapok, Long Miau 6) Kolur Mailo, Pamuluan, Tenom 7) Lundayeh Tenom, Sipitang, Sindumin, Mengalong 8) Mengalong Dugus Mengalong Sipitang 9) Mokioliga Sapulut, Padas Tenom 10) Nabai Bingkor Keningau 11) Pagalan Dompus Dugus Pagalan Keningau 12) Paluan Nabawan, Pensiangan 13) Pamatang Ulu Padas, Sipitang 14) Rundum Rundum, Pensiangan 15) Salilir Pensiangan, Saliliran, Simpadan Sabah-Kalimantan 16) Sandiwar Tenom, Sapong, Melalap, Beaufort 17) Selungai Pensiangan, Sinua 18) Semambu Rundum, Moligan, Tagol, Tolokoson, Tomani 19) Sembakung Melalia, Kabul, Simpadan Sabah-Kalimantan 20) Serudung Serudang, Kalabakan, Tawau 21) Sinambu Sapulut, Pensiangan 22) Tagol Keningau, Tenom, Pensiangan, Sipitang 23) Takapan Keningau 24) Tengara Kuamut, Kinabatangan 25) Timugon Beaufort, Keningau, Tenom, Melalap, Padas 26) Tolokoson Tolokoson, Tenom D. PAITANIC 1) Abai Sungai Dugus Kinabatangan, Abai, Lamag 2) Kolobuan Ulu Kaingaran Tambunan, Ulu Kinabatangan 3) Lingkabau Lingkabau, Paitan 4) Lobu Tompios, Sook, Ulu Kinabatangan 5) Makiang Ulu Kinabatangan, Tongod 6) Poitan Labuk Sugut, Beaufort 7) Rumanau Labuk Sugut, Tongod, Ulu Kinabatangan 8) Sabangan Menaggul, Abai 9) Sinobu Ulu Kinabatangan 10) Sinorupa Ulu Kinabatangan 11) Subpan Kg. Upak, Ulu Segama 12) Sundayo Pitas, Labuk, Sugut, Paitan 13) Sungai Labuk, Sugut, Paitan 14) Talantang Labuk, Sugut, Paitan 15) Tombonuo Pitas, Labuk Sugut, Paitan NB: The above document was forwarded by KDCA to JEHANS on May 14, 2003, as requested. However, these listings have now been revised based on © Lembaga Kebudayaan Negeri Sabah & Sabah Museum final reports on the Joint Survey on Sabah’s Ethnographic Population Composition by JEHANS, UMS, LKNS, Sabah Museum and KDCA in 2007. (Ref: to Page 13-15, above) The multi-ethnic Kadazandusun have come a long long way to rise above their diversity and linguistic differences and became more firmly bonded "united in Diversity" by their shred fundamental beliefs, worldviews, and cultural heritage adat and values system within the dusunic way of life in living one with nature. -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
61 4.5.3 KADAZANDUSUN UNITY IN DIVERSITY BONDED BY SHARED WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES SYSTEM © DBT Creative Imaging - Multi-ethnic 1Kadazandusun44 5. Kadazandusun Cosmology and Worldviews Emanating from Momolian Beliefs the Kadazandusun cosmological worldview is that the Creator Couple (Kinoingan and Sumundu) created and positioned human beings to live on Earth Mediocre/Middle-world (Winorun) between Heavenly/Upper-world (Libabou) and Hellish/Under-world (Kolungkud), from which emanates opposing forces (the good and positive from above and the bad and negative from below).
62 5.1 THE KADAZANDUSUN 3 SEVEN-TIERED MULTI-LEVEL WORLD45 © DBT Creative Imaging - KADAZANDUSUN 3 SEVEN-TIERED MULTI-LEVEL WORLD - Deduction from the Lot ud Tuaran Mamahui Pogun Rinaits (vs 100-106) of Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman @ Uwoi Bialah © DBT Creative Imaging - Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman @ Uwoi Bialah -World View 46
63 5.2 KADAZANDUSUN EXISTENCE ON MEDIOCRE MIDDLE-WORLD (WINORUN) BETWEEN DUALISTIC FORCES OF HEAVENLY UPPER-WORLD (LIBABOU) AND HELLISH UNDER-WORD (KOLUNGKUD). The entire cultural life of the calm, sensitive but tolerant Kadazandusun, is woven by a system of Momolian spiritual beliefs and values which they have ingeniously adopted as core-spirit of their traditional laws (adats), customs, practices, observances (pantangs) and do's & don'ts (wasa & tagal) in daily living. Through Momolianism, Kadazandusuns regulate every act of their lives to be in harmony with the natural forces, which they view in dualistic pairs such as, light and darkness, female and male, hot and cold, right and left, high and low, negative and positive, sickness and health, right and wrong, seen and unseen, known and unknown, holy and unholy, safe and unsafe, good and evil, life and death. UPPER WORLD (Libabou) MIDDLE WORLD (Pomogunan) UNDER WORLD (Kolungkud) Heavens Earth Underworld Spirit Mind Perishable Body Divinity Humanity Evils Purity Median Tainted Homeostasis Harmony Chaos Fulfillment Opportunities Abandonment Enlightenment Knowledge and Wisdom Ignorance / Darkness Perfect Temperature Hot and Cold Flux Hot © DBT Creative Imaging - KD Existence between dualistic forces 47 6. Kadazandusun Genesis, Cycle and Destinies of the Soul-Spirit (Turugan korindokohon Sunduan do Kadazandusun) From the Godliness of Libabou (Heavenly Upper-World), Kadazan (divine-human) life is Kinoingan-Sumundu's gift-creation out of pure love and intentions, into whom Kinoingan emplaced His own divine particle Diwato as the divine soul-spirit of human being and placed him temporarily in Winorun (Earth, Middle-World) to fulfill a mission before journeying back to Libabou. However, God's special gift of koinitungan sondiri (free will) to humans can be misused and hence may prevent their souls to return home to heavenly Libabou. -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
64 Kadazandusun Genesis, Cycle and Destinies of the Soul-Spirit © KDBT Creative Imaging - Kadazandusun Genesis, Cycle & Destinies of the Soul 48 7. Kadazandusun Beliefs, Culture and Heritage Laws (Adat) 7.1 Momolian49 (Kadazandusun Heritage Beliefs-System) According to Dalu Inai Seroh Bte Kalud of Kg. Bangkahak Kota Belud, the most appropriate name for the Kadazandusun beliefs system should be "Momolian". This is because to her, Momolian as a word embodies three major concepts of practice: 1. Cooling (appeasing/harmonising/balancing) Monogit/Monulimbang 2. Cleansing (purification/forgiveness) Momolidang/Momoliong 3. Healing (restoration/re-integration) Momolingos/Monoguli 4. Redeeming (salvage-sacrifice) Monobus/Momohi © Dalu Inai Seroh Bte Kalud, Bangkahak Kota Belud (1998)
65 Momolianism is a basically a functional system of invocation, appeasing, purification, healing and restoration of being, natural and socio-spiritual order, wherein the Bobolians play their leading roles and responsibilities as mediums, mediators, seers, appeasers, harmonizers, diviners and healers. Momolianism to the Kadazandusuns is thus religion, culture and identity. It is the convergence of the divine and human mysteries and sources of power and authority to harmonize and harness dualistic realities and opposing energies. Momolianism is the traditional Kadazandusun belief system with the following basic organizational elements of a living religion: 1. Heritage of transmittable oral revelations and doctrines in the Rinaits (Mantras) and rituals. 2. Infallible authority of the Bobolians as Momolian practitioners and propagators. 3. Theological formula of God, cosmology, divinity and humanity. 4. The emplacement of Momolianistic spiritual values into culture and Adat (Customary Laws and Traditional Practices). 5. The centering pervasive consciousness and practice of the ways of Momolianism in the daily lives of Kadazandusuns from womb to tomb and beyond. 6. Worldviews and Conceptions of Human Health and Wellness, Diseases (illnesses), Medicine (Remedies) and Health Care System. 7. Philological and philosophical foundation of lifelong and generational education and enlightenment. Having Kinoingan (God) centered consciousness, Kadazandusuns are nurtured to profoundly believe that no human being can escape from the watchful divine eyes and hence must do no wrong or else humans, individually and collectively will suffer the negative measures of somuli (karma) that will have rippling effects upon human micro-macro ecological being. This is the foundation of the Kadazandusun high trust society. In Momolianism beliefs no man can hide from the divine cosmic eyes. © DBT Creative Imaging - Divine Cosmic Eyes - from internet sourced "nexus" images 50
