مجلة منا والينا 2019

2018-2019 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 튀ै1 ै1 콠ै11

sِ111 튀ैƳ11 콠1

uli uै

osio 晦䁑

㔳爠 Ύ || o 䁑 5䁑

ulim m䉵牡i uli uै ै l m ै

s ِ 䁕ै1 1 H튀ै ِ 1Ɲ1
ِƳ ै1 Ɨ 1Ɲ ै1 튀
HƝ ⏠1 ِै 11 ै ِs ِĉ1
11 ຀튀 Ɲ
䁕 ِ ĉ ‫ِ ﺗ‬ 튀s‫ﺗ‬ Ɲ1 Ɲ⏠11 ƝH 1 콠
ǐِ 11 sH1‫ ﺗ‬H 콠ै11 ĉ ِs1
ِ 01콠 ِै11 ⏠11 1 ຀
1 Dream it, do it
ِ HHƿ1 Social media ِ 1 11 ِ1
1Ď 11 1 11 1 1ِैH11
຀튀s11 콠 튀ĉH11 Ɲ ِ Destroying natural habitats Ɲ 1 Ɲ ै1 1ِै 11
s
s 1 Ɲ ै 콠 1 11 ِĉ ຀⏠‫ﺗ‬ 퀀 11 튀 ƝƳ11 ै 11
튀ै1 DIY
⏠H11 ै11
Ɲ H11 튀 s
DžƝĉ11 튀ै11 䁕ِै 11

ِ 1

ै1

1Ɲै ِै

콠 11 1 1Ɲ s ‫ﺗ‬ H1 콠‫ﺗ‬
HƝ ⏠1 콠຀ 퀀 ِ Ɲ 튀 1
1Ɲ
Ɲै ‫ ِ ِﺗ‬
콠 s11 튀ै 11 콠 ै ِ
⏠ 1 콠ै ƞ H 11 ຀1ِ⏠11
Ɲ ِ ِ

튀ै 11 H ِƳ 11

1ƞ ِ 1 ⏠ 1 콠ै ‫ ِ ِﺗ‬

Ɲ⏠11 ƝH 1 콠 ِै 11 ै ِs ِĉ1 H튀ै ِ 1Ɲ1

Ɨِ Ɲ1 콠 1 Ɲ 䁕 Ɲ1ِ 퀀 ຀

Ɲ 1 Ɲ ै1 1ِै 11 ِ 1 11 ِ1 ِै11 ⏠11 1

콠 1 1 ِs Dž 콠 1

DžƝĉ11 튀ै11 䁕ِै 11 ⏠H11 ै11 퀀 11 튀 ƝƳ11 ै 11

1ِ ƞ 1ِ ै11 ƿDž

1Ɲै ِै ै1 ِ 1

콠11 1ِs Ɲ ِ 1 콠 1ِ

຀튀 Ɲ 1Ɲ ै1 튀 ِ 䁕ै1 1

콠 1 Ɨ퀀 ِ 䁕Ɲ ِ

Dream it, do it ِ 01콠 튀s‫ﺗ‬ Ɲ1

Ɲِ 콠຀ Ɲ1 콠 콠ै

DIY 콠 1 11 ِĉ ຀⏠‫ﺗ‬ Destroying natural habitats

콠 Ď1 Ɲ ِ 콠ै1 Ɨِ 콠

ِƳ ै1 Ɨ s Ɲ H11 튀 s

콠ै1 H Ɲै 콠튀11

ǐِ 11 sH1‫ ﺗ‬H 䁕 ِ ĉ ‫ِ ﺗ‬ 11

콠1ِ Ɲ1 콠຀ 퀀 콠 1 1Ɲ ƞ11 Ɨِ

1Ď 11 1 11 1 1ِैH11 ِ HHƿ1 1

຀ 11 1Ɲ 11 s Ƴِ ِ

s 1 Ɲ ै s ຀튀s11 콠 튀ĉH11 Ɲ ِ

r ll m l

1 1 ِ 1 ِ 11 11 1 ƝH H ِ 1䁕ِ1

ِ ĉ튀ै‫ ﺗ‬콠ĉ 11 ِ1 ِ1 1 H ै1 ِ H Ɲै

ِ 튀H 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ 콠 Ɲ ƿ ِ 콠1

1 콠 Ɲ ِƳ1 s11 ِ Ɲ ِƳ1 ‫ﺗ‬

H ِ 튀 Ɲ1ِ 1H Ɲ ِƳ1 콠 11

1 ِ 1 콠 1 11 1 퀀1 ِ 1 H튀ै ِ H ِ ِै

Ɲ຀ H H H 1 ै튀 11 퀀 11

Ɲ຀ै‫ ﺗ‬콠 ِ ຀HH 1 s ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ ै1 ƝH 1

ِ ِ H11 s ‫ ِﺗ‬튀ै1 H1 1 ِ1 튀 H 1콠 ِ 1 튀 1 ِ ຀ 콠1

ِ ِ 1 ِ 1 ِ 튀 ِ s튀 ِ 1ِƗ H11 1 ِ 11 11 ِै1 ِ ِ 튀ै‫ﺗ‬

sِ 11 튀 1 1콠ै 튀 ِ 11 ِ H H ِ 11 Ɨ 11 ِ 1 1

튀ैै ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ƿDž Ɲ Ɲ1 ‫ ﺗ‬튀ैै ِ 1 ƿ ِ ຀sِ 튀 Ɲ1Ƴ ِ ै1 H

1ِै11 Ɲ 1 ِ ِHH 튀 ِ 1ِ ै Ɲ ै1 튀 ِ 1 ِ1 튀ैƳ11 1 콠튀1 ‫ ِﺗ‬຀ Ɲ1 ‫ﺗ‬

튀ैƳ11 콠1 ِै Ɲ ِ 튀 H

2 ै 콠11 -

汯 l ,i uim l

ِ຀1ِƗ ຀ै 튀 ِ 1 1 ِ H ‫ﺗ‬ ِ Ɲ ⏠H1 ِHs11 1 1 ै‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 콠1 11 퀀
콠 HƝ ⏠1 ِH ै1 콠 11 Ɲ 콠 ِ ĉH11 111 ِ111 1 튀 11 튀sH ِ 콠 11

ِĉ튀11 1 ِ1 1 1爀 ƿ ِsH11 1 Ɲ 111 튀 ِ ِ

ĉĉ 콠ĉ1 1ِ ِ11 튀ैƳ11 콠 1 튀ै ِ 튀H ِ H- ِ ِƗِ຀‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 튀111 Ɲ H 콠຀ ِ 1콠 -
1 Ƴ1 1 ِ Ɲ ै ै11 ِ H ƿ1 ِ ِै 1 11 ِ຀ ِै 11 튀H 튀ैƳ11

ِ 콠 ِै 11 튀 1Ɲ H Ɲ1H‫ ِ ِ ﺗ‬퀀 ⏠ै‫ ِ ﺗ‬11
ِ ِ ِ ै1ِs1
ِ Ɲ ِ 콠1 ैै‫ ﺗ‬1 콠 ƿ 콠 1콠຀11
Ɲ Hs 11 ै ِH 11 콠 ै11 ِ ِै 1 1 ِ 1 1 11 11
H ‫ ﺗ‬ ⏠1H1ِ 콠຀‫ ﺗ‬ĉ튀H1 Ɲ 1 Ɲ ⏠H11 ĉH11 ຀ ِ 11 ǐِĉ 1 11 爀 s ِ຀ ِ 콠 HِH1ِ
ِ ຀s 콠 ै ِ Ɲ 1 11 ै‫ ﺗ‬1 ƿ 1 1 Ɲ ⏠H1ِ 콠1 ِ ै ِH ِ 1ِ ِै 콠1 튀 ِ ِ ِै
຀튀⏠11 ِ 콠 11 ै‫ ﺗ‬H11 1 111 ै1 ै1 ै1
ِ 퀀Ɨ 1 콠 ĉs ِ Ɲ ‫ﺗ‬

튀 1 ِ 1 ƝH ِ -
ĉ 콠 Hै‫ﺗ‬ƿ ِ 11 콠 11
H11 1 111 튀 1 11 튀
1 111 1 ِ ै‫ﺗ‬
1 Ɲ຀ 튀ै 11 ِ
튀ै1 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ 11 튀ै 11

1콠ै 11

튀 Ɲ຀Hै 11 ِ 11 튀ै 11
Ɲ ‫⏠ ﺗ‬1 튀ै 11 ƝैƳ 1 1ِ
ƿ 콠 1ِ ِ 튀ै1 H1ِ
ِ1 튀ै 11 ِ⏠ 튀 ĉ Ɲ Hĉ‫ﺗ‬
1ِ⏠11 ِ1 튀ै1 ĉs ِ ‫ ﺗ‬튀
튀຀ ĉ1ِ Ɲ1콠H‫ ﺗ‬ƿ 1ै1 1 ِ 튀
1 ِ 튀ैH11 Ɲ 11 11
ǐ 1콠 11 콠1 튀 콠
튀ै 11

s ຀튀⏠11 1 튀1ِै‫ ﺗ‬ 1콠 11 ِै11 1 ĉH ِ 콠1 1 1 ِै 11 ِ 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬콠ै -
1 ĉ튀1 1ِ11 ຀1ِƗ 1 ِ 1 ĉ‫ ﺗ‬H11 1 1Ɲ 11 ِ1 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 튀 ĉ‫ ﺗ‬1Dž
1 튀 ِ 1 ƝH 1

ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ِ1 튀ै 11 1 ِ ِ຀H 1 H 1ǁ1 11 ĉ Ɲ⏠11 콠 콠 H1 1䁕 11 ِ Hै H11 1 ĉ11 ِ
1 ै ِ 11 ِ 콠H11 1 11 ĉ Ɲ⏠ 11 퀀11 1 1Ɲ ຀H 퀀11 콠 1 ِ
Ɲ H11 ĉ 콠 ِ⏠ ै1 ِ H11 ِ 1 ƿ ِ Ɲ ै ĉ 튀 ຀1ِ⏠11 콠ैH‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 1ِƗ
콠 튀s11 ƿ 1 1Ɲ ຀H‫ ﺗ‬ ै ĉ1 ِ຀ 콠 ِ H11 Ɲ ِ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ 콠 11 爀 ِ H11 Ɲ ِ 1 튀 1 1
H1ِ຀1

1 ِِ ِHH11 ِ 1 ƿ H11 1 ै11 콠 - 1Ƴ 퀀⏠11 ِ H 1 ِ1-

ِ ِ1 콠 11 ِ ĉ‫ ﺗ‬H11 ⏠Ƴ ै1 ِĉ튀11 s 111 ǐ 콠11 튀 ِ

퀀⏠11 튀 튀 1Ɲ ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 1‫ﺗ‬ 튀 ै11 콠 Ɲ⏠ Ɲ຀Hै

11 콠 11 Ɲ ै1 1Ďs11 ै ĉ 1ِ 튀1Ƴ 11 ຀ 1 튀ैH11

ƞ ƞै‫ ﺗ‬ ِ H 튀s11 ै ƞ ƞैH1 1 콠 11 ِĉ 11 Ď‫ﺗ‬ ِ 퀀 1 H

ै ِै‫ ﺗ‬HƳ11 1 11 ै ‫ ﺗ‬ 11 ِ 11 ِ ै1 튀ैH11 콠‫ِ ﺗ‬຀ 콠
ِ H ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ĉ ĉs ِ ِ1111 H1 ƿِै 11
퀀⏠11 ैै‫ِ ﺗ‬1H ƿ1 Hै 11 ِ Ɲ1 ِ111 1 ِ ƞ11 ِ Dž Ɲ຀H s 111 ǐ 콠11
1Ɲ1 ƿ1 튀 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ैƳ‫ ﺗ‬ 콠1 Ɲ H‫ ﺗ‬H11 ै 11 Ɲ ِ HैH1 ِ 1 콠 11 튀 Ɲ1 爀 튀ैH11
ِै11 1 H 11 콠 11 ِ 1콠ĉ‫ ﺗ‬H11 ƞ 1 11 ⏠Ƴ ै1 튀‫ﺗ‬ ǐ 콠11 ِ H튀‫ ِ ﺗ‬H s
1 콠 1 ِ1 H 튀 ِ H຀1ِƗ Ɲ1 ै 11 H 콠ĉ 11 튀ै 11 s 111
ƞ H 11 ຀1ِ⏠튀1 ƞ ِ 콠 퀀 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ِ 1 튀ैH 콠 s 111 ǐ 콠1ِ s 1
콠 H H1ِ ⏠Ƴ ै1 H ِƳ 11 ِƗِ຀ 1 s Ɲ H ِ H 튀 Ɲ1 1Ɲ ຀H ِ 튀ै 11 1 ै
11 1 콠11 H 11 11 ⏠ै‫ ﺗ‬1 Ɲ຀1 콠 ‫ﺗ‬ƿ Hै 11
ǐ 콠튀1 ƞ 11 퀀 콠H튀1 튀ै 튀1
ǐ 콠11 ِ ِ H s 111
콠 11 ‫ِﺗ‬຀1ِ⏠1 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ 튀H- 1 콠຀‫ ﺗ‬ĉ튀H1 ĉ튀 s 111
Ɲĉ11 ຀ĉHs 11 콠 튀1 ‫ ِﺗ‬1 H ‫ ﺗ‬ ǐ 콠11 ै 퀀⏠11 1콠ैH 1

1 ै ै ⏠Hs ‫ﺗ‬1 콠ĉ 1 1Ď ِ຀1ِ⏠11 튀 ै ‫ِﺗ‬1 튀ै 1 튀ै 11 ै
튀HH11 ै 11 1 퀀⏠11 퀀HH 1
콠1 爀 ‫ ِﺗ‬Ɨ ‫ ﺗ‬1콠 ِ 1 튀 Hs 11 ِ 11 ै ĉ11 튀‫ ﺗ‬튀
ِ 11 1 11 ِ1䁕ै1 ƿ Ɲ 1‫ﺗ‬ƿ 1 콠 ِ ِƗ H ै Ɨ 튀H1 ِ 콠1 ِ ै1
1퀀H ຀ĉHs 11 ِ 1 ຀ 1 Ƴ11 1 ِ 11 ƿ ِ ‫ﺗ‬
Ɲ 111 ِ 1ِ1 1䁕ِ1 11 퀀 Ɨ ِĉ ƝƗ ِ ِ H 콠1 ĉ
ِ H 1콠 1䁕 ِ1 ِ H1ِ

