Chemistry Terminologies SK025 & DK024_Chemistry Unit, KMNS

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

CHEMISTRY
TERMINOLOGIES

SK 025 & DK 024

Editors :
Cik Gan Fie Chuen
En. Ahmad Nasir Mohd. Daud
Cik Tan Zhi Shan
Pn. Ummi Kalthum Mansor

Chemistry Unit, KMNS

0

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

PREFACE

One of the frustrating things that students often find about Chemistry is that there are too many
terms that need to be understood prior to the mastery of its various concepts and applications.
Without some help, all these terms will remain as random and confusing words. Therefore, lecturers
of Chemistry Unit, KMNS has made an effort to design this Chemistry Terminology Book which consists
of extensive lists of Physical and Organic Chemistry terms and explanations arranged topically
according to the Curriculum Specification of SK 025 & DK 024. It is hoped that this book will
enlighten the KMNS students on the related Chemistry terminologies.

What is Physical Chemistry?

Physical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry that deals with the physical structure of chemical
compounds, the way they react with other matter and the bonds that hold their atoms together.

What is Organic Chemistry?

The study of carbon compounds and their reactions is called Organic Chemistry. Organic compounds
are commonly in food, drugs, petroleum products, and pesticides. Organic Chemistry is also the basis
for living organisms. Life has evolved based on carbon compounds, making Organic Chemistry of
utmost importance in understanding living organisms.

Caffeine N CH3
(Stimulant found in coffee and tea) CO2CH3

OCO

Cocaine
(A drug/painkiller)

Penicillin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane / DDT
(An antibiotic) (A pesticide)

1

TERMS Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH MALAY
MEANING
ACTIVATED COMPLEX / KOMPLEKS DIAKTIFKAN /
An intermediate species which is temporarily formed
TRANSITION STATE KEADAAN PERALIHAN by the reactant molecule as the result of the collision
before they form the final product. It is highly unstable
ACTIVATION ENERGY TENAGA PENGAKTIFAN (Ea) and it has potential energy that is greater than
reactants and products.
CATALYST MANGKIN The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical
reaction.
DECOMPOSITION/DISS TINDAKBALAS PENGURAIAN
OCIATION REACTION A chemical substance that increases the rate of
reaction by providing an alternative pathway with
EFFECIVE COLLISION PELANGGARAN BERKESAN lower activation energy for the reaction.
A reaction in which a compound
decomposes/dissociates into simpler products; the
reverse of a synthesis reaction.

Collision between particles that leads to a reaction.

INITIAL RATE KADAR AWAL The rate of a reaction at the start of the reaction (at
HALF-LIFE SEPARUH HAYAT time zero).
Time required for the concentration of a reactant to
decrease to half of its initial concentration.

KINETIC ENERGY TENAGA KINETIK The energy a body possesses due to its motion. If a
body is moving with speed v, the magnitude of its
ORDER OF REACTION TERTIB TINDAKBALAS kinetic energy is ½ mv2, where m is the mass of the
body.
RATE CONSTANT, k PEMALAR KADAR, k The power to which the concentration of a reactant is
raised in the rate law.

The proportionality constant that appears in a rate law.

RATE LAW HUKUM KADAR An equation of the form
Rate = k[A]x[B]y that relates the rate of a reaction to the
RATE OF REACTION KADAR TINDAKBALAS concentration of the reactants raised to some powers .

The change in the concentration of one of the
components with time.

TRANSITION STATE TEORI KEADAAN PERALIHAN A theory that asserts the rate of a reaction varies
THEORY exponentially with the energy required to reach the
transition state.

2

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

Archaeologists, geologist, anthropologists, and other scientists take advantage of the presence of natural
radioactivity in our environment to estimate the ages of fossils and artifacts through a technique called Radiocarbon
Dating or Carbon-14 Dating.

How Carbon-14 Dating Works?

3

Chapter 2 : Thermochemistry Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH TERMS
CALORIMETER MALAY MEANING

KALORIMETER Apparatus used in laboratory measurement of enthalpy
changes.
CALORIMETRY KALORIMETRI The experimental procedure used to measure the heat
ELECTRON AFFINITY AFINITI ELEKTRON evolved in a chemical reaction.
Heat change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms gains 1
ENDOTHERMIC TINDAK BALAS mole of electrons to form 1 mole of gaseous ions.
REACTIONS ENDOTERMIK
ENTHALPY (H) Chemicals reactions in which heat is absorbed from the
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS ENTALPI (H) surrounding by the system.

HEAT TINDAK BALAS Heat content of a substance at constant pressure.
EKSOTERMIK
HABA Chemical reactions that release heat to the
surrounding.
HEAT CAPACITY MUATAN HABA Energy transferred as a result of a temperature
difference.
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of a given quantity of a substance by 1 oC or 1 K.

HEAT OF REACTION HABA TINDAK BALAS The energy difference between reactants and products.

HESS’S LAW HUKUM HESS When reactants are converted to products, the
enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes
INSULATOR PENEBAT HABA place in one step or in a series of steps.
IONIC SOLID PEPEJAL IONIK
A substance that does not conduct electricity.
IONISATION ENERGY TENAGA PENGIONAN
A crystalline solid composed of a regular array of
LATTICE ENERGY TENAGA KEKISI positive and negative ions.
Energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY / MUATAN HABA TENTU mole of gaseous atoms or gaseous ions.
SPECIFIC HEAT
Heat released when 1 mole of a solid ionic compound is
STANDARD CONDITIONS KEADAAN PIAWAI formed from its gaseous ions.

