مجلة منا والينا 2019

2018-2019 Mi ML 鴁 sH1 ࿨໧鴁 鴁

rMa 鴁 s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳ 1

ેģ ે

imS i i 一Ȁ਀一S 香S S
ΎS || 一

㈠㜲ģ‷ ‷ ģ ે ģ ે ‰‰ ‷

뀨༙ȴ࿨ r M H໧鴁 鴁 s( ໧s M 鴁Ɲ1
M⸲༌໧鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 s༌
Ɲ໧ 뀨༙L ( MH 鴁 sMr Mnj
鴁 is໧ ཈Ɲ཈
sH࿨ Mຨ໧ 뀨 nj Dž ຨM s s཈Dž࿨ Ɲ1཈ ƝL 鴁 Ɲ໧༙1 ༌
鴁 nj໧M཈1 M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁 ༌ is
ǐM 鴁 ཈໧1Dž 뀨 M༌ 0 1 s
뀨1 ໧ Dream it, do it M Dž༌ 1 ƇMa (
M ໧ Ǝ鴁 Social media Ɲ Ɲㄹ໧鴁 M 鴁
ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 s༌ ㌳Ɲ⸲ 鴁 Hຨ 鴁
Ƈ 鴁 ໧鴁 鴁 1 1M ໧ 鴁 ཈ Destroying natural habitats
is཈ 鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 Ɲ M ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁
཈༙ ໧ ㄹ࿨ s 뀨༙1 1 Mnj뀨iLDž ƇƝnj 鴁 ཈ s 鴁 HMH༌Ƈ鴁
཈༙s 1 Ɲ뀨 DIY
s1 뀨 s M 1࿨
Ɲ뀨 ໧ 鴁 sຨ㌳ ༙r࿨ ໧鴁

ຨ鴁Ɲ ࿨ ຨMH༌

㌳ 鴁鴁 鴁Ɲȴ ࿨ 뀨཈ Dž 뀨໧ Dž
Ɲ໧ 뀨༙L i༌ ǁ༌ ࿨MᔰƝ໧ s༌ 鴁 s (
鴁Ɲ
Ɲ༙ ᔰ DžMs M ㌳
뀨཈ 鴁 뀨༙뀨s s 鴁 뀨 ㌳ M ㌳(
༙L 1 ƞ뀨 ໧ 鴁 i ML 鴁
Ɲ㌳M M

sH 鴁 ཈ M⸲ 鴁

鴁ƞ༌ M뀨s鴁 ༙L 1 DžMs M ㌳

ƝL 鴁 Ɲ໧༙1 ༌ MH 鴁 sMr Mnj ໧s M 鴁Ɲ1

M༌ Ɲ1 1Ɲ H Ɲ1M㌳ ǁs

Ɲ Ɲㄹ໧鴁 M 鴁 M Dž༌ 1 ƇMa ( M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁 ༌ is

11 M཈s Ƈ 1 뀨s

ƇƝnj 鴁 ཈ s 鴁 HMH༌Ƈ鴁 ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁 ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 s༌ ㌳Ɲ⸲ 鴁 Hຨ 鴁

཈ 1 M༌ ƞ༌ 鴁 M ༙뀨༙ 鴁 ƎƇ

ຨ鴁Ɲ ࿨ ຨMH༌ ໧鴁 M 1࿨

鴁 s Mr( Ɲ㌳M 뀨 1( s 뀨1M㌳

is໧ ཈Ɲ཈ 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 s༌ M H໧鴁 鴁 s(

뀨࿨ 뀨s ǁ M HƝ M ㌳

Dream it, do it M༌ 0 1 s s཈Dž࿨ Ɲ1཈

Ɲ ( Ms i༌ Ɲ1 뀨s

DIY 뀨༙1 1 Mnj뀨iLDž Destroying natural habitats

Ƈ1 ƝᔰM H1( M཈ ᔰ࿨

M⸲༌໧鴁 뀨༙ȴ࿨ r Ɲ뀨 ໧ 鴁 sຨ㌳ ༙r࿨

H1( ໧໧ Ɲ༙ ᔰ sa1 ໧

ǐM 鴁 ཈໧1Dž 뀨 sH࿨ Mຨ໧ 뀨 nj Dž ຨM s 鴁

Mȴ Ɲ1 i༌ ǁ༌ 1 鴁Ɲ ƞ 鴁 M཈

Ƈ 鴁 ໧鴁 鴁 1 1M ໧ 鴁 ཈ M ໧ Ǝ鴁 뀨1 ໧

뀨i 鴁 鴁Ɲ༙ 鴁 ཈s ⸲ຨM༌ M༌

཈༙s 1 Ɲ뀨 ཈༙ ໧ ㄹ࿨ s is཈ 鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 Ɲ M

s‰㜲 r ‷

1s M 뀨཈ M ᔰ 鴁 뀨 鴁 Ɲ ໧s M HM1

M njs Dž nj཈ 뀨 鴁 M1( M1 ໧ s ( 1 Mຨ໧໧࿨ Ɲ s

M s ᔰ Dž Ǝ ( ཈ ໧ M༙s ( Ɲs Ǝ M s( ᔰ ໧

࿨( 1 뀨 ໧ ໧ Ɲ༌M⸲1 ཈ 鴁 MsƝ༌M⸲1 Dž

࿨ ໧s M ໧ s໧ ཈ Ɲ1M༌ Dž໧㌳ Ɲ༌M⸲1࿨ ㌳ 鴁 ཈

M 1 s鴁࿨ 1 鴁 ǁ1 M ຨ鴁 ໧s M Ms M

Ɲi 뀨s ཈࿨ ໧࿨ ཈ Hss 鴁 ǁ 鴁

༌ Ɲi Dž 뀨 ໧ M i໧ ཈ Dž M 1 Ɲ 뀨཈

Mຨ뀨཈ M ㌳ ໧ 鴁 ཈ ༙r ༌ ( DžM s 1 ༌ ໧1 ㌳ 鴁 M1 ༌࿨ s ໧ 鴁 ᔰ M 뀨༙1 s཈ M is 1

M ㌳ M 뀨1໧࿨ M 1 ࿨ Mຨ뀨s༌ M ཈sᔰ M M ໧ 鴁 ᔰ鴁 ( ༌ ( M཈ 鴁࿨ 鴁 sM 1 ㌳( M ຨ཈࿨ M s Dž࿨

rM 鴁 s༌( ཈ 1 ㌳ 鴁 ࿨ s ༙໧ M 뀨 鴁 M s ཈࿨ ໧࿨ ཈ M 鴁 鴁 M ຨ鴁 1཈

s H ㌳ Mi ML 鴁 ƎƇ ᔰƝȴ s( Ɲa༙Dž s H ㌳ M 鴁 ཈ ໧ Ǝ M irM ໧ s ཈ Ɲ1⸲ ㌳ M 1 ໧ ຨ໧

M 鴁 Ɲ뀨 M ཈M໧ ( s༌ M뀨 M༌ ཈Ɲ ㌳࿨ ໧ ĝ ໧鴁 ᔰ࿨ s༌ M 1 M1 s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳鴁 sa ㌳ DžM i໧ Ɲa༙Dž

s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳ 1 MH Ɲȴ M s( s ໧

2 ཈ 鴁-

┤ 퍈 iaģ ‰ેģ‷ 㜲

Mi M i s༌ M ໧࿨ 鴁 Mຨ໧뀨 Dž࿨ M Ɲ L໧ M໧཈ 鴁 鴁 ࿨ 1 Dž 鴁 ᔰMs ㌳ 1 1 ǁ໧
໧ ཈ Ɲ໧ 뀨༙L M໧㌳໧鴁 ㌳ 鴁 Ɲ ໧ M 뀨nj໧ 鴁࿨ ༙a 鴁 M1 鴁 鴁 s༌ 鴁 뀨s཈໧໧ M ໧ ㌳ 鴁

Mnjs 鴁 ཈ ࿨ M1 1뀨 爀཈ Ǝ M཈໧ 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 s༌ ໧Mᔰ(࿨ Mຨ (

njnjs nj ࿨ 뀨 M༌ sM11 s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳ s s M s M - ㌳M໧ M MiDž 鴁 M s1 鴁 Ɲ뀨 ໧ ( is M 뀨༌ 鴁 ໧-
鴁 ཈ ຨ⸲1 ࿨ ࿨ M Ɲ뀨 ࿨ H 鴁࿨ M ໧༌Ǝ鴁 ཈ MsMHs 鴁 Ƈ鴁 Mi༌ MH 鴁 s ࿨ s ⸲ 鴁

༌ M 뀨ㄹ s MH 鴁 s༌ 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 Ɲ1໧Dž M ᔰMs ǁ ༌ L Dž ᔰM 鴁
Mຨ뀨཈ ( M ཈ M 1M཈1
M Ɲ༙ ໧ ᔰMs ㌳ 1 HDž 鴁 ᔰ Ǝ s( ࿨( ( ( 鴁 i 鴁 ཈
࿨ Ɲ ໧཈ 鴁 ໧M໧ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨H 鴁 MຨsMHsƇ ຨ1 ࿨ Mຨ 鴁 Ƈ鴁 1 ࿨ MຨsMHs ໧ 鴁 Ƈ鴁 爀཈ 뀨 r Mi༌ Mຨs 뀨 M໧ M໧
뀨 ࿨ MຨHຨM໧s࿨ Mຨ M ༌( MHs 1 s༌ M ໧
ຨ໧ Dž ࿨ 뀨La໧ M໧ ( iDž njs 1 Ɲຨ鴁 ຨ཈ Ɲ L໧ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨뀨nj໧ 鴁 ࿨ i㌳M 鴁 1鴁
Mຨi཈s ༌ H뀨཈ M Ɲ༙ ໧ 鴁 Ƈ鴁 Dž ( 1 Ǝ 1࿨ Ɲ L໧ M໧
isL 鴁 ຨ뀨཈ M ໧ ㌳ 鴁 ཈ Dž ໧ 鴁 鴁 1 鴁 뀨 H ໧ 뀨 1 ຨH

໧ 뀨s໧ 1 M Ɲ s( M ໧-
nj཈ ໧ DžƎ ᔰM 鴁 ㌳ 鴁
໧ 鴁 鴁 1 鴁 뀨 ᔰ s༌ ໧ 鴁 Ƈ鴁 s༌
鴁 1 鴁 1࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ Dž
1 (Ɲi཈ 뀨 s 鴁 Mຨ (࿨
s 1 ƝDž 뀨 ࿨ ᔰM 鴁 s 鴁

鴁 ࿨ 뀨鴁

s ༌ ( Ɲi໧ 鴁 ᔰM 鴁 s 鴁
Ɲ뀨ㄹ Dž La໧ s 鴁 Ɲ ⸲ M㌳
Ǝ ㌳ M཈ M཈ s 1 ຨ཈ ໧ M㌳
໧ M1 s 鴁 ML༌ s༌ nj཈ Ɲ ໧njDž
࿨ ML 鴁 M1 s 1 njr࿨ ༌M༙Dž s༌
si nj M໧ Ɲ1 ໧Dž Ǝ 1໧鴁 ( 鴁 M 뀨s༌
鴁 ࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ 뀨s ໧ 鴁 Ɲ ໧ 1 ࿨ 鴁
࿨ ǐ 鴁 鴁 뀨 ( 1 s༌
뀨s 鴁

཈s࿨ isL 鴁 1 s1M Dž ࿨ s鴁 뀨 鴁 sMH 鴁 nj໧ s M 뀨༌ 1 ຨ༙1 ࿨ MH 鴁 ༌ M ㄹ Dž ( ໧-

࿨ 뀨s鴁 njs ༙ Ma1 i M ( Mຨ໧ 뀨1 njDž ໧ 鴁 鴁 鴁ƝᔰƇ鴁 ( M1࿨ Mi ML 鴁 s㌳ 뀨뀨njDž 뀨 Ƈ ༌

s༌ M༙໧ 1 Ɲ 鴁

s ࿨ Mi ML 鴁 ࿨M1 ࿨ 뀨 s 鴁 1 M Mi໧༌鴁 ໧ 뀨 ǁ鴁 ࿨ 뀨 鴁 nj ƝL 鴁 ໧ 鴁H 鴁 Mຨ໧ ࿨ ໧ 鴁 뀨s鴁 nj 鴁 Mᔰ
鴁 ༙s M 1 ࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ ໧ 鴁 1࿨ ༙༙a1 nj ƝL໧ 1 ࿨ ຨǁ 鴁 鴁 鴁Ɲᔰ i໧s ཈ ຨǁ 鴁 ࿨ s 1s ( ࿨M s
Ɲ뀨 鴁 njs MLȴ໧鴁 ཈ ࿨Mຨ໧ 鴁 M 1 Ǝ ཈ M Ɲ뀨 njs s༌ i ML 鴁 ໧Dž M M
࿨ ໧ s཈ 鴁 ຨƎ 鴁 鴁Ɲᔰ i໧Dž ࿨ nj1 Mi㌳( ࿨ ໧ M뀨 鴁 Ɲ M M Dž ㌳ 鴁 爀཈ M뀨 鴁 Ɲ M s뀨1( 1࿨
Mi1

鴁 M ㄹ( Mຨ ༌ ཈M ໧ 鴁 M 1 Ǝ ໧ 鴁 s鴁 H 鴁 ( s(- 1⸲໧ ǁL 鴁 M ໧༌鴁 ཈ ( M1-
࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ ( M1 ㌳ 鴁 Mຨ໧ njDž ໧ 鴁 L⸲s໧鴁 Mnjs 鴁 ࿨ 뀨r a 鴁 ǐ࿨ 鴁 s༌ ㌳M㌳(

ǁL 鴁 s㌳ s༌ 鴁Ɲ뀨ㄹ Dž Mຨ ( 뀨 DžDž 뀨s 鴁 ຨ ƝLȴ Ɲi໧
s1⸲ 鴁 i㌳ 1 뀨 뀨s ໧ 鴁
鴁 ຨ 鴁 ࿨( Ɲㄹ໧鴁 ༌ 鴁Ƈ཈ 鴁 H ໧ njs ༌ ( ໧ 1 ( Ms(
ƞ ƞ Dž ࿨ M뀨 s཈ 鴁 ໧ ƞ ƞ ໧ ᔰ 1 뀨㌳ 鴁 ຨMnj 鴁 ƇDž Mຨᔰǁ༌ 1 뀨 ࿨
໧ MHDž ⸲ 鴁 ࿨ 鴁 鴁 ໧ 뀨 Dž ࿨ 뀨 鴁 뀨 M༙ 鴁
( M ຨDž Mຨ1 ࿨ Mi ML 鴁 njㄹ njr ࿨ M뀨sM11Ƈ鴁 뀨 ໧ ƎMH 鴁 뀨㌳M㌳໧鴁 뀨s ໧ 鴁 s Dž Mi㌳( s(
ǁL 鴁 HDž ຨ໧ M1໧sƎ鴁 ࿨ ໧H 鴁 M ཈ Ɲ 뀨ᔰ Ma 鴁 鴁 M ƞ 鴁 M཈Ƈ Ɲi ( ຨ཈ 뀨r a 鴁 ǐ࿨ 鴁
཈ 鴁ƝasƎ鴁 s༌ Mi ML 鴁 H⸲Dž ࿨ ຨ Ɲ཈ ໧Dž ໧ 鴁 鴁 뀨 ( ࿨Ɲ Mຨ໧ ໧1 Mຨ ㌳ 鴁 ssƝ1 爀཈ 뀨s ໧ 鴁
M 鴁 뀨໧ 1 ༌ ໧ 鴁 ㌳ 鴁 Mຨ1 njDž ໧ 鴁 ƞ཈鴁 鴁 L⸲s໧鴁 sDž
뀨1 ࿨ ࿨ ໧ 1 ( s M1 s༌ M ໧i M Ɲ1s ཈ 鴁࿨ ǐ࿨ 鴁 Mຨ뀨 sDž Mຨ໧뀨r ȴ ࿨
ƞ뀨 ໧ 鴁 i MLs ƞຨMᔰ ᔰ ǁ뀨 ཈ Mi ML 鴁 ໧M໧ 1 s ໧ 뀨ᔰ ໧ 뀨໧ nj཈( 鴁 s 鴁 뀨r a 鴁
뀨 ໧ M໧ ࿨ L⸲s໧鴁 ཈ 뀨 M⸲ 鴁 ࿨ M Mi s鴁 r Ɲ뀨 ( ࿨ M뀨 s㌳
뀨໧ 鴁 ࿨ ㌳鴁 鴁 ཈ 뀨໧ ༙໧ 鴁 s( 뀨s 뀨r a 鴁 ǐ࿨ M໧ ཈༙
ƝDžs ཈ 鴁Ɲ뀨i M 뀨 s 鴁 Dž ( H
༌ ࿨ ㌳ 鴁 ཈ DžMi ML Mຨ 뀨ຨᔰ Dž Ɲ뀨ȴ( s -
Ɲnj 鴁 inj໧཈ 鴁 ཈ ㌳ s DžM뀨 1( 鴁 L Dž 鴁 Ɲi1 ( ᔰ DžƎ ࿨ ໧H 鴁
ǐ࿨ s ࿨ƞ 鴁 ࿨ ໧ǁȴ ໧ s ໧s s s
鴁 ( 뀨L໧཈ ຨs( ࿨ ຨDž鴁 nj໧ 鴁 1Ƈ ( Mi ML 鴁 s༌
ຨ 爀཈ ຨDžMs 뀨 Dž 鴁 ( ࿨ M ຨ鴁 ຨ뀨s༌ ࿨ 뀨 ໧཈ 鴁 ǐ࿨ 鴁 ( ཈M ( M 뀨r a 鴁
1 ( iDž njs 1 njss 뀨r a 鴁
㌳M 鴁 ໧鴁 鴁 ཈ ࿨ M1H໧鴁 ໧࿨ Ǝ ƝຨDžDžƎ 鴁 ໧ ࿨ M໧M
1ǁ ຨs( ࿨ inj໧཈ 鴁 M໧ 鴁 i 뀨 ⸲ 鴁 鴁 ຨ໧ M Ƈ鴁 ຨ໧ Dž ࿨ ǐ࿨ 鴁 ȴ໧ ǁL 鴁 鴁 ໧㌳鴁
ᔰ໧ ຨDžM1 s 뀨 s 鴁 H ໧
Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 M 1M1( 鴁HM1 1 ࿨ ǁ Mnj Ɲ M㌳ M ໧㌳ 1 ( nj໧ s ໧ 鴁 鴁 1 ǁL 鴁 ǁ ໧㌳鴁
Mຨ໧ 鴁 ໧ ཈ H M1 M ໧ M㌳ ࿨ 뀨 M༙ 鴁 ໧ 뀨 nj 鴁 sDž s༌

