Chemistry Terminologies SK015 & DK014_Chemistry Unit, KMNS

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS


















CHEMISTRY


TERMINOLOGIES


SK 015 & DK 014


















Editors :
Cik Gan Fie Chuen

En. Ahmad Nasir Mohd. Daud
Cik Tan Zhi Shan

Pn. Ummi Kalthum Mansor


Chemistry Unit, KMNS

0

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 1 : Matter Chemistry Unit KMNS

TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
ACTUAL YIELD HASIL SEBENAR The amount of product actually obtained from a chemical
reaction.
ATOM ATOM The smallest unit of a chemical element that consists of a nucleus
and one or more electrons.
AVOGADRO’S PEMALAR The number of particles in a mole of any substance,
23
CONSTANT AVOGADRO 6.022 × 10 .
BALANCED PERSAMAAN An equation showing all the reactants and products of a chemical
EQUATION BERIMBANG reaction and having the same total number of atoms of each kind
on both sides of the equation.
CHEMICAL PERSAMAAN KIMIA A written statement that uses chemical symbols and formulae
EQUATION instead of words to describe the changes that occur in a chemical
reaction.
CHEMICAL SIFAT KIMIA Characteristic of a substance that relate to its participation in
PROPERTIES chemical reaction.
CHEMICAL REACTION TINDAK BALAS A process in which one or more substances are changed into one
KIMIA or more different substances.
COMPOUND SEBATIAN A substance composed of two or more elements which are
chemically combined.
CONCENTRATION KEPEKATAN The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent in a
solution.
ELEMENT UNSUR The simplest type of substance and consists of only one type of
atom.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA EMPIRIK A chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of all elements
FORMULA in a compound.
ION ION Atom or group of atoms with electrons added or removed, giving
it a negative or positive electrical charge.
ISOTOPES ISOTOP Two or more atoms of the same element that have the same
number of protons in their nucleus but different numbers of
neutrons.
LIMITING REACTANT REAKTAN PENGHAD The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction
and limits the amount of products formed.
MATTER JIRIM Anything that occupies space and has mass.
MOLALITY KEMOLALAN The number of mole of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent.
MOLAR MASS JISIM MOLAR The mass (in grams) of 1 mole of atoms, molecules or other
particles.
MOLAR VOLUME ISIPADU MOLAR The volume of 1 mole of a gas:
22.4 L at standard temperature and pressure and 24 L at room
temperature and pressure.
MOLARITY KEMOLARAN The number of mole of solute dissolved in 1 L of solution.
MOLE MOL The amount of a substance that contains the same number of
particles that exists in exactly 12.00 g of carbon-12.
MOLE FRACTION PECAHAN MOLE The ratio of number of moles of one component to the total
number of moles of all components in the mixture.
MOLECULAR FORMULA A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
FORMULA MOLEKUL element in a molecule.
MOLECULE MOLEKUL A combination of two or more atoms which are chemically bound
together and thus behaves as an independent unit.
MONATOMIC ION ION MONOATOM An ion formed by a single atom through loss or gain of electrons.
NUCLEAR CHARGE CAS NUKLEAR The charge on the nucleus of an atom, equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus.
1