STANDARD ENTHALPY HABA TINDAK BALAS The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
PIAWAI (∆Ho) of 1 g of a substance by 1 oC or 1 K.
CHANGE / STANDARD
ENTHALPY (∆Ho) The conditions of :
Pressure = 1 atm
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF ENTALPI PENGATOMAN Temperature = 298 K or 25oC
Concentration of aqueous solution = 1 M
ATOMISATION PIAWAI
Heat released or absorbed when stoichiometrically
equivalent amounts of reactants as shown in the
stoichiometric equation reacting under the standard
conditions.
Heat absorbed when 1 mole of gaseous atoms is
formed from the element under standard conditions
(1 atm and 298 K).

4

STANDARD ENTHALPY OF ENTALPI PEMBAKARAN Chemistry Terminologies
COMBUSTION PIAWAI Chemistry Unit KMNS

STANDARD ENTHALPY OF ENTALPI PEMBENTUKAN Heat released when 1 mole of substance is burnt
FORMATION PIAWAI completely in oxygen under standard conditions
(1 atm and 298 K).
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF ENTALPI PENGHIDRATAN Heat change when 1 mole of a compound is formed
HYDRATION PIAWAI from its elements in their stable states under standard
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF condition (1 atm and 298 K).
NEUTRALISATION
Heat released when 1 mole of gaseous ion is hydrated
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF in water under standard conditions (1 atm and 298 K).
SOLUTION
ENTALPI PENEUTRALAN Heat released when 1 mole of water, H2O is formed
SURROUNDING PIAWAI from the neutralisation of acid and base under standard
conditions (1 atm and 298 K).
SYSTEM
ENTALPI PEMELARUTAN Heat change when 1 mole of substance completely
THERMOCHEMICAL PIAWAI dissolves in water to form a very dilute solution under
EQUATION standard conditions (1 atm and 298 K).
THERMOCHEMISTRY
PERSEKITARAN Everything in the universe which exist outside the
system under investigation.

SISTEM The specific part of the universe that is of interest in the
study.

PERSAMAAN A balanced chemical equation with the corresponding
TERMOKIMIA enthalpy change, H.

TERMOKIMIA The study of the relationship between chemistry and
energy.

Real Life Application of Thermochemistry

The knowledge of thermochemistry is applied in the manufacture of hot/cold packs. Many instant hot and cold packs
function by dissolving a salt into water. As the salt dissociates, heat is either released in an exothermic reaction or
absorbed in an endothermic reaction. Commercial instant cold packs typically use either ammonium nitrate or urea
as their salt component; hot packs often use magnesium sulphate or calcium chloride.

5

Chapter 3 : Electrochemistry Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH TERMS MALAY
ANODE ANOD MEANING

CATHODE KATOD The electrode at which oxidation occurs; electrons flow
from the anode.
ELECTROCHEMCIAL CELL SEL ELEKTROKIMIA The electrode at which reduction occurs: electrons flow
to the cathode.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY ELECTROKIMIA A galvanic (voltaic) cell or an electrolytic cell which
ELECTRODE ELEKTROD contains electrodes where the oxidation and reduction
ELECTRODE POTENTIAL KEUPAYAAN ELECTRODE reactions occur. Spontaneous reactions occur in
ELECTROLYSIS ELEKTROLISIS galvanic cells; nonspontaneous reactions occur in
electrolytic cells.
The study of the relationships between electricity and
chemical reactions.

A conducting surface on which electrons enter or leave
electrochemical cell.

The potential difference produced between an
electrode and the solution in a half-cell.
The process in which electrical energy is used to
produce non-spontaneous redox reactions.

ELECTROLYTE ELEKTROLIT A substance that dissolves in water to form solution
that conducts electricity.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL SEL ELEKTROLITIK An apparatus in which electrolysis occurs to produce
FARADAY CONSTANT (F) non-spontaneous redox reactions.
FARADAY’S FIRST LAW PEMALAR FARADAY (F)
HUKUM FARADAY The charge on one mole of electrons.
GALVANIC CELL PERTAMA F = 96500 C mol-1
HALF-CELL SEL GALVANIK The mass of a substance formed during electrolysis is
HALF-EQUATION directly proportional to the quantity of electricity
HALF-REACTION SEL SETENGAH supplied.
INERT ELECTRODE A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells which are joined
OXIDATION PERSAMAAN SETENGAH by an external electric circuit and a salt bridge.

TINDAK BALAS One half of a galvanic cell where either oxidation or
SETENGAH reduction reactions occurs.
ELEKTROD LENGAI An equation for either an oxidation or a reduction
reaction that explicitly shows the electrons involved.
PENGOKSIDAAN An oxidation or a reduction reaction.

Electrode such as carbon (graphite) or platinum that
does not take part in the redox reaction.

The process in which a substance loses electrons and
the oxidation number of certain element in the
substance increases.

OXIDISING AGENT AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN A substance that is reduced but oxidises other species.
REDOX REACTION
TINDAK BALAS REDOKS A reaction that involves both oxidation and reduction
REDUCING AGENT AGEN PENURUNAN reactions.
REDUCING POWER / A substance that is oxidised but reduces other species.
STRENGTH
KUASA PENURUNAN The relative power of a substance to be oxidised (to
lose electrons).
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REDUCTION PENURUNAN Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

The process in which a substance gains electrons and
the oxidation number of certain element in the
substance decreases.

