E-Booklet SSF1033 Group 4

MALAYSIAN
SOCIAL
HISTORY
TOPIC
CONCEPTS

IAN SOC
S I

Y A
ALAM YROTSIH L

3301 G
2
F
SS

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

TOPIC

01 HISTORY AND SOCIAL HISTORY

02 THE USES OF HISTORY

03 OFFICIAL VS MISSING HISTORY

04 PRE-HISTORY

05 ANCIENT HISTORY

06 TRADE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

07 CREATION OF MODERN SE ASIA

08 POPULATION, IMMIGRANTS AND IDENTITY

09 ORANG ASLI

10 MALAYSIAN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

11 POLITICS OF THE LEFT/ LABOR MOVEMENT

12 SECRET SOCIETIES

13 MALAYSIAN STUDENT MOVEMENT

"HISTORY CANNOT
GIVE US A PROGRAM
FOR THE FUTURE, BU

IT CAN GIVE US A
FULLER

UNDERSTANDING OF
OURSELVES, AND OF

OUR COMMON
HUMANITY, SO THAT

WE CAN BETTER
FACE THE FUTURE"

ROBERT PENN WARREN

TOPIC 1

HISTORY & SOCIAL HISTORY

PN What is History?

žHistory is a Methodological Approach within the
Social Sciences .

History is a slippery word to use. It has two meanings.
a. the study of the past, which is a human activity.
b. the other meaning is the past itself, meaning an expanse
of time. A human activity and an expanse of time are not
remotely comparable - a case of chalk and cheese - yet
we use the same word for both. This does not make life
any easier.

ž1. Fields of study of the Social Sciences

›Anthropology
›Sociology
›Politics
›Economics
›Psychology
›Philosophy

ž

2. History vs Historiography

žHistoriography: Writing about ‘the past’
žHistoriography: Writing but with perspective/a view/an

opinion/an interpretation.

3. History and Evidence

žHistory is about evidence. It is also about other things:

hunches, imagination, interpretation, guesswork. First and
foremost, though, comes evidence: no evidence, no history.

Nobody, or hardly anyone, created evidence lor the
convenience of future historians. Had they done so, it would be
highly suspect. What ulterior purpose led them to try to
influence the future? The Four Gospels convince because they
are so fulI of discrepancies, so evidently not an attempt

TOPIC 2

THE USES OF HISTORY




1.Wang Gungwu (1968):

Desire to remember and the awareness that memory confers power

on those who remember

As useful knowledge where past experiences and examples can

help improve humankind

Explore the meaning of life and death – a means of understanding

WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM HISTORY? humanity’s place on earth and what’s their destiny

2.Yong Mun Cheong (2000):

History helps us to better understand the Helps us better understand the present – current beliefs, practices,
present knowledge, way of life are rooted in the past
Provides lessons from the past – achievements and failures of past
History provides a window to the past so that we can civilizations and people
better understand the present. Our beliefs, Promotes awareness of our ancestral heritage
knowledge and way of life can be traced to our Understand how people think and feel – how people react in
forefathers. When we study the history of those who different cultures, places and times
lived before us, we come to understand ourselves

better History promotes an awareness of our ancestral
heritage
History provides lessons from the past
Knowing our own history helps us to appreciate our rich
History provides many important lessons for us to cultural make-up and ancestral heritage. It helps us to
learn. For example, we can learn from the understand the customs and practices that we have today.
achievement of past civilization. We can also find out History enables us to tap deep into our roots, and provides us
more about the leadership qualities of famous with the support needed to face present and future challenges
historical personalities also learn from mistakes made
by leaders or governments in the past. History helps us develop a sense of national identity

History helps us to understand how people History teaches us who we are as a people and where we have
think and feel come from. This sense of nationhood is especially important for
citizens of a young country like Singapore. For most societies,
History helps us to appreciate and understand people a strong sense of nationhood is very important during times of
and that actions and feelings. We learn how people peace and more so during times of difficulties
react in different cultural contexts, in different places
and at different times. This can help to promote PN
racial and cultural harmony in various societies within
a country