66 7.2 Momolian Tenets of Reverence while living on Earth (Tolugu Pantang Koposion id Pomogunan doung Momolian) “Pantango no Kosorumbahan miagal do Tama Nu; Winorun miagal do Tina Nu, Kadayan miagal dika sondiri, om Koinsanai Mogigiyon id Winorun di Okito om Amu Okito, miagal ko Koworisan om Koobpinaian Nu”. ("Honour the Upper-World as your Father; the Earth as your Mother; Fellow Humans as Yourself; and All Living Beings on Earth, seen and unseen, as your Relatives.") © Bolungkitas, Odu Sokindoi Kundiau51 As a comparison within the Dayak Borneo Worldview they have almost a similar living-in-the world reverence tenets as follows: "Adil Ka Talino, Bacuramin ka Saruga, Basengat ka Jubata." (Be just to our fellowmen, as heaven is just and in God we trust). © Drs Agustinus Clarus52 © Imagery: Pinterest Internet source - 593ec53bbe4ce7541f2ac0d6e9eb7cd8 53 Elsewhere, the Red Indians too have similar universal tenets of life on Earth as depicted in the poster quotes -Native Wisdom: "Regard Heaven as your Father, Earth as your Mother and All That Lives as your Brother and Sister." 54 ©https://i.enkivillage.org/kc4o1674hptHwmoaszjHIchd9sw=//images/2016/09/b7d77905c3 d7ada201272eadad220bc6.jpg 7.3 The Kadazandusun Culture Kadazandusun Culture = Divine and the Human mysteries55 - © Jojo Fung (FABC) (1996) The Divine mystery: Common human quest for the Infinite, the Absolute, which goes beyond the transient and contingent human events and realities, yet permeates every form of existence. The human mystery: Multiplicity of cultures by which people express and manage their lives, sufferings, hopes and fears. Non-material culture: Intangible human creations (beliefs and common laws) Material culture: Tangible human inventions (houses, artifacts and machines) -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
67 7.3.1 The Kadazandusun Culture and Worldview Themes © DBT Creative Imaging - KD Culture and Worldviews56 7.4 The Kadazandusun Heritage Laws (Adat) The Kadazandusun heritage Momolian beliefs are essentially a set of divinistic spiritual rules of behaviour and mode of life on this temporary world Winorun (Earth). The Kadazandusuns have somehow ingenuously fitted their universal spiritual beliefs and values system into their sociospiritual, cultural and economic way of life and made it into laws known as adat and in so doing maintain a twin level of Justice systems: Divine Spiritual Justice and Human Adat Justice.
68 7.5 KADAZANDUSUN TWIN LEVELS OF JUSTICE KADAZANDUSUN TWIN LEVELS OF JUSTICE HUMAN ADAT JUSTICE Administration and Execution of the Adat Justice by Village Chief with Council of Elders, employing human Judges and Witnesses. DIVINE SPIRITUAL JUSTICE Administration and Surrendering of Justice to invoked Deities and Divinities to whom no human, soul or spirit can hide or escape from in the fulfillment of justice for the convicted sinner. © DBT Creative Imaging - KD Adat Social Institution 57 -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
69 By way of the adat system, the divergent but complementary supernatural forces are harmonized and harnessed positively by the cooperation of everyone in the community to maintain holistic symbiotic health and wellbeing of the individual, family, community and their ecological habitat as interrelated and interdependent reality. The Adat is a complex assortment of indigenous peoples’ spiritual values, customs, traditional practices and observances, developed and handed down to generations since time immemorial. It encompasses the way of life, worldviews, belief system, fundamental values, culture, accepted code of conduct, manners and conventions according to which indigenous society is ordered, and are enforceable in courts of law, as well as at divine level of justice. It includes as well the numerous unwritten sanctions and forms of redress by which the Adat’s norms, rules and procedures (pantang, Wasa and Tagal). 7.5.1 Pantangs, Wasa & Tagal (Kadazandusun Heritage Observances & Practices) Guided by the Adat Kadazandusuns observe and practice Pantangs (observances), Wasa (Dos) and Tagals (Don'ts) in disciplining their way of life and in managing their cultural and natural resources, as exemplified in the following sampled Pantangs: 1. PANTANG MOROBUAT (RESPECT FOR FARMING RITES) 2. PANTANG KAGANAAN (RESPECT FOR THE EARTH SPIRIT) 3. PANTANG KAPARAIAN (RESPECT FOR RICE SPIRIT) 4. PANTANG KATAWANAN (RESPECT FOR THE UNIVERSAL SPIRIT) 5. PANTANG KODUPATAN (RESPECT FOR WILDLIFE/ANIMALS SPIRIT) 6. PANTANG KONIATAN (RESPECT FOR HUMAN INTENTIONS). 7. PANTANG KORIBUTAN (RESPECT FOR THE WIND SPIRIT) 8. PANTANG KOSINGONUAN (RESPECT FOR OWNERSHIP) 9. PANTANG KOSUNDUAN (RESPECT FOR ASSIGNED DIVINITIES & SPIRITS) 10. PANTANG KOTOLUNAN (RESPECT FOR THE FORESTS/PLANTS SPIRIT) 11. PANTANG KOULUNAN (RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY) 12. PANTANG KOWOIGAN (RESPECT FOR THE WATER SPIRIT) 13. PANTANG POMOGUNAN (RESPECT FOR THE WORLD DOMINION SPIRITS) 14. PANTANG TOMBULUI-TOMBULUYON (RESPECT FOR VISITORS & HOSTS) -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
70 8. THE KADAZANDUSUN INDIVIDUAL ESSENCE OF BEING AND SPIRITUALITY 8.1 THE KADAZANDUSUN INDIVIDUAL ESSENCE OF BEING Kadayan = Tinan + Ginawo + Turu Sunduan Koduduo Man = Body + Mind + Seven-in-One Soul-Spirit In the eyes of the enlightened Bobolians, as an individual the Kadazandusun is made of tinan (body), ginawo (mind or consciousness) and koduduo (soul). Ginawo is the life breath, mind and consciousness matrix that binds koduduo and tinan together. Tinan and koduduo/Diwato live and function together as the dwelt and the dweller spirit. Without tinan, the koduduo becomes mere moinat mombo-homboh (free and wandering spirit) devoid of humanity abode, and ginawo becomes mere sarup (air) which can join the great atmospheric space and universe called Kagaya'an. Without koduduo the tinan loses its divine connection, spiritual self-consciousness and divine source of wisdom and enlightenment. Devoid of koduduo the ginawo loses its spiritual meanings, purposes and divinity values and becomes mere rusod (spirit) like those in flora and fauna levels of being). When koduduo leaves the body, it journeys on to Pongoluan (temporary purgatory abode) on top of Aki Nabalu where it is judged. It will proceed to go straight to Heaven (Libabou) (if good and righteous) or remain in Purgatory (Pongoluan) (if mediocre) to do social work for needy and deserving living relatives on earth prior emancipation to Libabou. However, it will be banished forever to Hellish Under-world (Kolungkud) (if evil with unforgivable sins) and worst still to cease existence within the great void (Kojorungan) when exacted with curse especially upon deserving recalcitrant unrepentant sinners. In the footsteps of Kinoingan's own Daughter, Ponompuan turned Huminodun, Momolianism beliefs that human spirits can also empower plants and animals upon choice and necessity out of their free will. -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