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
NUCLEON NUMBER NOMBOR NUKLEON Total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of
an atom.
OXIDATION PENGOKSIDAAN The process in which a substance loses electrons and oxidation
number of certain element in the substance increases.
OXIDATION NUMBER NOMBOR The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic
PENGOKSIDAAN compound) if electrons were completely transferred.
OXIDISING AGENT AGEN A substance that is reduced but oxidises other species.
PENGOKSIDAAN
PERCENTAGE BY PERATUS The percentage of the mass of a component per mass of a
MASS MENGIKUT JISIM mixture or compound.
PERCENTAGE BY PERATUS The percentage of the volume of a component per volume of a
VOLUME MENGIKUT ISIPADU mixture.
PERCENTAGE YIELD PERATUS HASIL
% Yield = Actual yield  100
Theoretical yield
PHYSICAL SIFAT FIZIK The property of a substance that can be observed and measured
PROPERTIES without the substance changing to other substances.
POLYATOMIC ION ION POLIATOM A positive or negative ion containing more than one atom.
PRODUCT HASIL TINDAK Substance produced in a chemical reaction.
BALAS
PROTON NUMBER NOMBOR PROTON Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
REACTANT REAKTAN A substance taking part in a chemical reaction.
REDOX REACTION TINDAK BALAS A reaction that involves both reduction and oxidation reactions.
REDOKS
REDUCING AGENT AGEN PENURUNAN A substance that is oxidised but reduces other species.
REDUCTION PENURUNAN The process in which a substance gains electrons and oxidation
number of certain element in the substance decreases.
RELATIVE ATOMIC JISIM ATOM The average mass of one atom of the element compared to
1
12
MASS RELATIF of the mass of one C atom.
12
RELATIVE JISIM MOLEKUL The average mass of one molecule of the substance compared to
1
12
MOLECULAR MASS RELATIF of the mass of one C atom.
12
SOLUTE ZAT TERLARUT The substance present in the smaller amount in a solution.
SOLUTION LARUTAN A homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
SOLVENT PELARUT The substance present in the larger amount in a solution.
o
STANDARD SUHU DAN The conditions of T = 0 C (273K) and P = 1 atm
TEMPERATURE AND TEKANAN PIAWAI
PRESSURE (STP)
STOICHIOMETRY STOIKIOMETRI The study of the quantitative relationship between the reactants
and products of a chemical reaction.
THEORETICAL YIELD HASIL TEORI The amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction
based on the amount of limiting reactant.


Q : Why can you never trust atoms?

A : They make up EVERYTHING!

Didn’t get it?
See page 16 for explanation!


2

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 2 : Atomic Structure
Chemistry Unit KMNS

TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM SPEKTRUM Spectrum consisting of dark lines, produced when
PENYERAPAN white light passes the vapour of an element.
ANGULAR MOMENTUM NOMBOR KUANTUM The quantum number (0,1,2,3...n-1) that defines the
QUANTUM NUMBER (l) MOMENTUM SUDUT shape of an atomic orbital.
EMISSION SPECTRUM SPEKTRUM A diagram showing the wavelengths at which light is
PEMANCARAN emitted by transition of electron from a higher to a
lower energy level in an atom.
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE PRINSIP AUFBAU In the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill
atomic orbitals with the lowest available energy levels
before occupying higher levels.
BALMER SERIES SIRI BALMER Series of lines in the visible region of hydrogen
emission spectrum resulting from the transition of an
electron from a higher energy level to the level n=2.
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL MODEL ATOM BOHR Model of the hydrogen atom which states that an
atom is made of central small nucleus surrounded by
electrons in circular orbits.
BRACKETT SERIES SIRI BRACKETT Series of lines in the infrared region of hydrogen
emission spectrum resulting from the transition of an
electron from a higher energy level to the level n=4.
CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM SPEKTRUM SELANJAR A spectrum which all wavelengths of light are present.


CONVERGENCE LIMIT HAD PERTUMPUAN The wavelength or frequency at which the converging
spectral lines merge together.
DEGENERATE ORBITAL ORBITAL DEGENERAT Orbitals that have the same energy.
1
1
ELECTRON SPIN NOMBOR KUANTUM The quantum number (+ − ) that defines the
2 2
QUANTUM NUMBER (s) PUTARAN ELEKTON
spin of an electron on its own axis.
ELECTRON TRANSITION PERALIHAN ELEKTRON The transfer of an electron from one energy level to
another.
ELECTRONIC KONFIGURASI Arrangement of electrons in atomic orbitals, based on
CONFIGURATION ELEKTRON Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion principle and Hund’s
rule.
EXCITATION PENGUJAAN A process in which an electron acquires energy that
raises it to a higher energy level (excited state).
EXCITED STATE KEADAAN TERUJA The state that has higher energy than the ground
state.

FREQUENCY ( ) FREKUENSI ( ) =

The number of times per second that one complete
wavelength passes a given point.
GROUND STATE KEADAAN ASAS The lowest and most stable energy state of an atom.







