AP United States History/Identifications for AP Review ...

the Panthers themselves were divided over the use of violence as a means. In 1974 both Seale and Newton left the party and by
the late 1970s it gradually lost most of its influence within the Black community.

489. American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968) was created by the Chippewa Indians in Minnesota as a Native American civil-
rights movement. Its purpose is to encourage self-determination among Native Americans and to establish international
recognition of their treaty rights. In 1972, members of AIM briefly took over the headquarters of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in
Washington, D.C. (BIA was created in 1824 in the War Department. It had jurisdiction over trade with Native Americans, their
removal to the West, and their concentration on reservations. In 1849, because of wide dissatisfaction in the West over army
administration of Native American affairs, the responsibility was transferred to the Department of the Interior. The new agency
was no more successful than its predecessor in preventing wars with Native Americans or in protecting their rights. BIA evolved
primarily into a land-administering agency, as trustee over Native American lands and funds. It is mandated by law to promote
agricultural and economic development, and provide a health programs, social services, and education).They complained that
the government had created the tribal councils on reservations in 1934 as a way of perpetuating control over Native American
development. It also established armed patrols to protect the movement from harassment. Like the Black Panther Party, it
advocated the independence of Indian nations from their status as federal dependencies ("Red Power').In 1973, about 200 Sioux,
led by members of AIM, seized the tiny village of Wounded Knee, in South Dakota, site of the last great massacre of Native
Americans by the US cavalry (1890). Among their demands was a review of more than 300 broken treaties between the Native
Americans and the federal government. Wounded Knee was occupied for 70 days before the militants surrendered. The leaders
were subsequently brought to trial, but the case was dismissed on grounds of misconduct by the prosecution. The issues of
Native American rights, the trusteeship of Indian lands by the US government, the mismanagement of funds at the Bureau of
Indian Affairs, the lack of responsiveness to tribal economic and social grievances, the recognition of Native American
communities as genuine tribes (which would entail federal assistance and the return of tribal lands), and most importantly, the
question of who owns mineral resources found on tribal lands remain unresolved.

490. Cesar Chavez/National Farm Workers' Association (1963): Cesar Chavez was an important agrarian labor leader. Unlike the
late 19th century labor leaders who concentrated on the plight of the industrial work force, Chavez highlighted the
discriminatory conditions under which farm workers, especially migrant workers, had to work. Born in Arizona, his family
moved to the California San Joaquin valley where he became involved (1952) in the self-help Community Service Organization
(CSO), working among Mexicans and Mexican Americans. In 1962, he left the CSO to organize wine grape pickers in the state
and formed the National Farm Workers Association. Modeling his movement after the civil rights movement of the time,
Chavez used strikes, fasts, picketing, and marches, to obtain contracts from a number of major growers who controled
production and distribution. In 1966 his organization merged with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee of the AFL-
CIO to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee of the AFL-CIO. Chavez also launched (1968) a boycott against
the table grape growers, mobilizing consumer support throughout the United States and publicizing the unregulated use of
pesticides by the major growers. In 1972 the United Farm Workers (UFW), with Chavez as president, became a member union of
the AFL-CIO. Chavez expanded its efforts to include all California vegetable pickers and launched a lettuce boycott, as well as
extending his organizational efforts to Florida citrus workers. His movement led to the organization of Mexican American
community in lands that had been taken over from Mexico in 1849.

491-492. National Organization of Women (NOW, 1966) is group founded (1966) to support full equality for women in America
in a truly equal partnership with men. Its founder and first president was feminist leader Betty Friedan , author of The Feminine
Mystique(1963). Through a program of legislative lobbying, court litigation, and public demonstrations, NOW seeks to end
sexual discrimination in employment. The largest women's rights group in the United States, it also supports the establishment
of child-care centers for working mothers, legalized abortion, and paid maternity leave, as well as adoption of the equal rights
amendment to the Constitution. NOW also works to elect women to office. It consists of approximately 250,000 members,
including men, in 800 local chapters affiliated with the main office, located in Washington, D.C.

LAST MINUTE ADDITIONS (Sorry)
The Underground Railroad was a network of antislavery sympathizers who supported and aided fugitives in their escape from
slavery. There were varied pathways and most roads led north, often as far north as Canada. It was run by local groups of
abolitionists, both white and free blacks. The metaphor of the Railroad first appeared in print in the early 1840s. The fugitives
were called passengers; their shelters were stations; and those who helped them, conductors. Most of the help was spontaneous
and came not only from abolitionists (Quakers were recognized conductors) and free Blacks but also from those who felt
empathy for their plight. Relatively few enslaved blacks (a few thousand a year) escaped successfully. Details of their escapes
were highly publicized and exaggerated in both the North and the South. Northerners used the stories as a propaganda tool to
highlight the evils of slavery. Slavers publicized them to demonstrate Northerners' disregard for fugitive slave laws.

Harriet Tubman was an abolitionist, born a slave in Maryland. After her escape, she returned to Maryland to help her sister and
nieces to escape as well. She made 19 more trips to the South, guiding as many as 300 slaves to their freedom. She worked with
Frederick Douglass and John Brown. She was one of the leading conductors on the Underground Railroad and a prominent
abolitionist during the Antebellum era. During the Civil War, she worked as a Union spy, scout, and army nurse in So Carolina.

The Democratic Republican Party began by Thomas Jefferson as a political faction organized in opposition to Federalist
policies. Jefferson headed the Democratic Republican Party after he had resigned from Washington's cabinet. Supporters
believed that distributing power among independent states was the way to protect civil liberties. The Democratic Republican
Party won a slight majority in the House of Representatives under Washington's second term and became the first faction in
America to become a broad-based party. The Party's power base was among Southerners and Irish immigrants. However, in the
presidential and congressional elections of 1796, they lost to the Federalists only to regain both in the election of 1800.

Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824) was a term coined by a Boston newspaper editor that describes both of James Monroe's
presidential administrations. It was a period of time during which the Republicans came to adopt some of the now defunct
Federalists' ideas—support of the national government, federal funding for interstate transportation, and the national bank.
Though called the "era of good feelings," Madison's veto of the internal improvements bill in 1817 showed that there were still
disagreements about the role of the federal government under the Constitution. The phrase was misleading as the Embargo Act,
the War of 1812, and ongoing slavery maintained sectional resentment.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831): When gold was discovered on Cherokee tribal lands in 1829, thousands of white settlers
sought to move there. The State of Georgia refused to protect tribal claims acknowledged by previous treaties, and passed a law
forbidding the Cherokee to mine gold. The Supreme Court ruled (4-2) that the tribe was a "domestic dependent nation" under
the guardianship of the federal government and not subject to state jurisdiction. This technically prevented Georgia from issuing
any policies and laws toward the Cherokee. Marshall denied Georgia its desire to deal independently with the Cherokee nation.
Further, the Cherokee Nation is defined as dependent on federal government, but outside the US, outside states' jurisdiction.
Marshall used the case to reinforce federal powers and to provide a legal, solution to the Indian problem, under federal jurisdiction.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) gave states proceeds from public land to establish universities emphasizing "such branches of
learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts (engineering)". Another provision of the Act called for the establishment
of a military training program, now part of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), at every land-grant college.Because of
the Morrill Act's stress on the practical arts, the land-grant system has come to include most of the nation's agricultural colleges
and a large number of its engineering schools. The government hoped the colleges would help farmers and settlers develop new
and technologically advanced ways of farming, thus helping with the American economy and attracting more people to the
West. It reflected how the Lincoln administration laid the foundations of post-war America while still managing the war effort.