71 8.2 The Essence of the (Seven-in-One) Kadazandusun Soul-Spirit (7 Sunduvan Koduduo 58) 1.Thinker Spirit Conscience - Pusorou (Songkosoroho) of the mind (ginawo) 2.Seer Spirit - Pongito (Sorokitono) of the eyes (mato) 3.Hearer Spirit - Purongou (Songkorongoho) of the ears (tolingo) 4.Smeller Spirit - Pusingud (Songkosingudo) of the nose (todung) 5.Taster Spirit - Ponuharing (Somponuhoringo) of the tongue (dila) 6.Feeler Spirit - Purimon (Songkopurimono) of the skin (kulit) 7.Locomotive Spirit - Pupanau, pupogidu (Sangkapanaho) of the feet (takod) "Tundunon do Pisunduanan doid koposizon id Pomogunan Kaazan om Kounsikaan Id Kosusaan om Katangaban Id Kosusuon Kouhunan om Kapatazon Kogimbaanan Kadazan nopo nga mantad Kinoingan kumaa Kinoingan Nung amu ohozop Kaaganan om ohonod do kodousa'an"59. (Nurtured by unions of benevolent multi-spirits of the world In times of joy and happiness, Sorrow and sadness, In birth as human and in death and divination of the soul, Human is destined from God to God unless stolen by the devils and drowned in sins). © Bolungkitas Odu Jingunis Anjangan of Kg. Nosoob Penampang -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------ Beyond the normal human senses of course, enlightened spiritualists, meditators and astral travelers, over the years have been cumulatively sharing their discoveries and experiences of the purposes, functional meanings and immense capacities of humanity towards fulfillment of being through maximal deployment of their senses. So, Lobsang Rampa talks about the power of the "Third Eye" and the Himalayan Masters shares about chakras, kundalini awakening and state of samadhi which our Kadazandusun Bobolians simply term as Rundukan or Libobohon (divined state). Experienced senior Christian evangelist and spiritualist Peter Tan shared that the 5 human senses have vital subsidiary functional senses that are normally ignored by human beings both in their proper development and functional use of them in the fulfillment of life on earth.
72 According to accomplished spiritualist, Peter Tan, 1. Within our ears are actually three senses: the sense of hearing, the sense of movement or direction and the sense of balance (the sense of mass/weight) 2. Within our sense of touch through our body skin and nerves are two senses: the sense of touch which in the spiritual realm becomes more acute to sense electricity-magnetism, ether-astral currents and substances, and the sense of love (warmth, cold, peace, joy), and quantum healing touch. 3. Within our sense of smell are two senses: the sense of smell and the sense of life or breathe. 4. Within our sense of taste are two senses: the sense of taste and the sense of speech. 5. Within the eyes are three senses: the sense of sight, the sense of thought and the sense of consciousness (the soul or “I” consciousness).60 © Peter Tan 2007: Evangelism. 63 -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------ 9. THE KADAZANDUSUN MULTI-DIMENSIONAL LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL AND UNIVERSAL BEING The Kadazandusuns have unique worldviews, spirituality, cosmology, multi-dimensional and multi-level ecological being, ecological culture, symbio-technologies, ecological wellbeing notions and life coping mechanism practices that have profound relevance to the current global effort to help heal the ailing earth and humanity itself. With divine centered consciousness and belief in the watchful divine eyes, the ecological socio-spiritual and cultural multiple beings of Kadazandusun are constantly reminded that they are the very earth land (kagana'an), the flora (kosumunian), the fauna kodupotan), the atmosphere (kosorupan), the hydrosphere (kowoigan), the stars, sun and moon & stellar space (korombituonan id kagaya'an), the ancestral spirits (kogimbaranan) and the expression of God’s (Kinoingan’s)own divinity in humanity (Diwato) as well as humanity in divinity (Koduduo) 61. Tindarama, Bolungkitas Amman Sirom Simbuna, (Kg. Bangkahak, Kota Belud) Within the Kadazandusun concept of multi-level ecological being, which is viewed as an inverted pyramid wherein each higher level comprises everything lower and is open to influences from everything higher. As such, since all the levels of being exist in the human being, we can draw up a Kadazandusun multi-level ecological spiritual components of beings. Bolungkitas Sator Gadut (Kg. Tontolob, Tambunan)
73 Kadazandusun multi-level Multi-dimensional Ecological and Spiritual Being components: Man (Kadazandusun) = K1+K2+K3+K4+K5+K6+K7 Where: K7 = Ko-Kinoinganan (Kodiwato-an) - Divinity in Humanity Spirit K6 = Kokadayanan (Kogimbaranan) - Humanity, Self-awareness, Ancestral Spirit K5 = Kodupotan (Kopurimanan) - Consciousness, Instinct, Fauna Spirit K4 = Kosumunian (Koposion) - Life, Plant, Flora Spirits K3 = Kowoigan (Koisapan) - Hydrosphere, Immersion, Water Spirit K2 = Kosorupan (Kohobo'on) - Atmosphere, Etheric, Breath, Air Spirit K1 = Kakamotan (Koburuon) - Material, Earth, Planetary Spirit Main Threats of Life Within and Without: 1. Koinitungan (Koimaan) - Free Will (Action) 2. Karaganan (Kalayapan) - Devil, Evil within, Mortal Sins 3. Kojorungan (Popol Kousungan) - Voidity Curse, Non-Existence 9.1 Kadazandusun Socio-Spiritual Multi-being and Family Being Emanating from the multi-level and multi-being of Kadazandusuns, it follows that they have multi-level family realms that they must consider in symbiotic and cooperative co-existence with co-responsibility for common good and harmonious life on earth and beyond. Kadazandusun Momolian heritage belief system embodies numerous ceremonial rites and recitals (rinaits) that specifically address the following multi-level family realms: 1. The Kadazandusun Human Essence Family Being 2. The Kadazandusun Intra Spiritual Family Being 3. The Kadazandusun Nuclear Family Being 4. The Kadazandusun Extended Family Being 5. The Kadazandusun Ethnic Community Family Being 6. The Kadazandusun Humanity Family Being 7. The Kadazandusun Ecological Universal Family Being It takes years of apprenticeship, self-discovery and tutelage under many guide instructors before traditional practicing Bobolians (Spiritual Specialists) attain the status of accomplished masters "Bolungkitas" who can perform the various ceremonial interventions at all the multi-level Kadazandusun family realms. -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------ The Kadazandusuns as Indigenous Peoples A glance at the United Nations facts and figures on Indigenous Peoples of the world clearly accommodates that the Kadazandusuns as First Natives of Sabah are part of the greater family of the Worlds Indigenous Peoples.
