1 EPORTFOLIO ACADEMIC WRITING FIA3034 PREPARED BY ; NAME; WAN NUR ASNA UMAIRAH BINTI WAN RUSLI MATRIK NUMBER; PBA22090 TITLE; THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY AND FAMILY
2 TABLE OF CONTENT Item Page numbers 1. Online Aricles 1.1 Role of Women in the Family and Society 1.2 Role Of Women In Society 1.3 10 reasons why the world needs more women in leadership roles 3-11 2. Online Newspaper Articles 2.1 The vital role of Syrian women in resolving bitter conflicts 2.2 Flagship UN gender event closes with ‘blueprint’ for greater role of women in tech 2.3 Representation of women in media 12-20 3. Online Megazine Articles 3.1 We Must Rewrite Women's Role in History 3.2 The Grass Ceiling: Women's Changing Role in Weed Culture 3.3 Egypt’s Muslim Sisterhood: What Roles Do Islamist Women Play? 21- 30 4. Online Journal Articles 4.1 The Role of Women in Today's Society: A Review 4.2 Women’s Role in Society and Family 4.3 Women’s Empowerment Management Models For Local Economic Development 31 – 37 5. Copies of Related Book 5.1 Women’s Role 5.2 Women’s Role In Economic Development 5.3 The Role Of Women In Work And Society In The Ancient Ner East 38 - 41
3 ONLINE ARTICLE
4 1.1 Role of Women in the Family and Society https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/family/role-of-women-in-the-family-and-society/47638 Article shared by : Women are the pioneers of nation. Indian culture attaches great importance to women, comprising half of world’s population. According to a report of secretary general of United Nations, women constitute 50% of human resources, the greatest human resource next only to man having great potentiality. Women are the key to sustainable development and quality of life in the family. The varieties of role the women assume in the family are those of wife, leader, administrator, manager of family income and last but not the least important the mother. 1. As a wife: Woman is man’s helpmate, partner and comrade. She sacrifices her personal pleasure and ambitions, sets standard of morality, relieves stress and strain, tension of husband, maintains peace and order in the household. Thereby she creates necessary environment for her male partner to think more about the economic upliftment of family. She is the source of inspiration to man for high endeavour and worth achievements in life. She stands by him in all the crises as well as she shares with him all successes and attainments. She is the person to whom he turns for love, sympathy, understanding, comfort and recognition. She is the symbol of purity, faithfulness and submission and devotion to her husband. 2. As an Administrator and Leader of the Household: A well-ordered disciplined household is essential to normal family life. The woman in the family assumes this function. She is the chief executive of an enterprise. She assigns duties among family members according to their interest and abilities and provides resources in-term of equipment and materials to accomplish the job. She plays a key role in the preparation and serving of meals, selection and care of clothing, laundering, furnishing and maintenance of the house. As an administrator, she organizes various social functions in the family for social
5 development. She also acts as a director of recreation. She plans various recreational activities to meet the needs of young and old members of the family 3. As a Manager of Family Income: Woman acts as the humble manager of the family income. It is her responsibility to secure maximum return from every pye spent. She always prefers to prepare a surplus budget instead of a deficit budget. She is very calculating loss and gain while spending money. She distributes judiciously the income on different heads such as necessities, comforts and luxuries. The woman in the family also contributes to the family income through her own earning within or outside the home. She has positive contribution to the family income by the work. She herself performs in the home and uses waste products for productive purposes. 4. As a mother: The whole burden of childbearing and greater part of child rearing task are carried out by the woman in the family. She is primarily responsible for the child’s habit of self-control, orderliness, industriousness, theft, or honesty. Her contacts with the child during the most formative period of his development sets up his behaviour pattern. She is thus responsible for the maintenance of utmost discipline in the family. She is the first teacher of the child. She transmits social heritage to the child. It is from mother that the child learns the laws of the race, the manner of men, moral code and ideals. The mother, because of her intimate and sustained contact with the child, she is able to discover and nurture child’s special traits aptitudes and attitudes which subsequently play a key role in the shaping of his personality. As a mother she is the family health officer. She is very much concerned about the physical wellbeing of every member of the family, the helpless infant, the sickly child, the adolescent youth, senescent parent. She organizes the home and its activities in such a way so that each member of the family has proper food, adequate sleep and sufficient recreation. She made the home a place of quite comfortable and appropriate setting for the children through her talent. Besides, she cultivates taste in interior design and arrangement, so that the home becomes an inviting, restful and cheerful place. The mother is the central personality of the home and the family circle. All the members turn to her for sympathy, understanding and recognition. Woman
6 devotes her time, labour and thought for the welfare of the members of the family. For the unity of interacting personalities, man provides the temple woman provides the ceremonies and the atmosphere. 1.2 Role Of Women In Society https://fairgaze.com/interested-article/role-of-women-in-society.htm Women are powerful positions in various large-scale companies. Working outside doesn’t mean women do not do household chores. Women do two full-time jobs - the one at the workplace and the one at home. Women nowadays are becoming keepers of the home, planners of family events, errand runners, and bill payers. According to statistics. Women are the prime caretakers of families around the world. As per an international study when the economic and political organization of a society changes, women come to the forefront and help the family to adjust to new challenges. Women are likely to be the prime initiators of outside assistance, and they play an important role in facilitating changes in family life. Role of Women as Educators It has been seen that only the mother in the family most often urges her children to attend and stay in school. Thus the role of women is at the front end of the improvements that hat lead family and community to their long-term capacity. Role of Women in the Workforce The theme for International women's was “Think equal, build smart, innovate for change,” this was selected to identify the innovative ways of advancing gender equality and the empowerment of women; this accelerates the 2030 Agenda, of the new Unsustainable Development Goals. Although women’s opportunities still lag men's, the historic and current role of women is beyond doubt. Role of Women as Global Volunteers Global Volunteers’ community development work worldwide strengthens women’s and children’s capacity, health, and development. With the direction of local leaders, volunteers help ensure academic accessibility, parental involvement, psycho-social support, nutrition, and health education, funding scholarships, construction schools, tutor literacy, numeracy, and more. Throughout history, the role of women in society has ensured the stability and long-term development of nations. Worldwide, women comprise 43 percent of the world’s agricultural labour– and 70 percent in some countries.