TOPIC 3

Official vs missing history

01 OFFICIAL HISTORY

For the purposes of its national history, the government has The museum's ground level is dedicated to the pre-history
defined Malaysia as the region occupied by its present of current Malaysia's regions. The 'Natural Environment and
component states, namely the Peninsula, Sabah, and Prehistoric Era' exhibit shows the geological formation of
Sarawak, with events before to 1965 including Singapore. the Peninsula, Sabah, and Sarawak, emphasising the fact
The Museum of National History defines 'history' as any that the land presently known as Malaysia is very old.
event, person, or artefact that demonstrates Malay or Human bones from the Niah caves in Kuching in Sarawak,
Malaysian achievement and 'development.' The museum as well as stone tools from Kota Tampan in Perak and
focuses on individuals or movements who opposed the Tingkayu in Sabah, with dates ranging from 38 000 to 18
colonial'invasion' of Malaya during the British 000 years old, are on show. They show that the Malaysian
administration. areas were occupied by humans during the Palaeolithic
period.

The museum has displays of pottery and stone
artefacts from the Neolithic period (2800 to
500 BCE) from both the Peninsula and Borneo.
Earthenware vessels were used for food and
drink at the time, as well as burial goods in
tombs. Malaysia has only a few iron and
bronze artefacts, but the majority have been
connected to Southeast Asia's most famous
Bronze Age society, the 'Dongson.' The culture
flourished between 500 and 300 BCE,
producing extremely decorated bronze
artefacts, especially enormous drums, using
the 'lost wax' process of casting.

The next set of displays, which use first-century Chinese sources to show that there were settlements in the Bujang Valley (Kedah)
and Santubong (Sarawak) during that period, provide evidence of contact between Malaysia and other major world civilisations.
Captions inform visitors that trade relations existed between Malaysia and India, and that the traders were Chinese, Indians, and
Arabs. There's also a section on 'Megalithic Culture,' which relates to megalithic (huge carved stone) sites in the Peninsula, Sabah,
and Sarawak. Although these structures appear to be contemporaneous with early settlements in the Bujang Valley where Hindu–
Buddhist temples have been discovered, visitors are advised that the people associated with the megaliths must have practised a
distinct religion. 'The circumstance demonstrates the existence of a range of concurrent ways of life in Malaysia,' according to the
display, a concept that the Malaysian government emphasises often in its domestic policies.

PN

Missing History

LIFE AS THE RIVER FLOWS: WOMEN IN THE

MALAYAN ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLE
Agnes Khoo, Merlin Press, Monmouth, Wales, 2007,
326pp., ISBN-13: 978-0850365634, d16.95 (Pbk)

Suria Atom was born in 1951 and spent her childhood in Life as the River Flows: Women in the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle
a Thai village near the Malaysian border. She started features sixteen ex-guerilla women from Malaysia, Singapore, and
working at home at a young age, doing domestic tasks. Thailand, whose lives are chronicled in Life as the River Flows: Women in
She was abused by her father as a child, and later by the Malayan Anti-Colonial Struggle. These women battled in the CPM
her husband, whom she married at the age of 14. She for nearly 40 years before leaving the jungle on the Malaysian-Thai
encountered communists when she was 19 years old and border in 1989. Some were peasants, while others came from urban
later joined the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), families or Chinese immigrant families. Some were educated middle-
which campaigned for Malaya's independence from class families, while others were very poor and did not attend school –
colonial authority. She learned to read and write they joined the guerillas illiterate and learned to read and write in the
Chinese and Malay in the army. She served in the army; some were peasants, while others came from urban families or
mountain guerilla army for 20 years, as well as working Chinese immigrant families. Others came from highly politicised families
as a 'barefoot doctor' practising traditional Chinese and groups and joined the CPM to support their battle for the poor
medicine. despite knowing little about politics.