ِ ِ⏠ ै1 H 11 11 1 ِ ĉ ِ 1 ِ s11 튀 Ɲ1Ƴ Ƴ11 ِĉ튀11 1 ِ
11 H 1 ƞ

⏠ 1 콠ै 튀ĉ

,im r ै uu‰

튀 ⏠11 1 콠11 1 콠ै Ɲ⏠11 ƝH 1 콠
ै1ِै11 ِ 1H11 ِ 콠
ै1ِै11 ِ 1H11 ِ11 ِ1 1 콠 1 1 ຀ĉHs 11 1 111 ै Ɲ 11 ै ِH ‫ﺗ‬
1ِ 튀1 ِ ‫ ِﺗ‬Ɲ ‫ﺗ‬
콠 ِ ِ 1 ƿ H H11 1ै1 1 11 ِ ຀ Ɲ s11 ِ ِ ِ 콠 1 1
ِ 1H11 1 Ɲ ຀H 콠 튀 ِ 11 튀 Ɲ 11 ِ຀1ِƗ 1
ِ ै1 11 1ِ Ɲ 11 1 콠 콠ै11 1 ĉ‫ﺗ‬ 콠 ِ11 H ‫ ﺗ‬H11
H ƝH1 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬ 콠 11 ⏠11 ै1ِै11 H ِ Ɲ1 1 Ɲ H 콠1 콠ै‫ﺗ‬
H 1ِ⏠຀11 콠 1ƞ‫ﺗ‬ ِ ِ຀ 콠1 1콠 11 튀 ِ຀຀ 1‫ ﺗ‬콠 Ɨ 튀H1 Ɲ1 튀 ِ 튀1
1ƝH 1 ِ Ɲ຀Hै H11 ِ 1H11
ِs 11 ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬ƿ
튀 콠ĉ튀1 1 퀀1 ຀⏠1ِ 튀 1‫ ﺗ‬1 ِH ‫ ैِ ﺗ‬11 1 콠‫ ﺗ‬H11 ِ 1H11 H*
ƝैH11 퀀H11 s 11 1Ɲ 1 Ɲ1 Ɲ1 ِH H ƿ1 튀 H11
1‫ ै ﺗ‬1 1 ǐِ 1ِ Ɲ ຀H ِ ‫ﺗ‬1 튀 ِ 1H ِ 1H11 튀ै ِ H ƝH1
ِ⏠ै11 Ɲ ຀H ຀ै 콠1 1‫ ﺗ‬ ຀s Ɲ ǁ1 1 ƗِैH 11 11 1
ِ 1 1H11 콠 11 ِ 1‫ِ ِ ﺗ‬
ِ ƞ 11 ِ ِ Ɲ1ِH 튀ै11 1 11 1 ै1 1ِ 1 콠 1 ِH ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1H11 H
ِ 튀 ै11 ِै H 1 1 1 튀 ैH H‫ ﺗ‬ 1콠 ‫ ै ﺗ‬ĉ ĉ຀⏠‫ ﺗ‬1 ƿ
1ِै1 ِ 콠H H11 콠ĉै 11
ِ ِ1 H ِ 1 ຀ ƿ 1 H 爀 11 콠 ै11 1 Ɲ 111 ِH ‫ ﺗ‬ 콠 11
1‫ ﺗ‬튀 ै ƿ 1 11 ِ ِ H ِ 퀀 ຀ ِ 11 1ǁ1 Ɲ ຀111 1콠튀ै 11 ِ 11
ِ 1 Ɲै‫ﺗ‬ 1 1 H‫ ﺗ‬H ĉ ै1ِ 튀 ै ‫ ﺗ‬H Ɲĉ຀

튀ै1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ ِ ﺗ‬1ِ

1 Ɲ1 ⏠ै ِ 1 ِ 11 H 1 ِ ِ 1 1 ƞ ຀ ƿِै 11 H• *
1콠 튀⏠1 ِH H ƿ1 튀 H11 튀 콠ĉ11 ,, Ɲ H Ɲ H ĉ ैHH ै1ِै11 11 ِ 1 H 1
11 ِै 11 ِĉ ຀ ‫ै ﺗ‬1 1 퀀 11 Ɲ H 콠຀11 ै Ɲ 1‫ ﺗ‬튀 ĉ 콠11 튀ै11

1 튀 1ِ ƝैƳ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ H ِH1‫ﺗ‬

ِ H 11 ِs 11 튀ै1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ ैِ ﺗ‬1
຀ ِ 11 ِै 11 1 1 콠 11 H111 ै1ِ⏠ 11 ຀ ‫ ﺗ‬H 1
ِ ِĉ111 ِ 1 Ɲ ǁ1 1 s1 H11 Ɲ ຀H 콠 1Ɲĉ1ِ ِ H ِH ‫ِ ﺗ‬s 11 튀ै11
ِ ै ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ ĉH‫ ﺗ‬ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬튀 ĉ ِ 1H ƿ1 튀1 1 1 ِ 1‫ﺗ‬
1 11 1ِ 11 튀ै1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ِ ﺗ‬s1ِ
ِ ِ Ɲ11 H1 1‫ ﺗ‬ƞ튀Hs 11 ِ H ƿ1 튀 콠‫ ِ ﺗ‬튀H ِ 1H11
ِ ै11 ै ຀ ै1 ِH튀11 ِ 1 ِH ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1H11 ِ H 콠11 튀 H11 1튀 ‫ﺗ‬
຀ ै1 콠11 1 1 ِ1 1Ɲ H
Ɲ ǁ1 1 s1 H11 ِ 1 콠1 ै຀⏠ ِ H 1 1‫ ﺗ‬콠 ƿ 1H11 1 ै ‫ ﺗ‬H
퀀 11 ِ ै ِH1 Ɲ຀ ِ H ƿ1 1ِ 콠 콠 ِ1 H 튀 1 퀀Ɨ1 튀 콠຀1 1‫ﺗ‬

ƝƳ11 튀ै1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ِ ﺗ‬ ِ
튀1 11 튀1‫ ﺗ ै ِ ै ﺗ‬H ِ ै H 튀 ِ 1H11
ै ‫ ﺗ‬ ै H ‫ ِ ﺗ‬튀 ِ 튀 튀 ‫ِ ﺗ‬ 콠 1 ƿ 1ِै‫ﺗ‬
튀 H ĉ ैH‫ ﺗ‬ sै1 1 콠຀‫ै ﺗ‬1 1 s ِ 1H11 1 콠 튀ै
‫ ﺗ‬H11 H111 1Ɲ 콠ैHs 11 ِ ِ ĉ11 튀 퀀Ɨƿ1 튀 ِ1 튀ै 11 ຀ ‫ ﺗ‬튀 Ɲ 11 1
튀ै11 1 튀 H

1 튀 ‫ ﺗ‬튀ै ƞ H‫ ﺗ‬ 튀ै‫ ِ ﺗ‬1‫ِ ैِ ﺗ‬
튀 ĉ 튀ै1 ຀ H
s1 H11 ƝƳ11 1 11 ِ 1 ຀ ‫ﺗ ै ﺗ‬ƝH 1 ै1 ِै1 ै‫ ِ ﺗ‬1H11
Ɲ Ɲ1 튀ै‫ ै ﺗ‬1 ຀sH1‫ ﺗ‬ ै⏠H 1 ِ1 콠 Ɲ
Hs ِ 1 Ɲ⏠11 Ɲs 1퀀H11 1 1 튀ै 11 ِ ĉ‫ِﺗ‬

퀀 11 11 ِH튀1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ ِ ﺗ‬1ِ
ِ1 H 콠H ِ ‫ﺗ‬ƝH 1 H11 H튀11 ຀ ‫ ﺗ‬H ⏠ s ِ 1‫ِ ﺗ‬H튀11 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ຀Hै‫*ﺗ‬
1 콠11 H111 1Ɲ H Ɲĉ‫ ﺗ‬튀 ِै 11 1 ै ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬1 튀 ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ 튀ैH
H1 튀ै‫ِ ﺗ‬H 1 1Ɲĉ11 ै ِ Ɲ ै
Ɲ຀‫ ﺗ‬H 콠 11 11 ِ຀‫ﺗ‬1 ƿ 튀 ِ ِ 1튀 ‫ ﺗ‬຀ 1 ĉs ِ຀1ِै 11 ِ 1‫ ِ ﺗ‬
‫ﺗ‬ƝH 1 11 11 1

຀11 1 ƞ1ِ ĉ튀ैH1 ِ 1‫ैِ ﺗ‬ ِ‫ﺗ‬
1ِ 1 ِ 1 ƞ튀Hs‫ ﺗ‬ 튀ै11 ຀11 ِै1 ِ 1H11 1 1 ƞ11 ِsِ H 1 Ɲ຀Hै‫*ﺗ‬
1 11 튀 튀 ĉ ຀⏠‫ ِ ﺗ‬11 ຀11

ِ s11 콠 11 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬1Ɲ ِ

ै ِ H ƞ 튀ै 11 H튀11 sِ ِH튀11 ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬ƞ튀Hs‫ ﺗ‬ ِ Ɲ ⏠‫ ﺗ‬ ِ s1ِ H ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1‫ﺗ‬
1 11 ِ 1 Ɲ ǁ1 1 s1 H11 s 튀H ‫ ﺗ‬຀1ِ⏠11 튀

1Ɲ ⏠11 1ै1 Ɲ1sै11 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬ƝƳ 콠
s 1콠1튀1 ै1ِ Hs ِ Ɲ1s ِ ِH 튀 Ď1 ِ Ɲ1‫ ﺗ‬1 콠 ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1‫ﺗ‬
Ɲ1sै11 튀ै11 1Ƴ‫ ﺗ‬s 1‫ ﺗ‬ǐ 1ِ1຀11 ‫ ﺗ‬튀s 11 1 ĉ11
콠 Hै 11 ِ 1H11 콠 ِ 11 1 ِ ِ 1콠

ِ 1 1ƞ ِ 1 튀ĉ

sm1 ‰ 䉵

lim ,im

1 1콠11 1 콠11 ຀11 퀀⏠튀1 Ɲ ‫ै ﺗ‬1ِै11 튀 Ɲ 11 ِ111 ِै11 ⏠11 1‫ ﺗ‬ 1
튀 튀 ‫ﺗ‬ 튀 튀 H 튀 ै11 1 콠11 Ɲ1 11 1 콠11 1Ɲ ِ 11 퀀
ै1ِै11 튀 Ɲ 11 ِै11 ⏠11 1 ِ 튀ै11 ِ 1 콠11 Hs1 튀 1 콠11 ِ 1H 1
1Ɲै11 ǐ 1ِ1຀11 ⏠11 ǐ 1ِ1຀11 ِ ‫ﺗ‬

튀 Ɲ 11 1 콠11 1 1 ِ H 콠ै ǐ 1ِ1຀11 ِ 튀 11 H ِ1 ِ
11Ɲ ِ 11 튀 튀ĉ11 1 s11 Ɲ 콠 H 11 1튀 11 ِ 11ƝH 1콠 튀 䁕 ै1ِै11
튀⏠ 콠 콠 H 11 1튀 11 1 콠 1 Ɲ Hs‫ै ﺗ‬1ِै11 튀 Ɲ 11 ِै11 ⏠11 1 콠1
1ِ 1 Ɲ Hs‫ ﺗ‬콠 ै1ِै11 튀 Ɲ 11 ِै11 ⏠11 1 ِ H111 ຀ 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬튀 Ɲ1 1
1H 11 ِ຀‫ﺗ‬Ɲ1 ِ ƞ H ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 11 콠ै 1콠 튀 䁕 ِ 11ƝH 1 s ै 1
콠 11 ِ H 튀1 1ƞ 11 1Ɲ1ै1 ै1ِै1 11Ɲ 튀1ِै11 ِ຀Ɨै1 ِै11 ⏠11
H ِ 1 ِै11 ⏠11 1H 11 ِ຀Ɨै1 ĉ 1 ِै‫ ﺗ‬1콠 튀 䁕 ِ 11ƝH Ɲ 11
ِै 11 1 ƞ H튀1 1 콠11 ِै11 ⏠11 퀀Ɨ 1 Ɲ 111 ِ1 ِै 11

1 콠1 1ِ 11 ຀ĉ11 ِ຀튀⏠H ِ 튀ै11 ِ 1 콠11 Hs1 튀 ِै11 ⏠11 1 ‫ ﺗ‬H 1 ِ1
ِ 11ƝH ै1ِ ຀ ِ຀튀⏠H 1 ِĉ ‫ِैﺗ‬H 1‫ ِ ﺗ‬튀ै11 ِ 1 콠11

1ِ1ƞ11 콠‫ ِ ﺗ‬H 1 1Ɲै11 ⏠11 ǐ 1ِ1຀11 튀 11 
ĉ ƿِ 콠H11 11Ɲ 콠 爀 ِ H1ƿ1 ⏠11 ِ 튀H 콠
콠 ِHै1 H튀 ै1 ِ຀H ƞ 튀ै 11 H튀11 ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ຀H 콠 䁕ِ H 1 
H11
H11 콠 TWE H11 ِ຀H 1 ِ H1ƿ1 1 ƞ H ِ
ِ1 ِH11ِ 0 콠 Paper based H11 2s0 콠 Computer based
ِ111 ƞै11 22 ĉ ƿ ِ1 튀111 ै 11 90 콠 IBT
1ƞ ै1 ِ 20 ĉ ƿ

11 ِ ǁ1
ِ 콠ै຀ 1ِै11 튀ै 튀1 ِ 튀⏠1 1‫ैِ ﺗ‬11 ⏠11 1‫ﺗ‬
Ɲ 11 ِ Ɲ 1 H‫ﺗ‬ 퀀 ै튀1 Ɨ 1 ै11 1 ِ111 ِै11 ⏠튀1 H 1
1 콠11 䁕Ɲ ِ⏠ Ɲ຀11 ِ ِै11 1 1 ِ111 ै11 1Ɲ H 퀀1 11
1 ِĉ11 ƝH 11 ِ ِ⏠ Ɲ ِै11 ⏠11 ِ຀Ɨ ‫ﺗ‬1 ै H 11 ِ ƞ11
ِ ĉ ຀⏠‫ ﺗ‬H 11 1 H11 튀s ƿ 콠 콠 s11 11 Ɲ 䁕 ⏠ 1 1 콠11 ِ
튀 ِ 1 1 ِै11 ⏠11 ِ 1 H NHS ِ⏠ Ɲ຀11 Ɨ 11 11 1 1 튀
1Ɲ H Ɲ s Ɲ຀11 ِ s 1 콠11 ِ 1ƝH s00 000 ຀ 1 s11
ِ 퀀sै1 ِैH11 ِ 1 콠튀1 ƝHsƳ ِ1 튀H 1 11 11 ِ ِ s11 ِH 11
ِै11 ⏠11 H11 ‫ﺗ‬1 ِ 䁕 H 콠 H 11 1튀 11 11 ِ⏠ 튀 ِ ĉ ຀⏠‫ ﺗ‬H 11
1 ِै11 1ƝH 10 000 1 ‫ﺗ‬1 Ɲ11 ‫ﺗ‬ƝH ຀ ै 11 1 Ɲ H 1‫ ﺗ‬콠
ĉِ Ɲै 11 1 콠 H 11 1튀 11 ِै ِै11 1ƝH s00 000
ِ1 1 11 ຀s ِ 11ƝH 1콠 튀 䁕 1 Ɲ 11 Ɨِ 11 ِै11 ⏠11 1H1
⏠11 1 ِ 콠ै 퀀 ै튀1 1 콠11 퀀⏠1ِ 콠 1ƞH1 ैHs‫ﺗ‬