74 It is estimated that there are more than 370 million indigenous people spread across 70 countries worldwide. Practicing unique traditions, they retain social, cultural, economic and political characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live. Spread across the world from the Arctic to the South Pacific, they are the descendants - according to a common definition - of those who inhabited a country or a geographical region at the time when people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived. The new arrivals later became dominant through conquest, occupation, settlement or other means. The United Nations Forum on Indigenous Peoples has developed a modern understanding of this term based on the following: 1) Self- identification as indigenous peoples at the individual level and accepted by the community as their member. 2) Historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies 3) Strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources 4) Distinct social, economic or political systems 5) Distinct language, culture and beliefs 6) Form non-dominant groups of society 7) Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and communities. A question of identity According to the UN the most fruitful approach is to identify, rather than define indigenous peoples. This is based on the fundamental criterion of self-identification as underlined in numerous human rights documents. The term “indigenous” has prevailed as a generic term for many years. In some countries, there may be preference for other terms including tribes, first peoples/nations, aboriginals, ethnic groups, adivasi, janajati. Occupational and geographical terms like hunter-gatherers, nomads, peasants, hill people, etc., also exist and for all practical purposes can be used interchangeably with “indigenous peoples”. In many cases, the notion of being termed “indigenous” has negative connotations and some people may choose not to reveal or define their origin. Others must respect such choices, while at the same time working against the discrimination of indigenous peoples. Culture and Knowledge Indigenous peoples are the holders of unique languages, knowledge systems and beliefs and possess invaluable knowledge of practices for the sustainable management of natural resources. They have a special relation to and use of their traditional land. Their ancestral land has a fundamental importance for their collective physical and cultural survival as peoples. Indigenous peoples hold their own diverse concepts of development, based on their traditional values, visions, needs and priorities. Political participation Indigenous peoples often have much in common with other neglected segments of societies, i.e. lack of political representation and participation, economic marginalization and poverty, lack of access to social services and discrimination. Despite their cultural differences, the diverse indigenous peoples share common problems also related to the protection of their rights. They strive for recognition of their identities, their ways of life and their right to traditional lands, territories and natural resources.62 -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
75 Conclusion Within the oral and historical records of the Kadazandusuns, there is no replacement of the sanctity and sacredness of Kadazandusun as divine-given and derived identity for a unique human community, complete with enabling Heritage Worldviews, Beliefs, Culture, Justice system (Adat), Spirituality, Multi-level and Multi-dimensional Ecological Beingness. Wherever you are as Kadazandusuns: when you breathe within the atmosphere and drink water rained from hydrosphere, when you walk on land, till the earth and develop your land agronomy, when you harvest your food and medicine from Mother Nature's flora and fauna, When you feed your pets and fish in the pond, When you bask in the sun and enjoy the full moon light on a starry night, When you dream of your elders and loved ones long gone to the Upper world, And when in sorrow and pain, in sickness and despair, and in the face of death, Your divinity in humanity will always finally retake control of your very being. Remember you are not alone, as Momolianism declares: We are the very earth/land (kagana'an), the plants/flora (kosumunian), the animals/fauna (kodupotan), the water/hydrosphere (kowoigan), the wind/atmosphere (kosorupan), the stars, sun and moon and the stellar space /universe (korombituonan om kagayaan), the living spirits of our ancestors (gimbarans), we are our soul-spirits (kosunduan koduduo), as the expression of God’s (Kinoingan’s) own divinity in humanity (Diwato-Koduduo) as well as humanity in divinity (Koduduo-Diwato). We are all one in spirit, and so let our universal spiritual revolution begin as the last salvific one, where and when, we shall: "Honour the Upper-World as your Father, the Earth as your Mother, Fellow Humans as yourselves and All Living Beings on Earth, seen and unseen, as your Relatives." 63 © Bolungkitas, Odu Sokindoi Kundiau, Kg. Tombotuon, Tambunan Kopisunduan & Kotoluadan. (One with you in Spirit, Thank You) -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
