Science

clxn] aflx/sf] df;} d s:tf] 5 < Psl5g kl5 s:tf] xG' 5 xfn] f < cfk"m a;s] f]
:yfgeGbf cln 6f9fsf gft]bf/ jf ;fyLnfO{ kmf]g u//] ;fw] fF} t ToxfsF f] df;} d clxn]
s:tf] 5 < slxn]sfxLF ljBfnodf kfgL kl//x]sf] xG' 5 t/ 3/ k'Ubf ToxfF t kfgL g}
k/]sf] x'Fbg} . o:tf] slxn] cg'ej ug{e' Psf] 5 <

df};d eg]sf] Pp6f lglZrt ;dodf lglZrt 7fpsF f] jfo'd08nsf] cj:yf xf] . df;} d
Ps} 7fpFdf klg l5g l5gdf km/s xg' ;S5 eg] Ps} ;dodf ljleGg 7fpFsf] df};d
km/s km/s x'G5 . To;n} ] df};d Ifl0fs s/' f xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk 8.2

ljleGg df};dsf] cj:yfx¿ h:t} 3fd nfu]sf,] kfgL k/s] f,] x/' L atf; rn]sf], afbn
nfu]sf] cflb ultljlw, ltgsf ljz]iftf / ckgfpgk' g]{ ;/' Iff tyf ;fjwfgLx¿ af/]
5nkmn u/L tn lbOPsf] tflnsf k"/f ugx{' f;] \ .

df;} dL ultljlw ljzi] ftf ckgfpgk' g{] ;fjwfgL

udL{ rsf]{ 3fd nfUg' aflx/ lg:sbF f 5ftf cf9] g\ ]
===================== =========================== ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ lgefpg]
====================== jfo'd08nsf] tfkj|md 36g\ ' ===========================
x'/Latf; =========================== ===========================
====================== :ki6;Fu 6f9fsf] j:t' gbV] g' ===========================

tnsf lbOPsf ljm| ofsnfksf cfwf/df sg' df;} d xfn] f < cgd' fg u/L tflnsf egx{' f;] \ .

lj|mofsnfk df};d

cfuf] tfKg'
;jf/L cfjfudgdf ;d:of xg' '
h:tfsf 5fgf p8fP/ nUg'
wfg /f]Kg'
klx/f] hfg'
/ftL cfsfzdf tf/f :ki6 b]lvg'

150 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $

lj|mofsnfk 8.3

sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{ b'O{ ;dx" df aflF 8g'xf];\ / kfn}kfnf] Ps ;d"xn] sg' } df};d
hgfpg] clego ug{] / csf{] ;dx" n] df;} d cgd' fg ug]{ v]n vN] gx' f];\ .

8.4 df;} d kl/jt{g (Change in weather)

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

Ps xKtf;Dd cfÇgf] 7fps“ f] laxfg ;fe“ m / /ftLsf] df;} d cjnf]sg u/L tn lbOPsf]
9fr“ fdf kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{x' f];\ / sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\ .

ljBfyLs{ f] gfd ====== /fn] g+ ======= kl/ofh] gf sfo{ g= ============

ldlt lbg ;"of]{bo xFb' f laxfg * ah] lbp;F f] !@ ah] ;"of{:t xbF' f /ftL * ah]

cfOtaf/

;f]daf/

dªu\ naf/

a'waf/

laxLaf/

z'jm| af/

zlgaf/

ljrf/0fLo kZ| gx¿

-c_ laxfg / /ftLeGbf lbp“;fs] f] tfkj|md lsg a9L xG' 5 <

-cf_ laxfg, lbp;“ f] / /ftLsf] df};d km/s km/s xg' 'sf sf/0f s] s] x'g ;S5 <

df;} d kl/jt{g eO/xg] s'/f xf] . df};d Ps} lbgdf klg ljleGg ;dodf km/s km/s
x'g ;S5 . df};d kT| o]s lbg km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5 . df;} d Ct'cg';f/ klg km/s
km/s xg' ;S5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] df;} d kl/jtg{ xg' ] u5{ . df;} d kl/jtg{ nfO{ ljleGg
s'/fx¿ h:t} ;f] :yfgdf pknAw ;f}o{ pmhf,{ afbn / afbnsf] k|sf/, jfo'sf] ult
/ lbzf cflb s/' fn] c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $ 151

8.5 df};d cgd' fg (Weather Forecasting)

5nkmn ug'x{ f];\

sIff rf/sf ljBfyL{ efl] n jgefh] hfbF 5} g\ . efl] nsf] df;} d s:tf] xfn] f eGg] cgd' fg ug{
;lsPnf < s] s/' fsf cfwf/df eljiosf] df;} d cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn
ugx'{ f;] \ . 5nkmndf cfPsf] abF' fx¿nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf egx'{ f;] \ .