Lin Guan Ying, a senior Party member who married a
high-ranking CPM member, was born in China in 1923.
She joined the Party at the age of 18 as part of the
resistance against the Japanese occupation, along with
everyone else in her town - 'I joined because the Party
stood for the lowest of the poor,' she adds (p. 57). She
was a part of the resistance to the Japanese and the
British. The Communists, according to Lin Guan Yin,
were concerned with both imperialism and women's
freedom.

The incredible bravery of the women in the face of everyday suffering and political threats, both
before joining the army and while in the jungle with the guerillas, and after leaving the jungle in
1989 and settling in the 'Peace Villages' in Southern Thailand, is what unifies all of the stories.
Many people still lack citizenship and are unable to return to Malaysia.

PN

TOPIC 4

PREHISTORY

ARCHAEOLOGY AS

HISTORY
The period before recorded history became available to
The study of the human past using material remains is aid our understanding of the past is known as
known as archaeology. Any objects that people prehistory. In 1851, Daniel Wilson (1816–1892), the
produced, modified, or used can be found among these President of Toronto University College, coined the
relics. Artifacts are the term for portable remnants. phrase. Since the 1830s, the word Pré-historique has
Tools, clothing, and decorations are examples of been used in French to describe the period before
artefacts. Features are non-portable remains such as writing. Paul Tournal coined the word to describe the
pyramids or post-holes. Archaeologists study artefacts discoveries he made in caverns in southern France. The
and features to learn about how people lived in word is most commonly used to refer to the preliterate
different eras and locations. They're interested in period of human existence between the Paleolithic and
learning about these people's daily lives, how they were Neolithic periods, sometimes known as the "old stone
ruled, how they interacted with one another, and what age" and "new stone age," respectively. By extension,
they thought and valued. dinosaurs and other prehistoric species are frequently
referred to as dinosaurs.

PRE HISTORY OF

MALAYSIA

The prehistory of Malaysia is still poorly understood,
however finds of bones and artefacts at the Niah Cave
site in northern Sarawak prove that the area was
inhabited by Homo sapiens around 40,000 years ago.
The large cave complex contains relics that document
not just a fairly continuous sequence of human visits
and occupations, but also the evolution of stone tools
until about 1,300 years ago. Scientists have discovered
evidence of Stone Age and early Bronze Age
civilizations in Peninsular Malaysia, and Neolithic
civilisation was presumably firmly entrenched by 2500
to 1500 BCE, according to archaeologists. During the
first millennium BCE, numerous waves of peoples—
ancestors of today's Malays—migrated into the region
from China and Tibet, forcing older populations
towards the western Pacific or remote mountain
enclaves, according to early historical investigations.
It's been argued more recently that the southerly
migration was made up of tiny groups who imposed
their culture and language, resulting in new ethnic
fusions.

PN

Archaeology & Nationalism


Since at least the eighteenth century, nationalism and archaeology have had a tight relationship. Nationalist

ideologies typically use archaeology and ancient history findings as propaganda, frequently twisting them to fit
their goals and building national mythologies and mysticism. Frequently, this entails the uncritical identification
of one's own ethnic group with some ancient or even prehistoric (only archaeologically known) group,
regardless of whether mainstream scholarship accepts the historical derivation of the contemporary group from
the ancient one as plausible or rejects it as pseudoarchaeology. The crucial argument, which is frequently
stated implicitly, is that it is possible to derive nationalist or ethnic pride from a community who lived millennia
ago and is only recorded archaeologically or epigraphically.