Ɲ1ِ 퀀 튀ĉ

li‰ il

콠 1 Ɲ 䁕 튀ĉ

콠1 䁕 ِ 튀 1Ɲ ِ⏠ Ɲ Ɲ 1 s Ɲ ĉै ຀ 콠ै1 Ɲ s11

튀 ِै1 Ɲ ƝƳ11 1 ِ ຀튀 콠1 19s Ɲ຀ 1

Ɲ ِĉ11 ै1ِै ⏠11 ǐ ِ 11 1 ِ 1 s 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬sH ⏠຀

ƳHs ै 1 19 2 ِ ِ ِ⏠ Ɲ 1 ĉH 1 ैِ1 튀ै‫ﺗ‬

ƳHs1 H Ɲ11 튀ĉ11 ِ 1Ɲ ِ ຀s 콠 튀 콠 11

튀ैH11 튀ै11 ِ ै1 s Ɲ 콠1 2001 1 19 9 1 콠튀 ِ

ِ Ɲ11 튀ĉ튀1 1 ĉ11 콠 ै 11 1 ِH 1992 ِ 1

ِ 19 ِ 1 튀ĉ11 ĉ ِ 1Ɲ ِ ĉ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ ⏠H H 1 198

Ɨ ຀s 11 1 Ɲ 튀1 튀 ĉ 튀 ै ِ 1980

1 200 1 ‫ ﺗ‬1 H ِ 11 콠 튀 튀 ĉ Ɲ1

ِ⏠ Ɲ຀11 콠 1 111 ِH ِ 튀 1 Ɲ 11 Ɲ ِƳ 11

19 ِ ǐ ِ ĉ1 ِ 11 1ƞ 1 1튀 11 H 1 1ِH 1

튀ĉ11 튀1 ĉ1 ِ⏠ Ɲ຀11 퀀 11 튀 튀⏠

ِ ِ ै1 ĉ ِ 튀 ै1 Ɲ1 1 ِƳH ِH Ɲ H 1 1Ɲै11 ِ 튀 ै11 1Ɲ ƞH 1 Ɲ ຀s

ِ 콠ै Ɲ1 ƞ1 튀 11䁕 튀⏠H‫ ﺗ‬콠ĉै1 튀 ĉ 1 ِ 튀 ै11 11ƞH 1 ĉै 콠ै1 HH콠11 ⏠ 200

콠ै1 Ɲ s11 ِ ِ H11 ĉ ِs11 ƞ11 튀 퀀 Ɲ 11 튀 ⏠튀1 ै ຀⏠11 튀ĉ11 ƞ 1 ै ຀⏠11 ِ ຀튀

ĉै

ِH ै1ِ Ɲ ै1ِ 1 퀀H 1 Ɲ ِ ِĉ1 튀 콠 튀 1튀 11 1Ɲै11 튀H 1ِ1䁕 튀

ƿ ै1ِ Ɲ ǐ1ƝH 1 콠 s1ِ 콠 1 ै1ِ 1 1 H ِ⏠ Ɲ ِै1ِ 1s1콠 1 ै1ِ 1Ɲ຀ 1 ै1ِ

ِ 1ِ⏠ 爀 ِ ै1ِ ِHsHِ຀

ै 1 1Ɲै11 튀‫ ﺗ‬຀s 콠 1 John McCafferty 콠 ƞ 튀ै Ɲ1 튀 䁕 튀 ै ِ 198s ِ

튀s튀 ĉै 콠ै1 Ɲ s11 201 ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ ss 콠 1 1 ĉ 1 튀ĉ ै 1 Ɨ H

1Ɲ1 1 ِै 11 ِ Ɨै1 콠 ِs1 1 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ ຀Ɨ s Ď1 H11 199 ِ 콠 H 11 1튀 11 1ै1

‫ ِﺗ‬콠 ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ ⏠ ຀튀

ै Ɲ ِĉ
ِ ِ⏠ Ɲ 튀 튀 20000 1 Ɲ H ƞै 
Ɲ ै
ै11 ِ 퀀111 튀 1 ِ H 1 튀ĉ튀1 ِ s Ɲ ⏠H ِ⏠ Ɲ
ِ ै1 ĉ ِ 튀 ै1 1Ɲ ै 
ِ ‫ ﺗ‬콠 1 Ɲै The Petchey Academy ِH 
1 ِ ِै1 ‫ِﺗ‬1콠 콠ĉ 튀ĉ11 1Ɲ1ै 1ƞHƝ1 

li l l9im m i llim

퀀1 1 1䁕ِH1 튀1 1ِै1 1 ِ ِ 1 ِ 1ِ Ɲ ै1 콠ै‫ﺗ‬ ِ s11 ِ 1ِै1 1Ɲ ै11 Ɲ 11 ِ ِ Ɲ 1 ƞ H‫ﺗ‬

콠 ِै 11 Ɲ ِĉ11 Ɲ 11 H 11 Ɲ ै1 콠ĉ11 콠 ِै 11 11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ƞ ै11 ِ11Ɲ ِ ै1 1 s11

Ɲ ຀11 튀 콠 Ƴ 11 ِ s11 ِैैH 11 1 ِ ِ Ɲ ै ِ ِ຀ 튀 ै11 퀀 Ɲ11 11 Ɲ ِ 튀 ِ s11

H 11 ै1 Ɲ ຀11 Ɲ ै1

Ɲ 1 ِ s11 Ɲ ै1 Hِ1ै1 튀 1ِ ƝैH 1

11 ƞ ै11 ِ11Ɲ

튀 11 1 ِ 퀀 1콠1 튀 ِ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ƞ ै11-Ɲ 1 ِ s튀1 ِ Hِ1ै1 Ɲ H 1 ƞ ै11 ِ11Ɲ
1ِै11 ِ11Ɲ ै1 Ɲ຀H 1 콠 ِĉ ِ1 ƝH1 1s9 Ɲ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1 튀຀ Ɲ Ɲĉ 1
ǐ ĉ11 튀 퀀 1 콠 ै1 콠s ِ H11 1H , Ɲs11 1 ِ H ِ 1 ِ11Ɲ ै1 ِ1 11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬콠ै ِ H
ĉै11 1 11 튀 퀀 1 ِs 11

11 Ɲ Ɲ 䁕ै1 1ِ

11 Ɲ ِ 1 1 Ɲ H 11 Ɲ Ɲ 11 1퀀 11 1ِै11 ِ Ɲ Ɲ 1 콠 ِs1 1 Ɲ 䁕ै1 1ِ 콠ै
1 Ɲ ै1 1 Ɲ຀ Ɲ ِs‫ ﺗ‬s11 11콠ĉ11 Ɲ 11 콠 1 Ɲ 1 ِ 11 콠 1

຀ 콠຀ै1 튀 11 1

1콠1H 1 Ɲ຀ĉ1 s ƳH1 11 Ɲ ِĉ 11 콠 s 11 Ɲ 1 ƝH11 11 튀 ĉ Ɲ 1 1 튀 11 1

콠ĉ11 Ɲ 1 콠 11 1 콠11 1Ɲ1 튀1

콠 1Ƴ Ɲsِ Ɲ ຀1 ƝH11 11 튀 Ɲ 1 1 11 콠 ِै 11 1 1 Ɲ 콠຀ै1 ຀ 1 콠຀ै1

1s 1 Ɲĉ11 ِ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ 1튀 11 H 䁕 ِ 11 s1 튀 11 콠 콠 ِै 11 H Ɲ 1 ِ s11 ै1 Ɨِ 11

1 1 H 퀀 11 ຀

ِ⏠ Ɨِ Ɲ1 튀ĉ

郘s m ‰ s Ďim l 牡im

튀 ِ ِ ƞ ِ 1 튀 1콠 Ɲ ِ1 ِ H ƿ1 ِĉH ƿ1 튀 ِ 콠11 ِ 퀀 11 H ຀s
s 1 ِ1H ƿ1 ِ1H 퀀1 튀 1 H 11 1ƳH1 1 ِ1 Ƴ‫ ﺗ‬퀀 1 퀀 11
1 H ǐِ 튀 1Ɲ ຀ĉ‫ ﺗ‬ 튀຀ĉ‫ ﺗ‬ Ɲ1 ƿ 1 H 11 Ɲ ै 1 ‫ ِﺗ‬s
콠11 1Ɲ 콠 1‫ﺗ‬Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬1Ɲ Ɲ Ɲ຀‫ ﺗ‬콠 퀀 11 ƳH11 1 1 ِ
ِs

Ɲ ै ِ1 ै1 ै ِ 1 1ƝH ƿ1 1 ै1 H ِ ‫ﺗ‬ƞ H 튀 ƞ1‫ﺗ‬Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬퀀 11 튀 1 ैƳ11 1퀀 11 Ɲ 11
ِ Hĉ ĉ Ɲ ै 튀 ِ Ɲ ‫ﺗ‬ ِ1 ै 1 Ƴ‫ ِ ﺗ‬11 11

콠 1 H ِ HƳ 1 H11 ĉ11 튀‫ ﺗ‬ƞै11 ƳH11 ِ 11 ƞ HƝ11 ِ 1 ِH
튀HHs1 ِ111 Ɲ1 11 ِ 11 1퀀 11 콠 ِ 11 ƝƳHs 11 1 H 퀀 11 Ɲ1 Ƴ‫ﺗ‬
ِĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬튀HHs1 ِ ‫ﺗ‬퀀1ِै‫ﺗ‬ ƞै11 ĉ ĉ Ɲ ै 퀀 11 H 11 1 ǐِ 11 1
ِ 1 ِ Ɲ ै ِ ⏠11 ĉ ِ ِ 1 ِ H11 ِ Ɲ 1ِHƳ 1 ِ ຀Ƴ11 튀 Ɲ11 ِ 튀ै11 1ै1
ĉ ƞ 䁕ِ 1 ِ ຀ 튀 Ɲ11 ِs 튀 1ƝHH ƿ1 튀 Ɲ1 Hs ِ1 11 튀s 튀1 1콠 1
ِ ِ1 1ै ِ H 1 ै 콠11 튀s 11 Ɲ ै 콠 튀s 11

1 ِ H11 Ɲै 1 1 ĉ 1 ຀ Ɲ ِ H 콠ै‫ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ ƝƳ ِ ै Ƴ ِ H ƞै1ِ
1ƝH ƿ1 1 튀 Ɲ s‫ ﺗ‬11 H 퀀 11

튀1H11 ƿ H ĉ Ɲ H 1 1 ƞै11 1ै1 ै ِ Hĉ 1
H 1‫ﺗ‬ ِ Ɲ1 ِ ِ 11 Ɲ຀Hै1 ِ ĉ ĉ ِ ĉ ĉ 11 H1 11 Ɲ ै 1 ِ
ĉ ĉ11 ƞ 11콠 ِ 1ƳH튀1 1 콠 1 ِH sِ 튀s1
1ƝH1 ِ H 1 ِ ै1 H ِH DžƝ ِ‫ﺗ‬콠 ِ ِ‫ ِﺗ‬Ɲ 1 튀 ِ 1 1Ď 튀 ِ 콠11 1ƝH ƿ
콠 튀s Ɲ1 Hै 1 콠 튀 ⏠H 퀀 11

H 1Ɲ ै1 1 콠11 s ै‫ ﺗ‬H11 ै1 ⏠11 11䁕1 ِ ै11 ِH 콠1ِ ِƳH ƿ1 퀀 11 ِH ِ 1
튀 ِ1 튀 튀s 튀1 ِ1 1 1 1 튀s Ɲ 1‫ﺗ‬ 퀀຀11 1 퀀 11 1 ै1 ⏠11 튀‫ ﺗ‬11䁕
튀s 11 1 ِ 11 ِĉ1 ƞै11 1 ै 콠 H ِ 튀 1 튀1 튀s 11

ƿ콠 퀀 11 1 Ƴ ै 11 튀s 11 Ɲ ै 1 11 1 ĉ ِ Ɲ11 튀 ِ Ɲ H ƞै11
ِƳ ƿ Hै 11 1Ɲ H 튀 ै ِ ै H Ɲ ِ H ຀s ِ ै11 ِHƞ11 H 1퀀 H Ɲ
ƞै11 ِ H ِƳ 11 1 11 ِ1 튀s 11 ƿ ِ

ِ 11 ِĉ1 ै11 ِ ै Hै 11 ِ1H11 1퀀 11 1 콠튀1 ِ 11 퀀 ƞै11 Ɲ1 1 ĉ 11
1 ‫ ِﺗ‬s1 s 튀H1‫ ﺗ‬11 튀s1 Ɲ ै 튀s1 Hै 11 1Ɲ H 튀 ຀⏠ 1 Ɲ ƿ
1 Ɲ ै 1콠 ِs1 1Ɲ ƿِ H ِ 1 ِH 1 ِH11 콠 1 1 ै1

ĉs‫ ﺗ‬ƞै11 爀 Ɲ1sै11 1콠111 ِ ै11 ِ1H11 ِHƞ11 ຀ 1 H 1 11 ِ ِ
1 ِHƞ11 1 ƞै11 ِ ِ H s‫ﺗ‬ ِHƞ11 1콠ĉ 1 11 1 ƞ 䁕1 Ɲ1 ِ 튀ै11 콠
튀H‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 ِ⏠111 Ɲ 1Ď 11 Ɲ 1 ِ 튀ै1 1 콠H 1 ِ 1 ຀ĉ ĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬ ै1 ِ 1ِƗ
튀ĉ1 ِ 1 ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 ຀튀Ɨ 콠 11 s1 ‫ ﺗ‬ƞै11 1

1 콠튀1 Ɲ1sै11 1콠111 1 ै11 H ِै1 ِĉ1 ƞै11 1 1 11 ِ ِ ِ 튀ै11 튀1‫ﺗ‬
ِĉ1 ƞै11 1 ِ຀ĉ11 ै ِ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1퀀 11 ِ H 11 ِ 콠ैH1 1 1 튀 1 콠H 1 1퀀 11
ِ ِH 1 Hِ⏠ 1 ै ِH H11 1Ɲै11 튀 ຀ 1 1퀀 11 ै튀1 ِĉ11 ِ 1ِ 콠 ِs1
⏠ ै1 HH ِƳ1 ِĉ1 ƞै11 1 ै 콠 1 11HYDRA 1 콠 1ِ 1 H ِ ِ຀1 s1 1 ै1
ƝH11 ِHH ِ Ɲ 튀 1ै1 1 Ɲ H 1콠 퀀 2 0 1퀀 11