j|m=;= df;} d cgd' fg ug]{ cfwf/x¿

1.
2.
3.
4.

bl} gs ul/g] sfob{ l] v lnP/, s[lif sfon{ ufot ljleGg Jofkf/ Joj;fodf df;} d
kj" f{g'dfgn] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf vn] ]sf] xG' 5 . Tolt dfq} geP/ df};d k"jf{g'dfgn]
vt/gfs k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k"j{ hfgsf/L lbP/ 7'nf] hgwgsf] Ifltaf6 ;d]t
hfu] fpF5 . 5f6] f] jf nfdf] ofqfsf] cfjZos ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ugs{ f nflu klg df;} d
k"jfg{ d' fgn] ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] xG' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 8.4

sg' } lbgsf] 24 306fleq 6l] nlehg / /l] 8ofd] f k;| f/0f ePsf] jf kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf]
df};dL ;DaGwL ultljlwsf] ;dfrf/sf cfwf/df k|fKt ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf
eg'x{ f];\ .

j|m=;= df};d;DaGwL ultljlw ljj/0f

1. tfkjm| d
2. cfb|tf
3. 3fd nfu]sf]
4. ;"ofb{] osf] ;do
5. ;"of:{ tsf] ;do

xfdf| ] bz] df /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehgdf bl} gs ;dfrf/sf] cGTodf cfufdL @$ 306fsf] df;} d

152 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

kj" f{gd' fg k;| f/0f xg' ] ub5{ . To:t} kqklqsfdf klg df;} dL ultljlw lbOPsf] xG' 5 .
clxn] cfw'lgs o'udf dfa] fOn kmfg] df ljleGg PK;x¿sf] ko| fu] af6 klg eljiosf]
df;} d cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 sg' } lbgsf] @$ 306fleqsf] tfkjm| d,
cfb|tf, jiff,{ ;o" f{b] o / ;"of:{ tsf] ;do cflbaf/] hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

df;} dsf] k"jfg{ 'dfgdf afbnsf] cWoog

clxn] cfsfzdf afbn 5 ls 5}g, xg] 'x{ f;] \ . afbn eP s:tf] lsl;dsf] afbn
5 < s] 3fd nfu]sf] ;dosf] afbn / kfgL k/s] f] ;dosf] afbn Ps} vfnsf]
xG' 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

k[YjLsf] ;txdf ePsf] kfgL ;"o{sf] tfksf sf/0f jfikLs/0f eO{ dfly dfly cfsfzdf
p8/] hfG5 / lrl;P/ afbn aG5 . To;}n] afbndf nfvfF} s/f8] f}F kfgLsf] afkm /
a/kmsf c0fx' ¿ xG' 5g\ hg' w/] } ux|fF} ePkl5 jiffs{ f ¿kdf km]l/ k[YjLd} kmlsG{ 5g\ .

afbnsf k|sf/ / ltgaf6 k|fKt x'g] df;} d;DaGwL hfgsf/L

lrq 8.10

lrqdf lbOPsf] afbnsf] cWoog u/L oL s] h:tf] b]lvG5g,\ nV] g'xf];\ .

1. l;/; (Cirrus) lrq 8.11

r/fsf] KjfFv cyjf w]/}h;f] df};d
;kmf /x]sf] a]nf cfsfzdf o:tf] afbn
b]lvG5 . cfsfzdf l;/; afbn
;ae} Gbf dfly /xg] ePsfn] of] w]/} lr;f]
x'G5 . cfsfzdf of] afbn b]lvof] eg]
cl;gfkfgL kg{ ;S5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $ 153

2= Sod' n' ; (Cumulus) lrq 8.12

skf;sf] rfª tyf sfpnLsf] km"n h:tf]
b]lvg] afbnnfO{ So'd'n; elgG5 . olb
So'd'n; afbnn] jiff{sf] kfgL af]s]sf]
5 eg] o;nfO{ So'd'nf]lgDa; elgG5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf So'd'n; uf9f v/fgL
/ªsf] xG' 5 . cfsfzdf Sod' 'nfl] gDa; afbn
bv] f k/]df lahn' L rDsg'sf ;fy} r6\ofª
klg k5{ / Psbd} 7n' f] kfgL k5{ .