3

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
HEISENBERG PRINSIP A principle stating that it is impossible to
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE KETIDAKPASTIAN simultaneously determine the precise position and
HEISENBERG momentum of an electron in an atom.
HUND’S RULE PERATURAN HUND When filling degenerate orbitals, electrons fill singly
and parallel before pairing up.
IONISATION ENERGY TENAGA PENGIONAN The minimum energy required to remove one mole of
electron from one mole of gaseous atoms or ions.
LINE SPECTRUM SPEKTRUM GARIS A spectrum consists of a series of discrete lines with
certain wavelengths.
LYMAN SERIES SIRI LYMAN Series of lines in the ultraviolet region of hydrogen
emission spectrum resulting from the transition of an
electron from a higher energy level to the level n=1.
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NOMBOR KUANTUM The quantum number (-l,...,0,...,+l) that relates the
NUMBER (m) MAGNET orientation of orbitals in space in relation to the other
orbitals with the same n and l values.
ORBIT ORBIT The path of an electron as it travels around the nucleus
of an atom.
ORBITAL ORBITAL A region in space within which there is a high
probability of finding an electron.
ORBITAL SHAPE RUPA BENTUK ORBITAL The shape of an orbital; s-subshell (l=0) is spherical, p-
subshell (l=1) is dumbbell, d-subshell (l=2) is
cloverleaf.
ORBITAL DIAGRAM GAMBARAJAH ORBITAL One or more boxes (a box for each orbital) that show
the number of electrons and direction of spin in
atomic orbitals by arrows (one arrow for each
electron).
PASCHEN SERIES SIRI PASCHEN Series of lines in the infrared region of hydrogen
emission spectrum resulting from the transition of an
electron from a higher energy level to the level n=3.
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINSIP PENYISIHAN No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of
PRINCIPLE PAULI four quantum numbers
OR
Only two electrons can occupy the same atomic
orbital, thus these two electrons must have opposite
spin.
PFUND SERIES SIRI PFUND Series of lines in the infrared region of hydrogen
emission spectrum resulting from the transition of an
electron from a higher energy level to the level n=5.
PRINCIPLE QUANTUM NOMBOR KUANTUM The quantum number (1,2,3...∞) that defines the main
NUMBER (n) UTAMA energy level and size of an atomic orbital.











4

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
QUANTISED ENERGY TENAGA TERKUANTUM Fixed or definite quantity of energy.
QUANTUM NUMBER NOMBOR KUANTUM Letters n, m, l and s used in quantum mechanical
model to describe the energy, shape, orientation of
atomic orbitals and spins of electrons respectively.
SUBSHELL PETALA An alternative name for each of the energy levels in a
particular shell; designated by s, p, d, f in order of
increasing energy.

WAVELENGTH ( ) PANJANG GELOMBANG ( ) =

The distance between identical points (such as two
adjacent peaks) on successive waves.


























A photon checks into a hotel and is asked

if he needs any help with his luggage.


He says “No, I’m travelling light.”


Didn’t get it?

See page 16 for explanation!




5

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 3 : Periodic Table
Chemistry Unit KMNS

TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
AMPHOTERIC AMFOTERIK The ability to act as either an acid or a base.
ATOMIC RADIUS JEJARI ATOM Half the distance between the nuclei of the two closest
and identical atoms.
BOILING POINT TAKAT DIDIH The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid
equals the external pressure.


COVALENT BOND IKATAN KOVALEN A chemical bond that arises from the sharing of electrons
between two atoms.
DELOCALISED ELEKTRON TAK Electrons that move freely around all the bonded atoms
ELECTRONS SETEMPAT in a molecule.
DUCTILE MULUR The ability to be drawn into wire.
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CAS NUKLEAR The nuclear positive charge experienced by outer-shell
CHARGE BERKESAN electrons in a many-electron atom.


ELECTRONEGATIVITY KEELEKTRONEGATIFAN The ability of an atom to attract electron to itself in a
covalent bond.

FIRST IONISATION TENAGA PENGIONAN The minimum energy required to remove one mole of
ENERGY PERTAMA electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.

GIANT COVALENT STRUKTUR KOVALEN Structure where atoms are joined together by covalent
STRUCTURE RAKSASA bonds in an infinitely tetrahedral arrangement.
GROUP KUMPULAN The element in a vertical column of the periodic table.