຀຀ ِ H ِ H Ƴ11 ै ƞ 1 ƿ 爀 1 11 ِ 1 ‫ ﺗ‬ 튀s 11 ƞै
爀 튀 Ɲ 11 1ِ ै 1 1퀀 11 ै11 콠 ِ 콠 1 11 콠1ِ ِ 1Ɲ H11 콠 ِै 11 ِH
퀀 ƿ ƞै11 ِ 튀 Hِ 콠 ĉ Hِ ै 1

ै11 1Ɲ H ै ِ 1 퀀 11 콠 1 ै Ɲ11 튀1 Ɲ ƞ ै‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 튀s 11 1 1
콠 ِ 1Ɲै11 콠 ຀ 1ै1 Ɲ1 1Ɲ Ď1 ِ H H11 콠 11 H 1 HƝ‫ﺗ‬ ै 11 콠 튀HƳ 1
ِH H ِ ĉ 1 ِ ै 1 11 1 ِ 콠 ƞै11 Ɲ 콠 11 튀‫ ﺗ‬튀s 11 ƿ 11 ै11
튀 튀 1 ِ 11 Ɲ11 콠 ĉ 튀 HƝ ِ 튀 H 콠 ຀ ै 1 ຀HH 1 튀 ِ 11 1 11
ِ1 ĉ H 1 ِ ِ 튀 1 ِ1 1 ِH

1 Ɲ ِ 11 1 Hs ِ1 튀s 11 ِ 1 튀1H Hs ِ 1 s 1 ƞै1ِ
1Ɲ Ɲै H ِ 퀀 11 11콠 1 H H ِ H11콠 䁕1 ِ ⏠຀ 퀀 11 ِ 콠ĉ11 1 Ɲै1
1 콠H 퀀 11 ຀ 1 ैƳ 1Ɲ 1 ِ 튀 Ɲ⏠ s H11 1콠튀຀튀1 1퀀 11 Ɲ ै ै11 튀1ِै1 H
1Ɲ Ď1 튀s 11 퀀຀1 ƝH11 퀀H ƿ1 튀ै ِ1 1콠 ै1 튀s ِ 튀ै ِ H 1Ɲ Ď1 Ɲ11 ǐ ِ
ِ 1 퀀 11 Ɲ1 1콠 HHs H 퀀 11 Ƴ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ1 1 H11 ِ 1 ƞै11 ِH
Ɲ຀11 콠ĉ 11 s1 ‫ِ ﺗ‬111 1 ຀ 퀀 1ِ ैƳ11

Ɲ ǁ1 ِH 11 ِ‫ﺗ‬ ِ1 튀s 11 Hs‫ِ ﺗ‬1 퀀 11 튀 ƝƳ11 ै 11
튀‫ ﺗ‬튀 Ɲ튀1 튀s 11 ِ 튀 Ƴ11 1콠11 1 ِ‫ ﺗ‬ ِ 콠1 퀀s ِs1 Ɲ⏠ĉ 11
1 퀀 ‫ ﺗ‬1 ຀ 1 1 ĉ ĉ 11 ِ ຀‫ﺗ‬ 1ƞ11 ِ ຀Ƴ11

ِ 튀 ِ ĉ 11 1‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 튀 퀀 11 콠 콠 11 ै Ɲ1 1ِ 1 H1 ِ s11 Ɲ1 11 1 ຀ĉ1 Ɲ ै
ِ 튀ै11 ِ ĉ 11 1 1 ैHs 콠ै 퀀 11 1 ै 1콠 ै11 튀 1 콠11

Ɲ Ƴ 콠 1 튀ĉ

‰ ,rim llim

ĉ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬1 ⏠H11 ै11 콠຀ ⏠H1 튀 Hै 11 Ɲ1 ຀ ⏠H11 ै11
ِ 11 ِ⏠ 1ِ1 11 1 Ɲ1H 퀀 ⏠H H Ɲ 11 ै ِ1 ैƳ11 ⏠H‫ ﺗ‬1 1ƿ1
1ِ ƝH 튀 Ɨ 튀 s Ɲ ĉ 콠 Ɲ 11 Ɲ1 H
튀‫ ﺗ‬ 콠 H 튀 1 11 Ɲ ै1 ِ H ِ ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ 11 튀 ै Ɲ ⏠H11 ै튀1 11
ِ ⏠‫ ﺗ‬s 1Ƴ11 1 튀ै ِ1 Ɲ຀Hै ƿ ƝƳ11

ِ1 1 ِ 1ِ 1 ै ै11 11 ǐِ 11 튀ै 1 ै11 ै ƿ 튀 ै ƿ
ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ1 콠 Ɲ 11 ِs 11 튀ै ƿ 1ِ ⏠H11 ِ Ɲ11 Ɲ ِ s 1
ै11 H1ƞ 1 ِ 䁕 퀀

ِ຀ H 1ै1 콠ĉ‫ ﺗ‬ǐِ ĉ1 ِ ै1 ِ s11 콠 ‫ﺗ‬1 콠 ⏠H11 ै11 1Ƴ
1ै1 ِ1 1 11 ǐِs 11 1 1ै1 Hै 11 ِै‫ ﺗ‬1 Ďs 1ِ Ɲ ǐِs
ِ ै11 Ɲ 11 ĉै11 ِ1 Ɲ H‫ ﺗ‬1 1 1 ƞै ِ Ɲ1 11 ِ ِ ǐ 䁕 H11 1콠ĉH 11
ै Hै 11 ِ 11 1Ɲ1 1 ຀ ِ H H H1 ैs11 ƞै 11 ै 튀 ِ 튀1 콠 1 ै튀1
Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H11 Ɨ 11 1 Ďs 11 11 1 11 ै ⏠H11 ै11 ِ 1 ِƳ11 sِ 튀H1 11
Ɲ Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H11 H Ɨ Ɨ1 11 Ɲ Hs 11 1콠11 ِ H ƿ1 1 1 䁕ƞै ِ H ƿĎ ǐ
ِ1H11 ِैH11 튀 Ɲ 11 11 ِ 콠1 ِ 11 콠 ĉै11 1 s ƞ ِ Ƴ
Hै 11 ǐ ِ1

ِs Dž 튀ĉ

ᦙ im l lim ‰ m

튀 - 콠 1 ຀ 11 1ƞैै1 1 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 튀ै11 䁕ِै 11
1 ‫ﺗ‬ ǐِ 11 1콠 1 1ƞ ƞ 퀀H - 퀀s11 퀀 11
1 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 䁕ِै 11 ‫ﺗ‬ 1 튀 ِ 1 ِ ِ ‫ ِﺗ‬
콠 H ຀ ै 䁕ِै ै ƝƳ‫ ﺗ‬䁕ِै 튀 䁕ِै ِ 䁕ِै
튀ै11 DžƝĉ11 䁕ِै 11
ِ ैै1 Ɲ ຀튀11 1Ƴ‫ﺗ‬
ِै1 11 ِै⏠11 Ɲ 11 1 ‫ ﺗ‬຀튀11 DžƝĉ11 ƝH
1 s ‫ِ ﺗ‬1 1 ِƳ튀1 ِH ِ ِ ຀1 Ɲ1 콠11 1 ِ ैै1
຀튀11 콠H튀1 11 ِै⏠11 ĉ 콠11 콠 11 ƝƳH11 튀
콠ĉ ຀튀1 1 H1 ِ ैै1 Ɲ
ै ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ 11 Ɨِ 11 ैsHै1 ِ 1 1
ैs 콠ै 콠s ِ s11 콠ै H 1 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 ƝH
ĉ‫ै ﺗ‬sHै1 H 콠 11 튀ै11 H຀ ِ1 1 H11
ैs ِs 11 콠ै ै11 H 11 ĉ 튀 1 ِ ै ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 튀H
H11
ِ ຀11 ِ 콠ैH 11 ِ 튀111
ِ 1 1 튀111 콠 콠 Ɲ ຀11 ै튀11 Ɲ ຀11 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 ƝH
ƿ ै11 콠 콠 ِ ຀11 ِ ຀11 ِ 튀 ƳH 콠 H ‫ ﺗ‬1 1
Ɲ11 튀 콠 튀H ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ ै‫ ﺗ‬H11 ِ ِ111 ِ튀
ƳH ⏠ 11 ຀11 1 1ِैH튀1 Ɲ ै1 ِ 1 콠1Hs‫ ِ ﺗ‬
H11 Ɲ ै Ɲ ຀11 1 1‫ ﺗ‬1 1 ِ ِ 11 ِ ै1
⏠s11 튀 ِ 1Ɲ
1 ِĉ튀1 콠‫ ﺗ‬11 1Ƴ‫ِ ﺗ‬຀ै11
ै1 ǐƝH ِ1 콠‫ ﺗ‬11 ِ‫ﺗ‬ ैِ ِ຀ै11 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 s
ِ 튀 ै11 ِ 튀 ƳH 콠 1 Ɲ1ِ ِ ِ s 111 ຀ H1
튀 ِ຀ै11 ƿ 1 s ِ 11 ِ ຀ H1 ِĉ ै1 ƝH1‫ِ ﺗ‬຀ै11
ै1 Ɲ⏠ 1 1 ِĉ11 ِ⏠1 ै1
຀1 ै11
콠 Ď 11 ຀1 ै11 s ຀1 ै11 DžƝĉ11 ƝH ِ1콠
ِ ⏠ ƿƞH1 튀 ‫ ﺗ‬຀1 ै11 1 11 ِ 튀 ຀
1 ै1 ैै ِ 1 ƿƞH1 튀 퀀 ƝH 11 ِ1 1຀Ƴ11 ِ ຀ ĉH1
຀11 ِ ຀ ĉ‫ﺗ‬
ِ1 ِ 1 Ɲ111 DžƝĉ11 Ɲ ै1 튀ै11 1䁕ِै 11 1 콠 콠ै11 ِ
ِ ຀s ǁ1 1 H 1 ِ1 ِ 1 ِ 튀 ຀ ِƳHH1 ‫ ﺗ‬콠
1ِ111

11 콠຀ 콠 1 1 튀ĉ

猳ै

ِै 11 1 1 1 콠຀H ِ1 ِ1
1 1 1 ‫ ِ ِﺗ‬H 1 H11

Ɲ , 튀 , Ɲ‫ ﺗ ﺗ‬,
ै ै s 1콠 1 1 콠຀H

s 1ِै‫ ﺗ‬튀1ِ ĉ

ِ 1 콠 ƝH Hs‫ ﺗ‬ƿ
ِ Ɲ튀 1Ɲ Hs ِH
콠 ĉ ‫ ﺗ‬콠 1
ĉ ‫ ﺗ‬1 ĉ Ɲ Hs
ِ 콠ै‫ ﺗ‬H Ɲ຀H 1콠
퀀 Hs 11 1

ِ ैs1 퀀s11 튀 ِH
1Ɲ Dž ِ ِ ै1
ِ຀1ِ ِ຀튀 ै1 ِH
튀຀ ِ Ɲ 1 1
ِ 콠ै ैs11 ĉ
ِ1 ِ ຀ 1 Ɲ ै1
Hĉ 1 Ɲ ِ 11
຀ 1 1䁕 콠ै Ɲ
Ɲ 1ƞ ƞ

ै11 ƿDž 튀ĉ

m

ै 11 튀 ै1 1튀H 퀀 11 튀 1 ै1 ِ 튀 ِ ै ‫ﺗ‬11 ै 11 1 ै1

䁕1 11 1 1 䁕1 1ैِ ِै111 1 Ɲ 111 Ɲ 111 1 ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 ƿ ِ 튀 1

1 ِĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ ै1 ‫ ﺗ‬ ‫ ﺗ‬ĉ 1 1 1 ِĉ튀‫ِ ﺗﺗ‬11 ै 11 튀ै 1튀1

s11 1 11 11 11ِ

H1 ِ ِ ِ 1 튀 1 1ِ 튀11 Ɲ 튀 ِ ‫ﺗ‬튀1 ‫ﺗ‬11 ै
ƿ 1 H ै 1 1 ‫ ﺗ‬ ै 1 H‫ﺗ‬ ै‫ ﺗ‬1 H‫ ﺗ‬1 Ɲ ƞ‫ ﺗ‬ 1 ‫ﺗ‬
ِ 1 ِ ِs 1 ِ 11콠 ‫ ﺗ‬11 ै 1 11 1 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
ِ 1 H튀 11 ِ 11 ِ s ِ H11 ِ ǁ1 1
튀
1 1 1 ِ H ِ s ǐِ 11 1 H11 11
1

ِĉ ِ 1 ِ 1 ِ 1 ِ 1 ِ ै ِ Ɲ ĉ‫ﺗ‬ H ِ 1 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1 튀
ِ s ِ 1 s ِ 1 Ɲ1 H 1 ِ ै1 1 ِ H1
H Ɲ ِ 1 Ɲ຀Hै 퀀 ِ ‫ैِ ﺗ‬ 퀀s ِ 1ِ
1 ِ 11 1 11 ِ ƞ ِ ِ 11 ِ‫ ﺗ ﺗ‬11 Ɲ ै11 ِ ِ
11 ِ ‫ﺗ‬1 11 ِ ै 11 1 11 ِ 튀 s ِ Ɲ຀ ƿ ِ ĉै
1 튀 11 ِ H 11 ِ 11 s 1 ‫ﺗ‬1 1爀 11 ĉ 퀀 11
1ِ ِ H 1 1 1ِ 1 s 111 䁕 ै11 1 11 1 ‫ ِﺗ‬1
11 1 1 ِ ِ ै 1 Ɲ຀ 튀 ِ‫ ﺗ‬11 ِ H ຀‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 11 ِ ຀H ِ 콠
11 1 ِ H ِ ै1 ِ 11 1 콠s 1 ຀‫ ﺗ‬1

ƞ 1 ِ 튀ĉ

^m ^ ‰

ِै ै1 ِै

ِ 11 HH 11 Ɲ ै11 Ɲै 11 1 1H‫ ﺗ‬H11 1 ै11 ِैै11 콠 튀 ِै ِै ै1 ِै
퀀 Ɲ ِ 1 1 Ɨِ 1 1 sĉ ‫ﺗ‬ ै 1Ɲ11 11 H11 H 1 튀H1 11 1 ै11 ै11 Ɲ຀
200 1 11 ِH 1 ƞैH 1ِै11 1ƝH11 1 1 1 ِ 1 Hĉ⏠ 1 ِ ‫ﺗ‬

Ɲ ै1 ƗِƳ11

1 Ɲ ै1 튀1 ِै຀‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ ै1 ƗِƳ11 ِ , 1 1 ैƗِĉ1 11 Ɲ ै1 ƗِƳ11 ĉ
Ɲ ै1 ƗِƳ11 Ɲ຀Hै 1 ຀s1‫ ﺗ‬H11 Ɲ ै1 튀11 1 ِ‫ِﺗ‬຀ 11 1 1 ⏠H‫ ِ ﺗ‬ ِ 튀1 ِ Ɨِ