3= :66«] ; (Stratus)

:6«]6; afbn uf9f v/fgL /ªsf] x'G5 . w]/} g} lrq 8.13
kftnf] :6]«6; hldgsf] glhs} /xs] f a]nf s'lx/f]
h:t} b]lvG5 . xfjf grns] f] lbg laxfg ;a]/} /
;feF mkv of] afbnnfO{ bV] g ;lsG5 . o; afbnn]
cfsfz 9fss] f] ;dodf df};d zfGt /xG5 /
afSnf] :6«6] ; afbn b]vf k/]df nfdf] ;do;Dd
l;dl;d] kfgL kf5{ .

4= lgDa; (Nimbus)

uf9f v}/f] / afSnf] afbn g} lgDa; xf] . of] afbn
;ae} Gbf sd prfOdf /xG5 . o;n] afSnf] x'g] u/L
cfsfz 9fss] f] cj:yfdf cGwsf/ eO{ w/] } kfgL k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk 8.5

lrq 8.14

skf;, /ª / udsf] dbtn] ljleGg lsl;dsf afbnsf gdg' f agfO{ o;n] Nofpg]

df};d kl/jtg{ sf af/d] f lrq agfO{ rf6k{ k] /df 6fF:g'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|bz{g ugx{' f];\ .

154 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $

cEof;

1= tn lbOPsf ldNg] zAb vfnL 7fp“ df egx{' f];\ M

of]hgf ofqf kl/jt{g So'd'nf]lgDa; l;/; /fk] fO+{

-s_ df;} d ======================== eO/xG5 .

-v_ df};dsf] kj" f{gd' fgn] ======================== lgdf0{ fdf ;3fp5F .

-u_ cfsfzdf ======================== afbn ePsf] lbg df};d ;kmf x'G5 .

-3_ cfsfzdf ======================== afbn ePsf] lbg a;] /L kfgL k5{ .

-ª_ a;ft{ sf] df};ddf ======================== ul/G5 .

2= tn lbOPsf pQ/dWo] ldNg] pQ/ 5fGgx' f];\ M

-s_ lah'nL rDsFbf tnsf dWo] s:tf] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ <

-c_ 5ftf cf]9g\ 'k5{ . -cf_ cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ .

-O_ ljB'tLo pks/0f aGb ug'[k5{ .

-v_ jfod' 08nsf] tfkjm| d Go"g x'g' tnsf dWo] sg' df};dsf] ljzi] ftf xf] <

-c_ hf8f] -cf_ udL{ -O_ a;f{t

-u_ sl' x/f] nfus] f] laxfg tnsf dWo] sg' sfo{ ug{ ufx|f] xG' 5 <

-c_ ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg -cf_ 3/ jl/kl/ lxF88'n ug{

-O_ vt] df sfd ug{

-3_ tnsf dWo] s'g afbn jfo'd08nsf] pRr efudf dfq} kfOG5 <

-c_ :6«]6; -cf_ So'd'n; -O_ l;/;

-ª_ tnsf dWo] sg' afbn cfsfzdf bl] vPdf Psgf;n] kfgL k5{ <

-c_ l;/; -cf_ So'd'n; -O_ lgDaf]:66]« ;

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 155

3= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ df};d eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ df;} dsf] kj" f{gd' fg egs] f] s] xf] <

-u_ df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfg lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 <

-3_ afbn slt lsl;dsf 5g\ / tL s] s] x'g\ <

-ª_ l;/; / :6]6« ;lar km/s 56' \ofpgx' f];\ .

-r_ df};dsf] k"jfg{ d' fgdf ;~rf/sf s'g sg' ;fwgx¿ ko| f]u ul/G5g\ <

-5_ cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ df};d zLifs{ df Pp6f lgaGw nV] gx' f];\ .

-h_ tnsf] tflnsfdf df;} d;DaGwL zAbx¿ vfh] ]/ 3/] f nufpg'xf;] \ .

s' lx /f] cf l/ t sf z t' b'
ln x cf} 3f d r g' df iff n]
cf] af k k' a' j 8f{ if /f] h}
l; b cf :o ` iff em' lb /f n]
tf n cf] x' /L a tf ; cf] lt
6 7' hf nf] ;' 8 d' 9f lg ld
hf] x] 8f] g' r} of sf] nf} u kf{
5] 9' C ef] r 6o\ f ª 0f dL ª
kmf 8} v] w] d jf p cF df 0ff
c l; gf u} 3' df xf jf x' /L
zF 8f ? la h' nL r d\ sf O{

156 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

8.6 kf| sl[ ts ljkt\ (Natural disaster)

s'g k|sf/sf] ljkt\df xfdL tnsf 36gfx¿ cg'ej u5f{} < sIffdf ;fyLx¿;uF
5nkmn u/]/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hldg xlNn/x]sf] 5 / 7'nf7n' f ejgx¿ 9ln/x]sf 5g\ . =========================