໧ ( H ࿨ s 1 M 뀨㌳M㌳໧鴁
Ǝ࿨( Mຨ 뀨 Dž

Ɲ뀨཈ Dž࿨ 1 ໧ 鴁 ໧ 鴁 鴁 M nj໧ M M ཈ 鴁 s༌ Ɲ1⸲s 뀨⸲ 鴁 Mnjs 鴁 鴁 Mຨs ཈࿨
뀨 뀨 鴁 ໧໧࿨ 1 M

༙L 1 snj໧

aģ‷ si ㈠ેl

s L 鴁 ㌳鴁 鴁 鴁 ㌳ ໧ ƝL 鴁 Ɲ໧༙1 ༌
뀨 1MH 鴁 M a໧ 鴁 M໧ ༌
뀨 1MH 鴁 M a໧ 鴁 ཈M1 MDž 1 뀨໧ inj໧཈ 鴁 1 a 鴁 ໧ Ɲ뀨 鴁 ໧ ໧M໧ Dž
1M s1 MຨDžM༌Ɲ༙Dž࿨
뀨 s M ㄹ( MຨDžsƎ( ໧ 鴁 1໧鴁 1 鴁 M i ࿨ Ɲ뀨཈ 鴁 M ࿨ M໧ M ㌳ ໧ 1s ( 1 s
M a໧ 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨i ༌ ᔰ ໧ ຨsຨᔰ sM뀨 鴁 ssƝ 鴁 Mi M 1
M ༌໧鴁࿨ ຨ 鴁 M༌ ཈ ƇƝ༙ 鴁 1 鴁 njDž࿨ 뀨ᔰ sM11 ໧ Dž ໧ 鴁
࿨Ɲ໧1 M aDž ࿨( ㌳ ຨ 鴁 ࿨( L 鴁 1MH 鴁 ( ໧໧Mㄹ Ɲ1཈ ຨ 1 Ɲ뀨뀨 ( HDž ໧
཈ ໧s MLi 鴁 鴁ƞDž࿨ M ໧Mi 鴁 ໧Ƈ鴁 s໧ ཈ Mii㌳ 1Dž ໧ ໧ s 1 Ɲ1཈ ࿨ 뀨s M༙s
1Ɲ໧ 1 M Ɲi໧ s ໧ 鴁 M a໧ 鴁
M཈sƇ鴁 ໧ njs ໧1 M aDž Ǝ࿨(
s༌ njs Džsǁ1 ໧ iL M໧ s༌ 1Dž M໧ Dž MH 鴁 鴁 ཈ ȴ Dž ໧ 鴁 M a໧ 鴁 *
࿨ ໧ƝH໧ 鴁 s ǁ໧1鴁 ཈༙s ໧ 鴁 ཈ ㌳鴁Ɲ཈࿨ ༌࿨ 뀨 ƝDžs ࿨ Ɲ1཈ M໧ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ࿨ 뀨s ໧ 鴁
s 1Dž ( H 鴁 ǐM M໧ Ɲ뀨i M Dž鴁 s༌ Mຨ뀨཈ 뀨s 1໧㌳ M a໧ 鴁 s ( (M ໧Ɲ鴁
ML 鴁 ཈ Ɲ뀨i i 1Dž ( ࿨ ir Ɲȴǁ鴁 1 M ໧ 鴁 鴁 1
M뀨ᔰ 1໧ 鴁࿨ ㌳ ຨ 鴁 M aDž M뀨sMㄹ
M ƞ뀨༙ 鴁 ࿨ M뀨 M Ɲ M 뀨 s 鴁 鴁 鴁 1 ༌ H1 ཈ 뀨 M༌ 鴁 ໧ M໧ Dž M a໧ 鴁
M뀨s 鴁 M 뀨໧㌳鴁 1 1 s༌ ໧ ໧ ໧Dž ࿨ 鴁 뀨ᔰ ຨ༙Dž ( H ໧ nj཈ njiLDž ( ༙1 Ǝ
MH1 ཈ Mຨ 뀨㌳ ໧㌳ ໧ 鴁 nj 鴁
M M1( ຨ໧໧࿨ M 1 i Ǝ 1 爀཈ ໧ 鴁 ࿨ ຨH 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 ໧ M໧ Dž ㌳ ຨ 鴁
s 1Dž ( 뀨s༌ s( Ǝ 鴁 1 M M뀨໧ȴM໧ s( ǁ཈ i㌳M 鴁 ǁ鴁 ࿨ Ɲ뀨i1 鴁 鴁 sH 鴁 ࿨ ㌳M 鴁
ᔰMs 뀨㌳鴁 ໧ƝHDž ĝ ȴ 1 1 ໧Dž nj཈ M໧ 뀨s༌ ໧ H Dž Ɲnji༌

s M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M뀨 Mㄹ
༌ 鴁࿨ Ɲ1཈ 뀨L M 1 sM뀨 鴁 ໧㌳鴁 M ㄹ( Mຨ 1 鴁 ƞᔰ ㌳ ࿨ i㌳ ƎMH 鴁 •*
཈ 鴁 ᔰ ໧ sL1 M໧ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ࿨ 뀨s ໧ 鴁 s༌ nj 鴁 ,, Ɲ뀨 ( ࿨ Ɲ뀨 ( 뀨nj ໧໧㌳ 1MH 鴁 ཈ 1 M 鴁 ໧ 1
鴁 MH 鴁 Mnjs i Dž ( ໧鴁 ࿨ Džsǁ 鴁 Ɲ뀨뀨 ࿨ ຨ i 鴁 Ɲ㌳ s 1Dž ( 뀨s༌ nj뀨໧ 鴁 s 鴁
㌳ ࿨( ཈ s M໧ Ɲ ⸲Dž Ǝ M໧aDž

뀨༌M ໧ᔰƇ鴁࿨ 뀨sM཈sƇ鴁 s M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M ໧鴁

i㌳M 鴁 MH 鴁 鴁 ຨ཈ 鴁࿨ 鴁 ໧1 鴁 ML 鴁 뀨i Dž 鴁
M Mnj Ƈ鴁 ཈ Mຨ1 ࿨ Ɲȴǁ鴁 1 r鴁 ໧ 鴁 ཈ Ɲ뀨i ໧ ࿨ 鴁Ɲnj M໧ M༙ M໧ Dž 뀨sM཈sƇ鴁 s 鴁

Mຨ뀨཈ H Dž Mຨ뀨 nj໧Dž ࿨ Mຨ뀨 ຨ༙Dž ( 뀨s༌ ໧ nj཈ ࿨ MຨDž໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ࿨ ༙ s 鴁 1 Mຨs( DžDž (

鴁 Ƈ鴁࿨ 뀨 M 鴁 s M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M཈1Mȴ

࿨ M뀨 M Ɲ 鴁 ཈ ໧ ༙໧1 s 1Dž ( ƞs໧཈ 鴁 M ໧໧Ǝ鴁 s༌ s ࿨ Dž Mຨs M a໧ 鴁
Mຨ뀨཈ 鴁 ໧ 뀨i ᔰ໧鴁 M s 鴁 MᔰƇ M໧ Dž M a໧ 鴁 ( M ໧ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨s ໧ 鴁 s 뀨1s Dž

뀨i ᔰ໧鴁 ࿨ 鴁 1 1 M1 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨
࿨ Ɲȴǁ鴁 1 r鴁 ໧ 鴁 ཈ Mຨ1 ࿨ iL໧ 뀨༌M ໧ᔰ鴁 s 1Dž ( ໧Ǝ a໧ 鴁 鴁 ཈ H Dž ࿨

ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 ຨM㌳࿨ ໧M໧1 Ɲi༌ M ໧໧Ǝ鴁 M༌ ཈ ᔰ M1 s༌ ຨ鴁 ǁ 鴁 s༌ ࿨ ༌ i1 s 1Dž (

뀨༌Ɲ⸲ 鴁 s M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M㌳ M㌳

s 뀨 鴁 saDž ( H Mຨ뀨཈ H Dž ࿨ M뀨s ࿨ ཈ ༙ ໧㌳ s༌ M a໧ 鴁
໧ 뀨 ༙ Dž ࿨ ໧ 뀨 ༙໧ Dž M s༌ ໧ Mຨ뀨s༌ 뀨s Dž Mຨ ཈ 1 Ǝ( ࿨ M Dž

s༌ ཈ 뀨nj ໧Dž ࿨ r໧鴁 1 뀨ຨ iDž 뀨s 뀨 1 ຨ 1 ཈s M a໧ 鴁 ㌳鴁 ໧ 뀨s ཈
཈ ༙Dž ໧ 鴁 ໧1 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧ ࿨ H໧཈ 鴁 M M nj 鴁 s༌ ǁ Ǝ鴁 s༌ ࿨ M1 s 鴁 뀨i뀨Dž s༌ ƇƝ 鴁 1

s 鴁 1 s༌

뀨 뀨s Dž M aDž M ໧M㌳

1 sຨ Dž ( 뀨s ཈ 뀨཈ ƞ뀨 ໧Dž ࿨ 뀨i Dž s໧ DžƝ໧ȴ鴁 뀨 1 MH1 ཈ Dž M a໧ 鴁
s༌ nj s 1 뀨 i ໧㌳ s ཈ Ɲȴ㌳ 뀨s Dž 뀨Hຨ 1 i཈໧1Dž ( ࿨ L໧㌳鴁 M1 ໧ Ɲ ໧
r鴁 ໧ 鴁 ࿨ Ɲ⸲ 鴁 ࿨ 鴁 鴁 ཈ Mຨ1 ᔰ ໧཈ M 1 ƝL 鴁 Ɲ཈ ໧ 뀨1ǁ໧ 鴁 1 s 鴁 M njDžM༌

ǁ༌Ƈ鴁࿨ ༙ 鴁࿨ M s M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M 1Mㄹ
M1 뀨㌳ ໧཈ MຨDžƝ໧ȴ鴁 ໧ 鴁 s 鴁 뀨i Dž L뀨཈໧ M aDž M s 鴁 M aDž Ɲi໧ Dž*
࿨ 뀨㌳鴁 鴁 ໧1 鴁 ཈ 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 (ƝnjDž ( 뀨s༌ MH 鴁 鴁 ཈ H Dž ࿨ MຨsMnjDž s Dž ໧s Mຨ໧ s ໧
( s Dž M໧༙1 鴁Ɲnj 鴁 ໧ M Ɲ뀨
༌ƝiDž 鴁 ຨ 鴁 MiDž鴁 Ǝ 뀨s༌ M ཈ Mຨ 뀨1s Dž i njr Mi M ຨ཈ ༙ 鴁 M aDž M 뀨໧
DžƝ໧ȴ鴁 鴁 ༙ 鴁 鴁 ཈

뀨i 鴁࿨ ༌鴁 ƞ M໧ njs ໧1 M aDž M ㌳MDž

཈ 뀨 M༌ 鴁 Mຨ1 ƞs໧཈Dž ࿨ s 鴁 i 鴁 MH1 ཈ M a໧ 鴁 ໧( 1 ༌鴁 ƞ 鴁 MrM ໧ȴ鴁 Ɲi໧ Dž*
໧鴁 鴁 ĝ ( s༌ 뀨s ༌ 뀨nj뀨iLDž Mຨs 1 ໧ ࿨ i 鴁

sM뀨཈ 鴁࿨ ໧ ༙ 鴁 M aDž 鴁Ɲ M༌

H M ƞ뀨sHsƇ鴁 s 鴁 rMȴ M s 鴁 MnjDž ƞs໧཈Dž ࿨ M Ɲ LDž ࿨ sM뀨཈ M໧ ໧ຨDž M aDž
鴁 鴁 ཈ Mຨ1 ࿨ Ɲȴǁ鴁 1 r鴁 ໧ 鴁 ཈s s໧ Dž ( i ML 鴁 s༌

鴁Ɲ뀨L 鴁 ࿨ 1໧鴁࿨ Ɲ1཈ 鴁 M aDž Ɲ⸲༌ s(

༙r ཈ 1 as 1Mᔰ ໧཈ ໧ M Ɲ1཈༌࿨ M뀨 M ( 뀨s Ƈ1 M໧ ƝaDž ຨDž M aDž
Ɲ1཈ 鴁 s 鴁 1⸲Dž 뀨뀨཈뀨ຨ 뀨 aDž ཈ ǐ M1i 鴁 ᔰ Dž ຨ཈ s཈ 鴁 鴁 nj 鴁

໧ 鴁 M a໧ 鴁 s( ཈ sM뀨 鴁 1 M 뀨໧ M 鴁 s

M 1 鴁ƞ༌ M뀨s鴁 snj໧

‷› l ‰

㜲ģ‷ aģ‷

1 ༌鴁 鴁 뀨㌳鴁 鴁 뀨i 鴁 ǁLs Ɲ཈ Dž 뀨 1MH 鴁 ssƝ 鴁 ཈ Ma 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 aDž ㌳鴁
s ༌࿨ s༌ 뀨 Dž ཈( s༌ s ໧s 뀨s 鴁 ㌳鴁 鴁࿨ ƝDž 鴁 ㌳鴁 鴁࿨ 鴁Ɲ M 鴁 ǁȴ
뀨 1MH 鴁 ssƝ 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁 ࿨ M뀨s 鴁 M㌳鴁 鴁 ໧཈1 s༌ ㌳鴁 鴁 M 1໧㌳ ᔰ( 1

s鴁ƝH 鴁 ཈ ǐ M1i 鴁 ࿨( L 鴁 ཈ ǐ M1i 鴁 Mຨ Dž

ssƝ 鴁 ཈ ㌳鴁 鴁 1 鴁 ㌳ ࿨( M ໧ ǐ M1i 鴁 Mຨ s༌ 鴁 ໧ M1 M༌࿨
1鴁Ɲ໧ 뀨 M 鴁 s뀨snj 鴁 鴁 ཈ 鴁 ཈ Ɲຨ ࿨ ໧ 鴁 1s 鴁࿨ M뀨 鴁Ɲ໧㌳( ཈࿨ 鴁 s H 뀨s ཈ 뀨 1MH 鴁
sL ໧ ໧ 鴁 1s 鴁 ཈࿨ 鴁 ㌳ ໧ ( Ɲ ໧཈Dž 뀨 1MH 鴁 ssƝ 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁
뀨1M༌ 1 Ɲ ໧཈Dž ໧ 뀨 1MH 鴁 ssƝ 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁 ໧ M ໧ Ƈ鴁 i໧ 뀨ຨ Dž ssƝ1 ㌳鴁
뀨 a໧ 鴁 MiDžƝ1 M ƞ໧ ໧ຨDž 1 1 鴁 ( Hs 鴁 s H 뀨s࿨ M뀨 鴁Ɲ໧㌳( ཈࿨ 鴁 ༌( ཈ ȴ ࿨( ໧ (
鴁 ( M s1 ໧ 1ƞ 鴁 ĝ鴁Ɲ1໧鴁 H M 1 1鴁Ɲ໧ ཈ 뀨s1M 鴁 Mi ໧鴁࿨ M 鴁 L 鴁 ཈
໧཈ M 1 M 鴁 L 鴁 ཈ 뀨 a໧ 鴁 Mi ໧鴁 ཈ njs 1 sM Dž 鴁 s H 뀨s࿨ M뀨 鴁Ɲ໧㌳( ཈ Ɲ 鴁
MH 鴁 鴁 ཈ ƞ뀨 ໧s 뀨뀨 ࿨ 鴁 M 鴁 L 鴁 ǁ 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 M1( MH 鴁

鴁 ࿨ 뀨 M뀨 鴁 inj 鴁 MisL໧ ཈ M뀨s 鴁 M㌳鴁 鴁 ໧཈1 s༌ M 鴁 L 鴁 ㌳鴁 Dž 鴁 M1(
M뀨 鴁Ɲ໧㌳( ໧ ᔰ 1Mᔰ i໧ MisL໧ Mnj཈࿨ Dž໧M 1Dž M뀨s 鴁 M㌳鴁 鴁

཈ M1ƞ 鴁 ᔰ Dž M 1 s鴁ƝH 鴁࿨ L 鴁 ཈ ǐ M1i 鴁 ᔰ s༌ 鴁 
໧ 鴁 1鴁Ɲ໧ s爀໧ M ໧ Ǝ鴁 ࿨( L 鴁 M뀨s s(
nj Ǝ M ໧ ᔰ ໧ M ໧鴁 ໧s ໧鴁 Mi໧ȴ ƞ뀨sHsƇ鴁 s 鴁 MnjDž 鴁 Mi໧ȴ s( HM뀨໧ᔰ鴁 

཈ ໧ 鴁 ࿨( ᔰ ໧ TWE ཈ ໧ 鴁 Mi໧ȴ鴁 ࿨( M ໧1Ǝ鴁 1 ƞᔰ ཈ Mᔰ ㌳ ༌
཈ ໧ 鴁 ࿨( 0 ᔰ ໧Paper based ཈ ໧ 鴁 ࿨( 2s0 ᔰ ໧ Computer based
M1࿨ ໧M໧1 M໧ ƇMa 鴁 ƞH 鴁 ཈ 22 ᔰ ༌ nj Ǝ M1࿨ s1 鴁 H 鴁 ཈ 90 ᔰ ໧ IBT
鴁ƞᔰ໧鴁 ໧M໧ ཈ 20 ༌ nj Ǝ

뀨 ຨ 鴁 M཈ǁ鴁
Mຨs i཈ M 鴁 ࿨ s ( ཈ s1 ໧ M뀨༙뀨 ࿨ sL1 aDž M 鴁 L 鴁 aDž
ƇƝ༙ 鴁 M ( Ɲ཈鴁 ໧Dž࿨ ǁ໧ ཈ s ࿨ 鴁 1 Ma 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 Ls ໧㌳鴁
㌳鴁 鴁 HƝ໧( 뀨sML Ɲi 鴁 M MH 鴁 ༙뀨 ㌳鴁 ཈࿨ Ma 鴁 ཈ 鴁 ཈ 鴁Ɲ ໧㌳ǁ 뀨༙뀨 鴁
1 Mnj 鴁 Ɲ໧༙ 鴁 ཈ M뀨sML Ɲ໧ ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 Mi ( Dž鴁࿨ ཈ ໧ ໧ 鴁 M ƞ 鴁
Mຨnj뀨iLDž ໧ 鴁 1 ໧ 鴁࿨ s཈sƎ s( 뀨཈ 鴁 鴁 Ɲ H࿨ Lȴ ཈ s( ㌳鴁 鴁 M (࿨
sȴ ༙༌M 1 1 M 鴁 L 鴁 ຨM ȴ( 1 ໧뀨㌳ NHS 뀨sML Ɲi 鴁 뀨 鴁 鴁 Dž 1 s༌
鴁Ɲ뀨 Ɲ뀨཈뀨཈࿨Ɲi 鴁 ࿨( Mຨ཈༙s ㌳鴁 鴁 M뀨㌳ ཈࿨ 뀨 Ɲ໧㌳ 뀨 ᔰ s00 000 i 뀨 ཈ 鴁
Msǁr໧鴁 ( MH໧ 鴁 M㌳鴁 s Ɲ໧཈⸲sM1 뀨s ཈ 鴁 Ƈ鴁࿨ 뀨 鴁 M㌳M뀨཈ 鴁 M໧㌳( 鴁࿨
M 鴁 L 鴁 ໧a1 Dž鴁࿨ ཈ M H ໧㌳ ໧ 鴁 1s 鴁 ཈ 鴁 ML໧ s༌ Mຨnj뀨iLDž ໧ ໧ 鴁
M 鴁 ཈ 뀨 Ɲ໧㌳ 뀨 ᔰ 10 000 1 Dž鴁࿨Ɲ 鴁 ༙DžƝ໧㌳ is 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨 ( 1Dž ໧
཈ njs M ( ࿨Ɲ 鴁 1 ໧ 鴁 1s 鴁 sMH໧࿨ M 鴁 ཈ 뀨 Ɲ໧㌳ 뀨 ᔰ s00 000
M1 1 鴁 ir(࿨ M뀨 鴁Ɲ໧㌳(࿨ 鴁 s H 뀨s 뀨1 ࿨ ཈ Ɲ 鴁 M 鴁 ཈ M 鴁 L 鴁 a໧1
L 鴁 ㌳鴁 Mຨs ໧ ǁ໧ ཈ s 뀨뀨 ࿨ 鴁 ǁL M໧ 鴁ƞ໧1 ໧ 뀨 ໧཈Dž