ِ ƿ ै ِ 콠1 ِ s11 ِHƝƳ11 1 콠 콠ै11 ĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬s튀1 튀 1 ِ
ै ຀Ɨ 1 11 1

ِ 1 ِ 튀ĉ

1ຕ m m

ِ 1 Ɲ 䁕ِH ‫ﺗ‬ ِ‫ِﺗ‬຀ 11 1 콠 ِ 䁕ै1
ِ 䁕ै1 1 䁕 H 1 1 ِ 1 Ɲ1 1 튀1 ِ Ɲ1 1 ⏠튀11 1 ै11
1H‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ ƞ11 1ƞ 1 ِ 퀀 ƿِ ِ 튀 ‫ ै ِ ﺗ‬1ِै11 1ƞ 11 1콠 11
퀀H຀11 11 Ɲ ƞ11 ǐ H ِ ِ 䁕ै1 1 튀 11 ƞै11 퀀H຀11 1
1Ɲ11 Ɲ ƞ11 튀 11 Ɲ11 ِ 퀀H ƝH ِ
ƞ 11

퀀 1 ‫ِﺗِﺗ‬຀ ‫ﺗ‬ ِ 䁕ै ƞ ‫ِﺗ‬຀ 1 ຀ ƞ11 콠 1ِ 튀ĉ

ै1 ຀ ƞ11 1 110 11 ĉ຀ ƞ11 튀 11 1 H
1 1 Ɲ H ƝƳH ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲै11 Ɨ 11 튀 sै1 ຀ ƞ11 1
ِ 䁕ِ ĉ11 ِ HƝ‫ﺗ‬

H ‫ِﺗ‬຀ s11
1 Ɲ H 1 콠 튀 ै11 ِ 䁕ै ƞ s11 튀 11 1
튀11 ِ ैs ِ 䁕 ِƳ11 퀀 ِ Ɨ1 ِ ै
ِैH11 ⏠ĉ11 콠 Ɲ 䁕 1Ƴ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 1
ِ ِ຀11 s ‫ ِ ﺗ‬11콠1H 1 콠 ⏠ĉ11 콠ै 튀 Ɨ ƝH 콠‫ﺗ‬

ِ 1 Ɲ 111 1 ِ‫ِﺗ‬຀ 11 1 Ɲĉ11
Ɲ⏠ 1 ِ 1 1ƞ ै1 ِ Ɲ 䁕 1 Ɲ ƞ1 Ɨ Ɲ11 1
Ɲ 1ِs 11 ຀Ƴ‫ ِ ﺗ‬ 1 H11 Ɲ 콠 1 콠 1
ِ 1 1 1 11 ै 1 H s‫ﺗ‬ ƿِ ैH 1 ِ 1ƞ Ɲ H
s ِ ຀ ‫ِ ﺗ‬1콠 ຀11 1 H Ɲ

຀11 ِƳै 1 ِ 11 ِ 1 ِ‫ِﺗ‬຀ 11 HƳ‫ﺗ‬ s튀຀11
H ِ1콠 Ɲै ‫ ِ ﺗ‬爀 11 튀 Ɲ1 1 ‫ِ ﺗ‬1콠 ै ِ ِ111
튀 튀ै11 퀀H຀11 1‫ ﺗ‬1 ै1 1ै1 1H ِ s 1
Ɲ111 1 1Ƴ ƝƳH ِ Ɲ H ِĉ 1ِ Ɲ Hs ै1
1콠 11 Ɨِ 11 1ِ Ƴ11

m汯 m ‰

1Ɲ ै1 튀

s11 Ɲ 콠 튀 ِ sĉH 1 1ِ 1Ɲ ैِ Ɲै ِ ِ s11 콠 ‫ ﺗ‬H11 ै 11 튀 튀 11 ِ 튀 튀Ɨ
Ɲ ǁ1 Ɲ຀11 ِ s ƞ ‫ ﺗ‬sِ ِ s Ɲ 11 ِ Ɲ Ɲ 11 ຀

1Ɲ ै1 ِs

ِ 1 H ‫ ﺗ‬H11 1Ɲ ै1 ِ 11 1Ɲ ै1 

ِ s 1 11 ǐ ĉ11 콠 ै1
ैH H ِĉ‫ﺗ‬11 1ِ 11 1Ɲ ै1
ǐِ 11 ຀ 1 1 1

콠ै11 Ɲ ِ 콠 1ƝH11 1Ɲ ै1 

1Ɲ ै1 ِ s H H 1 ै11 11
ै 콠 콠ै11 Ɲ1H຀ 11 ِ1 1 ຀
ĉ 11 Ɲ຀ 1ِ 튀 H ƿ ⏠

1䁕 ै11 1콠11 1Ɲ 1 11 1Ɲ ै1 
1ƞ 11
䁕ِै ⏠튀11 콠 1ِ H
1 ِ຀H 1 1 ِ ‫ ِﺗ‬ ै11
ĉ 11 ِ1 ै1

11 Ɲ H‫ ِ ﺗ‬11 1Ɲ ै1 
1 ِ຀H 1 1 Ɲĉै11 ِƗƝs11
튀 s ِ1 Ɨِ Ɲ Hै1 ِ1 ै1

퀀Ɨ11

1ِ Ɲ ِ 1 튀ĉ

튀 튀s 튀ĉ‫ِ ﺗ‬1 튀 튀Ɨ 1 1 H11 ِƳ 튀H11 튀 ِ ِ H1ƿِ Hै H Ɲ຀1‫ ﺗ‬1 H ‫ﺗ‬1 콠 1 Ɲ1
튀H1ِ ƝƳ ِ ِ 튀ĉ 튀‫ ﺗ‬H ै1 1 ِH 11 11 콠 1 튀 튀s 튀ĉ‫ِ ﺗ ﺗ‬1 튀 튀Ɨ 1 1 콠 1
ِ 튀H 콠 1 1 튀 튀sH

ِ 1 ຀11 튀H1ِ ƞ຀ ِ 1 1ِ 1 1ِ 1ِ 튀 ƞ຀ ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ1 ै⏠ H 䁕 ै‫ﺗ‬1 콠 1
H1 11 ‫ ﺗै ﺗ‬튀 ِ ِ 1ِ1

콠 ِ 1 ِ ƿ 1 ِ 1 1 11 1 1Ɲ Ɲ Dž ै ຀ ِ 1 ِ 콠 1 1 ƞ 1 ຀ ِ຀1ِ ै튀Ɨ ِ H 콠 Ɲ1
튀 1ِ ِ H111 ⏠ 1 11 1 Hs1 ຀ ِs 1 ِ 튀 ِ຀Ƴ1 1 ِ H111 ِ H111 ِ ຀11 1 䁕 ै 콠

1 1 1Ɲ 1 튀 H
콠11 1ِs 튀ĉ

9汯

1 Ɲ ِ‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ⏠ Ɲ 콠1 ِ - ƗƝ 1ِH11 ِ 튀111 1
1Ɲ຀1 ِ 1 튀ै1 - 콠 1 1ِ ǐ콠 1 튀 1 1ِ 1 - 콠1 ຀Ɨ
s ƝH11 ِ1 1ِ Ɲ 1
ِ 䁕 Ɲ ِ 1콠

ulim 汯 9ै 1

ै 1 ِ1 1

2 1 11 콠 ै1 ِ ِ 11 퀀H ƿ 콠 1 Ɲ Dž
s ِ ِ 퀀 1 1 Ƴ 1Ƴ s11 H

s - 콠 s11 튀ै 11 1 ِ ِ 11 튀s‫ﺗ‬
ِ 11

‰ 䉵uै u

19 s Ɲ HH1 Ɲ H 19 19 0 ِ

11 ِ 111 Ɲ 1 1ƞ H ƿ1 Ɲ 1Ɲ H 1

퀀s11 콠຀ 콠 튀 11 ै11 ِ 퀀

Ɲ1s 퀀ĉ 1 ِ H11 HƝ 11

Ɲ111- 1Ɲै11 ‫ﺗ‬1 11 1 11 ِ ‫ﺗ‬1

Ɲ111 1Ɲै11 Ɲ 11 ِ H 1

Ɲsِ 11콠຀ ِ ِ

Ɲै11 Ɲ 1 ِ 1 ِs11 콠 1 1 ‫ﺗ‬

Ɨ 퀀 튀ĉ

Dream it, Do it

What do you really want to do in your life? If
money were no object, what would you do?
Write a novel, travel the world, start your own
company? Many of us dismiss such dreams as
indulgent fantasies. After all, with so many
challenges in the here and now, the idea of

dreaming about the future may seem
pointless, even decadent.

Successful, satisfied people know the value of
dreams and visions, and they’re always working
on them. In their eyes, life dreams aren’t static,
isolated solutions or escape hatches from here

and now. Nor are they fantasy cure-alls or
“consolation prizes” that will some day

compensate them for otherwise meaningless
labors. Rather, to people who are actively

working on their dreams, the dream is their life.

Dream building isn’t just
about feeding life into
your dream, it’s also

about feeding your
dream into your life.

When it comes to talking about your dream, it’s wise
to share it with only a select few until you are
confident about your desires. If your dream is to start
your own business, you may not want to confide in
an embittered coworker who is stuck in a dead-end
job. But once you’ve reached the point where you
have the support of your important friends, and are
feeling confident and willing to make the trade-offs
necessary to realize your dream, there’s no need to
hide your plans.

By: Hanin Walid

Social media

Social media has grown Just like anything which can they were doing was
tremendously in the last few be used for both good and experimenting, trying out
years. From 2006 onwards bad, social media, as any skills, and succeeding and
the growth rate is other thing in life, is a double- failing in tons of tiny real-
unexpectedly very high. edged weapon. Teens are time interactions that kids
Specially Facebook and masters at keeping today are missing out. For
Twitter have grown much themselves occupied by one thing, modern teens are
faster and captured millions social media in the hours learning to do most of their
of users in just a few years. after school until way past communication while looking
According to the way bedtime. When they’re not at the screen, not another
technology is growing, it is doing their homework (and person.
obvious that more and more when they are) they’re online
people are going to grasp its and on their phones, texting, We all should be using social
benefits. It has brought a lot sharing, trolling, scrolling, you media in a good way and not
of advantages for the society. name it. Of course, before getting addicted to it. Getting
From progressed nations to everyone had an Instagram away all the bad side effects
under-developed countries, account, teens kept and trying to take the
every nation is utilizing the themselves busy, too, but positive side of everything,
power of social media to they were more likely to do especially social media will
enhance life and use it to their chatting on the phone, definitely lead to online-
make people better. or in person when hanging safety. We need to stay safe
However, on the other hand out at the mall. It may have and YOU should stay safe, all
it has also affected the looked like a lot of aimless the best.
society in the negative way. hanging around, but what

By: Hanin Walid

DESTROYING NATURAL HABITATS

Imagine waking up one day, only to Habitat destruction is the leading
discover that everything you’ve always cause of extinction for various
known has instantly changed. The home species and is the reason that many
animals are endangered. Animals are
you’ve lived in for your entire life is very intelligent beings, but without their
gone. The roads are much different, natural homes, they are unable to
making navigation far more complicated, protect themselves and care for their
and you find yourself in areas that are
unfamiliar to you. All around you are young.
elements that could easily cause you Solutions available include:
harm and there is no escaping. This 1) Combat habitat loss by preserving
natural resources and learning how to
scenario would be sad, extremely use them in a way that does not require
overwhelming, and many people would such frequent destruction of habitats.
not survive. Yet, this is what happens 2)We should also teach others the
importance of biodiversity.
every day to wildlife and underwater 3) We should be just as willing to put
species as their habitats are destroyed. forth the effort to rebuild and attempt
As we exhaust natural resources, the
homes of many animals are lost in the to replace what is lost.

process. By definition, habitat loss is
also known as habitat destruction, and
it occurs when we destroy the natural

shelters that are home to wildlife.

By: Raghad Haidar

ul ै i l ,汯

11 ِ HHs ِ 1 ِ 11콠1H 1 1 콠 ِ 11 ैH 1ِ ِĉ ƝैƳ ƿ ِ 11 ِ 1콠1Hs H11 ِĉ ຀⏠H11 1 Ɲ 111 ِ
ِ s 1ِै1 ैِ 콠 ƿِै1 1Ɲ H 콠 ِ 11 iMovie ຀⏠‫ِ ﺗ‬1 튀ै1 1H ِ 11

ĉ 1ِH ‫ ﺗ‬s 1Ɲ Ď1 ِ ِ 콠 s 튀 콠ĉ11 ै
1 ِH튀1 1콠1H ƿ1 ِै1 퀀 1 ‫ै ﺗ‬sH11 ِैै1
튀 ຀1ِ⏠H 콠 ِs 1 콠 튀 ै ‫ै ﺗ‬s‫ﺗ‬ Ɨِs຀
튀ै 11 1ِ⏠11 1 1콠 ِ1

‫ ﺗ‬ĉ ĉ 11 䁕ِ 튀H11 튀 1Ɲ ِ1 ِैH11 ِ 퀀 11 ِै 1 1 ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬ 1ِ ै trailer 1 ِ ِ
ِ111 퀀 튀 sِ111 Hs 1 1 1 H‫ ﺗ‬튀ैै 1콠 H 1 ຀⏠H11 튀 trailer

튀 콠຀ Ɲ1 튀ĉ

DIY 9 u 汯ِ 튀ै 1
(Do It Yourself)

ƝH 11 1Ɲ຀111 1 Ɲ ِ຀1 콠 ِs1 콠 ِ 퀀s 콠ै‫ ِ ﺗ‬ĉ ƝƗ s ِ 튀ै 1
1 11 ै 1 ِ111 1 11 튀ै 1Ɲ ै1 ĉ ِƳ H s ِ 튀ै 1 DIY ‫ِ ﺗ‬Hै1 ِ ै1
ِ1튀H 11 ِƳ ِs 11 H ‫ ﺗ‬ ِH 11 ِ຀HƝ 11 ै 1ƞ ຀ 1 ِ 11콠1H 1 ‫ ﺗ‬H11
1 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1 H11 튀H11 1 콠 퀀 1 튀s11 1 ƞ ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 11