SALT BRIDGE TITIAN / JAMBATAN An electrical connection made between two half-cells.
GARAM It usually consists of a glass U-tube filled with a solution
SPONTANEOUS REACTION of salt that takes no part in the electrode reactions.
STANDARD CELL TINDAK BALAS SPONTAN
POTENTIAL (Eocell) A reaction that occurs without any external
STANDARD ELECTRODE KEUPAYAAN CELL intervention.
POTENTIAL (Eo) PIAWAI (Eocell)
The potential difference between the anode and the
STANDARD HYDROGEN KEUPAYAAN ELEKTROD cathode that causes the electrons to flow through the
ELECTRODE (SHE) PIAWAI (Eo) circuit.
STANDARD REDUCTION The potential difference produced when a half-cell of
POTENTIAL ELEKTROD HYDROGEN an element is connected to a standard hydrogen
PIAWAI electrode (SHE) and measured under standard
conditions (a temperature of 25 oC, ion concentration of
KEUPAYAAN 1 M and partial pressure of gas of 1 atm).
PENURUNAN PIAWAI
A platinum electrode immersed in a solution of 1.00 M
H+ ions with hydrogen gas at 1 atm bubbling through
the solution.
The potential generated by a reduction half-reaction at
an electrode measured relative to the standard
hydrogen electrode under standard conditions (a
temperature of 25 oC, ion concentration of 1 M and
partial pressure of gas of 1 atm).

Application of Electrolysis in Electroplating
Electroplating is a method that is used to coat a thin layer of metal with non-rusting properties on object like iron to
prevent it from rusting.
The anode is the electroplating metal while the cathode is the object to be electroplated.
A solution containing ions of the plating metal is used as the electrolyte.
The diagram below illustrates the electroplating process of iron spoon with silver.

During electrolysis, the silver ion in the electrolyte is
reduced and the silver metal is coated onto the surface
of the iron spoon.

Anode : Ag (s)  Ag+ (aq) + e-

Cathode : Ag+ (aq) + e-  Ag (s)

7

Chapter 4 : Introduction to Organic Chemistry Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS
MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
A reaction in which atoms or groups of atoms add to
ADDITION REACTION TINDAK BALAS adjacent atoms of double or triple bond.
A group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an
PENAMBAHAN alkane.
Species with a negative charge on a carbon atom.
ALKYL GROUP (R) KUMPULAN ALKIL
CARBANION (R) Species with a positive charge on a carbon atom.

KARBANION Different compounds having the same molecular formula
but different carbon skeleton.
CARBOCATION KARBOCATION
Characteristic properties of a substance that relate to its
CHAIN ISOMERS ISOMER RANTAI participation in chemical reactions.
A molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES SIFAT KIMIA An sp3- hybridised carbon atom which is bonded to four
different groups of atoms.
CHIRAL MOLECULE MOLEKUL KIRAL An isomer of a cyclic compound or alkene that has two
CHIRALITY CENTRE / PUSAT KIRAL / groups on the same side of the ring or double bond.
CHIRAL CARBON CARBON KIRAL
CIS ISOMER ISOMER CIS This isomerism occurs only in alkenes and cyclic compounds
due to the restricted rotation around a carbon-carbon
CIS-TRANS ISOMERS CIS-TRANS ISOMER double bond in alkenes or a carbon-carbon single bond in
the cyclic compound.
CONDENSED FORMULA FORMULA PADAT
A type of structural formula. Each of the central atoms is
CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMER STRUKTUR shown together with the atoms that are bonded to it
ISOMERS / without displaying all the individual bonds (C-H and C-C
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS SEBATIAN SIKLIK single bonds), except the double or triple bonds.
CYCLIC COMPOUND DIASTEREOMER Different compounds having the same molecular formula
ELEKTROFIL but differ in the way the atoms are connected to each other.
DIASTEREOMERS
ELECTROPHILE A compound that contains carbons joined in one or more
rings.
ELIMINATION REACTION TINDAK BALAS
ENANTIOMERS PENYINGKIRAN Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

ENANTIOMER An electron-deficient or electron-poor species that can
accept a pair of electrons from an electron-rich species,
EXPANDED FORMULA FORMULA forming a covalent bond.
KEMBANG A reaction in which two atoms or groups are eliminated
FREE RADICAL from adjacent carbon atoms of a molecule to form a -bond.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP RADIKAL BEBAS A pair of stereoisomers that are mirror images but not
superimposable on each other.
KUMPULAN
BERFUNGSI A structural formula that shows all bonds and atoms in a
molecule.

Species with a single unpaired electron on an atom.

An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which
characterized the molecule and enables the molecule to
react in specific ways.

8

FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMER KUMPULAN Chemistry Terminologies
ISOMERS BEFUNGSI Chemistry Unit KMNS
HETEROLYTIC CLEAVAGE
PEMBELAHAN Different molecules having the same molecular formula but
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES HETEROLITIK different functional groups.

SIRI HOMOLOG The breaking of a covalent bond by unequally dividing the
electrons between two atoms in a bond.

A group of compounds that differ by only a -CH2 group in
the chain.