Ɲ1M㌳ ǁs snj໧

lģ

1 Ɲ H snj໧

࿨ H M໧ s໧ 鴁Ɲᔰ࿨ sML Ɲ໧ Ɲ 1 ཈뀨཈࿨Ɲ໧ nj 뀨is H1 Ɲ뀨཈ 鴁

sຨM Ɲ ໧ 뀨໧Ɲ⸲ 鴁 Dž཈M ໧ 뀨is໧ 1 ཈ 19s Ɲi ཈ s 1 ཈

Ɲ Mnj 鴁 1MH໧ L 鴁 ǐ M뀨 鴁 1 Mຨ r( Dž 뀨཈ ㄹ ( 뀨Li໧

༙⸲໧཈ ໧ 뀨 19 2 M༌ ཈ M뀨sML Ɲ໧ nj໧s鴁 ㄹ M1뀨 ཈ s Dž࿨

༙⸲໧཈1 ཈ 뀨໧ຨƝ 鴁࿨ snj 鴁 Ms鴁Ɲᔰ ຨM ȴ( ir( ㄹ s໧ 鴁

뀨s ໧ 鴁࿨ 뀨 s 鴁 M ໧໧鴁 ཈໧ Ɲ 1࿨ 2001 19 9 1 s뀨཈ M

M༌ ཈ ຨƝ 鴁࿨ snjs 1 nj 鴁 ຨ 鴁 ཈ 鴁 M໧㌳( 뀨༌ 1992 M༌ 1

M༌ ཈ 19 M༌ 1 snj 鴁 njs Ms鴁Ɲᔰ M뀨 njDž Ɲ L໧໧ ໧ 鴁࿨ 198

( ir( 鴁࿨ 1 Ɲ s s໧ njs 뀨s ໧ M໧ 1980

뀨໧ 1 200 뀨 ཈ Dž 1 ໧s M뀨 鴁 뀨໧ s༌ ໧࿨ ࿨( s໧ njs Ɲ1

sML Ɲi 鴁 뀨1 1 鴁 M M뀨s ༌ ຨ Ɲᔰ( 鴁 Ɲ뀨 M⸲ 鴁

19 M༌ ཈ ǐ M཈ nj 뀨sM뀨 鴁 뀨໧鴁ƞ뀨 1s 鴁 ໧ 1࿨ 1M 1

snj 鴁 s1 nj sML Ɲi 鴁 ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 ཈ 뀨s༌ sL ࿨

M༌ ཈ M ༌໧鴁 njs M뀨s ƝDž 1࿨ M⸲໧㌳M Ɲ ໧㌳鴁࿨ 뀨s鴁ƝH 鴁 M뀨s 鴁 鴁Ɲᔰ ƞ໧༌鴁 ㌳ Ɲ ༌ ir( 뀨s

M༙ ໧ Ɲ1 ཈ ࿨ ƞ1 s໧ 鴁H sL໧Dž nj 1 뀨s ༌ nj뀨 M뀨s 鴁 鴁ƞ໧༌鴁 nj H1 ໧ 鴁 L໧ 200

H1 Ɲ뀨཈ 鴁 Mຨ໧ M໧ ໧ 鴁࿨ nj໧M཈ 鴁 ƞ 鴁 뀨s ༌ ǁȴ Ɲ 鴁 s༙Ls 뀨iL 鴁 snj 鴁 ƞ 뀨s 뀨iL 鴁 Mຨis໧

nj

M 1Mᔰ࿨ 뀨s࿨Ɲ໧ 1Mᔰ 1 ǁ 1 뀨཈Ɲ Mᔰ ࿨ Mnj ( s༌ s࿨ s໧ 뀨1s 鴁 뀨s鴁ƝH 鴁 뀨s M1H s༌ s

Ǝ 1Mᔰ ཈ 뀨཈Ɲ ǐ鴁Ɲ ࿨ ཈ M໧ s 1Mᔰ 1 ࿨ 뀨sML Ɲ໧ M 1Mᔰ 1཈ 뀨1 1Mᔰ࿨ 鴁Ɲi཈ 1Mᔰ࿨

M뀨 ML 爀໧ M 뀨뀨㌳ 1Mᔰ࿨ M໧཈ Mi໧

뀨 뀨 ༌ ㌳ 1 s鴁ƝH 鴁 sDž i཈໧ ȴ 뀨 John McCafferty ༌ ƞ뀨sHs ᔰƝ s໧ H 뀨s ໧ M໧ 198s M༌ ཈

s཈s㌳ nj H1 Ɲ뀨཈ 鴁 ㌳( 201 ཈ ᔰ ཈ Dž ໧s M༌ ss ࿨ nj 1 snj໧ 뀨 a

ĝ鴁Ɲ1( 1 sM 鴁 M༙ ໧鴁 ༌M཈1 ຨDž Ɲ뀨ȴ 뀨i ཈㌳Ƈ1 ໧ 鴁࿨ 199 M༌ ໧ 鴁 1s 鴁 ཈ 1໧鴁

ຨDžM뀨s ຨDž Ɲ뀨Lȴ 뀨is໧

༌ Ɲ㌳ ຨMnjs
M뀨sML Ɲ໧ ཈ s໧ 뀨s ༌ 20000 1 Ɲ뀨 ( ƞHs( 
뀨༌ H 鴁 M ǁa 鴁 s༌ 鴁 M ໧༌鴁 snjs M r Ɲ L໧໧ sML Ɲ໧ ༌ Ɲ཈ Hs 

M ༌໧鴁 njs M뀨s 鴁Ɲ뀨༙㌳
Ɲ The Petchey Academy 뀨 M ( 뀨 ㌳ 
໧ M 뀨Dž鴁 ㌳( ཈ MsMH1 DžM1 ȴ nj snj 鴁 ĝ鴁Ɲ1໧ 鴁ƞ Ɲ1 ㌳( 

ģ 9ģ‷ r ‷ ģ 㜲 ģ‷

뀨 ǁ1 1 鴁HM ( s1 M 1 1 Mຨ໧ M M뀨 M༌ Ɲຨ ໧鴁 Dž࿨ 뀨sM뀨཈ 鴁 Mຨ M 1࿨ 뀨s鴁Ɲ 鴁࿨ 뀨s ༌Ɲ༙ 鴁 M Mㄹ䔃໧ Ɲ 1 ƞ뀨 ໧Dž

໧M 鴁 Ɲ Mnj 鴁 ཈ Ɲ 鴁 ໧ 鴁 Ɲ ໧໧鴁 ཈ nj 鴁 ໧M 鴁 ຨ 鴁 ໧( M뀨 Dž ƞ뀨H 鴁 M1鴁Ɲ ( Mㄹ໧鴁 1࿨ 뀨 ཈ 鴁

Ɲ i 鴁 s༌ 뀨⸲ 鴁 뀨sM뀨཈ 鴁 M H໧ 鴁 ཈M M Ɲ뀨 ࿨ M 뀨㌳ Miᔰ ཈ s뀨 H 鴁 ǁsƝ 鴁࿨ 뀨 鴁 Ɲຨs M༙ s༌ 뀨sM뀨཈ 鴁

㌳ ໧ 鴁 뀨໧໧鴁 Ɲ i 鴁࿨ Ɲ s໧鴁

Ɲ 1 ཈ 뀨sM뀨཈ 鴁 ࿨ Ɲㄹ໧鴁 M1໧鴁 ཈( s༌ M໧ Ɲ ໧

ຨ 鴁 ໧( ƞ뀨H 鴁 M1鴁Ɲ (

࿨ ཈ ȴ ࿨ s 鴁 1 M뀨ᔰ( ㄹǁㄹ 鴁 1 s༌ M M ໧ Dž ƞ뀨H 鴁-Ɲ 1 ཈ M뀨཈s M໧ ᔰ M1໧鴁 Ɲ뀨 ( 1 ƞ뀨H 鴁 M1鴁Ɲ (
M 鴁 ཈ M1鴁Ɲ ໧鴁 Ɲi ( 1 ࿨ ໧ Mnj M1 ( Ɲ໧1 1s9 ཈ ȴ Ɲ M༙Dž 鴁 si ࿨ Ɲ༙ȴ ࿨ Ɲnj 1
ǐ( ࿨ nj 鴁 s༌ ǁ뀨 ㌳໧鴁 ཈ᔰ M뀨 ໧ 鴁 a໧ ࿨, ໧Ɲ཈ 鴁 1 Mຨ໧ M M1鴁Ɲ ໧鴁 M1( ຨ 鴁 ໧( M뀨 Dž Hs M
nj 鴁 ࿨ 1 鴁 s༌ ǁ뀨 M཈sƇ鴁

뀨 鴁 Ɲຨs Ɲ H໧鴁 1Mᔰ

뀨 鴁 Ɲຨs M༌ ( 1 Ɲ뀨 ( 鴁 Ɲ ༌ ᔰƝ 鴁࿨ 1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 M 鴁 ཈ M Ɲຨ ( ࿨ Ɲ 1 ᔰM཈1 ( 1 Ɲ H໧鴁 1Mᔰ
鴁 ㌳( ࿨ Ɲ ໧໧鴁 Ɲi༌ Ɲ཈M཈Dž ༙཈ 鴁 뀨 ᔰ 1鴁 nj 鴁 뀨 Ɲ 鴁 ຨ༌ 1 Ɲ 1 ཈ M뀨 鴁 1

i ㌳ ໧( i 1 s 鴁 鴁࿨

཈ 1 a໧㌳鴁 Ɲinj1 s 뀨཈ ༙⸲໧1 鴁 Ɲ໧Mnj 鴁 ༌ r࿨ 뀨 鴁 Ɲຨ 뀨໧Ɲ 鴁 ༙ 鴁 s༌ nj Ɲ 1 ཈ 鴁࿨ s 鴁 鴁࿨

nj 鴁 Ɲ 1 ཈ 뀨 鴁 ࿨ 鴁 鴁Ɲ1( ࿨ s1 ཈

s( 1⸲ ࿨ ƝrMs Ɲ뀨 i 뀨໧Ɲ 鴁 ༙ 鴁 s༌ Ɲ 1 ᔰ ཈ a 鴁 ໧M 鴁 1 뀨 ㄹ鴁 Ɲㄹ( i 1 ࿨ i ㌳ ໧鴁 i 1

1s 鴁 Ɲnj 鴁 ཈ MDžƝ༙s 1s 鴁 ໧ᔰ࿨H ࿨ sM뀨 鴁 뀨཈1 s 鴁 ຨ༌ ཈ ໧M 鴁 ໧ s Ɲ 1 ཈ M뀨཈ 鴁 H M 鴁 (

ຨ ຨ鴁 ǁ뀨 鴁 i໧

࿨ML໧ M༌ Ɲ1 snj໧

r ‷ ‰l nģ‷ ‰ ģ‷

s༌ ຨM໧ ㌳M㌳( ƞᔰ Mຨ 1 뀨s༌ ຨ鴁 ༌( Ɲs sM1཈ M ໧໧Ǝ鴁࿨ Mnj໧༌Ǝ鴁 s༌ ຨM໧ 鴁࿨ M ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 i཈໧
r࿨ 뀨 M1໧sƎ鴁࿨ ໧ Ma໧཈ǁ ຨ 뀨s ( ཈ 뀨 뀨 ໧ 鴁 뀨1⸲໧ ࿨ 뀨໧࿨ M1཈( ⸲Dž ǁȴ 1 ǁ༌Ƈ鴁
࿨ ໧s ǐM㌳( ( s༌ 鴁Ɲ཈( injDž ࿨( sinjDž ཈ ࿨Ɲ1༙ Ǝ 뀨 ໧ 뀨 뀨 ໧ 鴁 Ɲ뀨 뀨༌( ཈ ༌ ࿨鴁 ㌳ DžM໧ r
뀨 鴁 ຨ 뀨໧࿨ 鴁Ɲ཈( 1DžƝDž ຨ鴁Ɲᔰ ( Ɲ ƝiDž ຨ໧ ǁ㌳⸳ ⸲໧ 鴁 鴁 1 M ( sM཈s

Ɲ뀨 M1཈໧鴁 ໧ M ࿨ 鴁Ɲ໧཈Ǝ鴁 ࿨໧鴁 뀨໧뀨㌳M㌳( 뀨Džƞ뀨 s༌ ƞ1DžƝDž ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 s༌ 鴁 ⸲ 鴁 뀨1ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 Ɲ 鴁 ࿨
Mຨ໧nj뀨njs Ɲ뀨 s༌ M Ɲ Dž࿨ M1཈( ໧ ࿨ ⸲Dž 뀨sM뀨 鴁࿨ ໧ 뀨཈ ᔰ 鴁

ຨ཈ ࿨ ຨ 1 Mຨ໧ ⸲s鴁 ໧ 鴁 뀨 nj 鴁 sDž ƞH 鴁 뀨 ໧ ⸲໧ 鴁 뀨sM뀨 鴁 ƞ뀨 Ɲ 鴁 M s 1 M ࿨
뀨s ໧཈1 뀨 M1 鴁 Ɲ1༙ 鴁 M໧ ( ࿨( ᔰ 鴁 뀨뀨1ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 ࿨( ໧M 鴁 뀨໧Ɲ⸲໧཈ 鴁 1 ໧뀨 ໧࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 Ɲ1཈ ⸲Dž
༌MnjDž M ( 뀨s ໧཈1࿨ MຨDžǁ1M Dž࿨ ƞH 鴁 nj뀨nj ໧ Ɲ뀨 ࿨( ǁ㌳⸳ ໧ 鴁 鴁 ㌳ ǐM 鴁 ຨᔰ ཈
M 1 M Ɲ뀨 ࿨ MຨL 鴁 nj཈ M M ໧ 뀨1 Mຨ뀨཈ Ƈ 鴁࿨ M뀨༌Ɲ༙໧ ຨ M ⸲s鴁 ࿨( Mຨi⸲ 鴁 s༌ Ɲ 鴁 ༌ M s 鴁 Dž 1
njㄹ ༌ƞ༌H Mຨs 1 Mຨi s༌ Ɲ 鴁 M཈s s༌ 뀨཈ 鴁Ɲ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ຨ뀨s༌ Ɲ1 ໧཈s M1 1 ࿨ s཈ s 鴁 ᔰ ຨ1
໧ Mᔰ M1 Dž ໧ ຨ༌M ໧໧鴁 鴁 ༌ 뀨 s཈ 鴁 Ɲ뀨 ༙s ࿨( ຨ ໧ 뀨 s཈ 鴁

ຨ ȴ ༌ ຨ༌M ໧1鴁 ƝH ຨ ໧ nj༌࿨ 鴁 ࿨ i Ɲ Mຨs ࿨ Dž Ǝ Mຨs࿨Ɲ⸲ ࿨ Mຨs 뀨⸲ M ƞH M཈
鴁Ɲ໧཈Ǝ鴁 鴁 s༌ Ɲ뀨཈Dž ຨ 鴁 ໧( ࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁

s1໧ 鴁 Ǝ ໧ ໧ 뀨ຨnj཈ 뀨 ໧ ( ࿨Ɲ뀨뀨 Dž ㌳ ࿨ ƞH 鴁 뀨 ໧ ༌ 1໧鴁 ໧ s ( M 뀨 ໧nj 鴁 ࿨
aDž࿨ 뀨㌳M뀨㌳࿨ Ɲ1཈ M ( Mຨ 1 ࿨ Ɲi ໧鴁 Mຨnj ཈ 뀨ຨnj཈ 뀨 ໧ Mຨs( nj뀨nj 鴁࿨ 뀨 ໧a 鴁 Ɲ뀨 1 Mຨ뀨཈
nj ཈ nj 鴁 ƞᔰ s࿨ 鴁 ༌࿨ sM ㌳ ཈ 뀨1⸲໧s 鴁 1 sM rMȴ࿨ s཈1
鴁Ɲ Ƈ M ໧s鴁 ( M ຨ 1 ༙໧ M໧뀨sƇƝ໧ MDž ༌M໧ sDž Ɲ༙1뀨s཈ M 1࿨ 1Ƈ뀨s཈ M ཈ 鴁 ཈ 鴁Ɲ Ǝ
໧ s཈ ࿨ Ɲ1཈ ໧ 뀨 s( s༌ L ࿨( ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁

༌ ໧ 뀨཈ 鴁Ɲ཈໧鴁 ༌ 鴁 r࿨ 뀨 Dž ໧ 鴁 뀨 鴁 L 鴁 鴁HƇ MຨH 鴁 M ࿨ ༌ M໧ M⸲໧sƎ鴁 ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 MM ࿨
s༌ M1 ຨ뀨s༌࿨ 뀨 s཈ s M1 ຨ 1 ࿨ 鴁 s཈ ( 뀨໧ Ɲ뀨뀨aDž࿨ ǁi 鴁 ຨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 1s 뀨 鴁 L 鴁 sDž 鴁H
뀨 s཈ 鴁 1 M 鴁 ໧Mnj1 ƞH 鴁 鴁 ཈ ࿨ ຨ໧sM s༌ 鴁 sDž ࿨( 뀨 s཈ 鴁

Ǝ ໧ ࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 ࿨ ཈ ⸲뀨 鴁 뀨 s཈ 鴁 Ɲ뀨 뀨뀨1 鴁 1 nj཈ MᔰƝ 鴁 s༌ Mຨ Ɲ཈ ໧ ƞH 鴁
M⸲ Ǝ࿨ ໧H 鴁 鴁Ɲ཈( s༌ M ຨ ༙s 뀨໧ Ɲ཈ M ຨs i཈໧ MຨH 鴁࿨ M ƞ 鴁 뀨໧뀨1ǁ㌳ 뀨໧ Ɲ཈ ༌
ƞH 鴁 M ຨ뀨཈ M⸲ 鴁 ༌ 뀨뀨1 鴁 ĝ ༌ M1཈ s཈ 鴁 Ǝ M ຨ뀨཈

M 鴁 ໧Mnj1 뀨H 鴁 sM༌ ࿨ ໧H 鴁 ཈M1໧ 鴁࿨ 뀨1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 ࿨ s M༌ Ƈ鴁 ǁ༌ ƞH 鴁 Ɲ1཈ 1 nj 鴁࿨
鴁 ࿨ DžM뀨 ཈1࿨ r s໧aDž 1 ࿨ 뀨 s཈1 Ɲ뀨 ࿨ 뀨 s཈1 ໧H 鴁 鴁Ɲ཈( s༌ iL s( 鴁 ཈ Ɲ뀨 Ǝ࿨

Ɲ뀨 ࿨( 鴁 ༌M཈1 ࿨( ຨ鴁Ɲ ࿨( ƎM༙ Mຨ ㌳鴁 M 鴁 ㌳ M໧ 鴁 ໧ 1 ࿨ ( ཈ ໧ 1

ຨ ༌ nj཈Dž ƞH 鴁 爀཈ Ɲ1཈ 鴁 1 a 鴁 MຨH 鴁࿨ ཈M1໧ 鴁 M ƞ 鴁 iᔰ鴁࿨ ໧໧ 뀨뀨1 鴁 Mᔰ M໧ 뀨s ཈࿨
㌳M໧ Mຨ໧뀨 ཈Dž࿨ M ƞ 鴁 鴁 nj ໧ 뀨뀨1 鴁 1 ƞᔰ ȴ( H鴁 ᔰ Ɲ1཈ M ƞ 鴁 nj཈ ໧M໧ ཈ ࿨M Ɲnj 鴁 ㌳ ໧ ໧࿨
Ɲ ༌ 뀨 1Ƈ 鴁 Ɲ뀨1( ໧ ໧ ࿨M Ɲnj 鴁 ໧㌳鴁࿨ Mຨຨ鴁 ( ཈ inj༌ njDž M ㌳໧鴁 ( M M ㌳鴁 ( ࿨( M ƞ 鴁 ㌳鴁 ࿨( ƞH 鴁
ຨ໧ snj M༙뀨 Dž 鴁 is 뀨s ໧ 鴁 ཈1 Dž ƞH 鴁 ຨ 1 ȴ( s(࿨ s Dž ໧ M s 1 MLa 鴁 ໧