Malay Archipelago, largest group of islands in the Malay peoples, who speak various Austronesian
world, consisting of the more than 17,000 islands languages, are the dominant population of the
of Indonesia and the approximately 7,000 islands Malay Archipelago. Although two of the world’s
of the Philippines. The regional name “East Indies” largest cities, Manila and Jakarta, are located
is sometimes used as a synonym for the there, the islands’ economy is overwhelmingly
archipelago. New Guinea is usually arbitrarily rural and agricultural. The majority of the rural
included in the Malay Archipelago, though the populace are sedentary cultivators, usually
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the northwest growing irrigated rice but sometimes corn
and the Bismarck Archipelago in the east are not. (maize), yams, or cassava as their principal food
The principal islands and groups of the Republic crop. These sedentary smallholders grow many
of Indonesia include the Greater Sundas commercial crops, such as rubber and tobacco,
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes), the Lesser as well as most of the region’s sugar, copra,
Sundas, the Moluccas, and western New Guinea. pepper, nutmeg, other spices, kapok, sago, and
The main islands of the Philippines include Luzon abaca fibre (Manila hemp). Plantations,
(north), Mindanao (south), and the Visayas in introduced in the colonial period and located
between. Other political units in the archipelago principally in Sumatra and Java, provide exports
are East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), Brunei, of rubber, palm oil, sisal, cinchona (quinine), and
and Papua New Guinea. tea, as well as some coffee, tobacco, and copra.
Shifting agriculturists still raise subsistence dry
crops of rice and corn in more-isolated localities.

PN

TOPIC 5

Ancient History

Knowledge of the past is the basis of the national historical
awareness of a society that gives value to understanding the
identification of self origins, religious beliefs, traditions and
culture. the spread of Hindu religion and culture took place
during the early Malay government such as Funan, Srivijaya
Majapahit and its entry was through a development process
spearheaded by the government and Brahmins. the process of
developing Brahminization or Indianization in the sense of
spreading Indian thought. After that, Buddhism began to
permeate around the beginning of the 5th century AD which
was based on the teaching of Hinayana, then in the middle of
the 7th century AD, Mahayana teachings began to gain space
in the practice of community life at that time. In related to the
division of the periodization of Malay natural history, the
orientalists divided into three different periods, namely the pre-
historic period in which the events before the Indians came to
the Malay realism, the second era of Hindu Buddha, namely the
golden age or the peak of the majesty of Malay culture and the
third is the era of the decline of Malay culture and the age after
arrival of Islam.

Sumer in Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to show their
own scripts and to keep records of historical record and this was already the case
during the early bronze age. The civilization next to the ancient middle east was the
first to follow. The beginning of written material in those times was different in many
cultures, especially outside Eurasia. The period when a culture is written by another,
but does not advance its own writing is often known as the photograph of a culture.
In dividing human prehistory, historians usually use a three-age system, but scholars
of prehistoric time periods usually use clear and defined geological records at the

base of the international stratum in geological time scales.

This ancient civilization for the first time developed in the river valley, which is a flat
area between hills or mountains where people can carry out large-scale agriculture
needed to feed a large population. when food becomes more or easier to obtain in the
area, more people will live in the area and be used as new settlements. This will make
new patterns of life emerge again. As the number of people grows, the need to
maintain food supplies and the need for defense will also lead to the growth of the
government. There was also a religious development that took place in ancient history
and this was intended to explain the power of nature and their role in the world. Most
people in this era practice animism and polytheism. They believe that Gods and
Goddesses are essential to the success of their own societies.

TOPIC 6

TRADE AND IT CONSEQUENCES

Kingdom and countries survive due to rise and fall on their trade. Trade
originated from human communication in prehistoric times. Trading was the
main facility of prehistoric people, who exchanged goods and services from
each other in a gift economy before the innovation of modern day currency.

For trade to flourish, contacts and alliances built on mutual economic
interests either in long or short term required. From the 15th Century onward,
diplomacy was the art of striking economic and political deals to maintain
strategic interests of each kingdom and the later countries. All pre-colonial

and colonial conquests must be seen in this context which which is
international trade between Europe, India, SE Asia and China, then context 2 is

regional struggle to control entreport trade and regional trade.