HOMOLYIC CLEAVAGE / PEMBELAHAN The breaking of a covalent bond by equally dividing the
HOMOLYSIS HOMOLITIK electrons between two atoms in a bond.
INDUCTIVE EFFECT KESAN INDUKTIF The effect of a group or atom of a compound in pulling
electrons through  bonds towards itself or in pushing them
ISOMERISM KEISOMERAN away.
ISOMERS ISOMER
MIRROR IMAGE IMEJ CERMIN Existence of different compounds with the same molecular
MOLECULAR FORMULA FORMULA MOLEKUL formula.
Different compounds that have the same molecular
NUCEOPHILE NUKLEOFIL formula.
The reflection of an object in a mirror.
OPTICALLY ACTIVE AKTIF SECARA OPTIK
A chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms
of each element in a molecule.

An electron-rich species that donates a pair of electrons to
an electron-deficient species, forming a covalent bond.

Able to rotate the plane-polarised light as it passes through
a solution of a compound.

OPTICALLY INACTIVE TAK AKTIF SECARA Not able to rotate the plane-polarised light.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OPTIK
SIFAT FIZIK Properties of a substance that can be observed and
measured without the substance changing into other
PLANED-POLARISED LIGHT CAHAYA TERKUTUB substances.
SATAH Light with an electric vector that oscillates in a single plane;
obtained by passing ordinary light through a polariser.

POSITIONAL ISOMERS ISOMER Different molecules having the same molecular formula,
KEDUDUKAN same carbon skeleton, same functional group, but differ in
the position of the functional group.

PRIMARY CARBON KARBON PRIMER A carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon
PRIMARY HYDOGEN HIDROGEN PRIMER atom.

A hydrogen atom that is bonded to primary carbon.

QUATERNARY CARBON KARBON A carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon
REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE KUARTENARI atoms.
BAHAN
REAGENT PERANTARAAN A carbocation, free radical or carbanion formed as
REAKTIF intermediate when a starting material is converted to a
product in a chemical reaction.
REAGEN
The chemical substance with which an organic compound
reacts.

REARRANGEMENT PENYUSUNAN A chemical reaction in which an atom, a group of atom or a
SEMULA bond migrates from one atom to another within a molecule.

SECONDARY CARBON KARBON SEKUNDER A carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

9

SECONDARY HYDROGEN HIDROGEN Chemistry Terminologies
SKELETAL FORMULA SEKUNDER Chemistry Unit KMNS
FORMULA RANGKA
STEREOISOMERS A hydrogen atom that is bonded to secondary carbon.
STEREOISOMER
A structural formula that shows only the carbon skeleton,
whereby there is a carbon at each intersection of two lines
(bonds) and at end of each line. All atoms other than C
and H are shown.

Different compounds that have the same molecular formula
and same structural formula but differ in the arrangement
of atoms in space.

STEREOISOMERISM KESTEREOISOMERAN Existence of different compounds having same molecular
formula and same structural formula but differ in the
arrangement of atoms in space.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA FORMULA A chemical formula that shows how the atoms in a molecule
STRUKTUR are bonded to each other.

SUBSTITUTION REACTION TINDAK BALAS A chemical reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is
PENGGANTIAN replaced by another atom or groups of atoms.

TERTIARY CARBON KARBON TERTIER A carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon
atoms.

TERTIARY HYDROGEN HIDROGEN TERTIER A hydrogen atom that is bonded to tertiary carbon.

TRANS ISOMER ISOMER TRANS An isomer of a cyclic ring or double bond that has two
groups on the opposite sides of the ring or double bond.

Application of Enantiomers in Medicine

O O O
H NH H
ON
N NH
OO
OO
S-thalidomide R-thalidomide

enantiomers

Thalidomide was introduced in 1957 as a drug to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. In the following
years, however, 10,000 infants were born with phocomelia, or limb malformations.

It was then found that thalidomide exists in two mirror-image forms; S-thalidomide and R-thalidomide. These
enantiomers of thalidomide have different effects altogether. While S-thalidomide has sedative effects,
R-thalidomide is a teratogen, which was causing the phocomelia in the newborns of the women.

The thalidomide disaster has caused many countries to tighten their drug-approval regulations.
10

Chapter 5 : Hydrocarbons Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH TERMS
1,2 – HYDRIDE SHIFT MALAY MEANING

1,2 – ANJAKAN HIDROGEN A rearrangement of a less stable carbocation to a
more stable carbocation by the shift of a hydrogen
1,2 - METHYL SHIFT 1,2 – ANJAKAN METIL atom from one carbon atom to an adjacent carbon
atom.
ALIPHATIC HIDROKARBON ALIFATIK A rearrangement of a less stable carbocation to a
HYDROCARBON KUMPULAN ALIL more stable carbocation by the shift of a methyl
ALLYL GROUP HIDROKARBON AROMATIK group from one carbon atom to an adjacent carbon
atom.
AROMATIC KUMPULAN ARYL An alkane, alkene or alkyne or their derivatives.
HYDROCARBON NAMA UMUM
A substituent having the structure :
ARYL GROUP CH2 CH CH2

COMMON NAME A hydrocarbon that contains a benzene ring in its
molecule or has chemical properties similar to
benzene.
A substituent formed by removing one hydrogen
atom from an aromatic ring.
The name of a molecule that was adopted prior to
the IUPAC system of nomenclature.

CYCLOALKANES / SIKLOALKANA Saturated hydrocarbons containing one or more
CYCLIC ALKANES rings.