7 1.3 10 reasons why the world needs more women in leadership roles https://www.naturalhr.com/2021/03/23/10-reasons-why-the-world-needs-morewomen-in-leadership-roles/ 23/03/2021Leadership In recent decades, there have been calls for greater gender equality while enhancing the need to close the gender wage gap. Although tremendous strides have been made in this aspect, there is still a fundamental lack of women in leadership roles. If you take a look at the Fortune 500 list in America, you’ll see that 15% of the CEOs are women. The companies that boast a higher representation of women on their boards outperform the organisations that don’t by a notable degree. This is further supported by studies that have outlined that have also outlined that companies with greater gender diversity, not just within their workforce but directly among senior leaders, are significantly more profitable than those without. This clearly demonstrates that the need for more female leaders has never been more critical. When you consider this and the never-ending catalogue of data
8 that supports this claim, it simply doesn’t seem right that there are so few women in leadership. Organisations have a responsibility to create better policies and opportunities for women. Still, at the same time, women also need support to step forward and overcome the habits holding them back. With this said, let’s dive into the world of women in the workplace, outlining the need for their presence and mindset and providing ten core reasons why organisations should no longer overlook the prospect of employing more women in leadership roles. Why is it important to have women in leadership? A report by McKinsey & Company found that, throughout the UK, greater gender diversity on the senior executive team corresponded to the highest performance uplift in their data set. For every 10% increase in gender diversity, earnings before interest and taxes rose by a glaring 3.5%. From this data, we can uncover that women leaders have a key measurable impact on an organisation’s bottom line. When women become leaders, they provide a different set of skills and imaginative perspectives. More importantly, female leaders bring structural and cultural differences to the table, which drive effective solutions. This creative standpoint and unique sense of awareness will also allow them to study and uncover the finer details that may go unmissed by others. What are the main challenges for female leaders? As we’ve established, the working landscape is changing, and the business world is no longer just a man’s game. However, competing in this challenging environment is no walk in the park. From experienced women leaders who have been making strides in this debate for years gone by to the upcoming young talent looking to make a serious impact, women in leadership still face numerous challenges. Men are still the majority The first and most obvious challenge is that most of the people in the room are men. However, this creates an opportunity for women to stand out and create a long-lasting impression from the off. Difficulty in creating supportive networks
9 A scenario that appears time and time again revolves around building a supportive network in a space where males dominate. Use this chance to seek both men and women as connections and mentors who will help you along your career path. Balance work and family aren’t easy In the working world, women do not only deal with the stress of a full-time job, but they’re often also responsible for raising families. At times, it may seem impossible to juggle your work and personal life, but if the pandemic has taught us anything, it is the importance of creating a healthy work-life balance. Expectations of women are often lower The sad nature for a lot of women is that expectations can often be set lower. The trick is not to see this in poor light but to change your vision and realise it’s easier to exceed your goals and showcase why you shouldn’t be overlooked. Women are characterised as emotional Unfortunately, we as women are often perceived as being more emotional and less decisive than men, yet women bring more diverse physical, mental and emotional experiences to everyday conversations. Use this to your advantage by bringing a fresh perspective to the table. 10 reasons why it’s important to have more women in leadership in the workplace In today’s world, women may not always realise their potential, and once unleashed, they have a direct route to success. When they find themselves in a leadership role, their capability and abilities are undeniable. However, it’s simple to claim this, so that establishes the need to outline multiple benefits women can bring to leadership roles. 1. Women leaders will paint the future It can be daunting for women who have not yet been in a position of leadership to take on such a high-profile role due to the stigmas attached to it. This could push away the younger generation from striving to break down barriers. In 2019, the proportion of women in senior management roles globally grew to 29%. This remained constant in 2020 and grew to 31% in 2021, the highest number ever recorded. While this can be considered positive news, women just entering the workforce will need to be inspired by other women who are currently smashing their roles as a leader in the workplace. Once achieved, it
10 can carve a direction for all young aspiring women leaders to increase the global percentage and break new records. 2. Unique transformational ideas will be brought to the front A meta-analysis comparing male and female leaders identified female leaders were more transformational. They demonstrated more contingent reward behaviour than the two-dimensional actions (active and passive management) presented by male leadership. This transformational leadership style has been shown to build social and personal identification amongst members and also build the mission and goals set out by leadership and organisations. This demonstrates a clear positive influence on the success of an organisation and its employees. 3. The enhancement of teamwork There is no doubt that we’ve all seen women demonstrate passion, enthusiasm and a capability to take command of a situation when need be (let’s not look further than our own mothers or female caregivers in this instance). Women are able to make bold and wise decisions as leaders; this helps make the team environment less authoritative and more cooperative, bringing a familylike feel to the team. This boosts teamwork across the organisation and helps implement a new culture within the business. 4. Women demonstrate superior leadership values A national survey by the Pew Research Center Social and Demographic Trends survey ranked 2,250 adult women better than or equal to men in seven of the eight primary leadership traits assessed throughout the survey. The key statistics from this survey outline that half of the respondents ranked women as more honest than men, with 20% saying that men are more honest than women. In terms of intelligence, 38% said they viewed women as smarter, with only 14% indicating men are smarter. For the other cases, women were ranked as being more compassionate, outgoing and creative. 5. Business-wide communication can be enhanced Communication is said and known to be among a woman’s strongest skills. Female leaders will utilise this power to enhance meaningful conversations with employers, co-workers and partners, thus creating an open communication stream that creates a sense of clarity. 6. Achieve a better financial outcome
11 Within a more diverse workplace, it’s likely that more creative ideas will be presented. This helps fuel growth and create more sustainability within an organisation. Diversity in the workplace should not just prioritise women but, instead, have a fluid combination of both genders throughout the organisation. Workplace gender diversity helps increase productivity, and creativity, improves performance and staff retention, and, as established, boosts collaboration throughout the business. In a workplace study, 21% of businesses are more likely to experience above-average profitability if the workforce is genderdiverse. 7. Fresh new outlooks and perspectives We have outlined the need to construct a diverse workforce, and with this will come new experiences and perspectives that ultimately contribute to bringing some much-needed innovation into the business. Women leaders will bring skills, different perspectives, and innovative ideas to the table, but these three combined will help create innovative perspectives that lead to better decision-making as a whole for the business. 8. Women leaders can provide better mentorship Especially for the younger generation, the power of role models cannot be overlooked. Regardless of a person’s gender, all people need someone who will guide them to progress in their careers. Women can harness their talents in this area because, specifically, for mentoring and coaching young talent, women leaders are better mentors than men. According to a study, 29% of women believe that their gender will be an obstacle to advancement. To overcome this obstacle, women in leadership positions can take this opportunity and begin empowering the bright young minds of the next generation. 9. The ability to wear many hats In a women’s life, wearing different hats within their roles is a common occurrence. You can often find them balancing careers, households and taking up the mantel of parental guidance along with many other experiences. These help women leaders to quickly adjust to new situations and focus on finding solutions to real-life work issues. 10. Women in leadership roles can close the gender pay gap Something that can often be overlooked is that the gender pay gap can be transformed into a gender opportunity gap. It has been seen that when males and