Trade first began around 3000BC in Ancient In 1580s until 1630s, there is a Resurgence in
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Different International trade between Europe, India, China
materials such as spices, metals and cloth were and Japan. Netherlands and British get involved in
traded. cities that had more goods to trade will global maritime trade to circumvent Venice and
become rich. Entry of Capitalism in SE Asia
brought about major political, economic and social Genoa. These is to overthrow Portuguese and
Dutch control over trade and recources. in 1629,
changes. A period of dynamic change the Aceh chellenge defeated by the Portuguese. End of
politically with new administration, economically Aceh as a regional trading and political power. By
from its contracts and trade and also the culturally the middle of the 16th century, Manila had become
in lifestyle changes. Capitalism in south-east Asia a thriving Spanish colonial metropolis with trade in
in parallel with the type of capitalism elsewhere
and there are distinctive features in the business silk output from China including other goods.
system of south-east asia. The institution plays a Canoe became the main transportation from China
large role compared to the specific recources or
strong industrial structure. Portuguese control over and it took 10 to 15 days to arrive in Manila.
Malacca is a city on the Malay Peninsula, reffering Chinese people trade in raw and finished silk,
to the period of 130 years (1511-1641) when it was the luxury goods, basic provisions, cooking utensils
militant of the Portuguese East Indies. It has been and others to be used in exchange for mexico
conquered from the sultanate of Malacca as part
of a Portuguese attempt to dominate the trade in silver and gold dust.
Malacca. Malacca once broke the conquest of the

city by Portuguese but in the end, they lost the
alliance of Dutch and Regional forces until entering
the era of Dutch rule. But portuguese economic and

political power in the region not complete and
constantly chellenged by Aceh, Spanish, Dutch,
Brunei, Sulu, Johor, Kedah and the Bugis mini-

kingdoms.

The presence of Europe led to the destruction of the Old The Malay World and the New
Creation. But not solely due to Europe expansionism/Imperialism but also due to local
politics and global change. Often, it does not involve war but agreement. Context 1 -
Europeans want to trade and local leaders have access/control to resources. Context 2 -
Local control over source fluids and ever-changing; often conflicting and local Malays
look to a stronger power to assist in local conflicts, e.g. China, Siamese, Europeans.
Context 3 - A rapidly changing world is driven by the industrial revolution - new, new
market sources, new scientific discoveries. Siamese Sovereignty over the Northern Malay
States (NMS) post 1782. Trade interests of the East India Company (EIC). requiring them
to recognize Siamese power (control) over the NMS. But the EIC is not interested in
seeing Thai power extended further south. But the Malay rulers often fought with each
other themselves.

TOPIC 7

TMhoedCerrneaStioenAosfia

1822 - Father III ascends the throne. 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty — divided Southeast
Have expansionist basis. Kelantan and Asia between the British sphere and the Dutch
Perak look to EIC to giving aid against sphere. The Malay Peninsula (including
Siamese power. In 1825 Silver Singapore) is reserved for British interests while
threatened and possible Selangor the islands in the South Singapore is reserved
coming under Siam. The threat to for the interests of the Netherlands. Melaka
Selangor is serious because it affects exchanged with Bengkulen (Sumatra) Signaled
the possibility of EIC investment in tin to other European powers not to intervention in
mines. In the meantime, trade this area of ​trade, esp. France. In 1826, the EIC
competition between EIC and Dutch entered into an agreement with Siam - Siam
East India Company (VOC) Trade agreed not to invade Perak or Selangor. Must be
interest and competitive pressures led recognized as ‘subject territory to Siam ’while
EIC to develop the idea of ​'sphere of status of Kelantan and Terengganu ambiguous.
Influence' concepts in British EIC negotiates the right to trade in Kelantan &
diplomacy Terengganu since Singapore business interest
has a commercial link there 1826 The EIC-Siam
Treaty divides the NMS between the British
spheres and spheres of Siam - Thailand and
Malaya took shape. No discussion with local
Malay rulers. Close relations between Sumatra-
Malay Peninsula and JohorRiau were severed.
Easy movement of people is now difficult.

