Modul Penjelajahan Hutan Tropika

MACHINCANG SANDSTONE

GEOSITES IN THE MACHINCANG CAMBRIAN GEOFOREST PARK

Telaga Tujuh Pulau Anak Datai Gua Pinang

Pulau Anak Burau / Tanjung Buta
Tanjung Burau Tanjung Hulur
Tanjung Chinching

Pantai Pasir Tengkorak

KILIM KARST GEOFOREST PARK

• Originally was a shallow marine
environment.

• Mainly deposits carbonate
particles and some loose rocks
and minerals.

• Eventually became limestone
and clastic rocks.

• Tectonic uplifting make up a
karst landform.

• Kilim Karst landscape are the
results of the rise and fall of sea
levels through the ages and
centuries of deposits shells on
ancient beaches and minerals in
stone, action of water
underground and erosion of
rocky coasts.

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

F O S S I L D I V E R S I T Y ROCKS AND MINERAL DIVERSITY

• Kilim fossils are include trilobites, • Setul Formation – the oldest and
gastropods, brachiopods, bryozons, dominant rock formation
cephalopods, bivalves, graptolites, crinoids
and cnidarians. • Comprises of several types of rocks
mainly limestone

• There is a loose
rocks and minerals
called clastic and
detrital rocks.

• These
include well-
bedded
sandstone,
shale and
black cherty
rock.

KILIM LIMESTONE

Siliceous mudstone of the Lower Detrital The red mudstone of Langgun contains
Member, another sub-division of the Setul pebbels

Formation

GEOSITES IN KILIM KARST GEOFOREST PARK

Gua Dedap Gua Cherita Tanjung Rhu Tasik Langgun

Teluk Cina
Mati

Teluk
Mempelam

Gua Langsir Gua Kelawar Pulau Anak Tikus

DAYANG BUNTING MARBLE GEOFOREST PARK

• Located at the southeast of the
main Langkawi Islands

• Mainly covers Pulau Dayang
Bunting, Pulau Tuba, and islands
located around them

• The uniqueness is its beautiful
marble, limestone which has
undergone transformation
induced by heat and pressure.

• Today, much of this rock, which
is part of Chuping Formation is
hidden beneath rainforest layer

LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

ROCKS AND MINERAL DIVERSITY

• Are occupied by several rock
formations including Kuah
Granite (Triassic), Setul
Limestone (Ordovician – Middle
Devonian) and Chuping
Limestone (Permian)

• Singa Formation at the
southern tip of Pulau Dayang
Bunting – comprising gray
mudstone and stilstone that
sometimes contains pebbles of
sandstone and quartz

GEOSITES IN DAYANG BUNTING MARBEL GEOFOREST PARK

Tasik Dayang Bunting Gua Pasir Dagang Pulau Ular
Pulau Tepor Dropstone Site
Pulau Singa Kechil Gua Wang Buluh Pulau Lima & Pulau Dua
Pulau Bumbun Site

KEPELBAGAIAN FLORA DAN FAUNA PULAU LANGKAWI

Blue-tailed Bee Eater Asian Fairy-bluebird

BURUNG LANGKAWI

Black-hooded Oriole Greater Coucal Great Hornbill

Brahimny Kite Brown-winged Kingfisher Crested Serpent-eagle

SERANGGA LANGKAWI

MAMALIA LANGKAWI

Slow Loris Flying Lemur Dusky leaf monkey

Hipposideros larvatus

REPTILIA LANGKAWI

SPESIES ENDEMIK DI LANGKAWI

Clerodendrum langkawiense Maxburretia gracilis Cycas clivicola
Impatiens mirabilis
Globba fragilis • Asparagus racemosus
• Lasianthus wrayi
• Ctenolophon parvifolius
• Kibatalia macrophylla

Terdapat >2500 spesies tumbuhan berbunga di Langkawi dan 17 spesies endemik
di Langkawi (Kohira et al. (2001), Muhamad et al.(2005) & Chua et al.(2005)

Bruguiera gymnorhiza Bruguiera parviflora Bruguiera sexangula

SPESIES POKOK BAKAU LANGKAWI

Avicennia officinalis Bruguiera cylindrica Ceriops tagal

Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata

Rhizophora x lamarckii Sonneratia caseolaris

39 species of exclusive mangrove species (39 total Malaysia)
25 non-exclusive mangrove species (total 64 species)

A total 58 mangrove flora species has been recorded at Kubang Badak

06

BAGAIMANA MENGENAL
POKOK?