࿨ s Ɲ1཈ 鴁 1 a 鴁 鴁 (࿨ 뀨H 鴁 ཈ ຨ໧s࿨M 1 ໧Mnj1 ƞH 鴁 1 1 鴁 ( M༙༌ ༌ M ( ࿨M Ɲnj 鴁 s1Dž࿨
໧Mnj1 ƞH 鴁 1 ຨMinj 鴁 ໧ M༙༌ Mຨ뀨཈ Dž 뀨1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 Ms ໧༙ 鴁 M ㄹ( ໧1 ໧鴁 1 s༌ ໧ ໧㌳鴁࿨ 뀨1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁
࿨ M M 뀨1 (࿨ 뀨 MLs( 鴁 H໧ sM ໧ 鴁 ᔰ鴁ƝH 鴁 s뀨i໧ 뀨1 1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 뀨Hs Mnj 鴁 Mຨ Mᔰ sM཈1
L㌳໧鴁 ཈ ຨ໧ M⸲1 ໧Mnj1 ƞH 鴁 鴁 ཈ 鴁HYDRA 鴁 뀨 M ( ࿨ M뀨sMi ( 뀨 뀨཈1 1 ༌ H1
Ɲ 鴁࿨ s ໧M໧ ཈ M Ɲ㌳ s뀨1໧鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨 ࿨ 鴁 ( ǁᔰ 2 0 ໧ 1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁

ii㌳ M༙໧sM໧ ༙໧ ⸲ 鴁 ໧ ƞᔰ ຨ 1 ࿨ ȴ Ǝ ຨs爀཈ 뀨뀨1 鴁 M s ༌ 鴁 ༙໧ Dž ࿨( s཈ 鴁 ƞH༌ 뀨s ཈ s ࿨
爀཈ s ᔰ Ɲ뀨 鴁 M ( ໧ 1 1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 뀨H 鴁 ຨM໧ 뀨 鴁 ໧ Mȴ 뀨㌳ Mຨ1Ɲ໧( ໧ 鴁 M 鴁 ཈ M ࿨
ǁ཈ Ǝ ࿨ ƞH 鴁 M s཈ M 뀨 s nj M 1

뀨H 鴁 鴁Ɲ཈( ᔰ M 1 ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 뀨ᔰ 뀨 ໧ 뀨H໧ ࿨Ɲ 鴁 s1 ໧Ɲ ƞຨHDž M 뀨 s཈ 鴁 ໧ 1 鴁
ຨM໧ 鴁ƝH 鴁 ໧ 뀨i༌ ໧( 뀨1໧鴁 Ɲ1 ཈ 鴁ƝȴƇ1 M ໧཈ ໧ 鴁 鴁 뀨 ຨ ƝDž࿨ Hຨ 鴁 ໧ 뀨s ⸲ 1
M ࿨ ຨ໧ M ໧ njs M s໧ 뀨뀨1 鴁 1 M ȴ( ༌࿨ ƞH 鴁 Ɲ໧ 鴁 sDž ཈ 뀨 s཈ 鴁 Ǝ 鴁 뀨H 鴁
s཈ ຨs뀨1 M 鴁 ࿨Ɲ 鴁 ࿨ nj ຨ뀨s༌ Ɲ s࿨ M 뀨s༌ 뀨i༌ ໧໧ 鴁 i໧ ( 鴁 s༌ M 鴁 뀨뀨1 鴁
M nj໧ 鴁࿨ ȴ(࿨ M 뀨 M 뀨s༌ 鴁࿨ M1 鴁 sM

࿨ Ɲ༌ Mຨ 1 ࿨ 1 뀨 ໧཈s M1 뀨 s཈ 鴁 s M ཈ 뀨 ࿨ 뀨཈ s1໧s ( 뀨 ໧཈s M 1 ཈뀨 ƞH M཈
鴁Ɲ໧ ƝH ໧ ໧sM ㌳࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 鴁 ༌ ໧ ࿨ ໧sM ㌳࿨ ໧ 鴁 ༌ H鴁 ໧ MຨLi ࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 Mᔰ nj 鴁 1 ࿨Ɲ 1
࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 i໧ 鴁 ㌳ ⸲໧ ຨ鴁Ɲᔰ 1 Mຨ뀨s༌ ࿨ƝL뀨཈ ໧ 鴁 鴁 sis 뀨1ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 Ɲ뀨 뀨H 鴁 s1M 1 뀨༙뀨
鴁ƝȴƇ1 뀨 s཈ 鴁 ǁi ໧Ɲ 鴁 ǁ໧sƎ鴁 s ཈ M1 ㄹ s໧鴁 s཈ ໧ M໧࿨ ࿨( s ཈ M 鴁ƝȴƇ1 ࿨( ࿨Ɲ 鴁࿨ ǐ M཈
ຨᔰ ໧ M 1࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 Ɲ1཈ 鴁 ༌( ໧཈ 뀨 ࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 뀨໧ ⸲Dž Ɲ1༙ 뀨뀨 ໧ 鴁 M໧ 1 ƞH 鴁 s M
Ɲi 鴁 nj 鴁 ཈1 Dž ໧ M1 鴁 ຨ1 ㌳ 뀨i ࿨ ǁ㌳ƇM໧ ⸲ 鴁

Ɲȴǁ鴁 M໧໧ ༌ 鴁 ㄹ ຨ MDž࿨ M1཈ ໧ 뀨 s཈ 鴁 ༌࿨ ᔰ ໧཈Dž M1཈(࿨ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 s༌ ㌳Ɲ⸲ 鴁 Hຨ 鴁
sDž s༌ Ɲs 뀨 s཈ 鴁 M s༌ ຨ ㄹ 뀨 ⸲ 鴁 1 鴁 ຨa MDž ㌳ 뀨཈ M㌳ ㌳ 1 ǁ཈༌ ຨsM཈ ƝLnj 鴁

ຨ 1 ǁ ༙Dž 뀨 ࿨ ຨiᔰ鴁࿨ 鴁 ຨ཈ nj뀨nj 鴁 M뀨iDž࿨ ༙ຨ鴁ƞ 鴁 Mຨi⸲ 鴁

M s༌࿨ Mຨnj༙ 鴁 aDž 1 Mຨs( s༌ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 뀨11 ໧ ƝDž M໧ 鴁 ༙໧1 ( 뀨㌳M뀨཈ 鴁࿨ Ɲ1༙ 鴁 1 inj1 Ɲ뀨 ࿨
M s 鴁࿨ Mຨnj༙ 鴁 鴁 䔃໧ 鴁 뀨 ໧཈ ( ໧ ǁ㌳Ƈ鴁 ༌ 鴁 ཈鴁 ( 뀨 H 鴁 s༌ ᔰ鴁࿨ s ໧ 鴁

Ɲ뀨⸲໧ 1 뀨s snj໧

l asģ‷ 㜲ģ‷

njDžƝDž ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁 ࿨ i཈ L໧ s뀨㌳࿨ ࿨ ໧H 鴁 ໧Ɲ 뀨i㌳ ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁 ( ཈
࿨( M 鴁 ML༌ 1M1( 鴁 1 ƝDž໧ ǁ཈ L໧ Ɲ 鴁 ( ᔰ( M1 ⸲ 鴁 L໧Dž ࿨ 1Ǝ鴁
M໧ Ɲ ㄹ s༌ ࿨( ༙ ᔰ࿨ s༌ ཈໧ ㌳Ɲ ( nj཈ Ɲ 1 Ɲ1 ໧s
sDž ࿨ ໧࿨ ᔰ࿨ ( s༌ 鴁 뀨 鴁࿨ Ɲᔰ໧鴁 M M 뀨༙ Dž Ɲ 鴁 s༌ H ࿨Ɲ ༌ L໧ 鴁 s 1 ࿨
M༌ LDž ཈ a⸲ 鴁 鴁 s ཈ M1 ( Ɲi໧ Ǝ ࿨Ɲ⸲ 鴁

࿨ M1࿨ ᔰ M Mȴ 1 ( H 鴁 1 ࿨ ǐM 鴁 ໧ s 뀨 鴁 ༙ Ǝ ( 뀨s༌ H Ǝ࿨(
MnjDž Ǝ鴁 Ɲ 鴁 M཈sƇ鴁 ㌳ s ༙ Ǝ 1M㌳ ༌ L໧ 鴁 M Ɲ 鴁 Ɲs ࿨ M ཈
H 鴁 ཈ ໧ ƞ 1 M H࿨ ໧ǁȴ ໧

༌ Mi༌ s 1໧鴁 njDž ǐM뀨nj 뀨㌳M㌳໧鴁 M ཈ 鴁 s Dž鴁 s ཈ ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁 1⸲
1໧鴁 ཈ M1࿨ ༌鴁 鴁 ǐM཈sƇ鴁 鴁 ࿨ 1໧鴁 ࿨( ໧H 鴁 MHDž 뀨 ࿨Ƈ཈ M໧ Ɲ཈ ǐM཈s
뀨༌M H 鴁࿨ Ɲ༙ 鴁 nj 鴁 M1࿨ Ɲ ໧Dž 鴁 鴁࿨ƞHs( M ໧ Ɲa༙ 鴁 MຨຨM ໧( ǐ ༙s ཈ ༌ H ໧ 鴁 1 nj໧ 鴁
뀨 ໧H 鴁 M ༙ 鴁 鴁Ɲas鴁 i뀨 M ໧뀨 ໧ ཈ 鴁࿨ ƞH 鴁 Hs s༌ M༙ s ຨᔰ 1໧ s
㌳ƝDž ໧ 鴁 뀨 鴁 뀨 ࿨Ƈ཈ 鴁࿨ ༌ 鴁࿨ 鴁 Ƈ鴁 Hs ༌ L໧ 鴁 鴁 ཈ Mຨ 1 ໧M⸲ 鴁 rMȴ ༙s໧a 鴁
Ɲ༌ƝDž ໧ 鴁 ໧ 뀨໧࿨ ࿨࿨ 鴁 鴁 뀨໧ Ɲ ໧཈ 鴁࿨ ຨ鴁 鴁 M ໧sƎ鴁 1 Hƞ M ƎƇ ǐ ༙s ཈
཈M1໧ 鴁࿨ ࿨M ໧ 鴁 ໧ s༌ ƇƝ 鴁 뀨 鴁 M 뀨sM Ƈ鴁 뀨nj 鴁 1 뀨r( ƞᔰ ࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ ⸲s࿨
໧H 鴁 ǐ ༙s ཈ M1࿨

M཈s Ƈ snj໧

루 ᔰģ‷ 㘹 ‰㜲ģ‷ ‰l ‷

뀨s༌- 1 i 鴁 鴁ƞH 1 Dž༌( Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 ཈ s 鴁 HMH༌Ƈ鴁
뀨Dž Dž࿨ ǐM 鴁 鴁 ຨ ƞs( ᔰ࿨ ƞ༌ ǁ ࿨ - ǁ཈ 鴁࿨ ǁ 鴁
1 Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 ཈ HMH༌Ƈ鴁 Dž࿨ 鴁 sຨᔰ M MsM뀨໧࿨ ຨDžM뀨s
໧s ㌳࿨ i뀨 HMH༌ ࿨ Ɲ⸲Dž HMH༌ ࿨ s༌ HMH༌ ࿨ sM뀨໧HMH༌
s 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 HMH༌ ༌ 뀨 鴁
M ໧鴁 ࿨Ɲ ཈ is 鴁 1⸲Dž
M 1( ཈ ຨ 鴁 M L 鴁 ࿨ Ɲ༙ 鴁 1 Dž is 鴁 ໧ ƇƝnj 鴁 Ɲ
뀨 r Dž M1 鴁 ࿨ 뀨໧ M⸲s M ຨM㌳ M i Ɲa뀨཈ 鴁 1 ㄹ M ໧鴁
཈ 뀨 is 鴁 s ຨ 鴁 M L 鴁 nj 鴁 ໧ 鴁 Ɲ⸲໧ 鴁 s༌
nj໧ is ໧ M ໧鴁 ࿨Ɲ
༙DžƝ 鴁 M 鴁 ཈ 뀨H཈ ໧鴁 ĝM༙as鴁
໧ r H ࿨ r 뀨 M ཈ 鴁 ཈ ໧ 1 ( Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 Ɲ
njDž 뀨H཈ ໧鴁 뀨 ( ࿨ 鴁 s 鴁 ໧iㄹ( M1 鴁 ࿨ ༙ ໧ 鴁 ཈
཈ ໧ r M཈sƇ鴁 H뀨཈ H 鴁 鴁 nj ࿨ s༌( M ༙Dž 鴁 M s
༙໧鴁
M i 鴁 M໧ ཈ ໧ 鴁 M sDž 鴁
Mᔰ鴁 1( 뀨཈ (࿨ sDž 鴁 Ɲ i 鴁 ( Hs 鴁 Ɲ i 鴁 Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 Ɲ
Ǝ鴁 M i 鴁 ໧ M i 鴁 M s༌ ⸲ ໧࿨ ໧ Dž 1࿨ ໧ ཈ 1
Ɲ 鴁 s༌ ໧ s໧ Dž Ǝ Mຨ뀨཈ 뀨 Dž ໧ 鴁 M ຨM1 鴁 (࿨ ( Mຨs
༙⸲ ࿨ L뀨 鴁 뀨i 鴁 1 1M ໧s Ɲȴ໧鴁 Mຨ㌳鴁 s a໧཈Dž M s ࿨
໧ 鴁 Ɲ뀨 Ɲ i 鴁 ȴ鴁 ཈ 1Dž 鴁 1( ᔰ࿨ ༌ M ( 뀨༌M 鴁 M ໧໧鴁
L཈ 鴁 s༌ M 鴁Ɲs
鴁 Mnjs Dž 鴁 1⸲Dž MiH 鴁
ĝ ໧鴁 ཈ ǐƝ M1 Dž 鴁࿨ MDž࿨໧M໧ MiH 鴁 Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 r࿨
( M뀨ᔰ s뀨H 鴁 M s༌ ⸲ ໧࿨ ㌳鴁࿨Ɲ M໧ M ( Mຨ༙r࿨࿨ 뀨a 鴁 뀨i뀨໧
s༌ MiH 鴁 ᔰ࿨ Ǝ ཈໧M뀨 鴁 ໧M໧ i뀨໧ Mnj뀨 ༌ ĝ ໧鴁 Ɲ໧aDž MiH 鴁
ĝ ໧鴁 ໧ƝL 鴁࿨ 鴁 Mnj 鴁 ཈ML ĝ ໧鴁
i1 鴁 뀨໧
໧࿨ sƇ 鴁 ༙ ໧ i1 鴁 r࿨ i1 鴁 뀨໧ ƇƝnj 鴁 Ɲ M1 ༌
Mຨ L໧ ༙㌳( ཈ Ǝƞ 1 s Dž i1 鴁 뀨s( ( 鴁 뀨 鴁 M s༌ iㄹ(
1 뀨s໧鴁 H M 1 Ǝƞ 1 s ǁ཈ Ɲ 鴁 M1( 1i⸲ 鴁 M i໧ nj໧
뀨i 鴁 M i໧ njDž
M1 Mຨ 1 Ɲ1 鴁 ƇƝnj 鴁 ཈ Ɲȴ໧鴁 뀨 s 鴁 鴁HMH༌Ƈ鴁 1 鴁 M ࿨
M i཈཈ ǁ鴁 ໧ M1 Mຨ 1࿨ M뀨 s༌ iㄹ(࿨ ཈M⸲໧ 鴁 Dž ໧
Ma 鴁

鴁 i༌ 1 1 snj໧

‫ܨ‬

M 鴁 1໧鴁 a཈ ࿨ i໧㌳ M1 M1
Dž 1໧ DžM뀨 ໧ Mຨ໧ຨᔰ鴁࿨ ໧ 鴁

Ɲຨ㌳ , s໧, ƝDž Dž , ȴ
Hs s໧ ཈༙ ໧ 鴁 ᔰ 鴁 a཈ ࿨ i໧㌳

཈༙ ໧ ㄹ M Dž s M໧ ㄹ nj཈
M ຨ1 ཈ Ɲ ໧཈Dž Ǝ

࿨ M ໧Ɲs཈ 鴁Ɲ뀨 r M
뀨nj Dž 1

뀨nj Dž nj Ɲ뀨 r
M Dž Ɲi ( 鴁 (

ǁ뀨 ໧཈ 鴁 1
Ms H཈1 ǁ཈ 鴁 뀨s༌ ㌳ M
鴁ƝȴƇ M໧M 1࿨
Mi M໧࿨ Mis໧ ᔰ໧鴁 ㌳ M
si໧ M ຨᔰƝȴ( 1࿨
뀨 ㌳ ໧ M ໧ H཈ 鴁 ཈ nj໧࿨
M1 Mȴ i 뀨 Ɲȴ ࿨໧鴁
໧nj뀨 Ɲȴ sM뀨 鴁࿨
i 뀨 1H ໧ Ɲȴ ㌳ ࿨
Ɲ 1 ƞ ƞ༌

༙뀨༙ 鴁 ƎƇ snj໧

‷

鴁 s༌ ໧鴁 1s ࿨ ǁ Ƈ鴁 s༌ Dž༌໧鴁 ໧ M 뀨s༌ 鴁໧ s( Dž 鴁 s 鴁 ༌( 1 ໧鴁

H1 뀨 鴁 ࿨ H1 ໧M཈ sM 1 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁࿨ Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 1sDž Mຨs鴁 Ǝ Mຨ཈࿨ s s໧ 1

໧MnjDž Mຨs( Ǝ M ໧໧鴁 Dž ࿨ 뀨໧ Dž ཈ nj 1 ࿨ ( 1 MnjsDžDž M11 鴁 s ཈ ໧s1s

໧r 鴁 ࿨ 1s 鴁 ࿨ ࿨ 鴁 ࿨ ໧s1 M໧

M ໧M໧ ࿨ M 1༌ s཈(࿨ sᔰ( 1 M뀨s 鴁 Ɲ ㌳࿨ ࿨ s༌ M ࿨ Džs1s Dž 鴁 s
Ǝ( ໧ 1 鴁 ࿨ Dž࿨ ᔰ鴁 Dž࿨ Dž 鴁 ࿨㌳ Dž 1 Ɲ ƞDž ࿨ ࿨1sDž
Mຨ໧ ࿨㌳ ࿨ MsMr࿨( 1 ࿨ Mຨ1鴁 ໧( sDž sᔰ 鴁 ࿨ 1 ࿨ ໧ 鴁 s1 sDž㌳Dž
M ࿨ 1( ໧s s 鴁࿨໧ M㌳sƇ鴁 M 뀨r࿨࿨ s ᔰ M໧ s 鴁 M ǁ鴁 1 ༌ ཈
࿨ s༌
ㄹ 1( ㄹ 1( ㄹ 1( M໧ ໧໧M r ㌳s໧ ǐMs 鴁 s( 1 鴁 ࿨㌳ 鴁 ຨ㌳ s࿨
࿨໧鴁

Mnjs Mຨ ཈࿨s M Ms1 ໧ M ຨ1 Mss໧ ༌M ࿨ Ɲ njDž࿨ s Ms1 sDž㌳Dž Mຨs鴁 ࿨ s໧
࿨ᔰ࿨ ໧㌳ Mຨs( ཈ ࿨ ໧ Mຨ ཈ ཈ ࿨ M Ɲ1 ໧ 1 ᔰs M ໧鴁 ཈ ㌳ Mss
཈ ཈ ཈ ໧ ࿨ ȴƝ M ࿨ᔰ࿨ ࿨Ɲi໧ ǁ཈ sMᔰs࿨ Dž M ㌳ ㌳࿨ ǁr( M뀨 M໧
1 ᔰs M༌ 鴁 鴁 鴁 M ໧ ᔰƞ Mss࿨ M༌ 鴁 ໧ MDžsDž 鴁 Ɲ 鴁 Mຨs ཈࿨ Mຨຨᔰ࿨
࿨ 鴁 M໧Dž鴁࿨ 뀨 鴁 M ༌ ໧ 鴁 ཈ ໧㌳ 鴁࿨ M s ཈ ཈ ࿨ M Ɲi Ǝ࿨ Mຨnj
鴁 s ( 鴁 M뀨໧༙ 鴁 ࿨ M໧ 鴁 Ƈr໧ ༌ 1㌳s s㌳ Dž1 爀཈ ࿨㌳ 鴁 nj཈ ࿨ ǁ 鴁
뀨 M໧ M ᔰ1 ໧㌳s M໧ 鴁࿨s໧r( ࿨ 뀨 ㌳1 鴁 ࿨ Hᔰ 鴁 鴁 鴁 ຨ໧ 鴁 ໧ ໧ ຨDžMຨ1(
sᔰ 鴁 鴁࿨໧( 1 M໧ Mຨs໧ 1( Ɲi໧ 뀨s༌ MDž༙ 鴁 Mຨ໧ ( ຨiDžs鴁 ࿨ M 鴁 Mຨ ( i໧sM཈ ໧࿨
s 鴁 ༙ Mຨ໧༌M㌳ ໧໧ M໧ 鴁 鴁 r ( ໧໧ 鴁 ຨiDžs鴁