-v_ hxftF xLF kfgL g} kfgL 5, dflg;x¿ 3/sf] 5tdf al;/xs] f 5g\ . =======================

-u_ kxf8 tyf 8fF8fx¿af6 df6f] tn em/]sf] 5, ;jf/L cfjfudgdf cj/f]w
k'u]sf] 5 . ==============

-3_ hªu\ ndf cfuf] nfu]sf] 5, hgfj/x¿ eflu/xs] f 5g\ . ==========================

tn sx] L k|fsl[ ts ultljlwx¿ lbOPsf 5g\, tLdWo] dflg;sf] hgwgsf] Iflt ug{
;Sg] 36gfx¿df dfq} l7s -√_ lrxg\ nufpgx' f];\ M

jm| = ;=+ k|fs[lts ultljlw lrxg\ -√_

1. kfgL kg{'

2. nuftf/ w]/} lbg;Dd kfgL kg{'
3. hª\undf cfunfuL x'g'
4. gbL ;fdfGo ultdf aUg'
5. gbLsf] axfadf jl[ 4 eO{ gbL 5]p5fpsf] v]taf/Ldf k:g'
6. xfjf axg'
7. tLj| ultdf xfjf axg'
8. kY[ jLsf] ;txdf zlStzfnL sDkg cfpg'
9. 7'nf 7'nf r6\6fg hldgdf v:bf sDkg pTkGg x'g'
10. le/fnf] 7fpFaf6 7'nf] kl/df0fdf 9ª' u\ f, df6f] aufP/ Nofpg'
11. a:tLdf r6\ofª kg{'

12. lahn' L rDsg'

;fwf/0f kf| sl[ ts ultljlw / kf| s[lts ljktd\ f s] km/s xf]nf < s] eof] eg] xfdL
ljkt\ ePsf] eG5fF} < Ps l5g ;f]rf}F t Û

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 157

kfgL kg{' ljkt\ x}g t/ w]/} kfgL k/]/ hgwgsf] Iflt eof] eg] ljkt\ x'G5 .
hª\undf ;S' vf df;} ddf kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf cfuf] nfu/] yf/] } ee" fu dfq} hn/] v/
fgL ags] f] 5 hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] 5g} eg] Tof] ljkt\ xfO] g . t/ ToxLF cfuf] kmn} /]
hªu\ nsf] 7n' f] ee" fu, hgfj/x¿ / jl/kl/sf] dfgj a:tLnfO{ ;dt] c;/ u¥of] eg]
o;nfO{ ljkt\ elgG5 . To;n} ] sg' } kf| sl[ ts 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt xg' kU' of] eg]
To:tf] 36gfnfO{ ljkt\ elgG5 . af9L, klx/f,] x/' L atf;, cfunfuL, zLtnx/, es" Dk
cflb lakb\ xg' \ .

lj|mofsnfk 8.6

cfˆgf] j/k/ xfn;fn} ePsf k|fsl[ ts 36gfx¿ h;n] hgwgsf] Iflt u/]sf] lyof],
To:tf 36gfx¿sf af/]df sIffdf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . tL 36gfx¿
slxn] < sxfF 36]sf] lyP < oL 36gfn] s] slt c;/ u/]sf lyP < eGg] h:tf
ljifox¿df 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

8.7 af9L / klx/f] (Flood and landslide)

k9f}“ / 5nkmn u/f}“ M

nvgsf] ufpdF f rf/ lbgb]lv clj/n

jiff{ eO/x]sf] 5 . kf]x/ ;fn klg

o;/L g} nuftf/ k/]sf] kfgLn] ubf{

cfPsf] af9Ln] ufpF g} 8a' fgdf k/s] f]

lyof] . ufO{ j:tx' ¿ klg aufP/ nus] f]

lyof] . 3/sf] klxnf] tNnf k/' } kfgL kfgL

ePsf] lyof] . vt] af/Ldf nufPsf] afnL lrq 8.15

;a} gi6 ePsf] / cfk"mx¿ cnkq k/]sf] ;Dem]/ nvg ;f/} 8/fof] . aa' fn] ufpsF f]

gbLdf afwF nufO;ss] fn] To:tf] sx] L xFb' }g eg]/ ;Demfpg'eof] . kfgL afwF eGbf klg

dfly cfpg] ;Defjgf ePdf ;/sf/n] klxnf g} ;l" rt ug]{ / cfkm"x¿ ;dodf g}

;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg] s/' f atfPkl5 aNn nvg 9S' s eof] .

kZ| gx¿

-c_ nvg lsg 8/fPsf] lyof] < lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