BAGAIMANA MENGENAL POKOK?

ASAS PENGENALAN POKOK

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF

❑ INFLORESENS ❑ SILARA
❑ BUNGA ❑ BANIR
❑ BUAH ❑ BATANG
❑ DAUN

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - INFLORESENS

1. Racemose 2. Cymose
raceme, spike, catkin, spadix, corymb a. cyme
b. dichasium – simple and compound
c. monochasium – simple and compound
d. pleiochasium

Spike Spadix Corymb

Cyme

Raceme Solitary

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - INFLORESENS

3. Racemose/Cymose
head, umbel, panicle, thyrse

Head Umbel Compound Umbel

Panicle

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUNGA

Pedicel

the stalk of an individual flower

Sepal

one member of the outermost
whorl of a flower. Collectively,
the sepals make up the calyx.
The sepals may be free or fused.

Petal

one member of the second
whorl of a flower. Collectively,
the petals make up the corolla.

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUNGA

Flower Symmetry Zygomorphic

Actinomorphic

Actinomorphic Zygomorphic
the flower has many axes of symmetry the flower has only one line of symmetry

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUAH

1. Dry, indehiscent fruits

Achene Caryopsis or Grain
one seed which is free of one seed which has the
the pericarp (fruit wall) seedcoat fused to the
pericarp

Achene Caryopsis

Samara Nut
an achene with a wing for one seeded by abortion
wind dispersal (only one ovule matures),
usually hard-shelled
Samara Nut

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUAH

2. Dry, dehiscent fruits Capsule

Follicle Legume

Follicle Legume Capsule
from one simple from a simple pistil, dehisces usually from a
pistil, dehisces compound pistil,
along one suture along two sutures dehisces into the locules
or between them,
usually many-seeded

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUAH

Silique / Silicle Schizocarp

Silique or silicle Schizocarp
special capsule with two halves which fall from a compound pistil, splits into mericarps
away from a central false septum (replum)
to which the seeds are attached. Found in (pieces) which enclose one or more seeds
the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Siliques and resemble fruits themselves. The link
are long and thin; silicles are short and fat. shows a maple fruit, which will split into two

samara-like mericarps.)

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUAH

3. Fleshy fruits Pepo Hesperidium
a berry with a a berry with an
Drupe Pepo hard, leathery Hesperidium aromatic leathery
from a rind, usually rind; inside divided
simple pistil, Hip-mature applied to fruits in into segments; a
one seed hypanthium the squash family citrus fruit
within a (Cucurbitaceae) (Rutaceae)
stony
Drupe endocarp Hip-mature
hypanthium
Berry Berry containing Pome Pome
from a achenes derived
compound from multiple from an inferior ovary
pistil, few simple pistils, with the
to many e.g. a rose fruit hypanthium/receptacle
seeds tissue swollen and juicy.
E.g., in an apple, the
part one eats is the
hypanthium/receptacle-
-the mature ovary is
actually just the core.

CIRI-CIRI REPRODUKTIF - BUAH

4. Others Multiple

Aggregate Multiple
fruit composed of mature ovaries from
separate pistils from SEVERAL flowers.
Can be a multiple of follicles, drupelets,
etc. A pineapple is a multiple of berries

Accessory

Aggregate Accessory
fruit composed of mature fruit where the "fruit" part is derived from
ovaries from separate pistils something other than ovary tissue. E.g., a
of ONE flower. Can be an strawberry is a swollen receptacle; the
aggregate of achenes, "seeds" on the surface are the true fruits,
drupelets, samaras, etc. achenes.