DEHYDRATION PENGDEHIDRATAN An elimination reaction that results in the loss of H2O
from a molecule.

DEHYDROHALOGENATION PENGDEHIDROHALOGENAN An elimination reaction that results in the loss of the
hydrogen and halogen from adjacent carbons in
haloalkane molecule.

DIENE DIENE A hydrocarbon that contains two carbon-carbon
double bonds.
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION PENAMBAHAN An addition reaction in which the first step of the
ELEKTROFILIK mechanism involves addition of the electrophilic end
of the reagent to a carbon-carbon double bond.

FREE RADICAL PENUKARGANTIAN A substitution reaction that involves free radicals as
SUBSTITUTION RADIKAL BEBAS the reactive intermediate.

HALOGENATION PENGHALOGENAN The reaction of an organic compound with a halogen.

HYDRATION PENGHIDRATAN Addition of the H2O to a molecule.
HYDROCARBON HIDROKARBON
A compound that is composed of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.

HYDROHALOGENATION PENGHIDROHALOGENAN An electrophilic addition of hydrogen halide (HX) to
INITIATION STEP LANGKAH PEMULAAN an alkene.

The initial step in a free radical substitution reaction
in which two radicals are formed by the homolytic
cleavage of a -bond.

11

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE SISTEM PENAMAAN IUPAC Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
MONOHALOGENATION MONO-PENGHALOGENAN
OPEN CHAIN ALKANES ALKANA BERANTAI A systematic method of naming compounds
TERBUKA developed by International Union of Pure and
OZONOLYSIS OZONOLISIS Applied Chemistry.
A halogenation reaction that involves the
PARENT CHAIN RANTAI INDUK substitution of a H atom by X (halogen).
PEROXIDE PEROXIDA Alkanes that contain only straight chain and
branched-chains of carbon atoms. Also known as
PROPAGATION STEP LANGKAH acyclic alkanes.
PENGEMBANGAN An oxidative cleavage reaction in which a double
REACTION MECHANISM MEKANISME TINDAK bond reacts with ozone (O3) followed by Zn, H2O or
BALAS (CH3)2S.
SATURATED HIDROKARBON TEPU
HYDROCARBON KUMPULAN The longest continuous carbon chain in an organic
SUBSTITUENT PENUKARGANTI molecule.
TERMINATION STEP LANGKAH PENAMAT
A reactive organic compound with the general
UNSATURATED HIDROKARBON TAK TEPU structure RO-OR, used to initiate the homolytic
HYDROCARBON UJIAN KETAKTEPUAN cleavage of O–O bond.
UNSATURATION TEST
The middle part of a free radical substitution reaction
in which a radical reacts with another reactant to
form a new -bond and another radical.

A detailed description using curve arrows to show
how bonds are broken and formed when a reactant
is converted to a product.

A hydrocarbon that contains only C-C and C-H single
bonds.

A group of atoms or branch attached to the longest
continuous chain of carbons in an organic molecule.
The final step of a free radical substitution reaction
where two radicals combine to form a stable bond.
Removing radicals from the reaction mixture without
generating any new free radicals stops the reaction.

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-
carbon double or triple bonds.

A chemical test used to identify the presence of a
carbon-carbon double bond in a molecule.

12

Chapter 6 : Benzene and its Derivatives Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS
MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
A planar unsaturated cyclic compound that has p
AROMATIC COMPOUND SEBATIAN AROMATIK orbitals on all ring atoms and a total of 4n + 2
electrons in the orbitals.
AROMATICITY SYSTEM AROMATIK Special stability associated with the  system of
aromatic compounds.
DERIVATIVES TERBITAN
A compound that is derived from a similar
DISUBSTITUTED BENZENE BENZENE DWI- compound by some chemical or physical process.
TERTUKARGANTI
ELECTROPHILIC PENUKARGANTIAN Benzene with two substituents.
AROMATIC ELEKTROFILIK AROMATIK
SUBSTITUTION An organic reaction in which an atom that is
FRIEDEL-CRAFTS PENGASILAN FRIEDEL- attached to a benzene ring (usually hydrogen) is
ALCYLATION CRAFTS replaced by an electrophile.
An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in
FRIEDEL-CRAFTS PENGALKILAN FRIEDEL- which benzene reacts with an acid chloride in a
ALKYLATION CRAFTS presence of a Lewis acid to give a ketone.
An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in
MONOHALOGENATION MONO-PENGHALOGENAN which benzene reacts with an alkyl halide in a
presence of a Lewis acid to give an alkylbenzene.
MONOSUBSTITUTED BENZENE MONO-
BENZENE TERTUKARGANTI A halogenation reaction that involves the
PHENYL GROUP KUMPULAN FENIL substitution of a single H by X, where X is a
halogen.
Benzene with one substituent.

A group formed by removal of one hydrogen from
benzene, abbreviated as C6H5- or Ph- .

Types Of Hydrocarbons Uses
Alkane
(main component in  As fuel
petroleum)

Alkene  As starting material in making polymers such as plastic
Arenes bag (Polyethylene)

 As solvents for organic compounds
 Methylbenzene is used as a raw material for making

explosive, trinitrotoluene (TNT).