12 females start their progress from scratch, men are usually offered more opportunities leading to higher-paying positions. ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
13 2.1 The vital role of Syrian women in resolving bitter conflicts © UNICEF/Delil Souleiman https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/10/1129972 UNICEF-supported volunteers speak with a family about preventive measures to stem the spread of COVID-19 in Hassakeh, Syria. Facebook Twitter Print Email 29 October 2022Peace and Security Throughout Syria’s civil war, women have risked their security to mediate the various conflicts that have affected their communities. Since international efforts to end the fighting have stalled, their role has grown in importance. The protracted fighting has taken countless lives, displaced millions in and outside the country and left much of the country’s infrastructure in tatters. The failure of international efforts to make much progress has been ascribed to the lack of understanding amongst formal mediators of the situation on the ground in local communities. This is where Syrian women come to the fore. Most women involved in local mediation have some connection to the dispute, and are perceived as trustworthy and credible by the disputing parties. As “insider mediators”, they demonstrate two consistent strengths: the ability to build or leverage relationships, and the possession of detailed knowledge on the conflict and its parties. An example of this strength came early in the war, in the Zabadani district, northwest of Damascus. As the district began to fall under the control of opposition forces, it was besieged by the government. The authorities demanded that men hand over weapons and surrender, which meant that only women could move safely across the lines of control. A reversal of roles Whilst, before the war, Zabadani women were usually expected to focus on responsibilities inside the home, the new restrictions and risks suddenly faced by men made it acceptable—and even necessary—for women to get involved in negotiations with government forces.
14 Quickly stepping into this newfound role, a group of women in Zabadani gathered and initiated a mediation process with the besieging forces in order to negotiate an end to the siege as well as a potential ceasefire. “Most of these women became involved because their husbands were implicated with the opposition forces and were wanted by the government,” says Sameh Awad,* a peacebuilding expert familiar with the case. “The women themselves were mostly housewives and did not have any formal role in the community, but they gained their significance because they wanted to protect their husbands”. Although the ceasefire later collapsed, doe to the changing political context, the women were, for a period of time, able to ensure that civilians were protected and evacuated. In another example, in the northwestern city of Idlib, informal groups of women were able to save the lives of a group of detainees. After hearing a rumour that they were about to be killed by soldiers, a group of female teachers worked to convince a wider group of women, including the detainees’ mothers, to approach the headquarters of the battalion leader. The encounter ended with the faction leader agreeing to speak with the military council and, a month later, the detainees were released as part of an exchange deal. Syrian women have also led mediation efforts with government forces to address security issues and service provision in areas formerly under opposition control. “The government insisted that men needed to complete military service, and this made many young men afraid to emerge in the public sphere,” explained MS. Awad. “So, women were involved in going out and exploring to what extent the discussions with the new authorities in the area were possible. During these negotiations, they discussed early recovery in their areas.” © WFP/Jessica Lawson Repairing social cohesion
15 2.2 Flagship UN gender event closes with ‘blueprint’ for greater role of women in tech https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134757 Azerbaijani girls studying STEM subjects, with support from UNDP 18 March 2023Women The 2023 Commission on the Status of Women (CSW 67), the largest UN gathering on gender equality, successfully wrapped up on Saturday, with Member States calling for a full and equal participation of women and girls in the development of digital technologies. The priority theme for this year’s CSW, an annual, two-week long event which has been advancing rights for women since 1946, was the ongoing discrimination, abuse, and misogyny women face in the virtual world. The aim was to advance progress towards levelling the digital playing field, and to address persistent issues that affect women and girls, including limited access to technology, disproportionate online violence, and underrepresentation and gender bias in tech industries. The outcome document of the Commission, officially the “Agreed Conclusions” of the 45 Member States, acknowledged the critical role of technology and innovation in achieving gender equality. In a statement released by UN Women on Saturday, the document was described as a “blueprint for all stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, civil society and youth to promote the full and equal participation and
16 leadership of women and girls in the design, transformation and integration of digital technologies and innovation processes that fulfil the human rights and needs of women and girls.” Ms. Mathu Joyini, Chair of CSW 67, officially closes the event. A ‘vision of a more equal and connected world’ Speaking at the conclusion of the negotiations, UN Women Executive Director, Sima Bahous, said: "This year’s Agreed Conclusions are game-changing and bring forward our vision of a more equal and connected world for women and girls in all their diversity. It is our job, as we leave here today, to translate them into reality. The ultimate success of these Agreed Conclusions lies beyond their finalization today, in how we will collectively take them forward. Let us translate them into reality for all women and girls." As well as reaffirming the importance of women and girls’ full participation and leadership in science, technology and innovation, concern was expressed about the limited progress in closing the gender gap in access to technologies, connectivity, digital literacy, and education. The Agreed Conclusions also condemned the interrelation between offline and online violence, harassment, and discrimination against women and girls. The Commission called for significantly increased public and private sector investments to bridge the gender digital divide, more inclusive innovation ecosystems, and the promotion of safe and gender-responsive technology and innovation. It also underlined the need for inclusive and equitable quality education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, information
17 and communications technology, and digital literacy to ensure that all women and girls can thrive in a rapidly changing world. © UNICEF/Mary Gelman Youth at the centre of discussions For the first time, CSW included an interactive youth session with young people, youth representatives of delegations, civil society, and United Nations organizations, engaging in dialogue and providing recommendations on how to ensure young women and girls are part of the digital transformation. Important contributions were made by a wide range of civil society organizations, including members of the Action Coalition on Technology and Innovation for Gender Equality, launched as part of the Generation Equality Forum, a civil society-focused group convened by UN Women. The Action Coalition has made a significant contribution towards cementing alliances between Governments, private sector, civil society, and the UN system, and in driving momentum and commitments to advance gender equality through technology and innovation.