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF

CIRI-CIRI DI LAPANGAN CIRI DAUN DAN HERBARIUM

HABITAT SILARA BATANG ISI KULIT

1. Paya 1. Bentuk 1. Berdamar – Kaum GETAH BAU
Bakau Pagoda –
Jelutong, Pulai damar 1. Kuning - Guttifereae 1. Damar -
2. Paya 2. Berduri – Kekabu Meranti,
Gambut 2. Berwarna 2. Putih - Keruing,
tembaga – Hutan Apocynaceae, Kedondong
3. Sungai Meranti 3. Licin – Pulai, Tualang Moraceae,
4. Permatang tembaga, 4. Bergelang – Sepetir, Euphorbiaceae, 2. Kapur – Kapur
5. Gunung Balau tembaga Sapotaceae 3. Bawang putih
Resak
3. Berwarna 5. Berbopeng – 3. Hitam - – Kulim
merah muda Anacardiaceae 4. Aromatika –
ke merah tua - Merbau, Damar
Perah 4. Merah - Medang
Minyak Myristicaceae, 5. Kacang –
6. Bersisik – Keruing Leguminosae
Petai, Kerdas
spp., Balau spp.,

Kelat
7. Merekah – Tembusu,

Meranti spp.

APA ITU POKOK? BAHAGIAN POKOK

A tree is a woody plant with SILARA DAUN
several distinguishing
characteristics: (CROWN) (LEAF)

1. Often reaches 15 feet or more BATANG AKAR JANGKANG
in height at maturity
(BOLE) (STILT ROOT)
2. Has a single trunk or
dominant multiple trunks BANIR AKAR

3. Has no normal branches on (BUTTRESS) (ROOT)
the lower trunk

4. Has at least a partially
defined crown

5. Usually larger than other
plants and tend to be long-
lived

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF – JENIS POKOK

Monopodial Sympodial

Monopodial Sympodial
single trunk and straight more branches growing from stems, not

straight.

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF – SILARA POKOK

Pagoda Cone Triangular Oblong Linear

Spreading Round

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF – BANIR

Buttress No buttress

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF – AKAR

Adventitious

roots Pneumatophore Prop Roots / Stilt Roots Strangler Roots

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF – BATANG / KULIT KAYU

BERDAMAR LICIN MEREKAH BERBOPENG

BERDURI BERSISIK BERGELANG BERGETAH

CIRI-CIRI VEGETATIF - DAUN

DAUN RINGKAS DAUN MAJMUK
(Simple Leaf) (Compound Leaves)

Pinnately compound with Pinnately with Pinnately compound
without
terminal leaflet alternate leaflet
terminal leaflet
DAUN

Bipinnately compound Palmately compound Trifoliate

SUSUNAN DAUN RUPA DAN BENTUK DAUN
(Leaf Arrangement)
HUJUNG DAUN
(LEAF APEX)

BENTUK DAUN TEPI DAUN
(LEAF SHAPE) (LEAF MARGIN)

PANGKAL DAUN
(LEAF BASE)

BENTUK DAUN TEPI DAUN

LANCEOLATE OBOVATE

OVATE ROUNDED

OBLONG

HUJUNG DAUN PANGKAL DAUN

MERBAU: POKOK KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

AKTIVITI KUMPULAN

Apakah yang
akan berlaku jika,
TIADA HUTAN di

dunia ini?

Habitat loss Less oxygen, increase Genetic

Biodiversity loss - carbon dioxide, resulting resources
massive extinctions of all in the increase of earth’s

groups of organisms temperature. disruption to the

water cycle

DUNIA TANPA HUTAN

extreme outbreaks of Poverty and Economic Jobless /
droughts and rare or novel death
impact Unemployment
flooding diseases