76 Appendix 1 1. KDCA CENTRAL COMMITTEE MEMBER 2022-2025 TERM OF OFFICE No. Name Position 1 Huguan Siou Tan Sri DSP Joseph Pairin Datuk Kitingan President 2 Bulawan Sigah Datuk Seri Panglima Dr Clarence Bongkos Malakun Deputy President 3 Bulawan Sigah YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr Maximus Johnity Ongkili Deputy President 4 Bulawan Sigah YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr Jeffrey G. Datuk Kitingan Deputy President 5 YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Joachim Gunsalam Deputy President 6 YB Datuk Jahid Jahim Deputy President 7 Tindarama Datuk Daniel Kinsik Vice President 8 Bulawan Sigah Datuk Claudius Roman Vice President 9 Gundohing James Mudezaim Muyau Vice President 10 Tindarama John Chryso Masabal Vice President 11 YB Datuk Julita Majungki Vice President 12 YB Datuk Robert Tawik Vice President 13 Tindarama Dr Benedict Topin Vice President 14 Tindarama Sebastian Dirih Anjim Vice President 15 Datuk Dr Dayu Bin Sansalu Vice President 16 YB Hendrus Anding Vice President 17 Datuk Suman Yasambun Secretary General 18 Totu Davis We Joseph Assistant Secretary General 19 Bulawan Sigah Dk Joseph Paulus Lantip Treasurer General 20 Zandi Sairah Indan Assistant Treasurer General 21 Gundohing Rayner Francis Udong Organising Secretary 22 Gun. James Kenson Assistant Organising Secretary 23 Gundohing Wilfreddoline Jakil Central Committee Member 24 Gundohing Evaristus Gungkit Central Committee Member 25 Zandi Florence J Underwood Central Committee Member 26 Gun. Christopher Mandut Central Committee Member 27 Totu Rafie Robert Central Committee Member 28 Totu Caesar Mandela Malakun Central Committee Member 29 YB Senator Dk John Ambrose Dumpangol Central Committee Member 30 Dr. Mary Gambidau Central Committee Member 31 Zandi Flavia Ignatius Central Committee Member 32 Gundohing Charles Dalansing Central Committee Member 33 Gundohing Dr. Akian Akhiew Central Committee Member 34 Gundohing James Albanus Central Committee Member 35 Gundohing Augustine Saang Central Committee Member 36 Gundohing Stanis Buandi Central Committee Member 37 Gundohing John Genchit Central Committee Member 38 Gundohing George Saidi Central Committee Member 39 Gundohing Leonard S. Poyong Central Committee Member 40 KAN Gelord Emol Central Committee Member
77 41 Gundohing Sipail Kota Central Committee Member 42 Gundohing Ghani Sumbin Central Committee Member 43 Gundohing Peter Pikul Central Committee Member 44 Datuk Stephen Sondoh Chairman, KOISAAN Council of Elders 45 Tindarama Zandi Joanna Datuk Kitingan Charperson, KOISAAN Women’s Council 46 Totu Steve Johnny Mositun Chairman, KOISAAN Youth Council 47 Bulawan Sigah Datuk Ir. John Anthony Ex-Officio 48 Tindarama Datuk Michael Malanjun Ex-Officio 49 Tindarama Datuk Steven Beliku Ex-Officio 50 Gundohing Peter Jino Allion Ex-Officio -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------ 2. KDCA District Coordinating Chairpersons (2022-2025) No Name District 1 YB Datuk Hj Ruslan Hj Muharam Beaufort 2 Gun. James M Muyau Kota Belud 3 Bulawan Sigah YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Maximus Johnity Ongkili Kota Marudu 4 Tindarama Datuk Sebastian Dirih Anjim Kuala Penyu 5 KAN Gelord Emol Tawau & Kunak 6 Gun. Manuel Martin Lahad Datu & Semporna 7 Datuk Suman Yasambun Sook & Nabawan 8 Totu Rafie Robert Keningau 9 Bulawan Sigah Datuk Ir. John Anthony Papar 10 Bulawan Sigah Datuk Seri Panglima Dr. Clarence Bongkos Malakun Penampang & Putatan 11 YB Datuk Seri Panglima Dr Joachim Gunsalam Ranau & Kundasang 12 Tindarama Datuk Daniel Datuk Kinsik Tambunan 13 YB Datuk Jahid Jahim Tamparuli 14 Gun. Aloysious Bin Jounoh Tuaran 15 YB Datuk Johniston Bangkuai Kiulu 16 Gun. Leonard Poyong Kota Kinabalu/ Tanjung Aru 17 KK Markus Libanis Inanam 18 Dr. Mary Gambidau Telupid & Beluran 19 Rev. Augustine Saang Sandakan & Kinabatangan 20 Gun. Johnny @ Juni Bin Intang Tongod 21 YBhg. Datuk Dr. Dayu Sansalu Paitan 22 YB Datuk Julita Majungki Matunggong / Kudat 23 Dr. Akian Ahkiew Pitas
78 24 Gun. Marantan @ Marantin Bin Akas Sipitang 25 Gun. Stanis Buandi Tenom 26 Dr. Christina John Giman Membakut 27 Datuk Suman Yasambun Hongkod Koisaan 28 Gun. Peter Pikul WP Labuan 29 Zandi Julie Jiduin KDCA Klang Valley 30 Gun. Hendrick Utoi KDCA Johor Bahru 31 Gun. Dominic Sundungan KDCA Penang 32 Zandi Scholastika Chin KDCA Melaka 33 Gun. Joil Bin Bombon KDCA Perak 34 Gun. Albert Peter Jaua KDCA Putrajaya 35 Gun. James Bin Samid KDCA Sarawak -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
79 Appendix 2
80 KADAZAN DUSUN CULTURAL ASSOCIATION, SABAH KOISAAN KOUBASANAN KADAZAN DUSUN, SABAH PERSATUAN KEBUDAYAAN KADAZAN DUSUN , SABAH Hongkod Koisaan, Km 8, Jalan Penampang P.O.Box 907 , 89509 , Penampang Sabah , Malaysia Tel: 6-088-713696, 713337; Fax: 088-713350; E-mail: [email protected] Appendix 3 Ruj: KDCA/JKM/16/7(02) 7th December 2022 YAB Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Hajiji Bin Noor Ketua Menteri Sabah Jabatan Ketua Menteri, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Seri, RE: REQUESTING THE STATE GOVERNMENT TO GAZETTE AND ADOPT “KADAZANDUSUN” AS THE GENERIC ETHNIC IDENTITY NAME FOR THE 45 (MURUTIC, PAITANIC AND DUSUNIC) ETHNIC AND SUB-ETHNIC NATIVE COMMUNITIES OF SABAH. 1. OBJECTIVES 1.1 The objective of this paper is to seek the Government endorsement for the term “KADAZANDUSUN” and to gazette it as the official generic and common ethnic identity name for the 45 (Murutic, Paitanic & Dusunic) Ethnic and Sub-ethnic Native Communities of Sabah based on the self-determination by majority of the Kadazandusuns themselves since 1961, through the Kadazan Resolution (August 7, 1961), Kadazandusun Resolution 1 (November 5, 1989), the Kadazandusun Language Resolution 1995 and Kadazandusun Resolution 2 (December 5, 2004) which have for years been the basis for the enumeration of the 45 Kadazandusun Ethnic and Sub-ethnic Native Communities under Article 6 (1) of the Constitution of Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA) 2022. 1.2 This paper also serves to complement the government’s recent search for resolution to deal with the controversial phrase “dan lain-lain” (others) that is currently used to denote the hard-to-identify and difficult to ascertain ethnic and sub-ethnic identities of the (Murutic, Paitanic and Dusunic) Sabahan Natives when filling in government official administrative documents and registration forms. 2. BACKGROUND The Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association Sabah (KDCA) formerly known as Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA) is a non-political association of 45 indigenous ethic communities of Sabah. The association was registered under the Malaysian Societies Act 1966 on 29 April 1966.