18 2.3 Representation of women in media BY İBRAHIM ALTAY MAR 19, 2018 - 12:00 AM GMT+3 No Image Despite increasing criticism and attempts toward improvement in recent years, the representation of women in media – along with the media's portrayal of women – remain some of the biggest problems of our field in the 21st century Let me start by congratulating the previous week's International Women's Day of our readers. The past year was a significant one for women's rights, with movements such as "Me too" and the outrage it caused. It also called for selfreflection in fields of work apart from Hollywood, even though it originated there. The past year drew attention to society's ingrained biases and also how they affect our everyday lives. So, let us do the same and take a look at our own vocation. First of all, we have to accept that media has always been a patriarchal field ever since it first start. Unfortunately, this did not change over the first quarter of twenty-first century. This applies both in the case of the representation and the end product. The number of women as media administrators or journalists is still lower than that of their male counterparts, while the language and wording of the media are still far from ideal. Even when written by women, news articles about women sometimes still contain unintended bias and discrimination. This problem does not have a simple solution, as the discrimination cannot be solved simply by refraining from using certain phrases or words. What we have is a problem of representation. Women are either being ignored by our media or they are being misrepresented with faulty and biased assumptions and information. Although this subject loosely coincided with International Women's Day this year, it is not the first, or even second, time we have approached it in Reader's Corner On December 15, 2014, we looked at the media's approach to the issue with the article titled "Patriarchy of the media" and emphasized how the status quo adopts an unacceptable motto of "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil". We said that "However, when relaying news of this type of violence, we must be careful not to create an incentive effect or even transform it into pornography. If news of this nature is handled sloppily, then it will serve to normalize such violence, and the result will be dire: Both men and women will start to see it as a mundane affair, and some may even adopt it."
19 Almost exactly a year after that, on December 21, 2015, we wrote a second article titled "Patriarchy of the Media, does it continue?" which aimed to look at the progress and also criticize inaction. It also examined the results of the Conference on Urgent Action to Stop Femicide that took place on Nov. 27 of that year, which allocated a big part of the conference to the media's attitude toward the subject and largely resulted in a critical report card for the media. Objectification of women When looking at the news and TV programs in any given period and investigate them thoroughly, the following problems become apparent: Media equates women to their bodies and exploits them. The content about women is largely comprised of subjects concerned with entertainment, tabloids and sexuality. Women are being objectified every day without there any visible efforts to reverse it. Such content is sometimes dressed up and marketed as emancipatory for women, though instead they merely repeat the problematic portrayals seen in the past. Media clearly differentiates societal roles between men and women. Unfortunately, the media is largely behind society when it comes to this. It commonly portrays women as secondary, bound and dependent to other parties. Not only does our media fail to encourage and educate women in their pursuit of rights, but it also reinforces the biased and problematic perceptions of them in the society. Most commonly, the media portrays women as victims. You do not even need big spreadsheets to find this. Just a look at your preferred media organization's publication over a couple of days will reveal how women in the news articles are often victims. What is worse is that this coverage not only fails to improve their situation but actually worsens it, adding to their suffering. Sometimes it ensures that the victimization of the women in question stays permanent. Their privacy gets blown away, personal rights get damaged while their private lives become public. The exposés on women are also higher compared to similar content on men. The normalizing and justifying wording and language are still prevalent in news articles about violence against women. The same sexist perspective repeats itself with every news article, despite repeated warnings, criticisms and debates. This perspective usually conjures up mitigating factors for men's violence and looks for a way to blame women, often by finding them faulty or lacking in some way.
20 Media also has a tendency of seeing and presenting women as consumers rather than producers. In "authoritative" fields, such as politics and economics, women are largely missing. They are confined to morning shows and "light" subjects in day-to-day operations. Basic principles When talking about woman and media, it is both disheartening and necessary to talk about news articles on violence against women. In this context, our colleagues should pay close attention to the following principles: The news articles on violence against women must be treated differently than news of a normal fight or everyday violence. We must approach violence against women from the perspective of public good and responsible journalism. We can neither turn a blind eye nor risk overexposure by desensitizing the society to this problem. Finding a balance is the key. This can be done with a problem-oriented approach instead of an event-oriented one. While reporting on these stories, we must stay away from the tabloid approach, sexualizing references and the pornography of violence at all costs. There can be no implication of women deserving the violence in question; instead of splattering it across the pages of newspapers, the rumors or details about the private life of women must stay exactly that, private. Any expressions, statements or wordings that can lead to a perception of justifying or understanding the perpetrator must be avoided completely. Do not sprinkle such excusing terms as rage, infidelity, passion, anger, unemployment, bankruptcy, jealousy and honor in the news article. The news article in question must not contain sexist perspectives, derogatory expressions against women or clichés. Let us provide couple of examples to this: "Honor killing," "going astray," "falling in love," or "dirtying (and cleansing) honor" are just some. Failing to follow these basic principles not only increases suffering to the point of rendering victimization permanent, but it also paves the way for future perpetrators, as these faulty news articles reinforces the societal pressure and justifies their actions. At the end of the day, both the representation of women in media positions and the media's portrayal of women in news articles remains far from ideal. If we are to achieve meaningful strides in woman's rights, a sizeable portion of the responsibility lies on the shoulders of journalists. As I said before, the public good and responsible journalism must always be at the forefront of our minds.