TOPIC 8

EI MTPMHOINGPIRUCALIANDTTE NISOTANI N,T YD

"MALAYS ALSO 'PENDATANG',

NOT ONLY CHINESE AND

INDIA" But, Who is an
immigrat actually?
ut of Sudaland theory by oxford University
cientis, Dr. Stepen based on DNA analysis,

und that people in Malay is the second
dest civilization in the word reachead
0,000 years after the African has the most ARE CITIZENTS OF OTHER COUNTRIES
ncient old man around the age of 150,000 LIVING IN MALAYSIA BY FOUR
CATEGORIES WHICH IS:

ears.
1. FAMILY CLASS(CLOSELY RELATED

hat proves that tha Mlay community in PERSON IF MALAYSIAN RESIDENTS
LIVING IN MALAYSIA)

alay nature has existed for centuries and 2. ECONOMIC IMMIGARTION (SKILLED
is means
they are the original inhabitants WOKERS AND BUSSINESS PEOPLE)

3. PEOPLE WHO ACCEPTED AS

g 'Malay' IMMIGRATIONS FOR
HUMANITARIAN OR

COMPASSIONATE RESPONA

4. REFUGEES(PEOPLE WHO ARE

ESCAPING PERSECUTION,TORTURE

PULAU PINANG:ENFORCE A BAN OR CRUEL AND UNUSUAL
PUNISIHMENT)

ON U
SING
FOREIGN WORKERS AS
COOKS IN THE FOOD STALL
BUSINESS TO PROTECT FOOD
HERITAGE.

In this regard, young people
and teenagers sholud take
the opportunity to ventures
into the field of local food
cuisine with standards that
are available with priginal
taste in oder to preservel the
heritage ,afterward.

The Creation of 'Malay'
Ethnicity

Great diversity in SE Asia
Malay-language of religional
trade
With coming of
portuguese,Dducth and British-
census and classification of
group via background (region of
origin,religion and ethnicicty)

1850-1920: Lager scale in-
imgration
esp.Chinese,india,java and
Sumatra.
Need for census data for
trade/inverstment purpose.

Malaysia a country of
immigratants
need to appreciate
our diverse origions

TOPIC 9 An 1957, Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli was formed
and M$1,500,000 was allocated under the Second Five-
ORANG year plan, for projects intended to benefit the OA. In
ASLI 1961, the newly independent government published a
"Statement of policy regarding the administration of
The Orang Asli community is rich in customs and culture aborigine people of the Federation of Malaya". This
because of their living environment which is still close to document reaffirms the new government's intention to
nature even already. Their customs and beliefs have a continue to protect and recognize Orang Asli rights.
close relationship with the supernatural beings in this
universe. While celebrating the great days of their The Orang Asli were the main interest of the British
community, the practice of curing diseases remains administration. The government resettled 500,000
traditionally made involving curse spells accompanied Chinese "squatters" under the provisions of the Briggs
by certain dances. Singing and dancing are used as Plan. Major P. D. R. Williams-Hunt was appointed in
intermediaries to cure diseases, drive away ghosts and 1950 as the first Federal Adviser on Aborigines.
control the safety of the village from disturbing other Thousands of Orang Asli resettled into hastily prepared
creatures. The Orang Asli community, especially women, camps surrounded by barbed wire to prevent their
are skilled in producing handicrafts. They make good escape. In 1951 it was reported that the death rate in
use of all the raw materials available in the surrounding one large camp reached the figure of 204 per thousand.
area, and they are even creative in recycling waste After centuries of relative isolation, they experienced
materials. Among the interesting ones are bun sticks and considerable and often brutal contact with warring
combs made of bamboo, mats and baskets of leaves factions of outsiders.
nodded.
BEFORE WW2, the Senoi and the Negrito (jungle-
dwelling) were more isolated from the outside world
before WW2 than the Semai and Negrito, who lived in
the jungle. The Orang Asli played an important role in
trade and governance in the region, and alliances with
the Orang Asli were much sought after by Malay settlers.
Many Proto-Malays have been assimilated into the
Malay communities – many have converted to Islam. The
Orang Asli played an important role in the formation of
the Melaka empire in the 15th century Hang Tuah was
of Orang Laut background, native to Melaka. Si Puntum
- the person who struck the fatal lance into the British
Resident James Birch in 1875 – was the Orang Asli
henchman of the Maharaja Lela, Dato Sagor (Nicholas,
2012) – and had been captured and enslaved. There
were no social, religious or legal obstacles to discourage
Malays wishing to enslave members of the jungle
communities. Children were regarded as particularly
desirable by slave hunters, as adults were considered too
old to train properly and adult slaves were considered
infidels.
Many individuals and organizations took refuge in the
hills and forests of Orang Asli during the Japanese
Occupation, including members of armed political
organizations and bandit gangs. Friendly contacts
made by many Chinese with the Orang Asli before the
war became invaluable during the Occupation. It is
estimated that out of a population of 50,000, up to
30,000 aided the communist guerrillas during the
Emergency period