IONIC RADIUS JEJARI ION The radius of a monatomic ion.
ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES SPESIES ISOELEKTRONIK Atoms or ions that have the same number of electrons.
MALLEABLE BOLEH DITEMPA The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.

MELTING POINT TAKAT LEBUR The temperature at which the molecules of a solid have
enough thermal energy to overcome intermolecular
forces and become a liquid; the temperature at which a
solid is in equilibrium with its liquid state.
METAL LOGAM A large class of elements that are generally good
conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile,
lustrous and tend to lose electrons during chemical
changes.
METALLIC BONDING IKATAN LOGAM The electrostatic force between positive metal ions and
the surrounding sea of negatively charged electrons in
solid metals.



















6

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
METALLIC CHARACTER SIFAT KELOGAMAN The extent to which an element exhibits the physical and
chemical properties characteristics of metals, for
example, lustre, malleability, ductility, and good thermal
and electrical conductivity. The metallic character
depends on how readily metal lose electrons.
METALLIC CRYSTAL HABLUR LOGAM A solid having positive ions at the lattice position that are
attracted to a “sea of electrons” that extends throughout
the entire crystal.
METALLOID METALOID Element which has the characteristics of metal and non-
metal.
NON-METAL BUKAN LOGAM A class of elements that tend to be poor conductors of
heat and electricity and usually gain electrons during
chemical reactions.
PERIOD KALA A horizontal row of the periodic table.
PERIODIC TABLE JADUAL BERKALA A table in which symbols for the elements are displayed
in order of increasing proton number.
PERIODICITY KEKALAAN Physical or chemical properties of the elements that vary
with atomic number in a regular, recurring pattern.
SHIELDING KESAN PEMERISAIAN The shielding of the nuclear charge for an electron in a
EFFECT/SCREENING many-electron atom by other electrons that have greater
EFFECT penetration to the nucleus. A valence electron is shielded
by inner electrons and experiences an effective nuclear
charge much lower than the actual nuclear charge.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS UNSUR PERALIHAN Elements that readily give rise to cations that have
incompletely filled d subshells.

VAN DER WAALS DAYA VAN DER WAALS Weak attractive forces between uncharged atoms or
FORCES molecules. Both dispersion forces and dipole-dipole
interactions are van der Waals forces.









Q : Anyone knows any joke about Sodium?

A : Na!



Didn’t get it?
See page 16 for explanation!






7

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 4 : Chemical Bonding Chemistry Unit KMNS

TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
BOND ANGLE SUDUT IKATAN The angle formed by two bonds intersecting at
an atom.

BOND DIPOLE MOMEN DWIKUTUB BAGI A measure of the bond polarity.
IKATAN
BOND LENGTH PANJANG IKATAN The distance between the nuclei of two
covalently bonded atoms in a molecule.
BOND POLARITY KEKUTUBAN IKATAN A measure of how equally the electrons are
shared between two atoms in a chemical bond.
BONDING PAIR PASANGAN PENGIKATAN A pair of electrons that is shared by two atoms.

CENTRAL ATOM ATOM PUSAT Atom that located at the centre of a
molecule/ion.
COORDINATE IKATAN A covalent bond in which both of the electrons of
BOND/DATIVE BOND KOORDINAT/IKATAN DATIF the bonding pair are contributed by one of the
two bonded atoms.
DIMER DIMER A molecule made from two smaller units.
DIPOLE DWIKUTUB Partial positive (δ+) and partial negative (δ-)
charges separated by a distance.
DIPOLE MOMENT MOMEN DWIKUTUB The product of charge and the distance between
the charges in a molecule.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES INTERAKSI DWIKUTUB- Intermolecular forces that exist between polar
DWIKUTUB molecules that have permanent dipole
moments.

DOUBLE BOND IKATAN KOVALEN GANDA A covalent bond formed by two pairs of
DUA electrons shared by two atoms.