21 ONLINE MEGAZINE ARTICLE
22 3.1 We Must Rewrite Women's Role in History Portrait of American journalist, suffragist and Progressive activist Ida Wells Barnett, also known as Ida B. Wells, in the 1890s R. Gates—Hulton Archive/Getty Images IDEAS BY ANITA SARKEESIAN AND LAURA HUDSON MARCH 8, 2016 11:01 AM EST Anita Sarkeesian, a TIME 100 honoree, is the founder of Feminist Frequency. Laura Hudson is an editor and culture writer who scripted the Ordinary Women series. If we were to judge by the history books, it would be easy to think that men were pretty much the only people who mattered in history—or at least, the only ones worth remembering. That isn’t true, of course, but that’s the story we’re accustomed to hearing about the past: one where the presence of men is taken as a given, and the presence of women is exceptional. But take a deeper look into history, and you’ll find countless women who did incredible things that weren’t recognized in their time—or even in ours. The erasure of women from history is two-fold: not only are we discouraged or punished for stepping outside the limited roles offered to us, but when we do achieve great things despite the odds, our accomplishments are often diminished, ignored or credited to men. Watch More
23 There’s been a lot of important work done over the past several decades to write women back into history, and we believe it’s important work. Making space for women in the stories we tell about the past can help make space for women in the stories we tell about our future. That’s why today, Feminist Frequency is launching a campaign for a new video series called Ordinary Women: Daring to Defy History. We want to focus our spotlight on the lives of women throughout history and around the world who defied stereotypes and broke barriers. Women like Ching Shih, who started out working in a brothel and ended up commanding one of the largest pirate fleets in history, or Ida B. Wells, who was born a slave and became a famous investigative reporter and civil rights leader. One of the goals of Feminist Frequency has always been to help people reexamine the way they look at the narratives created by our culture, and the way that those stories look at women. Many of our videos have examined the world of video games, where stories about women tend to be written by men, and often in limiting ways that reduce women to objects of lust and affection, or limit us to secondary roles. Although based on fact rather than fiction, historical narratives often do something similar. Women tend to appear as the wives, mothers and daughters of the men who were doing important things, rather than important people in their own right. But the story of history is just that: a story written by people with their own perspectives and biases, and one that has often ignored, erased or undervalued women. Changing it is as simple as changing focus, and looking directly at women like Ada Lovelace, who wrote the first computer program, and Emma Goldman, who spoke out about social justice, anarchism, women’s rights and labor reform, rather than looking away from them. Regardless of what our cultural narratives tell us, women as leaders, heroes and rebels isn’t unrealistic—either now or throughout history. It’s reality—just not a reality we get to hear about often enough. We hope that our project can help shift perceptions of what girls and women can do, not just in exceptional cases but in perfectly ordinary ones. We want the idea of female leaders, heroes and innovators to feel like something that’s always been woven into the fabric of reality—part of our past, part of our present and part of our future—because it always has. And because when we change our stories, we change the world.
24 3.2The Grass Ceiling: Women's Changing Role in Weed Culture IDEAS BY ELIANA DOCKTERMAN APRIL 20, 2015 4:53 PM EDT Eliana Dockterman is a correspondent for TIME in New York City. F or years, the world of cannabis has been associated with bros. From The Big Lebowski to Seth Rogen movies, popular culture has depicted the common weed smoker as a lazy dude. While all pot smokers have been caricatured, the female smoker has been particularly marginalized and infantilized—when she shows up in movies and TV at all. And, overwhelmingly, the marijuana industry has taken a similarly sexist approach to try to appeal to men: trade shows abound with socalled “booth babes” hocking wares, and trade magazines like High Times feature women in bikinis with strategically placed marijuana leaves smoking large, phallic bongs. https://time.com/3825221/women-in-weed-culture/ “One of the problems marijuana culture has had is sexism that is built into the industry —everything from product labeling to product advertising,” says Bruce Barcott, author of Weed the People: The Future of Legal Marijuana in America (recently out from Time Books). China Plays Long Game With Softer Response to Taiwan President Visiting U.S. POSTED 3 DAYS AGO China Plays Long Visiting U.S.
25 But as the legalization movement has begun to pick up steam, women are finally coming out of the cannabis closet. In just this last year, Sarah Silverman has shown off her pot stash on the Emmys red carpet, the women stars of Broad City were regularly shown smoking weed and an all-female dealer team featured in an episode of the online show just picked up by HBO about a New York dealer called High Maintenance. As the pop culture versions of female smokers have expanded, women have proved to be serious and quantifiable marijuana users. The marijuana industry is quickly realizing it needs women’s support to succeed in legalizing the product building a viable business. They are even changing their strategies to attract female consumers. “In the not-so-distant future, women are going to become the dominant purchasers of cannabis products,” says Jane West, who co-founded a networking and trade association for women in the industry called Women Grow just last summer. She believes women will fuel the market by buying wellness products to replace prescription anti -anxiety medications, anti-depressants and sleep aids. But to tap that market, the industry will have to convince women to feel comfortable picking up a habit that has stereotyped all users as deviant and lazy. The Cannabis Closet “Women are more often than not the primary caregiver or parent, and even for a woman who doesn’t have kids yet there is a stigma that you would be encouraging your children to use drugs, things like that,” says Cheri Sicard, author of Mary Jane: The Complete Marijuana Handbook for Women.
26 In popular culture, the stereotype of a stoner endures, and he’s nearly always been a he: Cheech and Chong, Bill and Ted, Dazed and Confused. Comedies like Knocked Up, Pineapple Express and This Is the End double down on the stereotype (often embodied by Seth Rogen) by questioning how stoners will deal with disasters like murderous drug dealers, the apocalypse or fatherhood. Examples of women casually smoking in films — Annie Hall, Nine to Five — have been the exception rather than the rule. They have quickly discovered that responsibility and weed don’t mix: Lindsay on Freaks and Geeks learns she can’t indulge like her male friends can because she has responsibilities as a babysitter; Nancy loses her perfect suburban life after she starts dealing on Weeds; even the girls on That ’70s Show knew to keep their smoking habits to the basement, unlike their male counterparts. Whether cultural depictions of weed affected women’s choices, or these examples were simply mimicking real life, it’s a fact that many more men than women use marijuana. Almost twice as many men as women (9.6% vs. 5%) consistently consume weed, according to a 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. And while 47% of American men have tried marijuana at least once, only 30% of American women have done the same, according to a 2013 Gallup poll. But now that medical marijuana is legal in four states and D.C. and decriminalized in an additional 14 states, the cultural gap may be closing. Last year, Comedy Central successfully paired Broad City, which follows two unabashed female weed smokers’ shenanigans in New York City, with its more stereotypical stoner show, Workaholics about three slacker dudes struggling in the workplace. High Maintenance, the Vimeoturned-HBO show about a weed dealer, also pushed the conversation by quietly proposing that first-time smokers, casual tokers and full-fledged potheads come in all types. Even the last Seth Rogen summer
27 blockbuster, Neighbors, featured a female character (Rose Byrne) just as reluctant to put down the bong and pick up the baby toys as Rogen. In real life, stars like Rihanna, Lady Gaga and Miley Cyrus have spoken openly about their pot use. A group that calls themselves the “marijuana moms” in L.A. are working to reverse the stereotype that smoking weed automatically makes for bad parenting. Even Martha Stewart halfjoked she knows how to roll a perfect joint. “I think women have always used it, but now thanks to pop culture, they’re just more comfortable actually talking about it,” says Sicard. “Now you’re seeing accomplished women — both on television and in real life — using it like it’s a glass of wine. It doesn’t make them a failure. It doesn’t make them a bad parent. Things like that will educate people.” Ladies Legalize Women openly discussing marijuana has had a major impact on the legalization movement. According to recent research, women have been the deciding vote in most states where marijuana has become legal. Data collected by the Global Drug Policy Observatory shows that female support of the 2012 amendment to legalize marijuana in Colorado went up seven percentage points in the last month before the vote, while support from men decreased in that same time frame. Female support of Washington’s marijuana ballot shot up from 48% to 53% in the last few days before the vote. “Society seems to take notice more when women say it’s okay,” says Sicard. “So I think marijuana use in general is gaining more acceptance because of powerful women driving the movement.”