81 KCA was amended to KDCA by way of a constitutional amendment through a resolution passed during a Delegate Conference in 1989. KCA was born out of a profound love for the unique, vibrant, colourful and high-trust cultural heritage of the multi-ethnic Kadazandusuns, to primarily cherish, preserve, promote, develop and most important of all, to pass on the cultural legacy for the inheritance of Kadazandusun generations to come. As at the KDCA Delegates Conference held on October 24-25, 2015, KDCA has a total of 603 registered branches administered through 29 District Coordinating Committees plus 3 Coordinating Committees in Peninsular Malaysia namely – KDCA Klang Valley, KDCA Johore and Penang Coordinating Committees. Besides maintaining the database of individual members of KDCA through its various branches or direct members of KDCA HQ as unattached members, KDCA has also accepted and approved the membership applications of the following individually ROS-Registered Associations under the KDCA Group Membership Categories: 1. Pertubuhan KIMARAGANG Malaysia (PKM) 2. Pertubuhan RUNGUS Bersatu Sabah (PRBS) 3. Persatuan Bangsa TOMBONUO Sabah (PBTS) 4. RUNGUS Cultural Association, Sabah (RCA) 5. Persatuan Sukukaum TINAGAS Zon Utara Sabah 6. Persatuan SUANG LOTUD Sabah (PSLS) 7. Persatuan BISAYA Bersatu Sabah (PBBS) 8. Persatuan TOBILUNG Bersatu Sabah (TOBISA) 9. Persatuan SINO-KADAZAN-DUSUN-MURUT Sabah (PSKDM) 10. Persatuan Etnik SONSOGON Sabah (PESOSA) 11. Persatuan RUNGUS Bumiputera Negeri Sabah (PRANS) 12. Persatuan Etnik Dusun GOBUKON Sabah (PEDGS) 13. Persatuan Etnik SANDAYO Sabah (PRESS) 14. Pertubuhan Pembangunan Suku SANDAYO Sabah (PESAN) 15. Persatuan Kebudayaan Kaum Tagahas Kampong Goshen, Kota Marudu (TAGAHAS) 16. Persatuan Kebudayaan & Kebajikan Etnik KUIJAU, GANA & NABAI Sabah (KGNS) 17. Persatuan Dusun LUBA Sabah (PDLS) The current vibrant and active socio-cultural net-works of KDCA can be gauged in its annual active participation in the co-ordination and implementation of the State Kaamatan Festival Programs at 43 Organizational Districts and Localities throughout Sabah, including KDCA Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan, KDCA Klang Valley, KDCA Melaka, KDCA Perak, KDCA Sarawak, KDCA Putrajaya Kuala Lumpur, KDCA Johore and KDCA Penang. KCA now KDCA since 1960 has nurtured the Kaamatan Festival not only as sacred expression of the collective cultural souls of the multi-ethnic Kadazandusuns but also to complement the government’s efforts in the promotion of cultural tourism and most of all in preserving, maintaining, enhancing and promotion the legacy of peace and harmony at state and national levels by championing the Annual Kaamatan Celebration Themes such the following sampled past Kaamatan Themes from 1988-2017.
82 Tahun Tema Perayaan Pesta Kaamatan 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Perpaduan Dalam Masyarakat Berbilang Suku Kaum Kesinambungan Kesyukuran Dan Persaudaraan Perpaduan Melalui Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Bersatu Menerusi Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Bersatu Menerusi Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Ke-Arah Wawasan 2020 Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Ke-arah Wawasan 2020 Perpaduan Melalui Kebudayaan Budaya Asas Wawasan Budaya Penggerak Kejayaan Wawasan Kaamatan Titian Perpaduan Ke rah Milenium Perpaduan Kaamatan Mengeratkan Perpaduan Kaamatan Sumber Ilmu dan Kemahiran Kaamatan Titian Perpaduan dan Keharmonian Kaamatan Penjana Perpaduan, Kemajuan dan Keamanan Padi Teras Kehidupan dan Keharmonian Penghayatan Kaamatan Memperkukuh Perpaduan Bersama Menghasil Kejayaan Harmoni Dalam Kepelbagaian Budaya Keamanan Melalui Kebudayaan Bersama Membentuk Masa Depan Yang Lebih Baik Kepelbagaian Kebudayaan Teras Keharmonian Kefahaman terhadap Kebudayaan Langkah Bijak ke Hadapan Cinta Terhadap Kebudayaan Melahirkan Masyarakat Penyayang Kekalkan muhibbah dan persefahaman melalui Kaamatan Kebudayaan: Asas Keamanan dan Persahabatan Keamanan dan Perpaduan melalui Kebudayaan Keamanan dan Persahabatan Kaamatan Asas Perpaduan Kebudayaan Asas Perpaduan dan Persaudaraan Kaamatan Wadah Perpaduan Budaya Bangsa Pesta Kaamatan ditiadakan akibat “Pendemik Covid19” Kaamatan tanpa batas demi Keamanan dan Kedamaian Kaamatan Menjiwai Alam Semulajadi Article 6(1) of the KDCA Constitution(2022) defines Kadazandusun as the generic and overall ethnic label to encompass and cover the following Tribal and Speech Communities:- (1) BAGAHAK (2) BISAYA (3) BONGGI (4) BUNDU (5) DUMPAS (6) GANA (7) GARO (8) GOBUKON (9) IDAAN (10) KADAYAN (11) KIMARAGANG (12) KOLOBUAN (13) KUIJAU (14) LINGKABAU (15) LIWAAN (16) LOBU (17) LOTUD (18) LUNDAYO (19) MAKIANG (20) MALAPI (21) MANGKAAK (22) MINOKOK (23) MURUT (24) NABAI (25) PAITAN (26) PINGAS (27) RUMANAU (28) RUNGUS (29) SINOBU (30) SINORUPU (31) SONSOGON (32) SUBPAN (33) SUKANG (34) SUNGAI (35) TAGAHAS (36) TANGAA’ (37) TATANA (38) TIDONG (39) TINAGAS (40) TINDAL (41) TOBILUNG (42) TOLINTING (43) TOMBONUO (44) TUHAWON (45) TUTUNG
83 3. RATIONALE 3.1 The Kadazan Resolution (August 7, 1961) On August 6-7, 1961, the First Kadazan National Congress held at Jesselton Community Centre debated and voted for “Kadazan” as the generic identity of the numerous Dusunic, Paitanic, Idahan and Murutic ethnic, sub-ethnic and speech communities. Based on cultural and belief system’s affinities, customary laws and traditional practices, similarities and familiarities with each other’s norms, majority of indigenous peoples of Sabah, through their representatives (mostly Native Chiefs of the numerous speech communities), from the various districts of Sabah, voted to adopt the common name “Kadazans” in their first ever Kadazan National Congress above. It was from here that the Dusunic, Paitanic and Murutic cultural and linguistic communities first learned to unite in diversity. After 3 hours debate even the Muruts elders spoke for and voted to be called Kadazans too. 3.2 The Kadazandusun Resolution 1 (November 5, 1989) The unified term ‘Kadazandusun’ was tabled and was unanimously passed as a resolution during the 5th Kadazan Cultural Association’s Delegates Conference on November 4 & 5, 1989. The unified term “Kadazandusun” was thus unanimously adopted as the best alternative generic identity as well as the most appropriate approach to resolve the “Kadazan” or “Dusun” identity crisis. With all ‘Kadazans’ and ‘Dusuns’ combined confidence and shared determination to resolve the long overdue issue, there is every reason for the Kadazandusuns to finally succeed in their establishment of a common cultural identity for a united, cooperative and progressive community ever onwards. For at last even as they are multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-dialectical, the Kadazandusuns have found a unifying and consoling sense of dignity and brotherhood in being referred to (as well as in referring to themselves) as one Kadazandusuns, the foremost indigenous peoples of Sabah. Thereafter, the conference also passed the resolution to amend the KCA constitution and change the name of the association from Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA) to Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA). 3.3 The Kadazandusun Language Resolution 1995. KADAZANDUSUN – The Official Name of the Language of the Kadazandusuns (January 24, 1995) The Official language of the Kadazandusuns is Kadazandusun, based on the Bunduliwan dialect and enriched by other sub-ethnic Kadazandusun dialects. The joint declaration of agreement by both KDCA and USDA in naming the Kadazandusun language as KADAZANDUSUN and establishing the BUNDULIWAN as the standardization and development foundation served well to remove the last impediment to the formal teaching and learning of the Kadazandusun language in government schools.