ELECTRON-PAIR SUSUNAN PASANGAN The arrangement of electron pairs about the
GEOMETRY/ARRANGEMENT ELEKTRON central atom of a molecule/polyatomic ion.
EXPANDED OCTET OKTET TERKEMBANG A situation whereby there are more than 8
electrons in the valence shell of an atom.
FORMAL CHARGE CAS FORMAL The number of valence electrons in an isolated
atom minus the number of electrons assigned to
the atom in the Lewis structure.
HYBRID ORBITALS ORBITAL-ORBITAL HIBRID Atomic orbitals obtained when two or more non-
equivalent orbitals of the same atom combine.
HYBRIDISATION PENGHIBRIDAN The process of mixing the atomic orbitals in an
atom to generate a set of new atomic orbitals
HYDROGEN BONDING IKATAN HIDROGEN A special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom bonded to an atom
of a very electronegative element (F, N, O) and
another atom of one of the three electronegative
elements.
INCOMPLETE OCTET OKTET TAK LENGKAP A situation whereby there are less than 8
electrons in the valence shell of an atom.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES DAYA ANTARA MOLEKUL Attractive forces that exist among molecules.


IONIC IKATAN IONIK The electrostatic attraction between positive and
BOND/ELECTROVALENT negative ions in an ionic compound.
BOND

8

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
LEWIS STRUCTURE STRUKTUR LEWIS A diagram showing the locations of all the
valence-shell bonding and non-bonding electron
pairs in a molecule or ion.
LEWIS SYMBOL SIMBOL LEWIS The symbol of an element that includes dots to
represent valence electrons of an atom of the
element.
LONDON DAYA SERAKAN Weak attractive forces that arise as a result of
FORCES/DISPERSION temporary dipoles induced in the atoms or
FORCES molecules.
LONE PAIR/NONBONDING PASANGAN TERSENDIRI A pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom
PAIR that is not shared with another atom.

MOLECULAR BENTUK MOLEKUL The 3-D arrangement of atoms within a
GEOMETRY/SHAPE molecule/polyatomic ion.
MOST PLAUSIBLE LEWIS STRUKTUR LEWIS PALING The most preferred Lewis structure which is
STRUCTURE MUNASABAH determined based on :
i. Atoms bear formal charge zero or close
to zero.
ii. Negative formal charge appeared on the
most electronegative atoms.
NOBLE GAS KONFIGURASI ELEKTRON A stable electronic configuration that is the same
CONFIGURATION GAS NADIR as that of noble gases such as Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe etc.

OCTET OKTET A valence shell containing eight electrons

OCTET RULE HUKUM OKTET A rule which states that atoms tend to gain, lose
or share electrons until they are surrounded by
eight valence electrons.

ODD ELECTRON SPECIES SPECIES DENGAN BILANGAN Species with odd number of valence electrons.
ELEKTRON GANJIL
PI (π)BOND IKATAN PI A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap
of two parallel p orbitals.

POLAR BOND IKATAN BERKUTUB A covalent bond between atoms with different
electronegativities where bonding electrons are
shared unequally between the atoms.

POLAR MOLECULE MOLEKUL BERKUTUB A molecule that possesses a permanent dipole
moment.
POLARISABILITY KETERKUTUBAN The ease of distorting the electron density of a
molecule or atom by the neighbouring molecule
or atom.
POLARISATION PENGUTUBAN The distortion of the electron charge cloud of an
atom, ion, and molecule due to a nearby charge.

PSEUDO NOBLE GAS KONFIGURASI ELEKTRON The valence electronic configuration that is
10
2
6
10
6
2
CONFIGURATION GAS NADIR PSEUDO either ns np nd @ ns np nd nf 14

RESONANCE HYBRID HIBRID RESONANS The actual structure of a molecule that is
intermediate between two or more resonance
structures.
9

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
RESONANCE STRUCTURE STRUKTUR RESONANS Lewis structures having the same arrangement of
atoms but differ from one another in the position
of their electrons.


SIGMA (σ )BOND IKATAN SIGMA A covalent bond formed by head-to-head
overlap of atomic orbitals.

SINGLE BOND IKATAN KOVALEN TUNGGAL A covalent bond formed by a single pair of
electrons shared by two atoms.

SOLUBILITY KETERLARUTAN The maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a
specific temperature.

TERMINAL ATOM ATOM HUJUNG Atom bonded to the central atom of
molecule/ion.

TRIPLE BOND IKATAN GANDA TIGA A covalent bond formed by three pairs of
electrons shared by two atoms.

VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRON- TEORI PENOLAKAN A theory that accounts for the geometrical
PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) PASANGAN ELEKTRON arrangements of electron pairs (bonding pairs
THEORY PETALA VALENS (TPPEPV) and lone pairs) around a central atom in terms of
the repulsions between electron pairs.














Q : Why are chemists great for

solving problems?

A : They have all the solutions!



Didn’t get it?
See page 16 for explanation!



10

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 5 : States of Matter Chemistry Unit KMNS


TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SKALA SUHU A temperature scale that uses the absolute zero of
SCALE MUTLAK temperature as the lowest temperature,
o
T(K) = T ( C) + 273.

ABSOLUTE ZERO SIFAR MUTLAK Theoretically the lowest attainable
o
o
0 K, -273.15 C @ -273 C.
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS PEPEJAL AMORFUS A non-crystalline solid in which the atoms, molecules or
ions have a random disordered arrangement rather than
the regular ordered arrangement characteristic of
crystalline solids.
BOILING POINT TAKAT DIDIH The temperature at which the gas and liquid phases of a
substance coexist at equilibrium; The temperature at
which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the
atmospheric / external pressure.
COMPONENTS KOMPONEN Substances making up the mixture .

COMPRESSIBILITY KEBOLEHMAMPATAN the capacity of something to be flattened or reduced in
size by pressure.

CONDENSATION KONDENSASI The conversion of gas to liquid phase .

CRITICAL POINT TAKAT GENTING The point above which a gas cannot be liquefy even
though higher pressure is applied.
CRITICAL PRESSURE TEKANAN GENTING The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its
critical temperature .

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE SUHU GENTING The temperature above which the liquid state of a
substance no longer exists regardless of the pressure.

DEPOSITION PEMEJALWAPAN The conversion gas directly into a solid phase.
DEVIATION FOR IDEAL PENYIMPANGAN Real gas deviates the for the behaviour of real gas because
GAS DARIPADA SIFAT GAS i) The molecules possess finite volume.
UNGGUL ii) There are intermolecular attractive forces between
the molecules.

DIFFUSION PERESAPAN Random movement of molecules or other particles,
resulting in even distribution of the particles when no
barriers are present.

FREEZING POINT TAKAT BEKU The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a
substance coexist at equilibrium.



GAS CONSTANT (R) PEMALAR GAS (R) The constant of proportionality in the ideal gas equation
-1 -1
R = 0.08206 L atm mol K
-1 -1
= 8.314 Jmol K




11

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
IDEAL GAS GAS UNGGUL A hypothetical gas whose pressure-volume-temperature
behavior can be completely accounted for by the ideal gas
equation.

MELTING PELEBURAN A process from solid phase change to liquid phase.

MIXTURE CAMPURAN A system containing more than one substance.

NORMAL BOILING POINT TAKAT DIDIH The temperature at which the vapour pressure of liquid
NORMAL equals the atmosphere pressure that is 1 atm.

PARTIAL PRESSURE TEKANAN SEPARA Pressure of one component in a mixture of gases. Pi = XiP.

PHASE FASA A homogeneous part of the system in contact with other
parts of the system but separated from them by a well-
defined boundary.

PHASE FASA A homogeneous part of the system in contact with the
other parts of the system but separated from them by a
well-defined boundary.
PHASE DIAGRAM GAMBARAJAH FASA A diagram that summarizes the conditions at which a
substance exist as a solid, liquid or gas .
REAL GAS GAS SAHIH Gases which do not obey ideal gas equation.
(NON IDEAL GAS)
SUBLIMATION PEMEJALWAPAN The conversion of a solid directly into a gas phase.
SURFACE TENSION KETEGANGAN The amount of energy required to stretch or increase the
PERMUKAAN surface of a liquid by a unit area.

TRIPLE POINT TAKAT TIGAAN The point at which the vapour, liquid and solid states of a
substance are in equilibrium.
VAPOUR PRESSURE TEKANAN WAP The pressure exerted by vapour in equilibrium with its
liquid in a closed container.



VISCOSITY KELIKATAN A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.





Q : Did you hear about the man who got

cooled to absolute zero?

A : He’s 0K now!