28 A Budding Business Traditionally, marijuana has been packaged for men — think beautiful babes adorning little baggies — but as more states legalize marijuana, savvy business owners are beginning to recognize that they can gear new products to women. “Some of the best retail shops are those that are very aware they both have male and female customers, and changed that culture over just over the last year or two,” says Barcott. As he researched his book, Barcott ran across several dispensary runners in Denver who refused to stock any product that had skin on the label, for fear that it would push away female customers. The change can be spotted in one of the first public ads for marijuana in Seattle. Instead of advertising in what Barcott calls “the old stoner way,” the ad for Dama Oil showed a healthy couple hiking together. “It could have been an R.E.I. ad,” he says, referring to the outdoor gear company. “That’s a huge difference from the way people advertised just a few years ago.” Dama Oil is just one of the many companies aiming to sell weed to women as a healthy lifestyle choice. “Many women use marijuana differently than men,” says West. “They’re not using it to get high, but for its therapeutic effects. They use it for relaxation, pain management and think of it more as a wellness addition.” “Previously, inhaling combustible cannabis was really the only way you could consume marijuana, but now the wide variety of products out there — from sublingual strips to pomegranate sparkling beverages to skin creams to vaporizing pens that really minimize any negative health benefits — more and more women are going to start trying it when
29 there’s more product options,” she adds. It’s just about marketing — West uses the term “flower” instead of “leaf” to refer to the plant. West estimates that only about 10% of industry workers are women, with those numbers dropping drastically at higher-level positions. After months of attending industry events at bars where she felt outnumbered, she decided to create a network for women. “We want women to be designing those products, creating those companies, building the facilities and running the grows that all of the flowers are coming from,” she says. “For women, by women.”
30 3.3 Egypt’s Muslim Sisterhood: What Roles Do Islamist Women Play? https://world.time.com/2012/06/15/egypts-muslim-sisterhood-what-roles-doislamist-women-play/ The Muslim Brotherhood and their Islamist platform have become a powerful political force since the fall of Hosni Mubarak. Their ranks include women who also advocate a greater role for Islam in Egyptian society and government. But what role do these "sisters" play given the conservative, male-dominated hierarchy of the Brotherhood? June 15, 2012 prev prev 1 of 15 next next Pauline Beugnies / Out of Focus The osra--or family--is the basic organizing block of the Muslim Brotherhood. Despite the MB's strict regulation of gender roles, there are separate osra for women. Once a week, young women members gather under the supervision of older more experienced "sisters" to discuss the role of religion in their private lives. •
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32 4.1 The Role of Women in Today's Society: A Review https://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol9-issue6/Ser-1/D09063237.pdf Akshatha Yadav D. S 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Studies and Research in History, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India. Naveen Kumar K. J 2 2 Lecturer, Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT Women are the epitome of strength, love, sacrifice and courage. The role of women in today’s world has changed significantly and for better. Women are now self-sufficient, well aware and financially independent. They have attained immense success in every field, whether it is sports, politics or academics. With the encouragement of co-education, women are now marching side by side with men, in every walk of life. The twenty first century has brought a new hope and has empowered women in a positive manner. Earlier they were under the shadow of a husband or a father, but now they have established their own identity and are independent. Education is an important key to success. Empowering women would become more pertinent if women were well informed and educated. A woman needs to understand her rights so that she can walk at par with men. Mother Teresa, Indra Nooyi, Pratibha Patil, Kalpana Chawla and a lot more have been very significant in their own sphere and are an idol for every woman in India and across the globe. The role of women has changed tremendously and they have been able to create a positive impression in the society. From housewives to CEOs, the transition can be seen at an accelerating rate. Modernization and the advent of the latest technology have widened hope and opportunities for them. They have established themselves socially, politically and economically in almost every field. Women are no longer considered unfit or weak for military or for other defence forces. Recently, Avani Chaturvedi has set a perfect example and has created a milestone by becoming India’s first female fighter pilot. I. INTRODUCTION In earlier times, women were exploited through every possible means by the society. They suffered a lot of criticism, lacked freedom and stood nowhere next to men. They were even deprived of the basic birthrights of a human being. It took a lot of effort and courage for them to mark an impression of “women power” and make a significant place in society. Poetesses such as Charlotte Bronte inspired women by quoting, “I am no bird and no net ensnares me, I am a free human being with an independent will.” Through this she tried to convey that women are no longer to be treated as birds in the cage, instead they should be given equal liberty and opportunities as men. Such supportive sections of society led to the developments that are responsible for the improved status of women in today’s society. Women’s full and equal participation in all facets of society is a fundamental human right. Yet, around the world, from politics to entertainment to the workplace, women and girls are largely underrepresented. The visualizations below take a closer look at this gender-imbalanced picture over time, revealing just how slow progress is. Rooted in patriarchal norms and traditions, the consequences are far-reaching with detrimental, negative consequences on the personal, economic and future well-being of women and girls, their families and the community at large [1,2].