84 The joint efforts to preserve, name, standardise, develop and promote the Kadazandusun Language, initiated by KCA(KDCA), USDA and empowered later by the Kadazandusun Language Foundation (KLF), culminated in the government approval for Kadazandusun to be taught as a subject in government primary schools, an effort initiated by the Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association. In 1997, the Education Department of Sabah started the first phase of teaching KD language in 15 primary schools in Sabah (Lasimbang & Kinajil, 2000). By 2001, 30,000 children in primary 4 to 6 from 435 primary schools in 23 districts in Sabah had learnt KD (Lasimbang, 2004). Today the teachings of the Kadazandusun Language founded upon the Bunduliwan dialect but enriched by the numerous dialects of the Kadazandusun Language in government schools is continuously progressing well. 3.4 The Kadazandusun Resolution 2 (December 5, 2004) The KDCA 10th KDCA Delegates Conference held on December 4-5, 2004 at Hongkod Koisaan Hall debated and unanimously passed the tabled Conference Resolution 2, worded in Bahasa Malaysia as follows: “Bahawa Kerajaan Malaysia hendaklah menerima pakai nama “Kadazandusun” sebagai nama bangsa masyarakat itu di dalam semua keterangan diri (seperti sijil kelahiran, kad pengenalan dan sebagainya) dan bukannya menggunakan sama ada “Kadazan” atau “Dusun”, kerana sesungguhnya dua nama itu merujuk kepada suku bangsa yang sama.” The objectives are also in line with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) as a standard of achievement to be pursued in a spirit of partnership and mutual respect (September 13, 2007), to which Malaysia is a Signatory, especially in respect of the following Articles 2, 3 and 5 that state: Article 2 Indigenous peoples and individuals are free and equal to all other peoples and individuals and have the right to be free from any kind of discrimination, in the exercise of their rights, in particular that based on their indigenous origin or identity. Article 3 Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Article 5 Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State.
85 KDCA firmly believes that with the recognition, acceptance and gazetting of the generic common identity “Kadazandusun” for the fundamentally 1Kadazandusun multi-ethnic community sharing common heritage beliefs, worldviews, cosmology, custom, cultural, traditional and practices, the socio-cultural and political harmony and stability of the State will be enhanced. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Huguan Siou, Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Joseph Pairin Datuk Kitingan J.P. President, Kadazan Dusun Cultural Association, Sabah. -----------------------------------------------------ooOoo--------------------------------------------------
86 Appendix 4
87 Bibliography: 1. Bolungkitas, Odu Sokindoi Kundiau - Momolian Philosophical Revelations from her Rinaits 2. Topin Benedict (June 17, 2017): An enlightenment statement from deeper reflections on Momolianism Beliefs of the Kadazandsuns; a personal adoption and re-composition of words of wisdom from the Sacred Pipe, by Black Elk, Lakota Sioux Medicine Man in Linda Groff's Paper: SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION, CULTURE, AND PEACE: EXPLORING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR INNER-OUTER PEACE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, © The International Journal of Peace Studies 3. Bolungkitas Sator Gadut (1984) & Tindarama Bolungkitas Amman Sirom Simbuna - Momolianism Philiosophical Revelations (1999) (Personal interviews) 4. Melucci, Alberto. (1996: 87) The Playing Self: Person and Meaning in the Planetary Society. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 5. Al Gore (1992): Gore, A. (1992). Earth in the balance: Ecology and the human spirit. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. (98) 6. World Population Clock estimates as at June 17, 2017 - © http://www.worldometers.info/watch/world-population/ 7. Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal: Malaysia @ a Glance - Population Estimate - 2016 8. Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal: Sabah @ a Glance - Population Estimate - 2016. 9. Kadazandusuns (inclusive of Muruts) Population Estimate in 2010 © http://www.liquisearch.com/sabah/demographics 10. British North Borneo Population Census (1911) 11. September 6, 2012: The Commission of Inquiry (RCI) on Immigrants in Sabah was set up by the Yang di Pertuan Agong with the appointment of Commissioners 12. © Report: Commission of Inquiry on Immigrants in Sabah - December 3, 2014 (P.300) 13. © Report: Commission of Inquiry on Immigrants in Sabah - December 3, 2014 (P.252) 14. Dr Chong Eng Leong (2009): Lest We Forget - (Security and Sovereignty of Sabah) - Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF) Publication, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (p.12) 15. © Report: Commission of Inquiry on Immigrants in Sabah - December 3, 2014 (P.249) 16. © Report: Commission of Inquiry on Immigrants in Sabah - December 3, 2014 (P.246) 17. © Azizah Kassim - Report: Commission of Inquiry on Immigrants in Sabah - December 3, 2014 (P.254) 18. British North Borneo Population Census (1911) 19. British North Borneo (1961) Population in North Borneo Census - 1960 to Department of Statistics Malaysia - Population in Sabah Census 2010 20. Lembaga Kebudayaan Negeri Sabah & Sabah Museum final reports on the Joint Survey on Sabah’s Ethnographic Population Composition by JAHEANS, UMS, LKNS, Sabah Museum & KDCA (2007) 21. Shim P.S. (2007): CULTURAL HERITAGE OF NORTH BORNEO: INLAND PEOPLE OF SABAH, BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER NUNUK RAGANG. Borneo Cultural Heritage Publication. NS Printing Services, Kolombong Kota Kinabalu 22. King J.K. & King J.W. Eds. 1984: Languages of Sabah: A Survey Report- The Australian National University Linguistic Series C No. 78) 23. Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman@ Uwoi Bialah, Tuaran Sabah (2007): Excerpt from the Mamahui Pogun Rinait (World Rejuvenation Blessing Recitals) (Vs 12-15) 24. Dictionary.com 25. Merriam Webster Dictionary 26. Father J. Staal : The Dusuns of North Borneo. Their Social Life; Anthropos; Bd. 1819, H. 4.6. (Jul. - Dec., 1923/1924)]