TOPIC 10 MALAYSIANS
WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

Early Emancipation / Colonial Period

"Emancipation" for women or the Malay equivalent "kebebasan" is meant generally as an

increased sensitivity to the everyday constraints imposed upon women by a patriarchal

society. The patriarchal society has come to mean the general mainstream culture that is

male-dominated in which women have to operate under constraints disguised as cultural

and religious.! Emancipation is also based on the recognition that women have suffered

oppression or forms of subordination because of their sex as well as an advocacy to

overcome them to achieve better lives.
To avoid the term's obsolescence, it's best to start

charting the history of feminism in Malaysia with

the first documented use and political promotion

of 'women's liberation' in the early 20th century.

Syed Syeikh Al-Hadi and Zainal Abidin Ahmad,

commonly known as Za'aba, Malay Muslim male

reformers and authors, used women's liberation

or emancipation as a political and social objective

for the first time in 1920s Malaya. The Malay

Muslim modernists, or kaum muda, emphasised

the importance of Islamic learning as a way of

educating Malay women with the abilities to fulfil

their primary duty as instructors of their children,

despite advocating for women's independence via

education.

Nationalist & Labour Awakenings

In comparison to other races in Malaysia, Malay women's progress toward development

was gradual in the early 1900s, due to opposition from their families and society. They

still held the traditional view that women were only allowed as male servants who

faithfully carried out the orders of the family's chief. As a result, some parents believed

that the girls only needed to stay at home and learn a bit about housekeeping so that

they might ultimately become housewives like their moms in the past, who were capable

of educating and caring for their families despite their lack of formal education. They

were only provided minimal schooling and a rudimentary understanding of the Malay

language. This was due to Malay traditions, which forbade its young ladies from going

out freely.

Violence Against Women Agenda
Violence against women in home and the society is a serious obstacle civilIzation growth.
Malaysia's national policies attempt to address this society problem in order to advance
women's status because women are considered a several effort to defend the rights of
women and girls as well as to assure their safety and security.

TOPIC 11

POLITICS OF THE LEFT/ LABOUR
MOVEMENT

What is Politics Of The Left

The political term “right and left wing”
began after the French Revolution -
referred to the seating arrangement in
the Estates General - Left for opposing
the monarchy and right for supporting
the monarchy.

The term Left was later applied to a number of movements, especially
republicanism in France during the 18th century, followed by socialism, including
anarchism, communism, the labour movement, Marxism, social democracy
and syndicalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, the term left-wing
has been applied to a broad range of movements, including the civil rights
movement, feminist movement, LGBT rights movement, abortion-rights
movements, multiculturalism, antiwar movement and environmental
movement as well as a wide range of political parties.

Malay politics before the coming of Western Colonialism was based on a
system of ‘absolute monarchy’. Only the Sultan/Raja’s family and the pembesar
(aristocrats) had political power. Ordinary people had to obey the rulers’
orders. No opposition against the Sultan/Pembesar. Based on the concept of
‘Daulat’ - people (rakyat) should show their loyalty and support to the Sultan.
But Sultan/Raja could be defined and overthrown if he humiliated the people
‘Raja adil, raja disembah, raja zalim, raja disanggah’.

PN

Labour Movement

The trade union movement (trade unionism) consists of the collective
organisation of working people developed to represent and campaign for
better working conditions and treatment from their employers and, by the
implementation of labour and employment laws, from their governments.
The standard unit of organisation is the trade union.

The political labour movement in
many countries includes a political
party that represents the interests of
employees, often known as a "labour
party" or "workers' party". Many
individuals and political groups
otherwise considered to represent
ruling classes may be part of, and
active in, the labour movement.