33 From their presumed strictly household activities at the premises of civilization to being today able to figure among the most powerful and influential personalities on the planet, the status of women has greatly. The world we are experiencing today is dramatically different from the world our parents experienced, let alone the world that our grandparents experienced. I am talking about our parents' and our grandparents' generations just to point out the fact that the time when they were younger was actually not a lot of time ago, yet society, everywhere in the world has experienced major changes. In ancient times, the main social groups of early mankind and early civilizations used to favour a matriarchal setting of their society. This means that women were literally on the forefront; they were at the center of society and made up a dominant role from different perspectives and points of view [3, 4]. In the ancient world, women were politicians, spiritual and religious leaders, warriors, and respectable icons, symbols of fertility and prosperity. Somewhere along the line, the female dominated culture of early social groups switched from a matriarchal setting to a patriarchal setting, meaning that men “took the front row seat” and became leaders, kings. For thousands of years, our society has been dominated by males; culturally and historically speaking. Most anthropologists hold that there are no known societies that are unambiguously matriarchal. It is a very well-known fact that women have not been placed on the same standing since then, never being on the same pedestal as man throughout the centuries, but always covering “minor” roles characterized by submission. Many people can communicate easily, breaking through language and cultural barriers, like never before in history. The internet is opening more doors than any other means of communication before it; It is not only a way for people to communicate between each other, but also to spread ideas, to spread culture, to discuss, and yes even to work and to be entertained. This has open up new doors, window through which more proactive social interaction can be stimulate, and help in breaking the age-old social barriers not easily visible like the parda (veil) system, domestic violence etc. First of all, if a global equality between the two genders is to be discussed, it has to be done with a lot of care. The degree of this equality undergoes great variations depending on the region of the world considered as well as the society, religion, and many other societal factors that influence the unequal gender roles of modern society [5, 6]. In the wake of Raja Ram Mohan Roy's movement against women's subjugation to men and British influence on Indian culture and civilization the position of women had once again undergone a change. However, it was only under the enlightened leadership of Mahatma Gandhi that they reasserted their equality with men. In response to the call of Gandhi they discarded their veil and came out of the four walls of their houses to fight the battle of freedom shoulder to shoulder with their brothers. The result is that the Indian Constitution today has given to women the equal status with men. There is no discrimination between men and women. All professions are open to both of them with merit as the only criterion of selection [7, 8]. As a result of their newly was gained freedom Indian woman have distinguished themselves in various spheres of life as politicians, orators, lawyers, doctors, administrators and diplomats. They are not only entrusted with work of responsibility but also they perform their duties very honestly and sincerely. There is hardly any sphere of life in which Indian women have not taken part and shown their worth. Women exercise their right to vote, contest for Parliament and Assembly, seek appointment in public office and compete in other spheres of life with men. This shows that women in India enjoy today more liberty and equality than before. They have acquired more liberty to participate in the affairs of the country. They have been given equality with men in shaping their future and sharing responsibilities for themselves, their family and their country [9, 10].
34 4.2 Women’s Role in Society and Family file:///C:/Users/HUAWEI/Downloads/187-189.pdf E.Kalaivani Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Madonna Arts and Science for Women College, Virahanur, Madurai Abstract There is a massive change in women’s roles and family structure in most countries in recent decades. These relational and structural changes have interacted with attitudes and values relating to gender roles and the family. Topics include views on the adoption of non-traditional roles by women in the paid labour market, politics, and in society; the purpose and nature of marriage; intergenerational relations within families in general and the care of the elderly in particular; and having and raising children. Apart from it, the Woman’s plays a KEY ROLE: in the socioeconomic development of the Society.... The purpose of introducing a literacy programme is to raise the Society as education will enable Women to respond to the opportunities, to challenge their traditional roles and to change circumstances of life. Introduction Women are the indispensable part of society. Their Education influence the coming generation. The development of future generation depends upon the education of women section. So the Education of women is realised to be the essential part for the development of Society. It can help every woman to educate their children to be a good manager of the family as well as the active member of the Society. The children learn their manners and behaviour at home, and most mothers are responsible for cultivating good practice in their children. Every educated woman can run her house well and make it a paradise on earth. Every educated woman can think well about her future and her aim in life and then choose the appropriate subject which will be useful to her throughout life. In a democratic system, the position of women is equal with that of women. Nowadays women are also conscious of their rights and obligations. Role in the Family and Society of Women Women are the pioneers of the nation. Indian culture gives importance to women, comprising half of the population of the world. Women constitute 50% of human resources, the most significant human resource next only to the man having great potentiality. Women are the key to sustainable development and quality of life in the family. Various roles of the women assume in the family are those of wife, leader, administrator, manager of family income and last but not the least important the mother. As A Wife A Woman is man’s helpmate, partner and comrade. She sacrifices her pleasure and ambitions, sets the standard of morality, relieves stress and strain, the tension of the husband, maintains peace and order in the household. Thereby she creates the environment for her partner to think more about the economic development of the family. She is the source of inspiration for the high endeavour and worth achievements in life. She stands by him in all the difficult situations as well as she shares all success and results. She is the person to whom he turns for love, sympathy, understanding, comfort
35 and recognition. She is the symbol of purity, faithfulness and submission and devotion to her husband. As an Administrator and Leader of the Household A well-ordered household is essential to normal family life. The woman in the family assumes this function. She assigns duties among family members according to their interest and abilities. In the preparation and serving of meals, selection and care of clothing, laundering, furnishing and maintenance of the house she plays the leading role. As an administrator, she organises various social functions in the family for social development. She also acts as a director of the recreation. She plans more recreational activities to meet the needs of young and old members of the family. A Manager of Family Income Woman acts the humble manager of the family income. It is her responsibility to secure a maximum return from every bye spent. She always prefers to prepare a large budget instead of a deficit budget. She is very calculating loss and gains while spending money. She distributes the income judiciously. The woman in the family also contributes to the income of the family through her own earning within or outside the home. She has a positive contribution to the family income by the work. She performs in the house and uses waste products for productive purposes. As a mother The whole burden of childbearing and the more significant part of the childbearing task are carried out by the woman in the family. She is responsible for the child’s habit of self-control, orderliness, industriousness, theft or honesty. She is responsible for the maintenance of the discipline in the family. For her child, she is the first teacher. She transmits social heritage to the child. As there is intimate and sustained contact with the child, she can discover and nurture a child’s unique traits aptitudes and attitudes which subsequently play the leading role in the shaping of his personality. She is the family health officer. She is concerned about the physical wellbeing of every member of the family, the helpless infant, the sickly child, the adolescent youth, and senescent parent. She organises the home and its activities in such a way so that each member of the family has proper food, enough amount of sleep and sufficient recreation. The woman performs the role of wife, partner, organiser, administrator, director, re-creator, disburser, economist, mother, disciplinarian, teacher, health officer, artist and queen in the family at the same time. Apart from it, a woman plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the society. Modern education and modern economic life use to compel woman more and more to leave the narrow sphere of the family circle and work side by side for the enrichment of society. Summary, Main Findings and Suggestion for Future Study This section includes a brief re-statement of the problem, a description of the procedure used the discussion of findings and conclusion of the study. After analysing the data, the investigator will prepare the report by the results of the investigation and make suggestions for future research. Conclusion Thus women play various roles as a wife, administrator and leader of household, manager, a mother and so on in the society. They must be treated equally and given respect. Education of the women eventually helps in the development of the society.