88 27. Diana Glazebrook (1999): Subsistence Efforts of West Papuans Living at East Awin Relocation Site in Western Province Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. 28. Craven I,.(1992): Conflicts Between Integrating Traditional Peoples into Protected Areas Management Systems and Park Zones: Case examples from Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Paper from Workshop on People and Protected Areas, IV World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas 29. Drs Cornelius Kim ha, (2016) President, Kalimantan Dayak Foundation (KDF) 30. "Dusun Resort" by Google Internet search 31. Morales Michael Subinon (2016): The Kadazan Mythology (Tangaa Penampang Huminodun's Sacrifice Rinaits transcriptions - pp 93-108), Jabatan Cetak Kerajaan, Sabah Malaysia 32. Julian Burger (1990): THE GAIA ATLAS OF FIRST PEOPLES: A FUTURE FOR THE INDIGENOUS WORLD: Penguin Books Ltd., Australia (p.20) 33. Ibid: Aborigine Pat Dodson own words (quoted by Julian Burger) 34. Ibid: Native Hawaiian, Hayden Burgess' declaration (quoted by Julian Burger) 35. Deduction from the Lotud Tuaran Mamahui Pogun Rinait (vs 12-15) of Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman @ Uwoi Bialah 36. Deduction from the Tangaa Penampang Rinaits transcripts by Michael M. Subinon on Ponompuhan's Sacrifice in "The Kadazan Mythology" (pp 93-108) 37. Kadazandusun Cultural Association, Sabah (KDCA) Constitution (2015): Article 6 (1), Koisaan Publications, Penampang Sabah, Malaysia 38. North Borneo News & Sabah Times - Jesselton August 7, 1961 © Sabah State Archives 39. Topin Benedict 2017: KDCA Golden Jubilee (1966-2016) 50th Anniversary Commemorative Book, Koisaan Publications, KDCA Penampang Sabah Malaysia (pp-26-39) 40. Ibid (pp 48-54) 41. Ibid (P. 66) 42. Ibid (p.69) 43. Ibid (p. 27, 33) 44. Topin Benedict: DBT Creative Imaging - Multi-ethnic 1Kadazandusun 45. Topin Benedict: DBT Creative Imaging - KADAZANDUSUN 3 SEVEN-TIERED MULTI-LEVEL WORLD - Deduced from the Lotud Tuaran Mamahui Pogun Rinaits (vs 100-106) of Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman @ Uwoi Bialah 46. Topin Benedict: DBT Creative Imaging - Bolungkitas Odun Rinduman @ Uwoi Bialah -World View 47. Topin Benedict: DBT Creative Imaging - KD Existence between dualistic forces 48. Topin Benedict: DBT Creative Imaging - Kadazandusun Genesis, Cycel & Destinies of the Soul 49. Dalu Inai Seroh Bte Kalud (1998): Momolian Interview at Kg. Bangkahak Kota Belud, Kota Belud Sabah 50. Topin Benedict - DBT Creative Imaging - Divine Cosmic Eyes - from internet sourced "nexus" images 51. Bolungkitas, Odu Sokindoi Kundiau - Revelations from her Rinaits 52. Drs Agustinus Clarus (2016): Borneo Dayak Forum (BDF) Secretary General 53. Imagery: of "As Above So Below" Pinterest Internet source - 593ec53bbe4ce7541f2ac0d6e9eb7cd8 54. Image photo of "Regard Heaven as your Father, Earth as your Mother and All That Lives as your Brother and Sister" Google Internet search at the following source site: ©https://i.enkivillage.org/kc4o1674hptHwmoaszjHIchd9sw=//images/2016/09/b7d77905c3d7ada2 01272eadad220bc6.jpg 55. Jojo M. Fung (1998): A BUDDING ASLI FAITH. Cover Story Article: CANews August, 1998 Issue: Quotation from the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conference (FABC) 1996 Document: Dialogue Between Cultures and Faith in Asia: Towards Integral Human and Social Development
89 36. Topin Benedict - DBT Creative Imaging - KD Culture and Worldviews 37. Topin Benedict - DBT Creative Imaging - KD Adat Social Institution 38. Bolungkitas Odu Jingunis Anjangan Revelations from Rinaits, Kg. Nosoob Penampang 39. Ibid 60. Peter Tan (2007): Evangelism. pdf Manuscript. (p. 63) 61 Bolungkitas Sator Gadut (1984) & Tindarama Bolungkitas Amman Sirom Simbuna - Momolianism Revelations (1999) (Personal interviews) 62. Fact Sheet of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Peoples Voices and Issues © [email protected] 63. Bolungkitas, Odu Sokindoi Kundiau - Momolian Philosophical Revelations from her Rinaits Related Reference Relevant Readings: 1. Schumacher, E.F. (1973): Small Is Beautiful. A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. London: Blond & Briggs 2. Schumacher, E. F. (1977). A guide for the perplexed . New York: Harper & Row. 3. David Burnett 1995: Clash of the Worlds, Monarch Publications, Marc Crowborough, East Sussex, TN6 1HQ Great Britain 4. Evans I.H.N. (1953). The Religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns. Cambridge University Press, London. 5. Alvin Toffler (1980): THE THIRD WAVE: The revolution that will change our lives. USA: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. 6. Theodore Roszak (1989): Where the Wasteland Ends. Berkeley, California: CELESTIAL ARTS. 7. Milon Nandy (1996): 1996 Profound Teachings of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism & Shintoism. Ulu Kelang Ampang, Eurasia-Pacific books 8. Graham Hancock (1995): FINGERPRINTS OF THE GODS. London 9. Karen Armstrong (1993): A HISTORY OF THE GODS. London. William Heinemann Ltd 10. Owen Rutter (1929): The Pagans of North Borneo, London:Oxford University Press 11. Hope Hurlbut (1988) - Traditional Beliefs of the Eastern (Labuk) Kadazans, (SIL, Sabah Malaysia) © DBT 31082017 © DBT Creative Imaging - 31082017 -----------------------------------ooOoo------------------------------------
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