Didn’t get it?

See page 16 for explanation!


12

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 6 : Chemical Equilibrium
Chemistry Unit KMNS

TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
BACKWARD REACTION TINDAKBALAS KE Reaction proceeds from right to left.
BELAKANG
CATALYST MANGKIN A substance that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without itself being consumed.

DEGREE OF DARJAH PENCERAIAN, α Fraction or the percentage of molecules that
DISSOCIATION, α dissociate.
DYNAMIC CHEMICAL KESEIMBANGAN A state in which
EQUILIBRIUM DINAMIK KIMIA i) the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are
equal.
ii) the concentrations of the reactants and products
remain constant

ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS PROSES ENDOTERMIK A process that absorb heat from the surrounding.

EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, PEMALAR A number equal to the ratio of the equilibrium
K KESEIMBANGAN , K concentrations of products to the equilibrium
concentrations of reactants, each raised to the power
of its stoichiometric coefficient.

EXOTHERMIC PROCESS PROSES EKSOTERMIK A process that release heat from the surrounding.

FORWARD REACTION TINDAKBALAS KE Reaction proceeds from left to right.
HADAPAN
HETEROGENEOUS KESEIMBANGAN An equilibrium involving more than one phase of
EQUILIBRIUM HETEROGEN reactants and products.

HOMOGENEOUS KESEIMBANGAN An equilibrium system in which all reactants and
EQUILIBRIUM HOMOGEN products are in the same phase.

LAW OF MASS ACTION HUKUM TINDAKAN JISIM When a system has achieved equilibrium, the ratio of
the concentration of the products (raised to their
respective stoichiometric coefficient) to the
concentration of the reactants (raised to their
respective stoichiometric coefficient) is a constant at
constant temperature.
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE PRINSIP LE CHATELIER If an external stress is applied to a system at
equilibrium, the system will adjust itself in such a way
as to partially offset the stress as the system reaches
a new equilibrium position.
REACTION QUOTIENT, Q HASIL BAHAGI A number equal to the ratio of product concentrations
TINDAKBALAS, Q to reactant concentrations, each raised to the power
of its stoichiometric coefficient at some point other
than equilibrium.

REVERSIBLE REACTION TINDAKBALAS BERBALIK Reaction which take place in both forward and
reverse directions.



13

Chemistry Terminologies
Chapter 7 : Ionic Equilibria
Chemistry Unit KMNS
TERMS MEANING
ENGLISH MALAY
+
ACID ASID A substance that can release H ions (proton) in a
solution.
ACIDIC BERSIFAT ASID Having a pH of less than 7.00 (a hydrogen ion
-7
concentration greater than 10 M).
ACID-BASE INDICATOR PENUNJUK ASID-BASE A compound that exhibits different colours depending
on the pH of its solution.
ACID-BASE TITRATION PENTITRATAN ASID-BASE A neutralisation reaction in which a measured volume
of an acid or base of known concentration is completely
reacted with a measured volume of a base or an acid of
unknown concentration.
ACID DISSOCIATION PEMALAR PENGIONAN The equilibrium constant for the ionisation or
CONSTANT (Ka) ASID (Ka) dissociation of acid.
ARRHENIUS ACID ASID ARRHENIUS A hydrogen-containing compound that, in water,
+
produces hydrogen ions (H ).
ARRHENIUS BASE BES ARRHENIUS A hydrogen-containing compound that, in water,
-
produces hydroxide ions (OH ).
BASE DISSOCIATION PEMALAR PENGIONAN BES The equilibrium constant for the ionisation of base.
CONSTANT (KB) (KB)
BASIC BERSIFAT BES Having a pH greater than 7.00 (i.e: having a hydrogen
-7
ion concentration lower than 10 M).
BRØNSTED ACID ASID BRØNSTED A proton donor.
BRØNSTED BASE BES BRØNSTED A proton acceptor.
BUFFER SOLUTION LARUTAN PENIMBAL Solution that has the ability to resist changes in pH
when a small amount of strong acid or strong base is
added to the solution.
COMMON ION ION SEPUNYA Ion from other source which is the same as the ions of
the slightly soluble salt.
COMMON ION EFFECT KESAN ION SEPUNYA The decrease in solubility of a slightly soluble salt due
to the presence of common ions.
COMPLEX ION ION KOMPLEKS A polyatomic ion consisting of a central metal ion to
which are bonded several other ions or molecules,
called ligand.
CONJUGATE ACID ASID KONJUGAT The species formed when a BrØnsted-Lowry acid
+
accepts a proton (H ion).
CONJUGATE ACID- PASANGAN KONJUGAT An acid and its conjugate base, or a base and its
BASE PAIR ASID-BES conjugate acid.
CONJUGATE BASE BES KONJUGAT The species formed when a BrØnsted-Lowry acid loses
+
a proton (H ion).
DISSOCIATION TINDAKBALAS A reaction in which a substance splits into two or more
REACTION PENCERAIAN simpler species.
END POINT TAKAT AKHIR The point in a titration at which the indicator changes
colour and the titration ended. The end point may
differ from the equivalence point if the wrong indicator
is used, or some other error is made.
EQUIVALENCE POINT TAKAT KESETARAAN The point in a titration at which stoichiometrically
equivalent amount of reactants have reacted.
ION ION An atom or group of atoms with electrons added or
removed, giving it a negative or positive electrical
charge.