콠ै ĉ ِैH 11 ै ĉ 11 ِ H ƿ1 콠 1 11 1 s11 ِ ِ H 1 

1 11 ै 1콠1H ƿ ِ H 퀀1 ِैH 11

Hै 11 ैs11 Ɲ H11 1 H11 ຀ैƝ11 콠 11 Ɲ 11 1 Ɲै 11 ƞ ƞै‫ ﺗ‬

s ِ ै ‫ ﺗ‬1 ⏠Hs‫ ِ ﺗ‬1

Ɲ ِ 튀ĉ

l猳潄rim 牡s

ै1 1ِ Ɲ1ै 11
Ɲ ِĉ 11

ِ H 1 ຀ ‫ ﺗ‬1 Ɲ11 1Ɲ 0 0 
ِ H 1 H Ɲ຀ ै1ِ ِ 콠11 1콠຀H 1 1 ِै Ɲ1 1 ै⏠ĉ 11 ِ 콠11 콠s 1 ैH 
‫ﺗ‬ 111 ِ 1ِ 튀sै 콠ै 튀ै 11 1Ɲ 1 ⏠ĉ 11 䁕ِ⏠11 Ɲ⏠ 11 1 H 

Ƴ຀ 11 콠 Ƴ11 1 Hĉै튀1 
Ɲ 1 콠ĉ 

຀ै ƞ11 Ɲĉ11 ِ s11 111 튀 11 튀 11 1 H 1 ĉै튀1
䁕 ĉै튀1 2

콠 䁕 ĉै튀1 2 
ĉै튀1 2 

튀 H 2 

Ɲ H11 ĉ ƝƗ

䁕 ĉै튀1 튀1 ĉै튀1 Ɲ ƞै ِ1 Ɲ1ै 11 ĉ튀 1 1

1 Ɲ HH H 튀H 11 ƞ11 ƝƳ 11 11 ຀11 ै 2

䁕 콠11 ै 콠11 1 콠 ƞ11 ै Ɲ Dž ِ Ɲ຀ ै11 ِ 콠11 ै s
ِ ຀ 콠11 1 ຀ H ⏠ H1 ِ 튀 1Ɲ H ِ 1콠 HƝ 튀H1

s튀1 H ຀튀 Ɲ111 튀 11
1ِƳ຀11 1 s11 1 ै 튀⏠ 11

Ɲ 11 콠ĉ຀11 콠 Ƴ11 Ƴ຀ ِ ƞ‫ ﺗ‬콠ै ِ ِ 1콠 1콠 ຀튀

ِ 콠11 ຀11 Ɲ1 11

H ैH H 1 ຀Ɨ 튀 Ɲ1ै 11 1콠 8

콠 튀ĉ

l, 潄

ِ ƞ ƿ1 11 ِ຀ Ɲ1 1H ‫ ﺗ‬콠 Ɨِ Ƴ11 1ै1

ِH튀1 튀 Ɲ⏠ H1 11 콠ĉH1 ِ1 콠 1 1 11 ِै⏠1ِ
຀sH‫ ﺗ‬H11 s 11 ِ 1Ɲ⏠ ƿ1 1 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H11 1 튀ĉ 1 ِ 콠຀ 1 ِ

1 2 Ɲ11 1 ِH ‫ﺗ‬
H1 1s຀11
튀 Ɲ1 ِ1 1 콠຀‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ Ɲ1
ِ1 H ِ ِH ‫ﺗ‬ 䁕ِƗ 1

ِH H ै 1 1Ɲ ِै튀 11 11 Ɲ
຀Ƴ 1 1 1 - ຀Ƴ111 1 ै111 1⏠ِ ै
튀 ِ1 튀 11 H1
⏠ ‫ﺗ‬ 1຀HƝ 1 1 ‫ﺗ‬
ِ111
1 1Ɲ

s

Ƴ1 ِĉ Ɲ1
⏠ ِH ‫ِ ﺗ‬1
-ƿ H s 䁕 1
- Ɲ຀1 콠 䁕

튀1 튀 ⏠
11ƝH s ِH

Ɲ ै 11 ĉ11 11
11

콠ै1 Ɨِ 튀ĉ ƞ Ɲ 11 11 ĉ11 ै
ैH H 1 H ِ 콠 1

11 ‫ैِﺗ‬튀

ω m 㽰
11 ِ1 ِ1
콠 Ď1 Ɲ ِ 튀ĉ

ِ Ƴ11 Ɲ ƳĉH1 ⏠튀
Ɲ1 H 䁕 䁕 ِ H111
ِै1 ⏠튀1 ĉ ِ ैH ƿ1 ĉ ƝƗ
11 11 튀 1 HƝ ِ HƝ

111 튀 11 Ɲ ƳĉH1 ِ

ै11 ‫ ﺗ‬ƿِ 11 1H1 튀

s ⏠1 ِ 1 11
⏠튀1 ĉ ِ1ै‫ﺗ‬ ƿ1 ĉ ƝƗ
sH ِ 11 ै11 ‫ ﺗ‬튀111
Ɲ‫ِ ِﺗ‬ 11

ِ ै1 ຀‫ ﺗ‬튀
ैै Hĉ 콠 1 ِ ै1 sै ै ƿ

຀1
ِ ै1 ैै1 튀 튀11 1 1Ɲ⏠ ِ ِ

콠 1 ĉ 콠 1 Ɲ Ɲ1 ِ ै1 sै
1 ຀11 1 튀ĉ11 1 ِ ै1 ैै1 ِ 1ِ

ĉ 콠 1 ِ ै1 sै ِ

ƝैƳ11 11䁕 ⏠튀
ِ 1 ِ 1 11
11 튀 ຀11 ِ 䁕 ‫ै ِ ﺗ‬H ƿ1 ĉ ƝƗ
ै H HƝ‫ﺗ‬ 콠 1 ِ Ɲ
11 sै 콠 11 11䁕爀 ĉ

1ै1 1 11 1Ƴ1 ِĉ ຀ ِ 11 ِै 11 1 ِ H 1 H lim
ै ⏠ 1 1 ِ຀ै 11 ِ H 11 1 Ɲ 11 Ɲ 11
H 1Ɲ ِ 䁕ƞै‫ ﺗ‬ 11 1 ِ 11

Ɲ 1콠11 11

Ɲ 1 1 Ɨ ِsH H 튀H 1 H Ɲ 1콠11 11 sH
1‫ ﺗ‬H11 ِ 1콠 ຀11 1콠‫ ﺗ‬1 콠 Ɲ⏠11 1 ِ H 1 콠
1 콠 ƞ 콠 ِ 1 ِ Hै ຀⏠ ĉ 1H ِ ै, ຀ै11 1 ƞ
11 Ɲ⏠11 䁕 콠ै ِ H 튀1 Ɲ 1콠11 1Ƴ11
튀 sƝ 1 Ɲ຀H 콠 콠111 䁕Ɲ຀‫ ﺗ‬H11 ĉ Ɲ⏠1ِ 콠Ƴ1 1Ƴ
H 11 ِै Ɲ ‫ ﺗ‬ƝैƳ11 1 1콠 Ɲ⏠11 1
튀1 ِ ِ 퀀1 ⏠ै ِ 1 1‫ﺗ‬Ɲ1 ĉ Ɲ⏠

⏠Hs 11 11

1 ِ 1 ⏠Hs 11 11 1 ِै 11 1콠‫ ﺗ‬1 콠 튀ै 튀 ِ1 H

ِ 1콠 ِ 1콠‫ ﺗ‬1 ƝƗ 1 ⏠11 Ɲ 11 1 튀ĉH11

ِ 1 ຀ै11 1 ƞ ِ 1 퀀 튀 ِ1 1 ِ ຀ 1 ِै 11

1 1 콠 튀11 11 ຀ ِ 튀 콠ैH1 ِ 11 H 䁕1Ɲ

콠 ِै 11 ِĉ຀Ɨ 1‫ ِ ِ ﺗ‬຀ ै‫ ﺗ‬튀1 Ɲै11 ِs‫ﺗ‬ƿ1

⏠11 1 1콠 ƞ1 11 ِ⏠ 1 ຀sH ƿ H ຀ Ɲ11 ຀ै11

튀ĉ 11 튀 11 튀ĉ11 11

຀ 1튀H ‫ ﺗ‬爀 튀ĉ11 1 11 11 1 1 H 1

຀ै11 콠 Ɲ⏠11 1 ِ 콠1 Ɲ

HƝH11 ِै 11 ِ 1 ِ H ِ ຀ ِ ⏠H‫ ﺗ‬튀 1 1Ƴ

1Ƴ ‫ ِﺗ‬sĉ‫ ﺗ‬䁕1Ɲ 11 1 䁕1 ‫ ﺗ‬튀11

ƞ11 콠튀11 튀ĉ

牡汯 l u汯 ^

ِै⏠11 ِ຀ ⏠1‫ ﺗ‬콠 ƿ
튀 콠 ِs ⏠ 11 ຀ ⏠1‫ ﺗ‬ĉ튀ैH 11 Ɨِ111 1 ِĉH ƿ1 1 콠 콠ै11 1ِ

111 ِ຀ 11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1 1Ƴ11 ِ H 1 Ď ĉ ĉ 11 11 䁕 11 1콠ĉ
ِ຀ ِH ِ H ِ H ƿ1 ै ِ H ै1ِ ै ຀s 1 11 1 Ɨ
콠ै 1Ɲ 11 1Ɲैs11 Ɲ 튀 콠 ِs 1 ै 1H 1 ِ ِै⏠11
Ɲ

ِ111 11 튀 11 ِ ِ
1 11 튀 Ď‫ ﺗ‬s1ِ ِs1ِ ຀‫ﺗ‬Ɲ 퀀 1 11 1 ِ ِ - 1 튀 11 1 ِ 1 콠11 Ɲ Ƴ‫ﺗ‬
ƞ1 sै11 爀 ⏠ ै1 튀 1‫ِ ﺗ‬1콠 ै ِƗ 1 1Ɲ 11 1Ɲैs11 ‫ ﺗ‬튀 콠 ِs‫ ﺗ‬H11 ै1 튀 ِ⏠
1䁕ƞै 튀11 ƞ‫ ﺗ‬111 1 s ै1 ِ 1Ɲ ِH ِ 䁕 1 11 튀 Ď‫ ﺗ‬1 1 ِ 1ِ 1 튀 ِ⏠11
11 튀 Ɲ 1Ɲ Ƴ11 Ɲ⏠ s11 Ďs 11 ƞ 튀ै 1ِ H຀ 1 1Ɲ ِH 튀ĉ‫ﺗ‬ 콠11 ƞ1‫ﺗ‬
຀Ƴ1ِ 1Ƴ11 ै 1 H

ِ຀ 11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ 1 ‫ ैِ ﺗ‬1 ِ 11 Ɲ 1 Ɲ H ِ 1ِ
콠 ِ຀ 11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ 1 ‫ﺗ‬ ຀ ِ 11 1Ƴ11 ƝƳ
ِ ‫ ﺗ‬콠 ِs ⏠ 11 ຀ ِ Ɲ Ƴ‫⏠ैِ ﺗ‬11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ
ِ 11 퀀 1H 1 ِ ِै⏠11 ِ ຀ ِ 11 Ɲ 1 ِ 1 콠11
콠ै 1Ɲ 11 1Ɲैs11 Ɲ 튀 1 ِs 1 Ď ِै⏠11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1
ِ ‫ ﺗ‬຀ैƝ11 ِ H Ɲ
Ɲ 퀀 퀀 1Ƴ11 䁕
콠1ِ H11 111 ِ຀ 11
ِ຀ 11 ِ Ɲ1s11

຀ ै1 1Ɲ1 퀀 Ɲ H11 ِ ِ ِ຀ ِ ‫ﺗ‬ ِH ຀ ِs1ِ
1H 1 1Ƴ ِ Ɲ11 ِ 1 H11 1 튀⏠ 콠 ƿ
튀HH 튀 11 튀 콠 ِs‫ ﺗ‬ ِै⏠11 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 ƿ콠 11 ِ1ِ ‫ ﺗ‬
1 콠 Ď 11 Ɲ1ै1 퀀 ै11 튀ै ِ ै1ِ ِH
ِ111 1 H11 H11 튀 Ɲs‫ﺗ‬ 1 1 ै Ɲs11 ِ຀ 11
ƝैƳ‫ ﺗ‬11 Ɲ 111 䁕
1 1 s Ɲ11 ِ຀ 11 1Ɲ H ै1ِ
H11 111 ِ຀ 11 ِ H
H1 11 1 s11 11 콠 䁕 1 ‫ﺗ‬ Ɲ຀1ِ
1Ɲs1 11

Ɲ ै 튀ĉ

l潄im 9r 汯 l


ِै 11 1 콠 ƞ 1 ِ1 1 ِ ‫ ِﺗ‬Ɲ 11 ِै 11 ĉ ِ1 1ِै11 1Ɲs11 1 H튀 11 ǐِ 11 Ɲ 11 Ɲ 11 11 ǐِ 11
콠 1 퀀11 1 콠ĉ11 Ɲै ‫ ﺗ‬H11 튀ैHƳ 11 ĉ11 1 Ď 11 Ɲ⏠11 ِ H ِ 1콠 ĉ ‫ ﺗ‬튀 ِ 콠 ِs‫ ﺗ‬H11 ै 1콠11 ĉ11 ǐِ 11 콠ĉH11
Ɲ ِ ِैH ƿِ 1 䁕ِ H1ƿ1 1 s 튀1 ِै 11 11 1 H 튀 ِ ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ Hs1 1 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H ƳH1H 11 1
ĉ 11 1Ɲ HH콠11 1ِै11 Ɲ ِ 11 ƝƳ຀11 H11 Ɲ ຀11

ǐِ 11 1
ǐِ 11 11 ǐِ 11 11 ǐِ 11 ِ Ɲ11 ǐِ 11 Ɲ 11 ǐِ ِ‫ ﺗ‬ǐِ ِ 11 1 ǐِ 11 ĉ 11 1Ɲ sĉ
1ِ 111 ǐِ 11 ِ 11 ǐِ 11 11 ǐِ 11 䁕ِै 11 ǐِ Ɲ 콠ĉH11 ǐِ Ɨِै11
ِ ƝH H11 1 ƿ1 1
ِH11 ǐِ 11
Ɲै 11 ِƳHH퀀1 ِ ِ Ɲ H11 ै 콠 1 ै1 Ɲ 1 ⏠11 콠1 콠

콠 ِ1 1 ِs 11 ƝैH ِ1콠 Ɲ⏠111 1ِ Ɲ 1 Ɲ 11 ǐِ ǐِ 11 튀ै‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 1 ⏠1ِ
1 s 11 ِ 콠 ِs‫ ैِ ﺗ‬11 콠 튀 1콠 ǐِ 11 1 콠 H 11 ैِ
ِ ຀ 1 ِs 11 ِ ƝĉH H11 ِ ै1 1 ِ຀ै11 11 ຀‫ ﺗ‬11 ǐِ 11 ِ Ɲ11 ǐِ 11
ǐِ 튀1 콠 ƿ 11 1콠11 콠 11 ِ຀ै튀1 ِ Ɲ11 ĉ11 1ِै‫ﺗ‬
ِ຀‫ﺗ‬1 ‫ ِﺗ‬11 ǐِ 11 ĉ11 Ɲ ِƳ1 1 11 ຀ ِ1 ِ Ɲ11 ِƳ 11 ‫ ِﺗ‬11 11 ǐِ 11
sै11 ِ 1퀀 튀 1 ِ 튀1 s 1 ِ
11 ǐِ 11
1ِ ِ H ِ1 s 1 ‫ ِﺗ‬1Ƴ11 튀 Ɲ⏠ s‫ ﺗ‬H11 ĉ11 ِ1 ै1 ِH H