ƞ༌ 鴁 M snj໧

^‷ ^ ‰l

MH ໧鴁 ໧M

M뀨 鴁 ໧໧ s 鴁 Ɲ뀨H 鴁 ƝH 鴁 1 1໧Dž ໧ 鴁 뀨ᔰ 뀨H 鴁 ຨMH 鴁 s 뀨s뀨 ໧M ࿨( MH ໧鴁 ໧M
໧ǁȴ Ɲ M 1 鴁 M 1 ཈nj Dž࿨ ຨ鴁Ɲ 鴁 뀨 ༙ 鴁 ༙ ໧ 鴁 ໧ 뀨 ༙s໧a 鴁 뀨ᔰ 뀨H 鴁 鴁 Ɲi༌
200 1 뀨 鴁 ᔰ ㌳ M 1 ƞH M 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧ 鴁 ໧鴁 1 Mຨ 1 뀨໧njL 1 ཈M Dž

Ɲ s໧鴁 M⸲ 鴁

뀨 ࿨ Ɲ s໧鴁 s s M iDž Ɲ s໧鴁 M⸲ 鴁 ㌳M໧ ㌳࿨ , 鴁࿨鴁 Mnj1 ཈ 뀨 鴁 ཈ Ɲ s໧鴁 M⸲ 鴁 nj
Ɲ s໧鴁 M⸲ 鴁 Ɲi໧ ࿨ s i཈1Dž ໧ 鴁 ࿨ Ɲ s໧鴁 s 鴁 鴁 MDžMi 鴁 鴁 s( 1 s 뀨L Dž M s ࿨ M뀨s1 M M

뀨sM뀨㌳ Ǝ ᔰ 뀨HsM໧ 1 ཈ 뀨sM뀨཈ 鴁 M Ɲ⸲ 鴁 1 鴁 뀨njDž 뀨s M뀨཈s s ༙1 뀨sM뀨㌳ ຨᔰ࿨
뀨 뀨i 뀨 1 s 1 뀨

Mຨ ཈ 1 M༌ snj໧

› ‷‷

Mຨ ຨ鴁࿨Ɲ໧ HM໧ Dž࿨ MDžMi 鴁 鴁 s( s( M H໧鴁
཈ M H໧鴁 ༌鴁 H ໧ 鴁 M ༌ Ɲ1࿨ ຨ鴁 ࿨ ༙s1 M ƝDž 1࿨ ༙뀨Ls 鴁࿨ ໧鴁 H 鴁
1໧Dž Ɲ ƞ 鴁࿨ 鴁ƞ뀨 1࿨ M໧ǁȴ ƎM ᔰ M ຨ뀨s༌ ༙ Dž Mຨs໧ 1M 鴁࿨ 뀨 ƞ 鴁 ຨ鴁 鴁
ǁ໧i 鴁 鴁 Ɲ ƞ 鴁 ǐ ࿨ M㌳࿨ M H໧鴁 1 s 鴁 ƞH 鴁 ࿨ ǁ໧i 鴁 1
ຨ鴁Ɲ 鴁 Ɲ ƞ 鴁 s༌ ༙ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨sƝ 鴁࿨ M ǁ ࿨( 뀨s( ࿨( Ɲ M ༌(࿨
ƞ뀨 鴁

ǁ ໧ 1 DžMDžMis Dž࿨ M H໧ ƞ DžMis ᔰ ㌳鴁 isƞ 鴁 s 뀨1M㌳ snj໧

뀨໧໧鴁 isƞ 鴁 鴁 s( 110 鴁 s 뀨njisƞ 鴁 s뀨 ༙ 鴁 ໧
༌鴁 s( 1 Ɲ뀨뀨 Ɲ⸲໧ Dž ໧Ɲ 鴁 鴁 ཈ s뀨r໧鴁 isƞ 鴁 鴁 s( (
M໧࿨ ࿨(࿨ HM໧ nj 鴁࿨ M뀨 ƝDž ཈

໧ DžMis ᔰ ㌳ ཈ 鴁
1 Ɲ뀨 ( 1 ᔰ ࿨ s뀨 H 鴁 M H໧ ƞ 뀨 ㌳ ཈ 鴁 s뀨 ༙ 鴁
s 鴁 M 뀨໧ ࿨( 뀨H཈༙ ໧ M H( M⸲ 鴁 ǁ໧ ཈ M 鴁࿨ M༌ s 뀨 ໧ (
뀨s MH໧ 鴁 Lnj 鴁 뀨ᔰ Ɲ H 1⸲Dž ( 1 ࿨ ༙뀨༙ȴ ຨ鴁 鴁
M໧Mi 鴁 뀨཈ Dž ཈ Mຨ1鴁 a໧㌳鴁 ༌ Lnj 鴁 ໧ s Ɲ໧཈ ࿨ Dž

Mຨ Ɲ a 鴁 ຨ鴁 MDžMi 鴁 1 s ༙sƝnj 鴁
ƝL༌ ຨ鴁 Mຨ ࿨ 鴁ƞᔰ໧鴁 ༌M໧ Ɲ H 鴁 Ɲ ƞ1 ࿨Ɲa1 1
Ɲ뀨1M཈ 鴁 i⸲Dž M ࿨ ໧࿨ ໧鴁 ໧ 鴁 Ɲຨ (࿨ ໧( 1 s鴁࿨ ໧
Mຨs 1 ࿨ 鴁 鴁 ໧ ཈Dž࿨ ƎM ໧㌳鴁 Mຨຨ鴁ƞᔰ( Ɲ뀨 ( ࿨
཈໧M i Dž M1 ༌ i 鴁 ໧ ࿨ Ɲ s(

࿨ i 鴁 M⸲ M ⸳ Mຨ ㌳鴁 MDžMi 鴁 ໧⸲Dž࿨ ཈si 鴁
໧ M1 ༌ƝH༙ Dž Mຨs爀཈ 鴁 ssƝ1 Dž M1 ཈ Mຨ໧ ƇMa 鴁
s༌ s 鴁 ǁ໧i 鴁 1Dž 뀨 ໧ 鴁 s໧鴁 Dž 1 ཈ 1໧ Mຨ཈
Ɲ1 鴁 s ཈ ㌳鴁࿨ 1⸲໧ Ɲ⸲໧ M Ɲ뀨 ໧ s Mnj M໧ Ɲ뀨 r ໧໧鴁
鴁 鴁 M 鴁࿨ M ⸲ 鴁

‷ 퍈 ‷ ‰l

鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 s༌

཈ 鴁 Ɲຨ ( ༌ s༌ Mຨ 뀨཈nj໧໧ 鴁 1M໧ 뀨s 鴁Ɲ໧໧M໧ Ɲ M ໧ M ཈ 鴁 ཈ ᔰ Dž ໧ 鴁 H 鴁 s༌ s༙ 鴁 M s༌ s (
Ɲȴǁ鴁 Ɲi 鴁 M༙r ༌ ƞ뀨 Dž ໧ rMȴ M༙r Ɲ໧ 1 ࿨ ໧ ƇMȴ Ɲ໧ Ɲຨ 1 i 뀨 ໧

鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 M཈໧(

Mຨ ໧ Dž ໧ 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 M 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 

M༙r 1࿨ 鴁࿨ ǐ nj 鴁࿨ ㌳໧鴁
໧ ໧ ࿨ MnjDžƇ鴁࿨ 뀨 M뀨 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁
ǐM 鴁 뀨໧ ໧ i 1 뀨 a ຨs 1໧

H 鴁 Ɲ໧ Mຨ ȴ 뀨໧鴁Ɲ໧ 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 
鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 M r( ໧ ໧ ࿨ 鴁 鴁࿨ 뀨 鴁࿨

࿨ H 鴁࿨ Ɲ1໧i 鴁 M1཈ ຨi ໧
nj뀨 鴁࿨ Ɲi M໧ s ໧ ຨs( Ǝ 뀨L໧ ຨs(

鴁H H 鴁࿨ 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧( 뀨ຨ鴁 ຨ 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 
HMHs ࿨ Ls 鴁࿨ ࿨ ຨ M໧ ༙ ໧ 鴁ƞ뀨 鴁࿨

1 Mi໧༌鴁 1 MຨDžM໧࿨( ཈ 鴁
뀨༙nj뀨 鴁 ƇMa ໧鴁

鴁 Ɲ໧ ໧Dž 뀨ຨM 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧໧鴁 
1 Mi໧༌鴁 1 Ɲnj 鴁࿨ M Ɲ཈ 鴁࿨
s༌ 뀨཈sM1࿨ ࿨ ༙ M༌ Ɲ뀨 ໧鴁 ƇMa ໧鴁

ǁ Ƈ鴁

M㌳ Ɲ㌳M 뀨 1( snj໧

‰‰⸲ 㘹 㘹

뀨s༌ s཈໧ snjDž M1 뀨s༌ s 鴁 鴁 ໧ 鴁 M⸲༌࿨ ༙s໧ 鴁 s༌ MsM ໧1ƎM໧ ໧H뀨໧ ໧ ƝiaDž s鴁 ໧ȴ(࿨ ༙Dž鴁 s鴁࿨ Ɲ1
s໧ M໧ Ɲ⸲໧ M Mຨsnj໧ ༙sDž ໧ȴ( 1 1s ຨM໧ 鴁 ຨ 鴁 1 뀨s༌ s཈໧ snjDž 뀨Dž M1 뀨s༌ s 鴁 鴁࿨ 1
Mຨs 1 1( 뀨s༌ s཈໧໧

Mᔰ鴁 i 鴁 ࿨ s໧ M໧ ƞiȴ Mᔰ࿨ ᔰ鴁 Mㄹ 뀨1 M M s༌ ໧࿨ ƞiȴ DžƝ1 L H HDž鴁 s鴁࿨ ཈
鴁 ༙ 鴁 Dž Dž ss M Mຨ M1s

뀨㌳ M M໧ ࿨ Ǝ M໧ 1 1 鴁 鴁 鴁Ɲ໧ ƝȴƇ ㌳ isM M໧ s鴁࿨ 鴁 sƞ 鴁 is ƇMi M໧ s M뀨໧ȴ s࿨ Ɲ1
s༌ M໧࿨ M뀨໧a 鴁 Ls 1 鴁 鴁 뀨 ໧཈1 isMr M໧ ss Mi⸲ 鴁 M뀨໧a 鴁࿨ M뀨໧a 鴁 M i 鴁 鴁࿨H H ໧

1࿨࿨࿨࿨࿨࿨࿨ 1s 鴁Ɲ໧ 鴁 s ( 뀨
鴁 s Mr( snj໧

‰9 㘹

뀨 M໧ 鴁 M s1 鴁 ༌ ໧鴁
1 ƝᔰMDž ƝL뀨໧ Ɲ 1 M - Ɲ M༌ ǐ ຨ1 s 1 1M 1 - s 1 뀨i

1Ɲi1 ㌳M 1 s 1 - ࿨ 1 ༙ r Ɲ໧a1 ཈MDžs 1M༌ ĝƝ 1

M HƝ M ㌳ 鴁 ༌

㈠㜲ģ‷ ᔰ퍈 9 1

཈ 鴁 M1࿨ 鴁

2 ཈鴁 鴁 s໧鴁 M໧MᔰƇ鴁 ǁ໧㌳Ǝ ༌ 1 ƝȴƇ
뀨 r M໧Mᔰ ǁ뀨 ຨ鴁 ⸲༌ 1⸲໧ ཈ 鴁 ໧뀨㌳࿨
཈໧ - 뀨཈ 鴁 뀨༙뀨s s 鴁 M໧MᔰƇ鴁 s཈Dž

sM뀨 鴁

l ે㈠

19 0 M༌

19 s Ɲ໧ ໧ 鴁 Ɲs ໧s 19 s 뀨ຨ 鴁 M뀨1 鴁࿨ Ɲ 1 뀨໧ 鴁ƞ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 Ɲs 鴁Ɲ ໧㌳鴁
ǁ཈ 鴁 i༌ s༌ 뀨 뀨 鴁 ຨ H 鴁 M뀨໧ ǁ༌
Ɲ1཈༌ ǁnjs鴁 M ㌳ ཈ 뀨 뀨 ໧ 鴁 Ɲ 鴁
Ɲ1 鴁- ໧鴁Ɲ 鴁 Dž鴁 鴁 1 鴁 M༙Dž鴁
Ɲ1 鴁 뀨໧鴁Ɲ 鴁 Ɲ 鴁 Mຨ໧s鴁
ƝrM 鴁 i༌ M ᔰ M཈࿨

뀨໧Ɲ 鴁 Ɲ 1 ຨ ᔰ ㌳Mຨ 鴁 M཈ 鴁 s( 1 Dž
ǁ snj໧

Dream it, Do it

What do you really want to do in your life? If
money were no object, what would you do?
Write a novel, travel the world, start your own
company? Many of us dismiss such dreams as
indulgent fantasies. After all, with so many
challenges in the here and now, the idea of

dreaming about the future may seem
pointless, even decadent.

Successful, satisfied people know the value of
dreams and visions, and they’re always working
on them. In their eyes, life dreams aren’t static,
isolated solutions or escape hatches from here

and now. Nor are they fantasy cure-alls or
“consolation prizes” that will some day

compensate them for otherwise meaningless
labors. Rather, to people who are actively

working on their dreams, the dream is their life.

Dream building isn’t just
about feeding life into
your dream, it’s also

about feeding your
dream into your life.

When it comes to talking about your dream, it’s wise
to share it with only a select few until you are
confident about your desires. If your dream is to start
your own business, you may not want to confide in
an embittered coworker who is stuck in a dead-end
job. But once you’ve reached the point where you
have the support of your important friends, and are
feeling confident and willing to make the trade-offs
necessary to realize your dream, there’s no need to
hide your plans.

By: Hanin Walid

Social media

Social media has grown Just like anything which can they were doing was
tremendously in the last few be used for both good and experimenting, trying out
years. From 2006 onwards bad, social media, as any skills, and succeeding and
the growth rate is other thing in life, is a double- failing in tons of tiny real-
unexpectedly very high. edged weapon. Teens are time interactions that kids
Specially Facebook and masters at keeping today are missing out. For
Twitter have grown much themselves occupied by one thing, modern teens are
faster and captured millions social media in the hours learning to do most of their
of users in just a few years. after school until way past communication while looking
According to the way bedtime. When they’re not at the screen, not another
technology is growing, it is doing their homework (and person.
obvious that more and more when they are) they’re online
people are going to grasp its and on their phones, texting, We all should be using social
benefits. It has brought a lot sharing, trolling, scrolling, you media in a good way and not
of advantages for the society. name it. Of course, before getting addicted to it. Getting
From progressed nations to everyone had an Instagram away all the bad side effects
under-developed countries, account, teens kept and trying to take the
every nation is utilizing the themselves busy, too, but positive side of everything,
power of social media to they were more likely to do especially social media will
enhance life and use it to their chatting on the phone, definitely lead to online-
make people better. or in person when hanging safety. We need to stay safe
However, on the other hand out at the mall. It may have and YOU should stay safe, all
it has also affected the looked like a lot of aimless the best.
society in the negative way. hanging around, but what

By: Hanin Walid

DESTROYING NATURAL HABITATS

Imagine waking up one day, only to Habitat destruction is the leading
discover that everything you’ve always cause of extinction for various
known has instantly changed. The home species and is the reason that many
animals are endangered. Animals are
you’ve lived in for your entire life is very intelligent beings, but without their
gone. The roads are much different, natural homes, they are unable to
making navigation far more complicated, protect themselves and care for their
and you find yourself in areas that are
unfamiliar to you. All around you are young.
elements that could easily cause you Solutions available include:
harm and there is no escaping. This 1) Combat habitat loss by preserving
natural resources and learning how to
scenario would be sad, extremely use them in a way that does not require
overwhelming, and many people would such frequent destruction of habitats.
not survive. Yet, this is what happens 2)We should also teach others the
importance of biodiversity.
every day to wildlife and underwater 3) We should be just as willing to put
species as their habitats are destroyed. forth the effort to rebuild and attempt
As we exhaust natural resources, the
homes of many animals are lost in the to replace what is lost.

process. By definition, habitat loss is
also known as habitat destruction, and
it occurs when we destroy the natural

shelters that are home to wildlife.

By: Raghad Haidar

㈠ i ģ ᔰ ‰a

1 Mຨ ༌ ໧཈s ࿨ Mຨ 1 ཈ Mຨ1鴁 a໧㌳鴁 1 ຨM༙ 鴁 ࿨( ໧ M໧ Mnjs Ɲ ⸲s Ǝ M 1 Mຨ1 a໧཈s ໧ 鴁 Mnj뀨iL໧ 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 M
M ࿨ 뀨཈뀨ຨ 뀨 MH1 ཈ ȴ໧M໧࿨ ༌ ƎMH1 ཈ 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 s ༌M㌳ 鴁 iMovie 뀨iLDž ༌ M1 s 1 1 M ㌳ 뀨 鴁

nj뀨㌳ M 뀨Dž r 鴁ƝㄹƇ1 ( ཈M ࿨ M 뀨཈ ࿨ r ᔰ s༌ nj 鴁 ໧࿨(
1 뀨཈ M s 鴁 a໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ຨ㌳ ࿨ sMH1 ࿨ ǁ뀨1 Dž ໧ 뀨H཈໧ 鴁 ࿨( sM ໧鴁
s༌ i ML ༌M཈ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨཈ ( s༌ ࿨࿨ Dž ໧ 뀨H཈Dž ༌ M཈i໧
鴁 ML 鴁 뀨༌鴁 ໧ M1཈( ༌
s

뀨 Dž nj뀨nj 鴁 ཈࿨ HM༙s໧ 鴁 s༌ 鴁Ɲs M1 ࿨( MH໧ 鴁 Msǁ༌Ƈ鴁 ᔰ M 1 1 MnjDž ࿨ 뀨 M༌ H໧ trailer ༌ 1 M뀨sMㄹ
ƇMa 鴁 sǁ༌ s༌ rMa 鴁 ໧཈ ࿨ 1 뀨 1 ໧Dž s H ࿨ 鴁 ᔰ ໧ 1 뀨iL໧ 鴁 s༌ trailer

뀨s㌳ ໧( i༌ Ɲ1 snj໧

DIY 9i ે 퍈Mຨ s ཈鴁
(Do It Yourself)

뀨཈Ɲ໧ 鴁࿨ 鴁Ɲia 鴁 1 Ɲ Mi1 ༌M཈1 ࿨ ໧ M뀨 ( ǁr ࿨( Dž M ໧ nj Ɲ ཈༙ ໧ Mຨs ཈鴁
鴁鴁 ໧ ࿨鴁 Ma 鴁 鴁 鴁 sH໧ 鴁Ɲ཈໧鴁 nj 뀨s M⸲ ཈༙ ໧ Mຨs ཈鴁 DIY Dž 뀨 M ໧鴁 M ໧໧鴁
M1s໧ 鴁 M⸲s ཈ M཈ 鴁 ໧s ࿨( Dž ࿨( M໧s⸳ Mi Ɲ 鴁 ໧ 鴁ƞᔰ( ࿨( i໧ 1 Mຨ1鴁 a໧㌳鴁 Dž ໧ 鴁
Mຨ༙뀨 Dž 1 ໧ 鴁࿨ ༙s໧a1 ཈鴁࿨ ༌ ǁȴ 1 s཈ 鴁 鴁 ƞ뀨༙ Dž 1 뀨 ໧ M 鴁

໧ ᔰ njs ࿨( MH໧ 鴁 ໧ ཈ nj 鴁 M ໧໧Ǝ鴁 ຨ鴁 ༙ 鴁 뀨1 ཈ 鴁 MᔰM뀨໧s鴁 
鴁 鴁 ໧ 鴁 a໧㌳Ǝ M뀨໧sǁ ࿨( MH໧ 鴁