158

-cf_ kfx] / ;fnsf] af9Ln] s] s] Iflt u/s] f] lyof] <
-O_ of] ;fn af9L gcfpg] s'/fdf nvgsf a'af lsg 9S' s x'gx' G' Yof] <
-O_{ af9Laf6 xg' ] c;/af6 aRg s] s] ugk'{ nf{ <
ljrf/0fLo kZ| g
af9L cfpg'df clj/n jiff{afxs] c¿ s] s] sf/0f xg' ;S5g\ <
gbLgfnf tyf vfn] fdf kfgLsf] kl/df0f / aUg] ultdf jl[ 4 x'g'nfO{ af9L cfpg'
elgG5 . w]/}h;f] jiff{ ofddf af9L cfpg] ub5{ .
af9L cfpg] sf/0f
-c_ clj/n kfgL kg'{
-cf_ jfo'd08nLo tfkjm| ddf j[l4 eO{ lxdfnsf] lxpF c;fdfGo ¿kdf kUng'
-O_ lxdtfnx¿ kfgLsf] cToflws rfkn] km'6g\ '
-O{_ klx/f]n] gbL tyf vf]nf yl' gP/ tfn agL kl5 km6' g\ '
af9Lsf c;/
-c_ 3/, vt] , k'n aUg] tyf eTsg ;S5 .
-cf_ dlnnf] df6f] aufpg] / af9Lsf] kfgLn] 9ª' u\ f, afnj' f tyf kmfx] / Nofpg] ePsfn]

hldgsf] pAhgL 36\5 .
-O_ af9Laf6 aufP/ NofPsf d/s] f hLjhGt' sl' xgfn] jftfj/0f tyf kfgLsf] kb| i" f0f

xG' 5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] ljleGg ;?jf /f]ux¿ km}ng ;S5 .
-O{_ hldgsf] :j¿k kl/jt{g x'G5 .
af9L /fs] yfdsf pkfo
-c_ vfn] fgfnf tyf gbL 5p] 5fpdf t6aGw jf afwF lgdf{0f ug{]
-cf_ j[If/f]k0f ug{]

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $ 159

lrq x/] f“} / ljrf/ u/f“} M

lrq 8.16

k|Zgx¿

-c_ lrqdf sg' kf| s[lts 36gf bv] fOPsf] xf] <

-cf_ o; 36gfsf sf/0f dflg;nfO{ s] s:tf ;d:of bl] vPsf 5g\ <

-O_ o:tf] xg' glbg s] s] ug'{knf{ <

le/fnf] hldgdf df6f,] 9ª' u\ f, r66\ fg tnlt/ emg{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . ef/L jiff{,
gbL s6fg cflb sf/0fn] klx/f] hfG5 . v'sn' f] df6f] ;lhn} aU5 t/ la?jfx¿ ePsf]
df6f] aufpg ;Sb}g . la?jfsf h/fn] df6f]nfO{ afFw/] /fVg] ePsfn] df6f] sl:;P/
/x]sf] x'G5 h:fsf sf/0f jiff{sf] kfgLn] c;/ ub{}g . t;y{ j[Iff/fk] 0f klx/f] /fs] yfd
ug]{ d'Vo pkfo xf] .

klx/f] hfg'sf] sf/0f

-c_ le/fnf] 7fpFdf ?vx¿ sf6g\ fn]

160 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

-cf_ le/fnf] 7fpFdf u/f gagfO{ vt] L ugfn{ ]
-O_ clgolGqt ¿kdf kzx' ¿ r/fpgfn]
-O{_ hyfefjL ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{ ugf{n] cflb .
klx/f]sf] c;/
-c_ klx/fn] ] dlnnf] df6f] aufP/ nfg] ePsfn] pAhgLdf sdL x'g]
-cf_ klx/fn] ] 3/vt] , ufOj{ :t,' dflg;;dt] nfg ;Sg] ePsfn] hgwgsf] Iflt xg' ]
-O_ klx/fn] ] af6f]3f6f] cj?4 xg' ] ePsfn] ;jf/L cfjfudgdf ;d:of xg' ]
-O_{ klx/f]n] vf]nf, gbLnfO{ 5s] ]kl5 af9L cfpg] cflb .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
ljBfnosf] au}r“ f jf cfÇg} 3/sf] af/Laf6 3f“; / ;fgf la?jf;dt] cfpg] u/L
df6fsf] rk/L -l9Ssf_ lnP/ Pp6f 6d«] f /fVg'xf];\ . csf{] 6«]df la?jf gePsf] df6f]
/fVgx' f];\ . bj' } 6«]nfO{ hldg;u“ a/fa/ sf0] f aGg] u/L 58s\ ] kf/]/ /fVgx' f];\ . ca bj' }
6]«df a/fa/ ultdf la:tf/} kfgL vGofpg'xf;] \ .
-c_ s'g 6s]« f] df6f] ;lhn} au/] uof] <
-cf_ o:tf] lsg ePsf] xf]nf <
-O_ o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 s] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 <
klx/f]sf] /f]syfd
-c_ jghª\un ;+/If0f ug]{ / vfnL 7fpdF f j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{
-cf_ le/fnf] 7fpdF f u/f agfO{ v]tL ug]{
-O_ kzx' ¿nfO{ ;wF} Ps} 7fpFdf gr/fpg] cflb