14

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
+
-
ION PRODUCT OF HASIL DARAB ION (KW) The product of H ion and OH ion concentration at a
WATER (KW) particular temperature.
+
pH pH A convenient way to express the concentration of H3O
in solution :
+
pH = -log10[H3O ]
-
pOH pOH A convenient way to express the concentration of OH
in solution :
-
pOH = -log10[OH ]
SALT HYDROLYSIS HIDROLISIS GARAM A chemical reaction between anion and / or cation of a
salt, with water molecules.
SOLUBILITY KETERLARUTAN The amount of that substance that will dissolve in a
given amount of solvent.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT, HASIL DARAB An equilibrium constant for the equilibrium between an
(Ksp) KETERLARUTAN, (Ksp) insoluble or slightly soluble electrolyte and a saturated
aqueous solution containing the ions of the electrolyte.
+
STRONG ACID ASID KUAT An acid that is fully ionised to form H3O ions in aqueous
solution.
-
STRONG BASE BES KUAT A base that is fully ionised to form OH ions in aqueous
solution.
TITRATION CURVE LENGKUNG PENTITRATAN A plot of the pH of the solution versus the volume of
added titrant. Because there is a sharp change in pH at
the equivalent point, the volume of titrant required to
reach the equivalent point can be determined precisely.
+
WEAK ACID ASID LEMAH An acid that is partially ionised to form H3O ions in
aqueous solution.
-
WEAK BASE BES LEMAH A base that is partially ionised to form OH ions in
aqueous solution.


















If you are not part of the solution,

then you are part of the precipitate!




Didn’t get it?

See page 16 for explanation!





15

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS


Page 2
Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter, they make up all of the elements and molecules and proteins
and everything else on Earth. They literally make up everything we see, but in the joke they are
suggesting that the atoms lie so don’t trust them!

Page 5
OK, this is more of a physics joke. A photon is a packet of light. Not only is it literally travelling light
(the illuminating kind), it’s also travelling light (as in not heavy).

Page 7
The symbol for sodium on the Periodic Table is “Na”, which when said as a word is pronounced like
“Nah”, another way to say “No”.

Page 10
In chemistry a solution is the proper name for a mixture where one substance is completely dissolved
in another – like sugar or salt in water. Solutions are also the answers to problems!

Page 12
“0K” here actually stands for zero Kelvin. Kelvin is a temperature scale in which zero is the coldest
possible temperature, referred to as absolute zero, where molecules cease to move. A person
wouldn’t actually be OK if cooled to absolute zero!

Page 15
This is a play on the phrase “If you’re not part of the solution, you’re part of the problem”. But in
chemistry, solution is a completely dissolved mixture of two or more compounds, and a precipitate is
a solid that forms from a chemical reaction in a liquid solution. The solid precipitate falls out of
solution, and collects in the bottom of the vial. So a precipitate is DEFINITELY not part of the
solution!


















16

Chemistry Terminologies
Chemistry Unit KMNS
NOTES





















































































17