13

Chapter 7 : Haloalkanes (Alkyl Halides) Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

ENGLISH TERMS MEANING
ALCOHOLYSIS MALAY
A substitution chemical reaction which has
BIMOLECULAR ALKOHOLISIS an alcohol as a reactant that is incorporated into
NUCLEOPHILIC part of the product molecule.
SUBSTITUTION PENUKARGANTIAN
GRIGNARD REAGENT NUKLEOFILIK BIMOLEKUL A nucleophilic substitution mechanism that goes by
REAGEN GRIGNARD a one-step process, where both reactants are
HALOALKANES /ALKYL involved in the transition state.
HALIDES HALOALKANA /AKIL HALIDA
An organometallic reagent having the general
HYDROLYSIS HIDROLISIS structure R—Mg—X, formed by the reaction of
INVERSION OF SONGSANGAN magnesium with an alkyl or aryl halide.
CONFIGURATION KONFIGURASI
A group of chemical compounds that contain polar
LEAVING GROUP KUMPULAN PENINGGAL bond, derived from alkanes containing one or more
NUCLEOPHILIC PENUKARGANTIAN halogens where carbon bearing the halogen is
SUBSTITUTION NUKLEOFILIK susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
STERIC EFFECT KESAN STERIK
STERIC HINDRANCE HALANGAN STERIK The cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition
SUSCEPTIBLE MUDAH DISERANG of water.
PENUKARGANTIAN The spatial rearrangement of atoms or groups of
UNIMOLECULAR NUKLEOFILIK UNIMOLEKUL atoms in a chiral molecule, giving rise to a product
NUCLEOPHILIC with a molecular configuration that is a mirror image
SUBSTITUTION of that of the original molecule. The inversion results
when the nucleophile and leaving group are in the
opposite position relative to the three other groups
on chiral carbon.
The group that departs from the substrate, or being
replaced in a substitution reaction.
A reaction in which a nucleophile replaces the
leaving group in a molecule.
Energy effect that arises due to two atoms not being
able to occupy the same space.
A decrease in reactivity resulting from the presence
of bulky groups at the site of a reaction.
The atom or molecule is in the condition of being
easily affected or attacked for a reaction to occur.

A nucleophilic substitution mechanism that goes by
a two-step process involving a carbocation
intermediate.

14

Chapter 8 : Hydroxy Compounds Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH TERMS
ACIDITY MALAY MEANING

KEASIDAN A measure of the tendency of an acid to donate a
proton (H+). The more readily a compound donates
ALCOHOL ALKOHOL a proton, the stronger the acid @ The more stable
its conjugate base, the stronger the acid.
ALKOXIDE ION ION ALKOKSIDA
DIOL /GLYCOL DIOL An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl
ESTERIFICATION PENGESTERAN group (-OH group) bonded to a sp3-hybridized
carbon atom.
FERMENTATION PENAPAIAN The anion (conjugate base) formed by the loss of H+
from an alcohol. Alkoxide ion has the structure RO-.
HALOFORM REACTION TINDAK BALAS HALOFORM Alcohol containing two –OH groups.

HYDROPHILIC HIDROFILIK The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid to form an ester and water.
HYDROPHOBIC HIDROFOBIK
A chemical process in which microorganisms such as
HYDROXY COMPOUND SEBATIAN HIDROKSI yeast act on sugars to produce ethanol and carbon
IN-SITU IN-SITU dioxide.
IODOFORM TEST UJIAN IODOFORM The formation of CHX3 (X = Br, Cl or I) brought about
by cleavage of a methyl ketone on treatment with
Br2, Cl2 or I2 in aqueous base.
The polar portion of a molecule that interacts with
the polar water molecules.

The non-polar portion of a molecule that is not
attracted to the polar water molecules.

An organic compound having the hydroxyl (–OH)
group.
Occurring directly in a reaction mixture.
A test for the presence of methyl carbinol group,
indicated by the formation of the yellow precipitate,
CHI3 (known as triiodomethane or iodoform), via the
haloform reaction.

LUCAS REAGENT REAGEN LUCAS A mixture of concentrated HCl and ZnCl2 catalyst.

LUCAS TEST UJIAN LUCAS A chemical test using Lucas reagent to differentiate
between tertiary, secondary and primary alcohols
METHYL CARBINOL KUMPULAN METIL by the rate of reaction.
GROUP KARBINOL
A group of atoms with the following structure :

H

C OH

CH3

15

METHYL KETONE METIL KETON Chemistry Terminologies
PCC PCC Chemistry Unit KMNS

PHENOL FENOL A ketone with a methyl carbonyl group.
PHENOXIDE ION ION FENOKSIDA
Abbreviation for pyridinium chlorochromate
PRIMARY ALCOHOL ALKOHL PRIMER C5H5NH+ClCrO3-. When used in an anhydrous
medium, PCC oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes
RESONANCE EFFECT KESAN RESONANS and secondary alcohols to ketones.
SECONDARY ALCOHOL ALKOHOL SEKUNDER
An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl
TERTIARY ALCOHOL ALKOHOL TERTIER group (-OH group) bonded to a benzene ring.
TRIOL TRIOL
The anion formed by the loss of H+ from a phenol @
the conjugate base of phenol.
Phenoxide ion has the structure C6H5O-.
An alcohol having the general structure RCH2OH, in
which –OH group is bonded to a primary carbon.

An effect caused by the delocalisation of  electrons
in a molecule @ ion.
An alcohol having the general structure R2CHOH, in
which –OH group is bonded to a secondary carbon.

An alcohol having the general structure R3COH, in
which –OH group is bonded to a tertiary carbon.
Alcohol containing three –OH groups.