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 161

8.8 x/' L atf; (Wind and storm)

x/' L atf; rln/xs] f a]nf s] ugx{' G' 5 / s] ug{'x'b“ }g, 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ .

lrq 8.17

-s_ lrqdf sg' kf| s[lts k|sf]k b]lvG5 <

-v_ o:tf] kf| sl[ ts k|sf]kaf6 aRg s] s] ugk'{ 5{ <

x'/L atf; klg Pp6f kf| sl[ ts ks| f]k xf] . ;fdfGotof hf8] n] xfjf rNgn' fO{ x/' L
atf; elgG5 . x/' L atf; cfPsf] a]nf tLj| ultdf xfjf;uF } wn' f] klg p8g\ ] u5{ . w]/}
tLj| ultdf xfjf rNgfn] 3/sf] 5fgf p8fpg] tyf ?v / lahn' Lsf vDafx¿ 9Ng]
x'G5 . xfjfx'/L;uF slxns] fxLF lah'nL rlDsg] klg x'G5 / o;n] ubf{ 3/df cfuf]
nfUg'sf ;fy} hg / wgsf] klg Iflt xG' 5 .

x/' L atf;sf c;/

x'/L atf;n] af6f3] f6f]sf ?vx¿ 9fn/] cfjfudg cj?4 kf5{ / ;jf/L ;fwgdf Iflt
k¥' ofp5F .

u|fdL0f eu] sf slRr3/, uf]7 / ljBfno eTsfpF5 .

;x/L Ifq] df ?v 9fn/] / xfuF flauf, h:tfkftf / xfl] 8ª{ af8] { p8fP/ Iflt u/fp5F .

162 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

ljBt' \ 6]lnkmfg] sf tf/ rl' 8G5, 6f« G;kmd{/ cflbdf c;/ k'U5 .
x/' L atfF; rNbf ?vn] lsr/] , 3/n] lyr/] , h:tfkftfn] sfl6P/ dflg; / j:t'efpx¿
d5g{ \ .
x'/L atf;n] afnLgfnL / kmnkm"nnfO{ gf]S;fgL kU' 5 .
x/' L atf; kf| oM ;'Vvf df;} ddf cfpg] xg' fn] cfunfuL klg xG' 5 .
x'/Latf;af6 aRg] pkfo
x'/L atf; cfpFbf xtf;df cflQP/ efubf}8 ug{'xFb' }g .
x/' L atf; cfpbF f 3/, ljBfnoleq a:gk' 5{ .
3/sf Pg] f km'6g\ ] 8/ x'bF f emofnx¿ 6Dd aGb ug{'k5{ .
3/aflx/ eP 5]ps} 3/ jf k;ndf cft] lng'k5{ .
lah'nLsf] tf/ / vDafglhs jf dl' g klg s/G] 6 nfUg] xg' fn] a:g' x'Fb}g .
x/' L atf;n] p8fP/ NofPsf h:tfkftf, ?vsf xfuF flaFuf, xfl] 8{ªaf]8 cflbaf6 aRg]
k|of; ug'k{ 5{ .
es" Dk / jiff{ k|lt/fw] s 3/ agfP emF} x'/L atf;af6 aRg] 3/ agfpg] s'/fdf klg
Wofg lbgk' 5{ .