໧H 鴁 ཈ ཈ 鴁 ࿨( Ɲ༙໧ 鴁࿨ 뀨1 ໧ 鴁 ཈ i Ɲ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨 鴁 Ɲ 鴁 뀨1 ཈Ɲ 鴁 ƞ ƞ Dž 

཈༙ ໧ Mຨ Dž 鴁 뀨L໧཈Dž M뀨 鴁

Ɲ ( Ms snj໧

‫'ܨ‬sģ‷ ‰ i

뀨໧໧鴁 Ƈ M໧ s࿨Ɲ1 鴁
Ɲ Mnj 鴁

뀨i Dž s ( 1 s࿨Ɲ11 鴁Ɲᔰ0 0 
M뀨໧ȴ鴁 Ɲi H M໧ Mᔰ 鴁 鴁 i໧㌳鴁 1 M ໧Ɲ1 Lnj 鴁 Mᔰ 鴁 ࿨ r 1 H ໧ 
M뀨໧ȴ鴁 ໧뀨༙ Dž࿨ a 鴁࿨ M M໧ s཈ ໧ s 鴁 ࿨( ຨ鴁Ɲ Lnj 鴁 HML 鴁 ƝL༙ 鴁 1 
⸲i 鴁 뀨⸲ 鴁 1 뀨໧nj s1 
뀨iHsƞ 鴁࿨ ཈Ɲnj 鴁࿨ M ཈ 鴁࿨ ࿨Ɲ༙1 s࿨ nj໧ 
1 鴁࿨ ༙s༙ 鴁࿨ s 鴁 1 1 nj s1 s 
H nj s1 2 

໧H nj s1 2 
뀨໧ nj s1 2 

뀨ss 2 

Ɲ뀨 ໧ 鴁 nj Ɲ 1
H nj s1࿨ s1 nj s1࿨ Ɲ ƞ M1 ཈ s࿨Ɲ1 鴁 njs㌳鴁 2
ຨs Ɲ뀨 ໧ ໧s s 鴁 ƞ 鴁 ཈ ࿨Ɲ⸲ 鴁 ㄹ 뀨 鴁 ㄹ i 鴁 s
H ཈ 뀨໧ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨໧ 鴁 1 ໧ƞ 鴁 ƝȴƇ M༌࿨ ཈ Ɲi H 鴁 ࿨( Mᔰ 鴁
M뀨i 뀨໧ 鴁 i ໧s L㌳ ໧1 Ms s༌ 鴁Ɲ ໧㌳M໧ 鴁 뀨ᔰ Ɲs࿨ s 1 8

཈s ໧s is໧࿨ Ɲ1 鴁 ࿨( 뀨s 鴁 ༙뀨 (
뀨1M⸲i 鴁 1 ໧( ཈ 鴁 1 ( H sL 鴁
࿨Ɲ༙ 鴁 s࿨ nji 鴁࿨ 뀨⸲ 鴁 ⸲i ໧ Mຨ 뀨 ƞDž ໧ ȴM㌳ Mຨ뀨1 ໧ ㄹ 鴁 뀨ᔰ is໧࿨

Mᔰ 鴁࿨ i 鴁 ㄹ s࿨Ɲ1 鴁 ༙뀨
໧࿨ ໧໧ ໧ ໧㌳鴁࿨ i s༌ s࿨Ɲ1 鴁 1 ໧

ᔰ࿨ snj໧

i, '

MisƝ1

M s sຨ㌳࿨ 뀨ຨ ƝL໧ 鴁 ༙ 鴁 nj໧ M1཈ ໧ 1໧뀨Dž( ໧࿨ M཈ 뀨⸲ 鴁 1 1

M༌ƞsƎ鴁࿨ 뀨 鴁 ཈ i཈໧Dž ໧ 鴁 뀨཈༙ 鴁 M໧鴁ƝL Ǝ鴁 ༙a ࿨ ƝDž ໧ 鴁 1 snj s鴁 Mຨ (࿨ ᔰ ຨ鴁 ཈ 鴁 M L M཈
( i M뀨

1 2 ࿨Ɲa1 뀨ᔰM໧ Dž
鴁 ཈ ࿨ 1཈i 鴁
࿨ s뀨 ᔰ Ɲ1཈ M1 ࿨ iDž Ɲȴ( Ɲ1཈
M1 뀨ຨ M s ᔰM໧ Dž ᔰHM ࿨
໧࿨ ༌ ࿨鴁Ɲ཈
s ᔰM໧ ໧㌳ MHs뀨 鴁 鴁 ໧ Ɲ s(
뀨i⸲ȴ 鴁 ༌( 1 鴁 ࿨ - 뀨i⸲a 鴁 鴁 鴁鴁 1 L໧ Mຨ໧ ࿨
s뀨 M1 1i Ɲ 1 뀨 Dž s ༙ 鴁 ຨ鴁཈
뀨L໧ Dž ƇMa 鴁

࿨鴁Ɲ཈࿨

s

뀨ຨ⸲1 Mnjs Ɲ1཈
L໧ s ᔰM໧ Dž M1
-Ǝ Ƈ r H 1
- ࿨Ɲi1 H ᔰ
s s1 ss L໧࿨
뀨1鴁Ɲ Ƈ r ࿨ ᔰM

Ɲ뀨 ໧ 鴁 nj 鴁 1鴁
༙鴁

H1( M཈ snj໧ ƞ Ɲ༙ 鴁 ཈ 鴁 nj 鴁
໧ ໧㌳鴁࿨ 뀨໧༌M㌳

뀨 鴁 DžMHs뀨 ໧

nl ‷ ‴

ᔰ 鴁 M1㌳M1

Ƈ1 ƝᔰM snj໧

M༙⸲ 鴁 Ɲ뀨⸲nj໧ Lsȴ
Ɲ1㌳ ໧ H H Ms࿨ 1 鴁
ㄹ M 1 ຨLsa໧ njs M ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 nj Ɲ
ȴ 1 ༙ 鴁 s༌ ຨ鴁 Ɲ ໧ Mຨ Ɲ༙s

뀨1 鴁 sᔰ 鴁 Ɲ뀨⸲nj໧ ຨM໧

뀨 鴁 Dž ƎMຨ 鴁 뀨༙a໧ sȴ
཈༌ s L1 ໧ Ms 1 鴁
࿨࿨ ຨLsa໧ njs M1 Dž㌳Ǝ鴁 nj Ɲ
཈ s ㄹ ༌M㌳ ໧ 1 뀨 鴁 sDž 뀨sa 鴁

ƝDžM཈ M ໧ ᔰ 鴁

M ㌳໧鴁 뀨뀨iDž sȴ

H ໧ 뀨໧nj뀨໧ M ㌳໧鴁 ཈ H Ǝ࿨(
뀨i1
M ㌳໧鴁 H 1 s༌ 뀨s 鴁 1 鴁ƝL໧ ࿨ M뀨sMㄹ
s鴁࿨ nj뀨໧ Ɲȴ( Ɲ1 M ㌳໧鴁 ཈ ࿨
1뀨i 鴁 1 뀨snj 鴁 1 M ㌳໧鴁 H 1 ࿨ M뀨 Mㄹ
nj뀨໧ M ㌳໧鴁 ཈ ࿨ ࿨M໧

Ɲ ⸲ 鴁 鴁H Lsȴ
M 1 뀨໧ Ms 1 鴁
ᔰ 鴁 s༌ 뀨i 鴁 ĝM뀨໧ H Dž M ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 nj Ɲ
ㄹ H ໧s ƝDž࿨ 뀨໧ 1 ࿨ ㄹ M Ɲ༙໧
ᔰ 鴁 ཈࿨ 鴁 鴁H爀໧ njs

1໧鴁 1 ᔰ 鴁 1⸲ Mnj཈࿨ i㌳M 鴁 MH 鴁 ༙ M뀨໧ȴ鴁 뀨༙뀨 ģ‷
໧ 뀨L༌( ㌳ 鴁 MiH 鴁 M뀨໧༙ 鴁 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1 Ɲ뀨 鴁
໧໧鴁Ɲ ࿨ ຨᔰ࿨ M ᔰ Hƞ Dž 뀨 ໧ 鴁 鴁 s ຨM 鴁

Ɲຨ鴁 鴁 ᔰ 鴁

Ɲ༌ 1 ࿨M཈໧ ࿨ 뀨໧ s໧ 1 뀨໧ ᔰ ໧ Ɲຨ鴁 鴁 ᔰ 鴁 ཈໧
༙aDž ໧ 鴁 Ms鴁 i 鴁 鴁 Dž 鴁 ༌ ༙ sƝL 鴁 ༙ M뀨໧ȴ鴁 ༌࿨
1 ƞ ໧ M 1 Mຨ໧ 뀨iL໧ nj뀨 1໧㌳ Mຨs໧, ຨiH 鴁 1 ƞᔰ
ᔰ 鴁 s sƝL 鴁 H ໧ M ᔰ s Ɲຨ鴁 鴁 1⸲ 鴁
s༌ rƝs鴁 Ɲi ( ᔰ ໧ ࿨ a 鴁 HƝiDž ໧ 鴁 nj ƝL M໧ ࿨ ⸲1 1⸲໧
뀨໧ ᔰ 鴁 sMH໧ Ɲ Dž 뀨 ໧ Ɲ ⸲ 鴁 s ȴ 1 鴁 ໧ sƝL 鴁
ᔰ s M ࿨M 뀨໧ ǁ1 L M 1 뀨aDžƝ1 nj ƝL໧

뀨L໧཈ 鴁 ᔰ 鴁

࿨M 1 뀨L໧཈ 鴁 ᔰ 鴁 1 MH 鴁 鴁 Dž 鴁 ༌ s ཈ 뀨s༌ M1
༙㌳( Ms鴁 sM໧ 鴁 Dž 鴁 Ɲ ༌ ࿨ L 鴁 ƝຨDž1 1 뀨snj໧ 鴁

M ( ༌鴁 ຨiH 鴁 1 ƞᔰ M༙ȴƇ ǁ뀨s໧ M1 Mຨi ㌳ 1 MH 鴁
1 鴁 ໧ sa ᔰ 鴁 isMᔰ s༌ ໧1 M뀨 ㄹ ༌࿨ ᔰ 鴁 ໧ ᔰ࿨ H鴁Ɲ໧

༌ MH 鴁 Mnji 뀨뀨1Dž M뀨ຨMຨs i HDž ᔰ s ĝƝ 鴁 ࿨( M཈DžƎ鴁
L 鴁 1 鴁 ƞ1 ᔰ 鴁 ML༌ ཈ i཈໧ Ǝ ໧s i໧Ɲ 鴁 ࿨( ຨiH 鴁

snj 鴁 s뀨 鴁 snj 鴁 ᔰ 鴁

ຨiᔰ 뀨1s໧ Dž s爀཈ snj 鴁 1 ȴ 鴁 ᔰ 鴁 鴁࿨ 1 鴁
ຨiH 鴁 ༌ sƝL 鴁 鴁 s ㄹ ༙ M ࿨ ໧ 1࿨ 뀨཈ ໧ ࿨ Ɲ༌

뀨 Ɲ໧ 鴁 MH 鴁 M༙ ཈ M Mຨ뀨isMᔰ L Dž 뀨 ໧ 뀨s뀨1 1⸲໧
཈( 1⸲໧ DžM 뀨཈njDž H鴁Ɲ໧ ࿨ ᔰ 鴁 1 ཈ H鴁 Dž sa

໧ƞ 鴁 sa1 ໧ snj໧

퍈 ᔰે ^

M L 鴁 Miᔰ࿨ LaDž ༌ Ǝ࿨(
s༌ ༌M཈ L༙ 鴁 iᔰ࿨ LaDž ໧ njs ໧ 鴁 Ma 鴁 鴁 Mnj໧༌Ǝ鴁 1 鴁 M
༙뀨༙a 鴁 Miᔰ 鴁 ࿨M Dž 1 a⸲ 鴁 M뀨 Ƈ nj뀨nj 鴁 ཈ 1 ࿨ H 鴁 鴁 nj཈
Miᔰ࿨ ཈M ࿨M ໧໧ M ໧ Ǝ鴁 H M H M໧ i཈໧ ࿨ 뀨 鴁 鴁
໧ 鴁Ɲ 鴁 鴁Ɲ ཈ 鴁 Ɲs s༌ ༌M཈ ໧ Dž໧ 1 M໧࿨( ཈ M L 鴁
Ɲ㌳(

鴁 s໧ ƇDž 뀨 ໧ ཈ M໧ ໧MrƇM໧ iDžƝ ǁ뀨 鴁 1 M༌M㌳ - 1 ໧( s༌ ཈M1 鴁 鴁 s༌ 鴁 M뀨sMㄹ
鴁 ( M㌳鴁 鴁 Ɲ뀨⸲Dž
ƞa ཈H 鴁 爀཈ 뀨L໧ ໧鴁 뀨s ༌ 1Dž M1 ཈ ໧M 鴁Ɲ 鴁 鴁Ɲ ཈ 鴁 Dž s༌ ༌M཈Dž ໧ 鴁 ໧鴁 뀨s ༌ ML໧
鴁Hƞ s 鴁 ࿨ƞDž 1 鴁࿨ 뀨 ཈s໧鴁 Ms 1Ɲ M໧s M H 鴁 s໧ ƇDž ཈M ƇM໧ 1 s༌ ໧ML 鴁
鴁 뀨s Ɲᔰ 1Ɲ ࿨ 뀨ຨ⸲ 鴁 ༌ ƝL뀨཈ 鴁 ༌ ࿨Ƈ཈ 鴁 ƞ뀨sHsƇM໧ 뀨໧i뀨 1Ɲ M໧s 뀨snjDž࿨ 鴁 ƞaDž
i⸲ M໧ a⸲ 鴁 ཈1໧

Miᔰ 鴁 ࿨M Dž ໧࿨ 뀨Dž Dž M ໧鴁 M 鴁 Ɲ 1 Ɲ뀨 ( M뀨 Mㄹ
༌࿨ Miᔰ 鴁 ࿨M Dž ໧࿨ 뀨Dž Dž s i໧ M 鴁 a⸲ 鴁 Ɲ⸲ ໧ ༙
࿨M Dž ༌M཈ L༙ 鴁 iᔰ࿨ M
Mຨ 鴁 ǁȴ Dž໧ 1 M໧࿨( ཈ M L 鴁 Ɲ뀨⸲Dž 뀨 ໧ M L 鴁 ࿨M Dž 1 ༌M㌳
໧ 鴁Ɲ 鴁 鴁Ɲ ཈ 鴁 Ɲs s༌ ༌M㌳ s i໧ M 鴁 Ɲ ( M㌳鴁 鴁
࿨M Dž ཈ i Ɲ 鴁 M Ɲ㌳(
1 M཈ȴ Ƈ M L 鴁 ࿨M Dž 1
M໧ 뀨 鴁 ༙뀨༙a 鴁 Miᔰ 鴁 Ɲຨ ( ㄹǁㄹ ǁȴ a⸲ 鴁 H࿨
Miᔰ 鴁 뀨໧ M Ɲ1཈ 鴁࿨

i㌳໧鴁 ཈ 鴁Ɲ1 ǁㄹ Ɲ ໧ 鴁 M㌳ M㌳ M ໧ ༙뀨༙ȴ iᔰ࿨ M཈1Mȴ
Dž໧ 1 1⸲໧ M Ɲ 鴁 ㌳ M 1 Miᔰ࿨ ࿨M Dž ༌ ໧ ໧ 鴁 1 sL s( Ǝ
s໧ s༌ 鴁 s༌ ༌M཈Dž ㌳ M L 鴁 ࿨M Dž 1 Ǝ ໧ 1 ࿨ M1M Dž ༙뀨༙ȴ
࿨ ໧ Ƈ뀨㌳ 鴁 Ɲ1໧鴁 ǁ 鴁 ( s s( ຨ뀨཈ M ໧ 뀨 H M཈ M ໧
ƇMa 鴁 ຨ鴁 鴁 뀨뀨 ໧ 鴁 뀨s ༌ Ɲ཈Dž 뀨 ( s 1 Ɲ཈ 鴁 Miᔰ 鴁
໧ Ɲ ⸲Dž s( ໧ 鴁 ༙s ཈࿨ Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 sH࿨
뀨཈뀨ຨƝ 鴁 Miᔰ 鴁 뀨໧ 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 H M໧
뀨 鴁 ༙뀨༙a 鴁 Miᔰ 鴁 ࿨M ໧໧ s
鴁 ༙ 鴁࿨ s鴁 ཈ 鴁 ༙ 鴁 ໧H 뀨1 뀨Dž࿨Ɲi M໧
鴁Ɲ཈1 鴁࿨

Ɲ༙ ᔰ snj໧

'ģ‷ 9s  ┤

MH 鴁 1 ƞ ࿨ M1 M DžM뀨s Ɲ 鴁 ࿨ MH 鴁 nj M1 1MH 鴁 鴁ƝrƇ鴁 1 ຨ໧s 鴁 ǐM 鴁 Ɲ 鴁 Ɲ 鴁 ໧ 鴁 ǐM 鴁
཈࿨ ࿨ 1 ǁ 鴁 鴁 nj 鴁 ƝH༙Dž ໧ 鴁 s ໧⸲ 鴁 nj 鴁 Ƈ 鴁 ƝL 鴁 M M ཈鴁 ( 뀨nj Dž s༌ Ms ༌M཈Dž ໧ 鴁 ཈鴁 鴁 nj 鴁 ǐM 鴁࿨ nj໧ 鴁࿨
Ɲ M ໧ sM ໧㌳ƎM໧ 鴁 ࿨ HM뀨໧1Ǝ鴁 r s ໧MH Ƈ鴁 ໧ 鴁 1 ໧s 뀨s༌ ཈M Dž 뀨 ࿨ ㌳M s ໧཈1 1 ཈ƝDž 뀨 ⸲໧1໧㌳ 鴁鴁
nj༙ 鴁 뀨 鴁Ɲ໧ ໧ 鴁 M 鴁 Ɲ M 鴁࿨ Ɲ⸲i 鴁 뀨 ໧ 鴁 Ɲ뀨ia

ǐM 鴁 鴁 s(
ǐM 鴁 鴁 ǐM 鴁 鴁 ǐM 鴁 sMs࿨Ɲ 鴁 ǐM 鴁 ࿨Ɲ 鴁 ǐM s MDž ǐM s M༌ s 11 ǐM 鴁 nj༙ 鴁 뀨 鴁Ɲ໧ ཈nj
M뀨a 鴁 ǐM 鴁 M 鴁 ǐM 鴁 ຨ 鴁 ǐM 鴁 HMHsƇ鴁 ǐM s Ɲ nj໧ 鴁 ǐM s ༙ M 鴁
M Ɲ ໧ 鴁 鴁 sƎ鴁 1࿨
཈Ɲ 鴁࿨ M⸲໧ ǁ M ࿨ M Ɲ ໧ 鴁 s ཈ ࿨໧鴁 Ɲ ༌ 鴁 ㌳ ཈ ༙L 鴁 ᔰ M໧ 鴁 ǐM 鴁
ຨ M1 M཈sƇ鴁 ĝƝ ໧ M1 ༌ ƝLa 鴁 Ms ཈ ƝຨDž뀨཈ ࿨Ɲ 鴁 ǐM s࿨ ǐM 鴁 s Dž ᔰMs ཈ 뀨 ༙L M཈
뀨ᔰ 뀨཈཈ 1鴁 ༌ M sM཈Dž MH 鴁 ຨ໧ sȴ鴁 ໧ ǐM 鴁 1 ໧ ཈ ໧཈ 鴁 ࿨( ໧M໧
M཈sƇ鴁 Mຨ໧ Ɲnj໧ ໧ 鴁 M ༌໧鴁࿨ 鴁 Mi 鴁 ༙ 鴁 ཈ 뀨iDž 鴁 ǐM 鴁 ࿨ sMs࿨Ɲ 鴁 ǐM 鴁
sM i㌳