Alcohols Uses
Methanol  Used as solvent
 To prepare formalin
Ethanol  Used as an antiseptic

Glycerol  Used as a solvent in the preparation of medicine and
Phenol cosmetic

 Used in the preparation of cosmetic products like
hand lotions and creams

 As starting material to make nylon
 Used as active ingredients in antiseptics like Dettol

 Used in the manufacture of dye

16

Chapter 9 : Carbonyl Compounds Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

ENGLISH TERMS MEANING
ACETAL MALAY
An organic compound having two alkoxy groups
ACETAL bonded to the same carbon atom, derived by adding
2 molar equivalents of alcohol to an aldehyde.

OR'

R CH

ALDEHYDE ALDEHID OR''

CARBONYL GROUP KUMPULAN KARBONIL An organic compound containing a carbonyl group
CONDENSATION TINDAK BALAS KONDENSASI with a hydrogen atom bonded to the C=O carbon
REACTION atom.

A functional group containing a carbon-oxygen
bond, C=O.

A chemical reaction in which two molecules
combine to form a larger molecule with the
elimination of a smaller molecule such as water,
ammonia or hydrogen chloride.

CYANOHYDRIN SIANOHIDRIN An organic compound having a hydroxyl and a cyano
group on the same carbon. A cyanohydrin results
from the addition of HCN across the carbonyl of an
aldehyde or a ketone.

GEMINAL DIOL GEMINAL DIOL An organic compound having two hydroxyl groups
bonded to the same carbon atom.
Also called hydrates.

OH

C

OH

HEMIACETAL HEMIACETAL A compound that contains an alkoxy group and a
hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom,
derived by adding one molar equivalent of an
alcohol to an aldehyde.

OH

C

OR

HEMIKETAL HEMIKETAL A compound that contains an alkoxy group and a
hydroxyl group bonded to the same carbon atom,
derived by adding one molar equivalent of an
alcohol to a ketone.

OH

R C R'

OR''

IMINE COMPOUNDS IMINA Organic compounds containing a carbon-nitrogen
bond. (C=N).

17

KETAL KETAL Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

An organic compound having two alkoxy groups
bonded to the same carbon atom, derived by adding
2 molar equivalents of alcohol to a ketone.

OR'''

R C R'

OR''

KETONE KETON An organic compound containing a carbonyl group
with two alkyl groups bonded to the C=O carbon
atom.

METHY CARBONYL GROUP KUMPULAN METIL A group of atoms with the following structure :
KARBONIL O

C CH3

NITRILE NITRIL An organic compound having the general structure :
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION RC N

TINDAK BALAS Addition of a nucleophile to the electrophilic carbon

PENAMBAHAN NUKLEOFILIK of a carbonyl group followed by protonation of the

oxygen.

OXIME OXIME Organic compound containing the group,

REDUCTION PENURUNAN C N OH.
TOLLENS REAGENT REAGEN TOLLENS Formed by the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone
TOLLENS’ TEST UJIAN TOLLENS with hydroxylamine (NH2OH).

The addition of hydrogen to a molecule or the
removal of oxygen from it.

A reagent that oxidizes aldehyde, and consists of
silver (I) oxide in aqueous ammonium hydroxide.

A test for detecting an aldehyde in a molecule. A
positive Tollens’ test forms a silver mirror on the
walls of the reaction flask. This test is also known as
Silver Mirror Test.

Applications Of Carbonyl Compounds

 Methanal / formaldehyde is used as disinfectant and to preserve biological specimens.
 Propanone is used as solvent in nail polish remover and ‘drying agent’ for lab equipment.
 Benzaldehyde is used as food flavouring agent for its almond flavour.

18

Chapter 10 : Carboxylic Acid and its Derivatives Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS
MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
A compound having the general structure RCOCl.
ACYL CHLORIDE ASIL KLORIDA

AMIDES AMIDA A class of organic compound having the general
ANHYDRIDE ANHIDRIDA structure RCONR’.

CARBOXYLATE ION ION KARBOKSILAT An organic compound having two carbonyl groups
joined by a single oxygen atom.
CARBOXYLIC ACID ASID KARBOKSILIK
KESAN INDUKTIF PENOLAK OO
ELECTRON DONATING ELEKTRON
INDUCTIVE EFFECT KESAN ARUHAN PENARIK R1 C O C R2
ELECTRON ELEKTRON An anion having the general structure RCOO-
WITHDRAWING ESTER formed by deprotonating a carboxylic acid with a
INDUCTIVE EFFECT PENGESTERAN BrØnsted-Lowry base.
ESTER KESAN ARUHAN
ESTERIFICATION An acidic organic compound having the general
INDUCTIVE EFFECT structure RCOOH.

An inductive effect in which an electropositive
atom or polarisable group donates electron
density through σ-bonds to another atom.
An inductive effect in which a nearby
electronegative atom pulls electron density
towards itself through σ-bonds.

A class of organic compound having the general
structure RCOOR’ .

A reaction that converts a carboxylic acid or a
derivative of a carboxylic acid to an ester.

The pull of electron density through σ-bonds
caused by electronegativity differences of atoms.