8.9 zLtnx/ (Cold wave)

lrq cjnfs] g u/f“} / 5nkmn u/f}“ M

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $ lrq 8.18 163

kZ| gx¿

-c_ lrqdf s'g k|sf/sf] kf| sl[ ts ljkt\ b]vfOPsf] 5 <
-cf_ o;n] dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgnfO{ s:tf] ke| fj kf/]sf] 5 <
-O_ o:tf] ks| f/sf] kf| s[lts ljkt\af6 aRg s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 <

zLtnx/ Ps df;} dL ljkt\ xf] h'g xfjfsf] lr;f]kg jf w]/} lr;f] xfjfsf sf/0fn]
xg' ] ub{5 . zLtnx/sf] dV' o sf/0f eg]sf] tfkj|md 36g\ ] b/ xf] . afSnf] tj' fnf] nflu
lr;f] xfjf axg' g} zLtnx/ xf] . gk] fndf hf8fsf] ke| fj t/fO{ If]qdf lgs} a9L
xG' 5 . ljut sx] L jifb{ l] v t/fOs{ f lhNnfdf a;fa] f; ug{] :yfgLosf] hLjgdf zLtnx/
k|d'v vt/f ags] f] 5 . cf};t tfkjm| d 10 b]lv 15 l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf tn emgn'{ fO{
zLtnx/sf] dV' o sf/0f dflgG5 . zLtnx/sf] ;dodf afSnf] ¿kdf lr;f] tj' fnf]
nfU5 eg] sofF} lbg;Dd 3fd klg nfUbg} .

zLtnx/sf c;/

lztnx/n] z/L/ ;'lGgg], z/L/sf] tfkjm| d 36\g] / /ut hDg] jf cGo uDeL/ /f]ux¿
lgDTofpg ;S5 .
nuftf/ zLtnx/ cfpbF f hgfj/x¿ rg{ ;Sb}gg\ / ef]sn] dg{ ;S5g\ .
kfgLsf] kfOknfOg hDg] xbF' f km6' \g uO{ Iflt x'G5 .
OGwg / lah'nLsf] k|of]u a9L x'g hfG5 .
zLtnx/af6 aRg] pkfo
zLtnx/ rNbf ;s;] Dd 3/ leq} Gofgf] 7fpFdf a:gk' 5{ .
df;} d l/kf]6{ / cfktsfnLg hfgsf/Lsf nflu /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgaf6 ;dfrf/ ;'g]/
;"rgf k|fKt ug{k' 5{ .
z/L/sf] tfkjm| d lgoldt /fVg / lghn{ Ls/0faf6 aRg kof{Kt dfqfdf tftf] emfn]
kbfy{ lkpgk' 5{ .
afSnf] / Gofgf] sk8f nufpg'k5{ .
kfgL, OGwg / cGo cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] e08f/ ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsf / a[4a4[ fnfO{
a9L lr;f] nfUg] xbF' f To:tf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg jo:sx¿ ;rt] /xgk' 5{ .

164 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, sIff $

8.10 cfunfuL (Fire)

tnsf] 36gf k9f}“ / lbOPsf kZ| gdf 5nkmn u/f}“ M

/];dsf] ef]ln k/LIff 5 . pm k/LIffsf] tof/Ldf /ftL ca]/;Dd kl9/xs] f] lyof] .
TolQsd} f aQL uof] t/ p;sf] tof/L k/" f ePsf] lyPg . To;n} ] /];dn] d}gaQL afn/]
k9g\ yfNof] . k9\bfk9b\ } pm ToxLF lgbfof] . ‰ofn vn' f lyof] . aflx/ xfjf rln/x]sfn]
dg} aQL 9Nof] / emo\ fnsf] kbf{ aNg yfNof] . kbf{df cfuf] blGsg yfNof] . TolQsd} f
/];d Ao'Flemof] / cfuf] b]v/] Psl5g cflQof] . pm efUg vfH] of] t/ sf]7fsf] 9fs] f aGb
lyof] . /];dn] glhs} /x]sf] s'rf]sf] dbtn] 9f]sf vf]Nof] / aflx/ cfP/
;xof]usfnflu lrRofof] . olQs}df /;] dsf cfdfaa' f cfpge' of] / kfgL, afn'jf 5s]{/
cfuf] lgefpge' of] . /];dsf] d6' ' Psl5g;Dd 9's9s' eO/x\of] / p;n] ;f]Rof,] cfuf]
xfd|f] ldq xf] ls, zq' <

lrq 8.19

dflysf] 36gf k9]/ lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ M

-c_ /];dsf] sg' uNtLn] cfunfuL eof] <
-cf_ /];dn] 9f]sf xftn] gvf]lnsg sr' fsf] dbtn] lsg vf]n] <
-O_ cfuf] xfd|f] ldq xf] ls zq,' lsg <
tkfOFx{ ¿n] bdsn b]Vge' Psf] 5 < bdsnn] s] sfd ub{5 < bdsnn] af6fdf hfbF f