The labour movement developed in response to the depredations of industrial
capitalism at about the same time as socialism. However, while the goal of the
labour movement is to protect and strengthen the interests of labour within
capitalism, the goal of socialism is to replace the capitalist system entirely.

Secret societies have long been a world
phenomena not a new phenomena but
there is a history. Like Yakuza, Black
Dragon Society(Japan),The Ku Klux
Klan(US), Poro (Afrika), Mafia(Italy) and
Freemasaons
the oldest ia Thugee( around 13th centruy,
White Lotus(14 century), and the Dragon
Court( around 1403)

TOPIC 12 WHO INVOLVED?

Secret Exclusive to certain people and
have their own code of communication

Societieseither writing or verbal communication
And hieracky and leader with titles such
as Dan,Capo,Ayahanda,Grand Master,

Dragron Master etc.

HOW ABOUT
MALAYA/MALAYSIA?

Two prominet Chinese Kongsi
mentioned it is Hai San and Ghee
Hin. Both them fight each other for
controlling the tin mine in Perak and
Selangor.

THE KONGSI IN SARAWAK

The Kongsi formed the basis of the
miners political and social organization.
it was an instrument of self-government
and looked after its members' economic
and social needs.

INTERNATIONAL SECRET SOCIETY
The coming of British brought not only
capitalism but also their culture to malaya.
Freemason had been formed in Penang with
opened Lodge Neptune in 1806.

HOW ABOUT TODAY?

Thought effort has been done to suppress the
secret society in Malaysia but their still exisiting in
secretive form.Among these group is Geng 04,Geng
08, Double 7,Tiga Line,Sio Sam Ong and others.
Today the kongsi not confine to one race only.Like
the Chinese controlled most of the kongsi such as
Geng 24, Geng 18, Geng 36 ,geng 21,Ang Soon
Thong,Wah Kee and Sio Sam Ong.
Malay involed in Tiga Line,Geng 007 and Geng 30.
India mostly involed in Geng 04,Geng 21, Geng 08
and Geng Satu Hari
their activies mostly in drug
trafficking,kidnapping,murder,extortion,racketeering
and loanshaking at its height.

Secret society is other option to
protect people and certain
interests.Some people want to
protecttheir uniqueness in term of
culture, safety and activities

01 In 1930, the Simple Malay Union established a student movement in Malaysia to oppose
British colonialism and want independence. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and Universiti
Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) is a development that helps strengthen and increase the
influence of the student movement. The Year of Transition 1967 was considered a year of
transition to the student movement when students began to raise important issues
related to the lives of the people. In the historic landless squatter struggle of Teluk Gong,
two University of Malaya Student Unions

03 In 1967, some of the body’s students were led by 02 The year 1967 is considered a year of
progressive individuals such as Syed Hamid Ali, transition because it raises important
who became the Secretary General of UMSU, issues related to the lives of the people.
and Sanusi Osman, who became the President In fighting for landless squatters in the
of PBMUM who was a member of the Socialist historic Teluk Gong, two University of
Club. UM Perjuangan Teluk Gong students listen Malaya Student Unions (UMSU) and the
to Sharifah Mahani Syed Hamzah talk about the University of Malaya Language
oppression of farmers in Teluk Gong. Association (PBMUM) are directly
involved. In 1967, the symposium saw
TOPIC the establishment of the University of
13 Malaya Socialist Club, the only political
club in the University that represented a
THE STUDENT new era of movement and the influence
MOVEMENT IN on the Malay student movement was
not small. The student movement is still
MALAYSIA concentrated at the University of
Malaya. Various student bodies are
found at the University of Malaya, one of
the largest is UMSU.

GROUP MEMBERS

1.Faustina Anak Hugh
(79420)

2. Angelia Ak Dancan
(78819)

3.Preitty Ria Binti Layar
(80977)

4.Evelynna Anak Harry
(81752)

5. Angeline Laing Obang
(78829) K

6.Olevia Lavenia Anak
Abilda (80918)