Applications of Carboxylic Acids
 React with alcohols to form esters which are used to make perfumes.
 Home vinegar (Ethanoic acid)
 Food preservatives (Benzoic acid)

19

Chapter 11 : Amines Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS
MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
An ionic salt having the general structure RN2+Cl- .
ALKYL DIAZONIUM SALT GARAM ALKIL DIAZONIUM
A basic organic nitrogen compound having the
AMINE AMINA general structure RNH2, R2NH or R3N. An amine has
a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
ARYL DIAZONIUM SALT GARAM ARIL DIAZONIUM An ionic salt having the general structure ArN2+Cl- .

AZO COMPOUND SEBATIAN AZO An organic compound having a nitrogen-nitrogen
BASICITY KEBESAN double bond.
COUPLING REACTION TINDAK BALAS GANDINGAN
A measure of how readily an atom donates its
electron pair to a proton.

A reaction that forms a bond between two discrete
molecules.

HINSBERG TEST UJIAN HINSBERG Test used to differentiate 1o, 2o, 3o amines using
benzenesuphonyl chloride in excess aqueous KOH
HOFFMAN DEGRADATION DEGRADASI HOFFMAN followed by acidification.

N-NITROSOAMINE N-NITROSOAMINA A reaction in which a 1o amide reacts with halogen
in the presence of a strong base to form a 1o amine
with one C less than the amide.

An organic compound having the general structure
R2N-N=O. Nitrosoamines are formed by the reaction
of a secondary amine with a nitrosonium ion, NO+.

PRIMARY AMINE AMINA PRIMER An amine containing a nitrogen with one alkyl group
(RNH2)
and two hydrogens attached directly to it. Primary
amines are denoted as 1o amine.

SECONDARY AMINE AMINA SEKUNDER An amine containing a nitrogen with two alkyl
groups and one hydrogen attached directly to it.
TERTIARY AMINE AMINA TERTIER Secondary amines (R2NH) are denoted as 2o amines.

An amine containing a nitrogen with three alkyl
groups and no hydrogen attached directly to it.
Tertiary amines (R3N) are denoted as 3o amines.

Applications of Amines
Azo compounds have high intensity colours, especially red, orange, and yellow. Therefore, they are used as dyes
which are commonly known as azo dyes.

20

Chapter 12 : Amino Acids Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS
MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
Amino acid in which both the amino and carboxyl
α-AMINO ACID α-ASID AMINO groups are attached to the same carbon atom.
Organic compound that possesses both the amino
AMINO ACID ASID AMINO group (-NH3) and carboxyl group (-COOH).
A reaction in which a small molecule, such as water
CONDENSATION TINDAKBALAS KONDENSASI molecule, is eliminated during the process.
REACTION DIPEPTIDA The compound formed when two amino acids react
DIPEPTIDE and joined together by a peptide bond.
The pH at which the amino acid exists primarily as a
ISOELECTRIC POINT (pI) TITIK ISOELEKTRIK neutral dipolar zwitterion.
A linkage formed between two amino acids.
PEPTIDE BOND IKATAN PEPTIDA
POLYPEPTIDE POLIPEPTIDA The compound formed when many molecules of
amino acids react together to form a long peptide
TRIPEPTIDE TRIPEPTIDA chain.
The compound formed when three amino acids
ZWITTERION ZWITTERION react with one another and joined by two peptide
bonds.
A molecule with an overall charge of zero but having
a positively-charged group at one part and a
negatively-charged group at another.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are the most abundant organic molecules in animals, playing important
roles in all aspects of cell structure and function.

Example of Protein Occurrence and Use
Collagen Tendon, connective tissue
Elastin Blood vessels, ligaments
Keratin Skin, fingernail, feather, hair
Myosin Muscle tissue
Hemoglobin Involves in oxygen transport
Insulin Hormone for controlling glucose metabolism

Fibrinogen Necessary for blood clotting

21

Chapter 13 : Polymers Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
ENGLISH TERMS
ADDITION MALAY MEANING
POLYMERISATION
PEMPOLIMERAN Polymerisation that involves addition reaction of
PENAMBAHAN unsaturated monomers to form a polymer without
elimination of any small molecule.
CONDENSATION PEMPOLIMERAN Polymerisation that involves two different
POLYMERISATION KONDENSASI monomers combining together to form a polymer
with the elimination of small molecules such as
COPOLYMER KOPOLIMER water and methanol.
A polymer that is made up of two or more different
CROSS-LINKED POLYMER POLIMER BERANGKAI monomers.
HOMOPOLYMER SILANG A polymer consists of branches that connect linear
HOMOPOLIMER polymer chains.
A polymer that is made up of the same type of
MONOMER MONOMER monomers.
Small organic molecules that can be covalently
NATURAL POLYMER POLIMER SEMULAJADI bonded to each other to form a polymer.
Polymers that are found naturally such as rubber,
POLYMER POLIMER protein and carbohydrates.
A large organic molecule that is made up of small
REPEATING UNIT UNIT ULANGAN repeating units, which are linked to one another by
POLIMER BERANTAI LURUS covalent bonds.
STRAIGHT CHAIN POLIMER SINTETIK An elementary unit which periodically repeats itself
POLYMER along the polymeric chain.
SYNTHETIC POLYMER A polymer consists of monomers that are linked in
straight and long chain.
Polymers that are prepared chemically from
monomers, such as nylon, plastic and Kevlar.

Applications of Synthetic Polymers

Bullet-proof vest Soft drink bottles Disposable food containers Parachute
(Kevlar) (Terylene) (Polystyrene) (Nylon-6, 6)

22

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS

NOTES

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