ǐM s ༙ Ǝ 鴁 ຨ鴁 鴁 鴁 Mi s 뀨sMs࿨Ɲ 鴁 nj 鴁࿨ M Dž࿨
鴁 ǐM 鴁
MiDž鴁 ༌ DžM 鴁 ࿨( ǐM 鴁࿨ nj 鴁 Ɲ༌M⸲1 1 ༙ 鴁 ཈ 뀨i M1࿨ M Ɲ 鴁 M⸲ 鴁 ༌ DžM 鴁 ࿨

཈H 鴁 ໧M ࿨ 1ǁ㌳ s༌ Dž཈M s 뀨 r 鴁 M
鴁 ǐM 鴁
M໧ M M1཈( r 1 DžM뀨 ཈ a⸲ 鴁 s༌ ƝL뀨཈Dž ໧ 鴁 nj 鴁 M1཈໧鴁 M໧s ཈ 뀨 ໧뀨཈

1 뀨཈ i M1 MHDž Ɲ뀨཈Dž ༌ 뀨 䔃໧ Ɲ⸲i 鴁 鴁 M Dž sȴ nj཈ M཈sƇ鴁 M뀨s ཈ La 鴁 M໧ Ɲ1༙ 鴁࿨ Ɲs 뀨s뀨
Ɲȴ( ໧ Ɲ1 M 鴁Ɲ1Dž 1 M1཈(
鴁࿨ 뀨nj M໧ ࿨ƞ 鴁 H뀨Dž鴁Ɲ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ༙ 鴁 뀨s ໧ 鴁 鴁Ɲnj 鴁 i Ɲ 鴁 뀨1 ࿨Ɲ 鴁 La໧ ༌ ( H 鴁 ǐM 鴁࿨
༌࿨ ࿨ ໧ ǐM 鴁 MH M໧ ຨᔰ s1໧Dž ໧s ࿨
nj໧ M཈sƇ鴁 ࿨ƞ ࿨ Ɲȴǁ鴁 H 鴁 MHDž 鴁 ༙ M༌ 1 i ࿨ ǐM 鴁 鴁 s( ໧( 1 ࿨ ༙ M 鴁 ǐM 鴁
M ༌( M໧ǁ༌ ƇMa ( 1 s 1 1 Ɲ 뀨 鴁࿨ 뀨s཈ 鴁࿨ 鴁 ༌M༙໧ 鴁 s༌ ༌M཈Dž
( s Ɲ nj໧s ᔰM 鴁 ( 1 鴁 ༙ 鴁 s༌ ໧( 뀨ᔰ 뀨 ࿨ ( M1 nj༙ 鴁 Ɲ뀨཈ Ɲ nj໧ 鴁 ǐM s M1(
Ɲ1⸲ M໧ s ༌ ໧Mnj ࿨ Ɲȴǁ鴁 1 nj1࿨ i 1 s ໧ ⸲ 鴁 M໧ M཈s 1཈ M཈s⸳ 뀨㌳M㌳໧鴁 MᔰM 鴁
཈༙ 鴁 1ǁ཈ ࿨ M཈s⸳ ࿨Ɲ ᔰMs HMHs⸳ ᔰM 鴁 ( 뀨཈༙ 鴁 뀨 s 鴁 M㌳鴁 鴁 ໧iㄹ( HMHsƇ鴁 ǐM s
Dž鴁 ໧ MnjDž Ǝ鴁࿨ ຨ鴁 ( Ɲ LDž ཈ ࿨ M뀨 鴁 ཈ ໧ 뀨nj໧ M཈sƇ鴁 Ɲ ⸲ HMHsƇM཈

.

H1( ໧໧ snj໧

⸲

鴁 Ƈ Mຨ ML뀨 鴁

Mຨ໧ ໧ M໧ s༌ƝLa Mi 鴁 ཈1
Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁 Mຨ 1 s ໧s 1 i Ɲ ຨ཈
໧ ǁ໧ 뀨s( Ɲ H 鴁 M཈ s༌ 뀨 鴁 鴁 Ɲ
ƝㄹM M뀨sML Ɲ໧ 1s Dž M⸲1 ໧
M1࿨ Ɲ nj 鴁 ཈ Mnj M1 ཈໧ M sƎ鴁 뀨 ᔰ ཈ Dž ƞຨᔰ( ࿨ M Ɲ ໧ M ໧ ༌ ƝㄹM 1s 鴁 ( 1
1 Mຨ s ໧ ຨ ᔰM༙Dž࿨ M 鴁࿨ a 鴁 뀨໧ ࿨鴁 Dž ໧
໧ ( ໧ 1 鴁 Ɲ뀨 nj 鴁 nj 鴁 1 s Dž
( 뀨1཈ Ɲ뀨뀨1s nj뀨 鴁 ML༌ ༌࿨ a
DžƝiȴ(࿨ ໧ njㄹ࿨ 鴁 a⸲ 鴁 1࿨ ǐM 鴁 뀨໧ ࿨鴁 ໧ 뀨 s (

1 鴁Ɲ ƞ 鴁 M཈ snj໧

s┤‫‷ﻻ‬

s┤‫‷ﻻ‬
i༌ ǁ༌ snj໧

Mi㌳໧鴁
ǁ ࿨( ƞ ƞ༌ 1 뀨1 뀨㌳Mnj 鴁 鴁 1 鴁࿨ 뀨 ໧鴁 鴁Ɲia 鴁࿨ sƞ 鴁 ࿨ƝDž 鴁࿨ M ༙sƎ鴁 ƝDž ໧ 鴁
໧鴁Ɲ཈ ࿨( 뀨is nj཈࿨ 뀨༙ M 鴁 sM཈ 鴁࿨ 鴁 鴁 nj཈࿨ ໧MH໧㌳鴁 M ໧ Ǝ鴁 1 ࿨ M1Ɲ 鴁
ǁ 鴁 M༌鴁Ɲ 鴁
snj 鴁࿨ i1 鴁࿨ 1໧鴁 i뀨ȴ࿨ ⸲༙ 鴁࿨ MisƇ鴁
໧M㌳ s཈ i཈ M໧ Ɲ༙໧ Ǝ 鴁 s M໧ ⸲ 鴁࿨ 鴁 鴁 MຨDž鴁࿨ s༌໧鴁 Ms໧鴁
༌Mnj໧ 鴁࿨ ȴ a뀨⸲ 鴁 s 鴁
Ma 鴁 뀨໧Ɲ໧ 鴁

Ɲ༙ 鴁 鴁࿨ ໧鴁 Ɲ MDž 鴁 M ໧ Ǝ鴁 ĝ鴁Ɲ༌( 뀨཈ sM snj༌ ǁ໧༌鴁 ཈༙ 鴁 M ໧ Ǝ鴁 ࿨( ໧䔃1 鴁 M ໧ Ǝ鴁 1
M⸲1࿨ Mᔰ࿨໧鴁࿨ Ǝǁ鴁࿨ ໧ML 鴁 s໧࿨ ໧ 鴁࿨ 鴁 nj཈࿨ s 鴁Ɲ໧༙ 뀨is཈ 鴁 Ɲ༌M⸲ 鴁࿨ ƞ 鴁 1 a⸲ 鴁
M⸲໧ 鴁࿨ ƞ 鴁࿨ snj 鴁Ɲ༌M⸲1 ཈ M Dž࿨ 鴁Ɲ໧ Ǝ鴁 ༌࿨ ǐM 鴁
뀨H໧཈Dž Ǝ ໧ 鴁 ĝ鴁Ɲ༌໧鴁 1 M Ɲ뀨 ࿨ ຨ 鴁 H M 1 M뀨 s ᔰ࿨ 鴁 s鴁 1 鴁 ཈ 뀨 ࿨ s 鴁࿨
Ɲ 鴁 ƝຨDžDž ໧࿨ 뀨snj໧ 鴁 ǁ s M뀨 鴁 ཈ ຨ 鴁 ࿨ ໧鴁 鴁 nj໧༙ Ɲ༙ 鴁
뀨໧M 鴁

ǁ 鴁Ɲ
Dž鴁 鴁 ǁ 鴁
཈ i M 1 뀨 Mnj཈ Dž 鴁 ƞ뀨཈ M໧ 鴁 Dž ໧ 鴁 뀨 鴁Ɲ⸲ 鴁 s༌ ƝㄹƇDž 1M཈໧໧Ǝ鴁 ( 鴁ƝȴƇ1 뀨 s 鴁 i 鴁 s ໧iㄹ(
M ໧ Ǝ鴁 1 뀨 Dž ໧鴁 鴁 ( 鴁ƝȴƇ1 Ɲ⸲s ໧ 鴁 M㌳鴁 鴁 s Ɲຨ ( ࿨Ɲ཈ 鴁࿨ Hຨi M໧ ǐM཈sƇ鴁࿨ ࿨ ຨ 鴁 ༙ 鴁
M໧ r໧M཈ ༌M 鴁 MDžs ƞ ƞ Dž s༌ s ࿨ snj 鴁 ĝ鴁Ɲ1 ໧ ໧MrƇ鴁ƝLȴ 1 뀨snj໧ 鴁 ཈ M ( ࿨ ༌M཈ M໧ r໧鴁 ( M
M ໧ Ǝ鴁࿨ MຨᔰƇ鴁 1 M s s1⸲
༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁 ǁ 鴁
M໧࿨MHDž sL໧ ࿨ ƇM ໧ȴƎ鴁 ( 1࿨ 뀨ຨᔰ 1࿨ 뀨໧Ɲ1࿨ ȴ ࿨ 鴁࿨ 1 ໧1 M໧ L뀨 鴁 뀨i 鴁 뀨཈ Ɲ໧⸲Dž ǁ༌ ࿨
뀨s༌ ĝ鴁Ɲ༌໧鴁 s཈Dž 1 sM 1 M뀨Dž鴁
- 뀨཈༙ 鴁 M⸲໧㌳Ǝ鴁 - 鴁 鴁
Ɲ༌M⸲1 ༌ Ɲ뀨i ໧ M໧ Ɲ s ཈ 鴁 Ɲ1໧鴁 M ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ཈ s༌ 1 M1 a 1
Ɲ뀨໧Mnj 鴁
཈༙ ໧ M ໧ Ǝ鴁 1 1M ໧s M1 ⸲໧ M뀨nj 鴁 1 1 ໧໧ ĝ鴁Ɲ༌໧鴁 1 ༙aDž ǁ໧ Mຨ 1 M ໧ Ǝ鴁 M Dž Ǝ Mຨs
뀨ຨM໧Ɲຨ1 鴁 1 M໧ ǁ 鴁

ģ莪 ģ‷ ⸲‷ ģ‷ 㜲sģ‷ 㘹

ƞ 鴁 鴁 s໧鴁 1 1M ໧Dž 뀨

MຨDžMDž ༌

뀨is཈ 鴁 Ɲ༌M⸲1 ༌鴁 Dž 1 ໧s鴁 M໧ (Ɲ໧鴁 ཈鴁 M ໧ ໧㌳鴁 Ɲ໧㌳鴁 ༙ ཈ Ɲ༙ ໧㌳鴁 r ໧鴁

ᔰ Dž ( ໧鴁 M ໧ ƞ 鴁 M Ɲ༙Dž࿨ MDžƝDž ໧༙ M༌ Mຨnjs

M཈ ཈뀨 ࿨ ss M ཈ 鴁

s뀨 H 鴁 1 鴁 M ຨ鴁 Ɲ Dž࿨

nj Ma໧ Dž 鴁 ཈s(࿨ M༙Dž 鴁 ໧( ǐƇi 鴁 Ɲ ཈༙s 1 뀨 鴁 ཈ nj໧ 1

ᔰ( 1 M뀨 s ( H໧㌳ M

༌ iDž࿨ 1iDž ( ǐ ໧ Ǝ࿨

໧ 1 ཈ Dž ( Ɲ⸲໧ sȴ鴁 ໧ M1 ƝaDž࿨ 1iDž s( Mຨ뀨཈ 鴁Ɲ Ǝ ࿨鴁H

Mຨ뀨཈ ȴ Dž njຨ 1໧ ĝ ໧鴁 Mຨ໧ Dž Lȴ 1໧ ໧ ໧㌳鴁 뀨sMㄹ ƝᔰƇ໧ r ㄹ ƝᔰƇ໧ Dž ໧ s ໧㌳ s໧ ໧Dž Ǝ

snj༌ ㌳ǁ ᔰƝDž is໧ ໧ Dž ໧ M1 ຨ཈鴁 뀨H཈ ໧鴁

Mi Ǝ࿨ ƝH MsM뀨s(࿨ ཈nj sƝ Ɲ1 s໧࿨ Ɲ༌M⸲1 M Ɲ⸲໧ ཈ M M ຨ鴁 nj 鴁 뀨 1࿨ s M s

s鴁Ɲ 鴁 1 ⸲໧ 1໧ s໧ Ɲ ⸲Dž ໧s 鴁 1໧鴁 ༙ ༙ 鴁 ཈ Ɲ 鴁 1 M ຨ鴁 鴁 i Dž 1s࿨Ɲᔰ 鴁 s HDž Ǝ

1DžMຨ1( 1 1໧ s ( s H཈ 鴁 1 ĝ ໧鴁 s ཈ 鴁 1໧鴁

DžƝ뀨 ( 鴁 1 1 Ɲຨ Ǝ࿨ s( ( 1 1໧ s༌( s 鴁 ༙ ཈

1཈༙s( 1 1뀨s༌ s( M1i 鴁 ࿨( ༙ ༙ 鴁 ཈

뀨sH 鴁 i༌ Mȴ Ɲ1 snj໧

‰㜲ģ‷ ㈠‰l ģ‷ l s䁨‫ ^ ‷ﻻ‬, ‷ is཈ 鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 Ɲ M
뀨 뀨s ໧ 鴁 M DžM཈㌳Ƈ1 ȴ鴁
1 Mi㌳໧M཈ i 鴁 ƞs໧཈ is཈ 鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 Ɲ M ໧M༙Dž
Ɲȴ( ຨᔰ 1 ࿨Ƈ཈ 鴁 ຨH 鴁࿨ ຨᔰ 1 ཈鴁࿨ 鴁࿨ ຨᔰ Mຨ뀨⸲༙Dž࿨

鴁 s཈ 鴁 鴁s ᔰ sǁs M ir( M s( ǁ໧
뀨s ǐ 鴁 鴁 ཈ Mi ML 鴁 ໧
཈ ໧ 鴁࿨ 뀨 ໧H 鴁 뀨nj 鴁 s༌
1 s໧ȴ鴁 ࿨ ໧s ໧Ɲ M1 1໧
鴁 M s཈ 鴁Ɲ༌໧鴁࿨ ໧鴁 뀨 鴁࿨ 鴁
Ǝ M 뀨཈ ຨ໧໧࿨ s ( Mi ML 鴁 njDž
ƎMi1ǁ 鴁 ࿨ ຨ 뀨໧ Ɲ⸲໧ Dž࿨ 뀨༙

MisƇ鴁࿨ M뀨 M໧ ǐM཈sƇ鴁࿨

ຨM㌳࿨ s༌ s M໧ 1Ɲ 1 M

뀨s Dž ཈ ༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁 r鴁 ໧ 鴁

s뀨㌳࿨ ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 Ɲi໧ 뀨s M뀨໧༙ 鴁

ຨ཈ ⸲ 鴁 뀨໧ƝDž ຨM㌳࿨ 1

M뀨໧ᔰƎ鴁 ( Mi㌳໧鴁 1

1 ༌໧鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 ࿨M 1࿨ ໧Ɲ 鴁

L໧ 鴁 M M Mi ML 鴁 i໧

뀨snj໧ 鴁 Ɲ MDž1 ໧ ༌ Ɲ뀨 ( M 뀨ㄹ s ຨ 뀨཈뀨ຨƝ 鴁 Mi㌳໧鴁 M1 鴁 i 鴁 ཈ 뀨ຨM ȴ໧M໧ nj໧ 鴁 Mi ML 鴁 sH1

ǐ 鴁 鴁 ཈ Mຨ M⸲Dž ໧ 鴁 is཈ 鴁 Mi ML 鴁 ƎƇຨ 뀨is཈ 鴁 M1M ໧ Ǝ鴁 s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳ 1 ཈ 뀨༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁

M⸲໧s鴁 Mຨ ༌ Ɲ༙཈Dž ໧ 鴁 뀨ȴ 鴁 ຨM໧ 鴁࿨ M1H໧鴁࿨ ǁ1 鴁 i H뀨໧s Ɲ㌳໧鴁 M뀨 鴁 ༌ s 뀨s 鴁 i༌ M뀨 鴁 M໧㌳໧鴁

Ɲ MDž 鴁 H 1 Ɲ㌳໧鴁 i ᔰ ໧ 鴁࿨ ༙s໧a 鴁 뀨༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁 鴁鴁

࿨( ༙ 鴁 ࿨( nj M໧ Ɲȴǁ鴁 MiDž鴁 뀨snj໧ 鴁 뀨Dž࿨ ( s 鴁 H鴁 鴁 M뀨 ࿨ Mi 鴁࿨ 뀨nj 鴁

뀨snj໧ 鴁 M뀨s໧鴁 ໧ ཈ 1཈ ࿨ is 鴁 s M໧ M ຨ鴁 M໧༙ 鴁 Ɲ ⸲ 鴁 M뀨 鴁

鴁 Hs M 鴁 M ໧໧࿨ ཈ ㌳ ࿨ 1༌໧鴁 M໧༙ 鴁 뀨཈ M໧ Dž 鴁 ໧ 鴁 ཈ ࿨ nj 鴁 M뀨

࿨ ຨ 鴁 ໧(࿨ ຨ M ཈( ཈ Ɲ 鴁 ࿨ snj ཈ 鴁 ࿨ nj 鴁࿨ ༌໧鴁 뀨 鴁

㌳M Dž Ǝ 鴁 M 鴁 ໧ ( Mi໧sƎ鴁 ཈ i 鴁 ƞs໧཈ Ɲ MDž 鴁 ໧M༙Dž

㌳뀨ຨƝ 鴁 i཈ 鴁 ࿨ 뀨໧Ɲ 鴁 M DžM ໧H1 ຨH 鴁࿨ ຨᔰ 1 ཈鴁࿨ 鴁࿨ ຨᔰ 1 Mi㌳໧鴁

MㄹƇ ༌ DžƝ໧ M 1 s 鴁 H鴁 鴁 M뀨 뀨ᔰ ໧ 鴁࿨ i໧鴁Ɲ 鴁 ࿨ sDž Dž 鴁 ࿨Ƈ཈ 鴁

M뀨s໧鴁 ໧ ཈ ཈ᔰ࿨ ㌳༙s Ɲ ࿨ 뀨཈༙s Ɲ㌳໧鴁 ࿨ 1M1Dž Hs M ࿨ Ɲȴ( ຨᔰ 1

ǁȴ໧鴁 M཈཈ ࿨ Mຨ 1 ༌ Mi㌳໧鴁࿨ ໧H 鴁࿨ ㌳ 鴁࿨

໧M໧Ɲ 鴁࿨ 뀨Dž鴁 鴁 ໧M໧Ɲ 鴁࿨ Ɲ㌳໧鴁 ໧M໧Ɲ 鴁 M뀨

M뀨 ࿨ ཈ 鴁 Mnj r࿨ M ( 뀨㌳ 鴁

鴁 M༌࿨ 뀨໧ ༌ i 鴁࿨ ໧ǁȴ໧鴁࿨ s 鴁 H鴁 鴁

཈ 鴁 ࿨ nj 鴁 M뀨 M (࿨ ໧Ɲ 鴁 ໧H 鴁

i 鴁 鴁Ɲ཈ M໧࿨( ᔰ࿨࿨ 뀨s 鴁 i༌ M뀨 鴁 뀨༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁 뀨ຨM ȴ໧鴁