1 ຀ ِ1 ِै‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ s‫ ﺗ‬1 ƝƳ຀11 11 1ِै‫ ﺗ‬튀 콠ĉ ِs 11 ِ ⏠111 H1ِ Ɲ1 11 Ɲ튀H 튀
Ɲ 콠ै Ɲ1 ِ 1Ɲ1‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ1
콠ै11 ĉ1ِ ƞ 11 ै ‫ﺗ‬1ƝH ƿ1 ै 11 튀ैH11 1Ɲĉ11 ຀ैƝ11 1 Ɲ 1 ⏠1 콠 ै 11 ǐِ 11
ǐِ 11 ِै 1ِ 튀1H‫ ﺗ‬H 1
1 Ɨِै11 ǐِ 11
ĉ ِs 11 ƞ Ɲ ǁ1 ै11 ِै‫ ﺗ‬11 Ɨِ 1 ຀ ǐِ 11 1

ِ ِ 퀀 ِ1 1 1 1 H 1 Ɲ 11 튀s11 11 ِ H11 튀 콠 ِs‫ﺗ‬
콠 Ɲ 콠ĉH튀1 ِ 11 1 콠 11 11 튀 1 콠H ِ1 1 ĉ 11 Ɲ Ɲ 콠ĉH11 ǐِ ِ1
Ɲ1Ƴ1ِ 튀 ِĉ Ɲ ǁ1 1 콠ĉ1 ຀ 1 ैƳ11 1 ِH ِs 1 ِs 11 ِ ै1 ِ ِ 11
s 11 1퀀s1 ِs 11 Ɲ ِ 䁕ِै 11 ِ 11 s 11 튀ै11 ِ 1 콠11 H຀ 䁕ِै 11 ǐِ
‫ﺗ‬1 ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ1 1 Ɲ ⏠‫ ﺗ‬1 ै 콠 ِ 11 H ĉ ِs 11 ƝैƳ 䁕ِै 1ِ

.

콠ै1 H 튀ĉ

‸ै

1 Dž ِ 1 ِ⏠ 11

ِ H 1ِ 튀 Ɲ⏠1 1 ِ຀ै11 s1
Ɲ 111 ِ 1 튀ैH 11 ຀ Ɲै
H 퀀 콠 Ɲ 䁕 11 ِs1 튀 11 1 ƝH
Ɲ ِH ِ ِ⏠ Ɲ 1튀 1 ‫ﺗ‬콠 ِƳ1 콠ै

ِ1 Ɲ ĉ11 ِĉ ِ1 sH1 ِ ƿ1 ‫ ﺗ‬ƞ ै ِ Ɲ ِ 콠 Ɲ ِH 1튀 11 1
11 ِ 튀ै ِ ‫ﺗ‬ ِ ै11 콠111 1 1콠‫ ﺗ‬H ĉ11 1 튀ै‫ﺗ‬
ǐƝH 콠 ƿ 퀀 ِ 1 1 퀀 11 1 ĉ1 ƝH ‫ﺗ‬ 1 11 Ɲ ĉ11
ِHH Ɲ ǁ1 s 콠 H ƿ ‫ﺗ‬1 11 ِ Ɲ11 콠຀1 ِ s

콠 1 1Ɲ ƞ11 Ɨِ 튀ĉ

r
Ƴm

r
Ƴm

콠຀ 퀀 튀ĉ

ِ຀ ै1
퀀Ɨ ƞ ƞ 1 1 ِĉ11 1 111 1ै1 1Ɲ຀111 ƞ 11 Ɲ111 1ِै ƿ1 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H11
1Ɲ ຀ 콠ĉ Ɨِै11 콠 ِs 11 11 1콠ĉ 1 1 ِैH 1 ِ HHƿ1 1 ِ1Ɲ 11

ै 퀀11 ِ 1Ɲ 11
튀ĉ11 ຀111 1ै1 ຀ Ƴ 11 ِ຀ 11
ِ 튀s1 ຀s 1ِ Ɲ HH ƿ 11 1ِ ैƳ11 1 11 ِ ‫ﺗ‬1 튀 ै1 ِ ै1 ै

콠 ِĉH11 1 Ƴ11 콠 11
Ɨِ111 ƝH11

Ɲ 11 11 ै1 Ɲ ِ111 ِ HHƿ1 1Ɲ ِै 튀ĉ 퀀H 1 s 11 ِ HHƿ1 111 ِ HHƿ1 ै1
HِƳ1 ِ ै1 ƿǁ1 ِ⏠11 튀 ैH11 1콠ĉ 튀 Ɨ 1ƝH 1 ຀튀s11 Ɲ ِƳ 11 ƞ 11 1 1Ƴ11

ैHs‫ ﺗ‬ƿ H11 1Ɲ ै1 1 ِ Ɲ ै 11 ِƳH11 ƞ 11 튀ĉ11Ɲ ِƳ1 ِ ‫ﺗ‬ 1ƝHHƿ1 콠 ǐِ 11
Ɲ 11 콠1 Ɲ 1‫ ﺗ‬콠 콠 튀ĉH11 퀀ै튀1 ैै ِ 1 ِ 튀1 콠 1콠ै 1 1 콠 11 11
ِ 11
ِ 11 콠 11 1 11 콠ĉH Ɲ 11

퀀ै11 ƝƗ
‫ﺗ‬1 11 퀀ै11
ै຀ ِ 1 1 ِĉ 콠‫ ﺗ‬1 ƞ 콠1ِ 11 H‫ ﺗ‬H11 1ƝƳ11 튀 Ɲ Ď‫ ﺗ‬1ِsH ƿ1 1Ɲ Ď1 튀ै11 ຀11 콠 H຀
ِ HHƿ1 1 ‫ ﺗ‬1콠 11 1Ɲ Ď1 ƝƳ H11 ِ 1 콠11 콠 Ɲ Ɲs11 ै ຀1ِ ǐِs 11 콠 11 11
ِ 콠sैِ ِ 11 ِ1 ƞ ƞै‫ ﺗ‬튀 튀 ै 튀ĉ11 1Ɲ1 ِs11Ɲ⏠ 1 튀ĉH11 ِ 콠 ِs ِ 콠sै1 ِ H
ِ HHƿ1 ِ 11 1 ِ 튀1Ƴ
ِ H ƿ1 퀀ै11
ِ ِै‫ ﺗ‬튀⏠H ِ H ƿ1 1 1 Ɲ1 콠11 1 H1 1ِ ⏠ 11 ຀11 ƝHƳ‫ ﺗ‬퀀
튀 1Ɲ ै1 튀s‫ ﺗ‬1 ِै 1 ِ ‫ﺗ‬1
- s 11 ِƳH ƿ1 - 1 11
Ɲ ِƳ1 Ɲ ຀ैH1ِ Ɲ 튀1 s 11 Ɲ1ै1 ِ H ƿ1 튀 콠1 ِ1 1 1
Ɲ ِĉै11
s ِ HHƿ1 1 1ِैH튀1 ِ1 Ƴ ِ ĉ11 1 1 HH1 1Ɲ ै1 1 1‫ ﺗ‬퀀 ِ 11 ِ HHƿ1 1ِै‫ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ
ِ Ɲ 111 1콠 1ِ 퀀ै11

li lim m lim ै ै lrim

ƞ 11 1콠 ै1 1 1ِैH‫ ﺗ‬H

ِ ‫ِﺗ‬1 1

຀튀s11 Ɲ ِƳ1 1 ‫ ﺗ‬1 H 1 ِHH Ɲ 1 1 ِ H 1 猳ƝH 1 Ɲ HH 1 s 1

콠 콠 1 1 콠 1 ِ 콠ै ƞ 11 ِ H Ɲ ‫ﺗ‬ ِ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬H Ɨِ ِ ĉ

ِ 콠 s 1 튀 ِैs11

튀 ै11 1 11 ِ 1 ƝH ‫ﺗ‬

ĉ1ِ1 111 s ِ ‫ ﺗ‬1콠 ǐĎ຀11 Ɲै 1 s 1 ै11 ĉH 1

ै1 ِ 튀1 콠ैH ِ

຀‫ﺗ‬ 1຀‫ ﺗ‬ǐ ƿ

Hै1 s ‫ ﺗ‬ƝƳ 튀 1콠 ِ1 Ɲ1‫ﺗ‬ 1຀‫ ﺗ‬콠 ِ 1Ɲ ƿ 1䁕

ِ 콠‫ ﺗ‬ĉ 1 ै1 ِ 콠‫ ⏠ ﺗ‬1 H H 1 ِ Ɲ ĎH1 s Ɲ ĎH1 ‫ ﺗ‬튀 H ै H‫ ﺗ‬ƿ

튀ĉ 퀀Ɨ H Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬຀튀 ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ1 H 1 ैsHै1

1ِ຀ ƿ Ɲै ِ ِ sĉ Ɲ Ɲ1 튀 Ɲ ِƳ1 ِ 콠1 ƝƳ ِH ِ 1 ĉ11 1 ै ِ 튀H

1Ɲ11 1 Ƴ 1 튀 ƝैƳ‫ ﺗ‬H 1 1 1 11 Ɲ 11 11 ِ 1 11 ຀H ‫ ﺗ‬1 Ɲ 1 튀ैै‫ ﺗ‬ƿ

1‫ ِﺗ‬1 1 1 튀1 ैs11 1 ै1 1 11

‫ﺗ‬Ɲ H 1 1 1 Ɲ ƿ 콠 11 튀 튀1 1

1s 1 1 튀 ِ1຀11 11

튀ै11콠຀ 콠1ِ Ɲ1 튀ĉ

l lim u ‰ lim l‰ lr Ƴm l^ , m

1 ِ຀ ैِ ຀11 ƞ튀Hs ຀튀s11 콠 튀ĉH11 Ɲ ِ ِ ‫ﺗ‬ ຀튀s11 콠 튀ĉH11 Ɲ ِ
튀ैH11 ِ ‫ِﺗ‬s Ď1 1
Ɲ 1 1 Ďs 11 ै11 1 1 콠11
ِ Ƴ ‫ﺗ‬

1 튀s11 1

퀀 ِ ຀s ِ 퀀

튀1 ǐ 1콠 11 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ै

s H11 ै Hै 11 ĉ11 튀

1 튀H 1 H Ɲै ِ1 1

1 ِ 튀 1Ɲ ै1 1 11 콠11

ƿ ِ H 튀ै ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ĉ‫ﺗ‬

ƿِ຀1퀀11 ƝƳH ‫ﺗ‬ 콠

ِ຀ 11 ِ 1ِ ǐِs 11

ِ 튀 튀1ِ 1Ɲ 1 ِ

튀 ‫ ِ ﺗ‬H ƿ1 s1 H11

튀 퀀 11 Ɲ຀Hै ِ H 11

1 Ƴ 11 Ɲ‫ِ ﺗ‬ 1

ِ H ƿ1 ِ຀ ै1 1 콠ै

1 ै1 콠 튀ĉH11 1 ِ 1 ƝH11

⏠H11 ِHِ 1 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ຀

콠 튀ĉH11 Ɲ ِ11 ै ƝH ِ 콠 1 s Ɲ11 ِ຀ ै1 ِ1 1콠຀11 ِ ैِ ĉH11 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 튀ै1

ǐ 1콠 11 ِ 콠 ِƳ‫ ﺗ‬H11 ຀튀s11 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 ƿĎ 1 ຀튀s11 ِ1ِ H ƿ1 튀ैƳ11 콠1 ِ H ƿ1

ِƳH 1 ِ Ɲ s‫ ﺗ‬H11 11 ِH 11 ِ1䁕ै1 퀀1 11 ै຀1 ै H Ɲ ै1 ِ H11 콠 튀1 튀ै11 콠຀ ِ 11 ِH ै1

Ɲ ِ111 䁕 1 Ɲ ै1 ຀ H11 튀H1 11 ِ H ƿ1 11 1

ै 11 ĉ1ِ Ɲ ǁ1 ِ຀‫ﺗ‬1 콠 튀ĉH11 ‫ﺗ‬ 콠11 䁕1 11 ِ ै ِ຀ 11 ĉ11

콠 튀ĉH11 ِ ै1 ै 1s ຀튀 11 튀 1ِ ِ 1 ِH 11 ƝैƳ 11 ِ 11

콠 콠ै11 콠ै 1ِ 11 ِ H 1 1 ै1 ِH 11 ِH ‫ ﺗ‬11 11 콠ĉ11 ِ ै

11 1ِै ƝH11 콠튀ĉ s 11 콠ĉ11 1 ै1 11

ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ 1 ِै11 ै 1 ِ຀H ƿ1 ຀11 ƞ튀Hs Ɲ ِ111 ِ‫ﺗ‬

1 Ɲ11 ຀s11 ै Ɲै11 ِ ‫ ैِﺗ‬Hै1 ै11 1 1 콠11 1 ِ຀ ै1

ِ Dž 1 1 ‫ﺗ‬ƝH ِ 1 콠11 䁕1 11 ِ ै H11 ຀ 1Ɲ 11 ै튀‫ﺗ ﺗ‬11 1 Ďs 11

ِ ै1 ै 콠s Ɲ s Ɲ ै1 콠1 1ِ1‫ ﺗ‬콠ै ِ Ɲ 1

퀀 ै1 ِs ِ 1 콠 콠 ِ຀ ै1 Hै 11 콠 11

ِ Ɲ11 ‫ﺗ‬1 11 ِ Ɲ11 Ɲ ै1 ِ Ɲ11 ِ ै

ِ ै s11 ِĉ 콠s ِ 콠 11

1 ِ 콠ै຀11 퀀 ै1 콠11 䁕1 11

s 11 콠ĉ11 ِ ै ِ Ɲै11 Hै 11

ै຀11 콠1 1Ɲ ِ 튀ै11 콠຀ ِ 11 ِ H ƿ1 ِ ै1

1 ĉ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ H 1 ِ H

H Ɲ ِ111 ِƳH ƿ 콠 H1ِ

콠 튀ĉH1ِ ĉ ‫ﺗ‬1 튀11 ِ຀1ِ⏠11 1 튀1ِैH‫ﺗ‬

‫ﺗ‬퀀 1䁕 ِ ƝƳ 1 튀 ै 1 ै1

ƿ ĉ Ɲ ِ111 1 1ِैH튀1

콠 1 ‫ﺗ‬11 ِ຀ ै1 ै 1 튀s11

຀1ِ⏠11 1‫ै ِ ﺗ‬1 ै ै

1 Ɲ ‫ ﺗ‬퀀 1 ै1 H ‫ ﺗ‬ ِ

1ِ ຀1ِ⏠11 ‫ ﺗ‬H ِ ‫ﺗ‬퀀 1䁕

ĉ ƝƗ ِ຀‫ﺗ‬1 H ِ 튀1 ِ H ِैH 1 콠

콠 콠 1 콠ै ِ 11 H11 Ɲ

ِ1‫ﺗ‬1 튀s11 ƿ ِ຀‫ﺗ‬1 H ِैH ƿ1

s 1 ຀1ِ⏠11 ِ 11 1䁕퀀11 1 1Ɲ 11

1 튀 ِs ِĉ 1 ِ

콠1 Ɲ 1 ِ 11 1

1 1ِैH‫ ﺗ‬H ِ 1 1 ِ 1콠ĉ‫ ﺗ‬ 1 ຀1ِ⏠11 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬ƝĉHs1

ĉ11 Ɲ 11 튀ै‫ ﺗ‬H ِ ِ 1 ِH ‫ِ ﺗ‬1 H 1ِ 퀀

1 ِैH11 1 1Ɲ11 H ِ 11 ِ Ɲ Ɲ 콠ĉ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 1 Dž ِ ِ1 ै

Ɲ ै1 ِ ِĉ 11 ِ Ɲ ِƳ1

ِ ƝƗِ11 1 ِ 튀 ै ƿ 1 ِ ĉ‫ ﺗ‬퀀 ⏠ ै 1 ⏠
ِ ِHs ĉ 1 ِ H ƿ1 s1 H11 콠 ِ 1 튀1H튀1 1 콠 튀ĉ‫ ﺗ‬1 ِै‫ﺗ‬

ƝH11 ِ ِ ِ ‫ ِﺗ‬ ‫ ِﺗ‬1 H 튀H 1 ِ ِ 1 1 ƝैƳ‫ﺗ‬
ِ ِ Ɲ‫ﺗ‬
ِ H Ɲ ِ H Ɲ1 1ِ ƝैƳ‫ﺗ‬
ِ 1 ຀s 1ِ 콠ै‫ ﺗ‬1 s1 H11 ِ ِ 1ِ
Ɲ⏠ s튀1 1 ِs 1콠1Hs1 1 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬1ِ Ɲ ै ƿ
ِ 튀 ै ِै 1 ِ ‫ ِ ِﺗ‬Ɲ H‫ﺗ‬ ِ 튀 퀀 ै1 ĉ11 䁕 퀀 1 ِs Ď 11
1 1 퀀 11 Hs1 s ‫ِ ِ ﺗ‬
H ِ 1 튀1 ِ ِ ै 튀H1 11 콠11 ِĉ 11 11Ɲ຀11 ƝƳ 퀀
ِ ِĉ 11 1 ِैH11 H 튀ै‫ﺗ‬ ِ 1 ِ 1ِ 1Ɲ ै1 콠1 ِĉ 11 1 ‫ﺗ ﺗ‬11
ِै 1 ƿ ِ ै ِH1 1 1ै1
Ɲ ै1
ِ 콠sै1 ِ H 1 H ِ ै1 튀ै‫ﺗ‬
ِ 1 ِ⏠ 1 ƝHƳ11 ƞ ƝHƳ ِ1ِH

‫ِﺗ‬1 튀ै ِ ‫ ِ ﺗ‬ 11 H 1

ِ 1 콠 콠Ƴ11 sِै11 ै1 ِĉ‫ ﺗ‬H

ِĉ ƞH 1 ĉ 11 ِ 콠sै1 s1 H11

ِ ِ ĉै1

튀⏠H ِ ै1 ِ ຀1‫ﺗ‬Ɲ ‫ﺗ‬11 ِ⏠ ै1 1 1ِैH11

H 1 ‫ﺗ‬1 11 ِ 1䁕ِ Ɲ‫ﺗ‬

1 ‫ ﺗ‬H ‫ﺗ‬11 ِ1 ै1 1 Ɲ⏠ s11

ِِ ĉ

牡汯 9

s ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ ﺗ‬1‫ ﺗ‬1 , ‫ैِ ﺗ‬ ĉ H‫ ﺗ‬11 1 1 1 1 1 ै 11
1ै11 ຀ ‫ ै ﺗ‬, ै 튀 ِ Ɲ H11 s Ɲ1‫ ﺗ‬1ِH1ِ ĉ ‫⏠ ﺗ‬Hs‫ ﺗ‬튀
H ǁ1 1Ďs11 , 콠 Ɲ‫ﺗ‬ ै튀 ِ 1 1 11 ຀

‫ ِﺗ‬튀1Ƴ ै ‫ﺗ‬1ƞ s ຀ĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬11 o
ǐِ 11 ຀ 튀 1 1 1 1 1 11 o
ِ 튀ै ⏠H ِ 1 s 1 o
⏠຀ 콠 콠‫ ﺗ‬ƿ o
튀ै ⏠Hs‫ِ ﺗ‬1 콠 튀ैै1 ِH s Hĉ o
1 ĉ ĉ 11 ǐِ 11 ِ1 1ِ ĉ 1ِ Ɲ ِ1H‫ ﺗ‬ƿ 튀ĉ11 1 ِ s 1 ຀ o
1
Ƴ 11 , ِ HHƿ1 , ِ຀ 11 1 튀ै , Ƴ 콠 1 11 ƝH o

콠 H H1ِ ِ 11 ƝH1 11 Ɲ ِ຀ै11 ِ 튀ै1ِH 1䁕ِै 11 ِ 1 1 ĉĉ 11 ِ1 ै1 1 Ɲ1 1
콠 ǐِ 11 1 1 Ɲ1‫ ﺗ‬H11 ِ ِ H11 ِै‫ﺗ‬ 1ِ ĉ 11 콠1 1 ِH
1ِ1 1 ِ຀

ĉƿ 1Ɲ1 ĉ H1 1 s Ɲ1 H ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ
ǐ ‫ﺗ‬ ĉ‫ ِ ﺗ‬11 Ƴ 1 ै‫ﺗ‬1

1 콠ै 1 ै 1 1 튀ै 1 ِ 1 , s ै ƝH ै H ِ H ƿِ 1 1ِ 11 ǐِ 1ِ 퀀 튀 Ɲ1 1
Ƴ1 s 11 ै ⏠Hs ƿ 콠ĉHै s Ɲ1 ِH , ƞ 1 , 콠 Ɲ 1
, s ĉ ĉ Ɲै1 1 1 ِ 1 , ِ111 1콠11 1 튀 H Ɲ 1 , 1콠ैH
콠 H H1ِ , ِ 튀 ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ s 튀 1 , ِ 튀 Hĉ ĉ ƝैH1 1 1 튀
, ĉ຀11 ĉ 1 ِ1 s Ɨِ s Ɲ1‫ ﺗ‬1 ِ 1 , Ɲ Dž 콠 콠 s 1 ƞ ĉ튀
‫ ﺗ‬ 11 ĉ 콠H ‫ ﺗ‬, 퀀sH ƿِ Ɲ H 1 ِ 1 콠 11 H11 1 1 튀 1 ِ 1
튀 ै11 ĉ ĉ 11 s 1

s Ƴ ِ 튀ĉ

9 ैl

ِ s 1 Ɲ H 1 ै ِ1 ैs 11 ै11 1 ِ 1ِ 퀀1ِH ِ 1 ِ 튀1 1
1 튀ैH ِ ِs H 11 Hs1 1 ⏠1 ƿ ِ ِs 1‫ ﺗ‬ ِ ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ Ɲ ِ 111 1 ຀ 1
ِĉH ƿ1 ⏠11ِ Ɲ1 1 1Ɲ H ,ِ ِ11 Ɲ1튀1 콠 ƿ ِ1 ِ 1 ِ 1 1ِs ِ⏠
1

ǐِ 11 Ɲै ِ 1 Ɲ ຀H 콠 1 콠 11 ِH ِ 1ِ⏠튀 ِ ِै 콠 11 ैै ِs 1 1
ƿ H ِ ‫ﺗ‬ƿِै 1 ِ ຀ H 1 H11 ِ 1 ِ 1콠 ِ 1 Ɲै 1 Ɲ1 1 ِ콠
H11 튀຀ Ɲै 1 ै ِ1 Ɲ1 1 ِ຀ ِै ِH ِ 1 Ɲ 1 H11 ຀s 1 Ɲs1
1 Ɲ H 1 1 ِ1 ƿ 11 Ɲ ِ1 튀 콠 1 H ƿ1 s ِ 1Ďs11 1 1
Ɲ 퀀 ِ 1 ِ 1Ɲ1 1 H ǐِ 11 콠຀ ِ 튀1 콠ै 1 H DžƝ 11 Ɲ1
ِ Hै1 1 퀀111 1 1 ຀1 튀 11 Ɲ ƿ1 Ɲ຀1
຀ 1Ɲ ‫ ﺗ ِﺗ‬1 Ɲ ِH ِƳ1 ِ Ɲ1H 1

s Ɲ ै
1ِै11 Ɲ H‫ﺗ‬

l lै 潄l

1콠 ِ H1 H11 ِ H튀 ै s1 튀 ِ ِ 11 11 ِ ƝैH1 ِ 1 1 ِ 1‫ ﺗ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﺗ‬Ɲ຀
Ď1 H 1ِ 11 1ƞ 1 1Ɲ 콠 ِ 튀ै‫ﺗ‬

ِ1ِ ƝƳ 1 Ď 11 ِ 1ƞ 1 Ɲ ĉ⏠ 11 Ɲ ै 1 11 ِ ĉ⏠ 1 ِ 1퀀H 콠຀
ِ ِs 1 콠 Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ 콠 콠 ِ ै ِ 11콠1H 1 1 ِ 콠11 ِ 1 ƝH 1 Ɲ H 11 H຀ Ɲ ƝH ‫ﺗ‬
ِ 1 Ɲ1H 11 ِ ِ 튀HِƳ1 H 1 ैƝ1ِ 콠ĉ11 콠1Hs‫ ﺗ‬튀

1ĉ 1 1ِ 1 1 튀1 1 ِ1H 1 ِ 1ِ ِH H ƿ1 ‫ ﺗ‬11 ِ1 ैِ 콠 Ɲ 1 H11 1 1
11 sH຀1 ĉH ِ ĉ ĉ ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 H11 퀀 ै1 H ِ 콠 ِ1 ِ Ɲ⏠H ِ 11 H
ِ1 1Ɲ H ِ H ِ1H ƿ 1Ɲ1 1‫ِ ِﺗ‬H H ƿ1 ǁ1
1 1 Ƴ1 1 ِ1H 1 ِ Ɲ ै Ɲ1 ِ H Ɲ H 1ِH11 ِ 爀 콠 H H 1ِ 1 1 튀1 ƿ
ِ H 1 1 ຀H ै 1 ِH ِ H ِ H Ɲ1 ِ‫ ِﺗ‬ ƝH H

ِ 1 1콠 1 ِ ĉĉ ِ 튀H 콠ैH‫ ِ ﺗ‬1퀀 ِ ै 콠 1 ِ ِ 1 Ɲ1ै1 1 11 ǁ1 ِ ĉ ِ1 1Ɲ1 1H ِ 튀H
ِ 튀 Ɨ ຀ ै ‫ ِ ﺗ‬1ِ Ɨ ِै 튀 Ɲ1 H ƞH‫ ِ ﺗ ِ ﺗ‬콠 HH ِ 콠ĉHै‫ ﺗ‬H11 ِH 11
ِ ैƝ‫ِ ﺗ‬s Ɲ 1Ɲ‫ ﺗ‬콠 ƝH ِ 콠
1䁕ِ 11 콠 1 1 1 퀀ै11 ِ ƝH11 Ɲ 1 ‫ ﺗ‬HƳH ِ ِ1 1 1ƝĉH 1 1 ‫ ﺗ‬튀 11 Ɲ11
ِ 1ِ⏠1 11 ै11 1 ِ ƝH ƿ1 콠 11 콠 ِĉH11 튀 Ɲ 1 H1ِ 콠຀ 1콠ĉH1 튀 Ɲ1 ِ 튀
1

‫ ِﺗ‬콠 1 1Ɲ ƿ ै 11 1Ɲ H ƿ1 콠ĉH튀1 ƝƳ຀11 Ɲ 11 11 ِ 콠1 ِ 1 콠ै ै Ɲ1 11
1튀 ِ ِH H ƿ1 ِ ै11
ِĉ ै 콠1 ै຀11
ِ 1ِ 1 ِ H 1 콠1Ɲ 1 1 ِ 콠ĉHै ै 1Ɲ튀1 ِ1H 1 ِ 1 ِ1 Ɲ
H Hs ै 1 콠11 ै1 ِ H‫ﺗ‬
ِH H ‫ैِ ﺗ‬ ِĉ1 1 ĉ H 11 ِ 11 爀 ِH Ď1 ِH H 1ƞ 1 콠 Ɲ‫ِﺗ‬1 튀 1
ĉ 콠 1 ِ Ɲ
1 爀 ِ1຀11 1 퀀 튀 Ɲ຀1 Ɲ1H ‫ ﺗ‬ ै ‫ ﺗ‬ǐ ِ1 Ɲ H 11 튀 Ɨ 1 ै11
ِ H튀 1‫ ﺗ‬H11 s 11 1 ຀Ƴ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ Ɲ 1 콠 11 1 콠຀ 1
ِैH Hs1 1ِ1 튀 ‫ِ ﺗ‬1 ‫ ﺗ‬ ِ ƗैِH ै1 튀 튀ै‫ ﺗ‬Ɲ 1 ‫ ﺗ‬ƿ ِ‫ ﺗ‬1 콠຀ ƿ Ɲ ै11
‫ैِ ﺗ‬ Hै 1 ِ ِ1콠1Hs1
ِĉ ƿ ِ 콠຀1 Ɲ111 ƿ 11 ैs ƿ 콠ĉ ǁ1 ‫ ِﺗ‬콠 1
1 H ِ ै 1

튀ै 11 1

튀ैƳ11 콠1 ِ຀1ِƗ 1 1 ِ 1 ِ H ِ 1 ِ 1 튀ै1 콠 ‫ﺗ‬

ِ ‫ﺗ‬ ِ຀1ِ⏠11 Ɲ ‫ ैِ ﺗ‬1 1 ِ 1 ِ 1 튀ै1 Ɲ⏠‫ﺗ‬ sِ111

ِ Ɲ ै 1 ِ‫ ﺗ‬1 1 1 1 11 H‫ﺗ‬ ‫ِﺗ‬1ِ H 1

Ɲ 111

Hِ 1 ِs H 1 11 1콠ĉ ِ1 ِ H