36 4.3 Women’s Empowerment Management Models For Local Economic Development file:///C:/Users/HUAWEI/Downloads/adminjurnal,+12.+I+Gusti+Ayu+Purnamawati+edit.pdf Gusti Ayu Purnamawati Economic Faculty, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Indonesia Gede Adi Yuniarta Economic Faculty, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Indonesia ABSTRACT The efforts to realize gender equality through the work of Balinese women were built from the endek weaving sub sector as an icon in several regions in Bali Province like Klungkung. This study was aimed at finding out the evaluation of women empowerment models in order to strengthen the local economy in which local governments were involved in encouraging, stimulating, maintaining business activities to create jobs. The successful implementation of the model was expanding opportunities for small communities in employment and business opportunities; expansion for the community to increase income; the empowerment of micro and small business institutions in the production and marketing process; and institutional empowerment of partnership networks between government, private sector, and local communities. INTRODUCTION The Small and Mid-sized Enterprises (SMEs) which have significant roles in sustaining the country's economy is ironically facing difficulties in maintaining its existence amid the increasingly fierce competition because of neither factors originating from within the industry itself or factors originating from outside the industry. Considering that issue, it is very important to conduct in-depth study and analysis of SMEs so that they can survive in a highly competitive industry. The proportion of women workers in the informal sector covers 60 percent of the total female workforce (Vibriyanti, 2013). The magnitude of women working in the informal sector raises an indication that there are still many limitations on woman's access to enter the formal sector. Through the given opportunities in which women actively involved in various productive economic activities, it is hoped that women can increase their contribution in improving the economic well-being of the family and the economic development of local communities in which women can improve their bargaining position towards justice and equality gender in turn. Community empowerment through participation is considered as "economical" development because it is based on locality. Through people's economic efforts, the economic development of SMEs can be considered as a partiality effort. "Reviving" the economy of SMEs in order to create fair and equitable prosperity is a challenge as well as an opportunity for national economic growth and development. Therefore, efforts to develop such small economies need to be carried out with structural changes. These changes include the process of change from economic dependence to independence. The development of SMEs received great attention from the government considering its role in the development of a society-based economy through labor-intensive production processes that are able to absorb a lot of labor, expand employment opportunities and increase income. In accordance with the general policy direction of national development 2015-2019 which is promotes inclusive and
37 sustainable economic growth, increasing competitiveness and the role of SMEs is one way that can be taken in leading to sustainable economic growth (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2019). Based on aspect of women participation in small and medium businesses, the work ethic of women is considered very high. The evidence can be seen in the results of a Rahmah et al (2013) research which claimed that women have a great desire to contribute to the welfare of their families and want a reduction in unemployment. These two things indicate that women have a high level of business persistence so they need to be given precise directions and insights about the way to manage the business in a modern way in which these women are expected to become very strong entrepreneurs. Empowering women access to public resources can be related to the impact of micro credit on decision making and loan management. The contribution of micro credit to women empowerment can be identified from decision making related to the use of credit, such as who controls the use of credit, who manages businesses supported by credit, who controls the marketing of products, and who controls the income earned from businesses supported micro credit. To find out the role and ability of women in developing SMEs, they can be divided into 1) women as SMEs, 2) women as managers of SMEs and 3) women as coaches, mentors, and motivators, in which every role acquires knowledge, abilities, and entrepreneurial competence. There are several reasons for women and men to become entrepreneurs for various reasons. The motivation of women to become entrepreneurs in general is to meet the basic needs of the family or to find work. Women entrepreneurs are more likely to run businesses that are smaller, less productive, and less profitable than men. when starting a formal or informal business to increase their income or find flexibility in their schedules (World Bank, 2012). In addition to the approaches from Woman in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD), the other approaches proposed by Dasaluti et al (2010) are: The Social Welfare Approach is a development approach that aims at prospering the community. The aim of improving welfare is to improve the welfare of women and their families; The Equalization Approach is the first approach from the WID approach in which aimed at increasing the role of women in development. This approach is directed at efforts to achieve equality in the development of the role of women so that they can play an active role in development as well as men; The Anti-Poverty approach is the second approach from WID that focuses on distributing the basic needs of the community in a more equitable way. It is aimed at low-income women in order to increase productivity; The Efficiency Approach is the third approach from WID that focuses on efforts to overcome the decline of the world economy by considering the contribution of women as an important part of economic development.
38 BOOK
39 5.1 WOMEN’S ROLE Women's roles in society have changed drastically, and as evidenced by the #MeToo movement and growing demands to close the gender pay gap, more work remains to be done to ensure full equality. Through this collection, readers may witness the work that has been done, from the time of the women's suffrage movement through the women's liberation movement and today's struggle to promote equality, all in the face of staunch opponents of feminism or expanding roles for women.
40 5.2 WOMEN’S ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 'Boserup's contribution to our thinking on women's role in development cannot be underestimated. Her keen observations, her use of empirical data and her commitment to greater gender equality are still an inspiration to students, researchers and activists who are interested in a better and more equal world.' From the new Introduction by Nazneen Kanji, Su Fei Tan and Camilla Toulmin
41 5.3 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WORK AND SOCIETY IN THE ANCIENT NER EAST Economic history is well documented in Assyriology, thanks to the preservation of dozens of thousands of clay tablets recording administrative operations, contracts and acts dealing with family law. Despite these voluminous sources, the topic of work and the contribution of women have rarely been addressed. This book examines occupations involving women over the course of three millennia of Near Eastern history. It presents the various aspects of women as economic agents inside and outside of the family structure. Inside the family, women were the main actors in the production of goods necessary for everyday life. In some instances, their activities exceeded the simple needs of the household and were integrated within the production of large organizations or commercial channels. The contributions presented in this volume are representative enough to address issues in various domains: social, economic, religious, etc., from varied points of view: archaeological, historical, sociological, anthropological, and with a gender perspective. This book will be a useful tool for historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and graduate students interested in the economy of the ancient Near East and in women and gender studies.
42 References list 1. Online articles Essays, Australia, (2018 , November). Role Of Women In Society. Retrieved from https://fairgaze.com/interested-article/role-ofwomen-in-society.htm 2. Online newspaper article Ibrahim Altay (2018, March 19). Representation of women in media . daily Sabah. Retrieved from https://www.dailysabah.com/readerscorner/2018/03/19/representation-of-women-in-media 3. Online magazine Article Anita Sarkeesian, Laura Hudson, (2016). We Must Rewrite Women's Role in History. US : TIME magazine publisher 4. Online Journal Article Kalaivani, E. “Women’s Role in Society and Family.” Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, vol. 6, no. S1, 2019, pp. 187–89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2556577 5. Book Lion, Brigitte and Michel, Cécile. The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614519089