뀨1 njDž 뀨 뀨༌M ໧ᔰ鴁 뀨ຨM ȴ( ໧༙ ໧

뀨 ࿨ Ɲ MDž 鴁 M⸲໧sƎ ໧ M໧

뀨snj໧ M໧ nj Dž鴁 s 鴁 Mi ML 鴁 1 뀨s1M ໧Dž

ຨDžǁ뀨1H 뀨໧ M Ɲ⸲s ༌ s ࿨ 1༌໧鴁

ຨ༙໧ Ǝ࿨( njs Ɲ MDž 鴁 1 1M ໧s

ㄹ࿨ ( Dž 鴁 Mi㌳໧鴁࿨ ཈鴁࿨ ࿨ s཈ 鴁

뀨 i ML 鴁 1Dž M뀨s໧鴁 ໧ ཈ s໧

1 Ɲ Dž ǁ뀨1 뀨 1 Dž ࿨( M

Ms ཈࿨ i ML 鴁 s࿨ 뀨ᔰ Dž ໧ ࿨ MຨDžǁ뀨1H

nj Ɲ MiDž鴁 ໧ ຨM s Mຨ໧໧MH໧㌳鴁 ༌

༌༌ ໧࿨ M Ƈ鴁࿨ 뀨ᔰ ໧ 鴁 ཈ Ɲȴ(

MaDž鴁࿨ s཈ 鴁 ຨƎ MiDž鴁 ໧ ໧MH໧㌳Ǝ鴁

཈뀨 i ML 鴁 Mຨ 鴁 ཈ 1Hǁ 鴁 鴁 鴁ƝᔰƇ鴁

໧ 鴁 s㌳( ࿨( Mr Mnj༌ ᔰM ໧

뀨㌳ 1࿨ Ɲ㌳( 뀨໧ ᔰM 鴁 1( ཈

1 1M ໧Dž 뀨 Mຨ1 Mຨ뀨1 njDž 뀨 s 뀨 ㌳( ༌ i ML 鴁 ໧ƝDž Ɲnj໧཈1

뀨nj 鴁 뀨໧ Ɲ༙ 鴁 ຨ s Dž 뀨 ࿨ MຨຨM ໧( 1 ᔰ࿨ ᔰM໧ Dž M1 뀨1M㌳ 뀨໧ǁȴ(࿨

1 M ໧ 鴁 뀨໧࿨ a㌳鴁Ɲ 鴁࿨ ໧໧M뀨 鴁 Mຨ཈࿨Ɲ Ɲ njDž 1 Mຨຨ鴁 Ƈ࿨ M M1཈໧

Ɲȴ໧鴁 M཈Mnj뀨 鴁 M Ɲ༌M⸲1࿨

ຨM㌳࿨ Ɲ Ma1 鴁 M 뀨s༌ H Ǝ࿨(

Ms M r nj༌ ༌ ༌M ໧ᔰƎ鴁 r鴁 ໧ 鴁 1 Mຨ໧ njDž 뀨ᔰǁ༌ Lȴ 鴁 Lȴ ཈

໧Ɲ໧ 鴁 Ms ࿨ M뀨sMㄹ ຨDžM뀨s࿨ ຨDžM뀨 a ࿨ ( ࿨ ໧ Mຨ 1 sa໧s 1༌( 뀨snjDž 1 sM Dž

M ຨM ໧( 뀨໧ƝDž ཈ 뀨 ࿨ ຨ ༌ ༙s໧ȴ1 Mຨs( Mຨ s 1 Ɲ ⸲Dž

M i཈ M໧ Dž r鴁 ໧ 鴁 ຨM㌳࿨ M뀨 Mㄹ Mຨ໧໧࿨Ɲ༌࿨ Mຨ໧ ຨ໧ Ɲa༙ M໧ Ɲ ⸲Dž

ƝL뀨཈s 鴁࿨ ( Mr ໧ 1 a໧཈1 鴁࿨ (

M 뀨s༌ H M ໧鴁 M DžM뀨s M s( Ɲ뀨뀨 Dž࿨ M 뀨s༌ 뀨 ᔰ ཈ ໧ƝDž 1MsƝ໧ ࿨ H Ǝ࿨(

ຨ໧ M s1 ࿨ M ຨM ໧໧ s( 뀨໧ǁȴ໧鴁 뀨nj 鴁 H ǁȴ 1 M཈㌳Ƈ 鴁

M཈Mnj뀨 鴁 1 M ໧ 鴁 뀨༙뀨 ຨ 뀨s Dž࿨ 1 ࿨ ǁ༌Ƈ鴁 ໧཈1 ཈ ࿨ 뀨཈ Dž M뀨sMㄹ

Ɲȴ໧鴁 ༙s໧a 鴁 뀨 鴁࿨ 뀨཈Mnj뀨 鴁 1鴁Ɲi 鴁 Ɲ⸲s ǁȴ

M ຨML༌Ƈ Ɲ ⸲ 鴁 ƞᔰ Ɲ ⸲s M1M໧ȴ࿨ M뀨 ࿨( s M뀨 Mㄹ 鴁Ɲ཈໧鴁 ཈Mnj뀨 鴁 1 Dž Dž 鴁
DžM1 s ໧ M Dž M཈ ࿨ 뀨 뀨 鴁 ໧໧࿨ 1
M ໧鴁 ࿨ ໧ Ǝ࿨( ຨຨM ໧( ໧M໧1 ༌ 1໧鴁

M໧ r໧鴁 M뀨໧ȴ鴁 뀨༙뀨 M ໧໧鴁 뀨s Dž

ຨM㌳࿨ 1 ⸲ 鴁 ༙rM 鴁 ໧鴁 ࿨MnjDž 뀨

཈Mnjㄹ ࿨ƞ ໧ 1 nj 鴁 M໧ r໧鴁࿨ r鴁 ໧ 鴁

MຨຨM ໧( nj

sL໧ M ໧໧鴁 Mຨi1DžƝ Dž 鴁 MLȴ໧鴁 1 1M ໧ 鴁

໧뀨 Dž鴁 ໧ 鴁 ཈ ຨ M ࿨ 1HMs ໧ƝDž ໧

ᔰ鴁 Dž ( Dž 鴁 M1཈໧鴁 뀨 ᔰ ༌ ƝL뀨཈ 鴁

M ຨM ໧( nj༌

9iે퍈

཈༙ ໧ 뀨Dž࿨ Dž 1Dž ࿨ , Dž M ㌳ nj ໧Dž 1 a 1໧ 鴁 ᔰ 1 1 ( H ༙ 鴁 s
1 鴁 i뀨Dž ( H , ཈ s༌ M໧ Ɲ뀨 鴁 ཈༙s Ɲ1Dž M໧ M໧࿨ ( 뀨nj Dž 뀨L໧཈Dž s཈
뀨 ǁ鴁 鴁Ƈ཈ 鴁 , ƝDž ( ཈ s༌ M໧ s( s 1 1 iㄹ(

DžM༙ ໧ s1⸲໧ ໧ 뀨 ໧ Dž鴁ƞ뀨 ໧ ཈༙s injDž ໧MᔰƇ鴁࿨ o
ǐM 鴁 i s཈ 鴁 ᔰ 1 1 鴁 ༙ 鴁 s o
Mຨs ཈ 뀨L໧㌳( M ຨ鴁 ཈༙ ໧ o
Li s( ( Dž Ǝ o

s ཈ 뀨L໧཈Dž M1 ໧ ຨs H 뀨཈M ཈༙ ໧ ໧njㄹ o
1༌ nj뀨nj 鴁 ཈ s(࿨ ǐM 鴁 M1( ༙ M໧ nj뀨 M໧ Ɲ MDž໧Dž Ǝ snj 鴁 1 ໧Ms ཈༙ is o

⸲༙ 鴁 , M ໧ Ǝ鴁 , MisƇ鴁 sH ㌳ , ⸲໧ 뀨༙ ༙鴁Ɲ o

뀨 ໧ M໧ 뀨sM ༙ 鴁࿨ 뀨༌Ɲ໧a 鴁࿨ Ɲ໧Mi 鴁࿨ M s M 鴁HMHsƇ鴁 M 1 鴁 njnjs 鴁 ƇMa ໧鴁 s ƝDžs鴁
ຨ໧ ǐM 鴁 鴁 ཈( 1 ƝaDž ໧ 鴁 M M༙໧ 鴁 MHDž࿨ ༙ M໧ nj뀨 鴁 ຨ ᔰ 1 M ࿨(
ຨ1M1( 1 Mis

nj Ǝ s ཈ 鴁Ɲ1 뀨nj ໧ ㌳鴁࿨ ໧ ཈༙s Ɲ1໧ ໧໧࿨ Dž Ǝ
ǐ 뀨Dž࿨ njDž ( M 1 ⸲཈鴁࿨ Dž鴁

鴁࿨ H ຨs໧ 鴁 s ཈ 鴁 M , ຨ཈༙s໧ ຨ Ɲ H뀨໧s M ໧sƎM໧ 鴁 1M໧ 鴁 ǐM M໧ ǁ뀨s໧ Ɲ1༙
(࿨ ⸲ r 鴁 뀨L໧཈ Ǝ ຨs( ࿨ nj໧ ࿨ ຨ཈༙s( Ɲ1 sM , ƞ༙ 1 , Ɲ1
, ຨ཈༙s( nj뀨njs ཈Ɲ 1 鴁 ࿨M , Ma 鴁࿨ ȴ鴁 鴁 1 뀨s뀨 ᔰ ࿨Ɲ , 1 ᔰ࿨
뀨 ໧ M໧ s ཈ , Mຨs ຨDž Ǝ࿨ ཈༙s 뀨໧ s༌鴁 , ຨ㌳ M 뀨s཈ ໧nj뀨njs Ɲ ໧ ㌳鴁 s཈
, 뀨nji 鴁 ༌ nj 鴁 M1 ཈༙s Mȴ ཈༙s Ɲ1Dž 1 M ຨs鴁 , ƝȴƇ s( ༌ ཈뀨 ƞ뀨 ໧ njsȴ
Dž ㌳ ༙ 鴁 njㄹ࿨ ໧ s( Dž , ǁ཈໧㌳ƎM໧ Ɲ ໧㌳( 鴁 M 뀨 鴁 ໧11 鴁 1 sᔰ( 鴁 M
s뀨 H 鴁 뀨nj뀨nj 鴁 ཈༙

཈s ⸲ຨM༌ snj໧

9i

M ཈༙s( 1 Ɲ뀨 s࿨ ཈( 1s ໧ M1࿨ ཈s 1 뀨 鴁 1 M뀨 Mȴ ǁ1M M 1 M ( sa
1 s ໧ MsM཈s 1 뀨 ໧཈1 鴁 ຨ཈ La Ǝ MsM཈s 1Dž ( ࿨M Dž Ǝ Ɲ໧( M 1 鴁 i
Mnj໧sƎ鴁࿨ La M໧ Ɲ1༙s ( 1 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 ཈( ,MsM11 Ɲ1s s Ǝ࿨ M1 M 뀨 M㌳( 1 1M཈s ( ຨMLȴ(

ຨ1

ǐM 鴁 ƝHs ཈ M Ɲ뀨i ໧ 1 鴁 M M MLs཈ Ms M 鴁 Hs࿨ 뀨໧ Mr 1 ࿨
Ǝ M DžƎM ༙s鴁࿨ M i ໧ 1 ໧ 鴁 ࿨M ࿨ M ༌鴁 ȴ࿨ M ໧ 1໧ ຨsƝHs ( 1 Ɲ1 ( ཈( M ໧ ໧
ᔰ ໧ 鴁 si ໧ ƝH༙s鴁 H཈࿨ M1 Ɲ1( 1 Mi M M M 1 Ɲ뀨뀨1཈ 鴁 i཈໧ s 1 Ɲ཈as
s 鴁 s Ɲ뀨 ( 1s ( 1 sM1 Ǝ 1 Ɲᔰ M1 s ໧ 鴁 ໧༌Ǝ鴁 ( 뀨 r M ༌ 鴁Ƈ཈ 鴁 鴁 ( 1
( Ɲ ǁ཈ M M 鴁Ɲ1 ǐM 鴁࿨ ᔰ( ໧ ࿨ is࿨ M s1 ƇƝ 鴁 ཈ ƝDž s
ຨ໧M뀨໧ 鴁 1࿨ ຨ ༌ ǁ1 鴁 1 ཈( ཈ i s㌳ ໧ 1 ຨ໧ 뀨༌ ༌ ƝȴƎ鴁 Ɲias
뀨i 鴁Ɲ཈ DžM뀨 Dž 1 Ɲȴ( M M⸲1 ཈ Ms࿨ƝDž໧s鴁

཈༙s Ɲ뀨
M 鴁 Ɲ뀨 Dž

‰㜲 '

鴁 뀨ᔰ Mຨ໧Dž༙s ໧ 鴁 Mຨ໧s ᔰ ཈1 s༌ M༌( Mຨ 1 ༙ 鴁 M ƝH໧1 M뀨1 鴁 M 뀨༙aDž ༌ ㌳M ໧ MຨDžƝiȴ(
໧Ƈ1 s M 鴁 ƞ 鴁Ɲ ༌ ࿨Ms( s( 뀨 s Dž

M M཈཈鴁 ƝDž Ǝ M1M༌ Ɲ⸲༌ ㄹ鴁 ໧Ƈ 鴁 Mຨ ƞ 1 Ɲ ༌ ( njL 鴁 Ɲ뀨 1 1 M뀨njL 1 Mຨ1ǁ ࿨ i
ᔰ Mຨs( H ໧ Mຨ1鴁 a໧㌳鴁 ཈ ࿨ ᔰ鴁 M 鴁࿨ Mຨ Ɲ໧ 鴁 뀨s Ɲ뀨 鴁 ໧i Ɲ໧ Ɲ Dž

Mຨ 1 Ɲ1໧ 鴁 Mຨ༌ ໧࿨ ࿨ Mຨs M⸲1 1 Ɲ M໧ nj 鴁 a໧཈Dž s ࿨

ຨ㌳࿨ ȴ鴁 nj཈ ᔰ 1 뀨 M뀨1 Dž s 鴁 MDž໧s鴁 M뀨 M໧ M໧ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 뀨ᔰ Dž 鴁 ƇMa ໧M໧ ཈ Ɲ뀨1༙໧ 鴁 鴁 뀨1
1 1 ཈໧i1 nj໧㌳࿨ Mຨnj뀨nj Dž 鴁࿨ 鴁 ( ໧ 鴁 ǁs໧鴁 Mຨ ཈࿨ M1 ຨ໧M໧ ƝL໧㌳ M뀨 鴁 ( ࿨ ໧ ຨs
MDž໧sƎ 鴁Ɲ1 1DžM뀨 ໧ M໧ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁 ǁ鴁
M1 鴁Ɲ뀨뀨 Mຨ 1 Dž༌( ⸲ 鴁 MDž໧s鴁 M Ɲ뀨 Ɲ1 M Ɲ ໧㌳ M 鴁 ཈ Mຨs爀཈ ᔰ࿨ ࿨ ໧s ຨ 뀨 M뀨1 Dž s ᔰ࿨ Ǝ
Mຨ໧໧࿨ i໧ s ( ࿨ ຨ鴁 sM Mຨs( 뀨 ᔰM༙໧s ࿨ Ɲ1 MDžM໧࿨( Ɲ ໧s

Mຨ 1 鴁 s鴁࿨ M njnjs M s H໧Dž M 1ǁs( ຨM໧ ໧ ໧ M ໧Ms Dž뀨㌳ Ɲ1໧鴁 鴁 1 ǁ鴁 M nj M1 鴁Ɲ1( ( 뀨a໧s M s
뀨໧ Mຨs༙ i 뀨s࿨ ༙Dž M Ms ༙ MHs ss ཈ Ɲ1༙໧㌳ ࿨ƞ໧Dž 뀨s M뀨Dž M໧ ຨ ໧໧㌳ Mຨs( nj໧ Dž ໧ 鴁 M໧༙ 鴁
ຨM ໧( ཈ ƝDž ㄹ M཈ Ɲ༌ 鴁ƝDž ( Ɲ໧㌳ Mຨ
뀨s 鴁HMᔰƇ鴁 뀨༌鴁 1࿨ 鴁࿨ǁ 鴁࿨ M뀨໧Ɲ໧ 鴁 Ɲ뀨1༙Dž ⸲໧㌳ MsM1( ࿨ 鴁 鴁Ɲnj໧㌳鴁 Dž ༙뀨 ໧ s 鴁 ᔰƝ 鴁
M ML 鴁 鴁 1 MȴƝ໧㌳Ǝ鴁࿨ ࿨ ຨ 鴁࿨ ༌Mnj໧ 鴁 ss ཈ Ɲ뀨1༙໧ M໧ ( i뀨㌳ 1 nj໧1 ssƝ1 ཈ s ໧ Mຨ뀨s༌
鴁(

ຨDžM뀨s ໧ 1 ຨ1Ɲ Ǝ( H 1 鴁Ɲ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁࿨ nj໧s Ɲ⸲i 鴁 ໧ Ɲ 鴁 ໧ 鴁 M M 1 ໧໧ ƝDž 鴁
1s M ໧ M໧ ໧㌳Ǝ鴁࿨ Mຨ뀨཈ 뀨 鴁࿨
Mnjs 뀨 ( ࿨ ࿨ i鴁
࿨ M뀨 M뀨1 Mຨ뀨཈ 1뀨㌳ 1Ɲ㌳ Dž M ( nj໧ s໧ s鴁Ɲs ཈ ࿨ MDž໧s鴁 ࿨ Mȴ 鴁 뀨໧M1 Ɲ ༌ ༙
໧ ໧཈ ( ᔰ໧ 鴁 ࿨ 鴁 ༌ ĝ ໧鴁 Mຨ뀨཈ ໧ ໧Dž
M ࿨ ໧s Dž M ㌳ Mnj a໧ ㄹ nj༙ ໧㌳ 鴁 M 鴁 爀཈ M໧໧Ƈ1 M ࿨ ໧s ƞ 1 ཈ ƝDžM1 s༌ s鴁
nj཈ s鴁࿨ M Ɲ ༌
༌ 1 뀨s s爀཈ M1i 鴁 ༌ 1 ࿨ ǁ뀨s໧ Ɲi1 ( ƝDž໧ Dž ( ࿨ ᔰ ໧໧ Dž ໧( ǐ M1 ࿨ Ɲ뀨 鴁 s༙ 1 鴁
Mຨ໧s뀨aDž ໧ 鴁 r 鴁 i⸲Dž Ǝ Ɲȴ( 1( ࿨ ㌳ 鴁 ȴ ( i뀨㌳
࿨ ໧ M ໧ ໧཈1 1M1( s Dž M1 Dž ࿨ M༙ ໧M ĝ ໧鴁 s༌ sHDž ( Ɲ໧ 뀨s 1 ໧ Dž Ǝ࿨ MDž 1 ( i Ǝ Ɲ 鴁
Dž M ㌳࿨ ໧ ༙ M M1 a໧཈1
MnjsƎ Mຨຨ i ࿨ƝDž 鴁 Ǝ࿨ ໧ 鴁 ༙ ཈ Ǝ nj཈ ǁ鴁 DžM뀨s ( ໧鴁
M 뀨 ᔰ࿨ 뀨 ᔰ࿨ 뀨༙ȴ 1

뀨༙뀨s s 鴁 1 뀨 s

s ⸲ 鴁 ㌳ 1 Mi M ࿨ 1 Mຨ ㌳鴁 s M ࿨ M 뀨 ࿨ M 1 sH1 Dž

㌳M Dž࿨ Mi ML 鴁 ཈ Ɲ뀨뀨Dž M 뀨 鴁 1 M 뀨 ࿨ M 1 sH1 ƝL໧Dž࿨ rMa 鴁

M Ɲ뀨 ࿨ 뀨 ཈࿨ 뀨 ࿨ 뀨a MDž 뀨 鴁 1 1 뀨 鴁 鴁 ໧Dž࿨ ຨDžM1M ໧ 鴁

Ɲ뀨뀨1 鴁

M ࿨ 1sM཈ ໧㌳鴁 1 1 njs M1 M ( ໧s