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 165

ahfpg] ;fO/gsf] cfjfh s:tf] x'G5 / of] lsg ahfOG5 <

lrq 8.17

lrq 8.20

bdsn cfuf] lgefpg] sfos{ f nflu ko| fu] ul/g] uf8L xf] . ljleGg sf/0fn] sxLF
st} cfunfuL ePdf xfdL bdsn af]nfpg] u5f}{F . xfd|f] b]zdf bdsn cyjf
clUg lgoGq0f sfofn{ osf] kmfg] gDa/ !)! xf] . cfunfuLn] 7n' f] wghgsf] Iflt
ug{ ;S5 . To;n} ] sxLF st} cfunfuL ePdf bdsn afn] fO{ xfNgk' 5{ . bdsn
gcfpGhn] ;Dd cfkmnF} ] kfgL of cfuf] lgefpg] oGqsf] dbtaf6 cfuf] lgefpg] sfl] ;;
ugk'{ 5{ .

cfunfuLaf6 aRg] pkfo

-c_ cfufsf] ko| f]u ubf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ .
-cf_ ;nfO{, nfO6/ h:tf ;fdfgx¿ afnaflnsfn] ge]6\6fpg] 7fpFdf /fVgk' 5{ .
-O_ Uof;F l;lnG8/ Uof;F r'nf]eGbf 6f9f /fVgk' 5{ .
-O_{ ljBt' s\ f tf/x¿ ;6{ eP/ klg cfunfuL xg' ;Sg] xbF' f ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5{ .
lj|mofsnfk 8.7

3/df jf ljBfnodf cfunfuL ePdf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfox{ ¿ pkoS' t sf7] fdf
/fVgx' f;] \ .

166 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $

sfox{ ¿ M cflQP/ ?g,' l56f]eGbf l56f] aflx/ lg:sg] k|of; ug',{ lrRofpg' jf
dbtsf nflu s;}nfO{ af]nfpg', 6]a'nd'lg n'Sg', ‰ofnaf6 xfd kmfNg', afd]
;b}{ aflx/ lg:sg', aflx/ lg:s/] clUg lgoGq0f sfof{nodf kmfg] ug,'{ afSnf] sDan
jf sk8f cf]9]/ lg:sg'

ug{ xg' ] sfo{ ug{ gxg' ] sfo{

ljm| ofsnfk 8.8

kw| fgfWofks jf lzIfsnfO{ c'g/f]w u/L clUg lgoGq0f sfofn{ odf Ifq] ed| 0fsf nflu
hfgx' f;] \ . cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ bdsn / clUg lgoGqsx¿n] s;/L sfd u5g{ \
a'‰gx' f;] \ . cyjf lzIfsnfO{ cg'/fw] ug{x' f];\ / clUg lgoGqsx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf
cfdGq0f u/L o;af/] a'‰g'xf];\ / Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ljutdf 36s] f kf| sl[ ts ljkts\ f ;DaGwdf cuh| x¿;u“ ;fw] vfh] u/L
ljkts\ f] gfd, sf/0f, c;/, ;fjwfgL ;d6] ]/ ;d"xut ¿kdf kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 167

cEof;

1= tn lbOPsf jfSo l7s eP l7s lrx\g -√_ / al] 7s eP a]l7s lrxg\
-×_ nufpgx' f];\ M

-s_ k|fsl[ ts ks| fk] n] ljkt\ lgDTofp5F .

-v_ af9Lsf] sf/0f ;?jf /f]u km}nG5 .

-u_ x'/L atf; cfpFbf ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ lgefpgk' 5{ .

-3_ zLtnx/ cfpFbf kftnf] sk8f nufpgk' 5{ .

-ª_ cfunfuL eOxfn]df ‰ofnaf6 xfd kmfNg'k5{ .

2= tn lbOPsf ljsNkdWo] ;xL ljsNkdf l7s lrxg\ -√_ nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ tnsf dWo] af9L cfpg] sf/0f s] xf] <

-c_ clj/n jiff{ -cf_ tLj| ultdf xfjf axg' -O_ cTolws udL{

-v_ klx/fsf] /fs] yfdsf nflu tnsf dWo] sg' sfo{ ug'{ pkoS' t xG' 5 <

-c_ u/f agfO{ vt] L ug{' -cf_ le/fnf] hldgsf ?vx¿ sf6g\ '
-O_ gbL tyf vf]nfdf afFw agfpg'

-u_ crfgs zLtnx/ cfPdf s] ugk{' 5{ <

-c_ 3/aflx/ hfg] -cf_ 3/leq a:g] -O_ lr;f] kfgL lkpg]
-3_ cfunfuL ePdf slt gDa/df kmf]g ug{'k5{ <

-c_ !)! -cf_ !)@ -O_ !)#

-ª_ tnsf dWo] sg' x'/L atf;sf] sf/0faf6 xg' ] c;/ xf] <

-c_ ;?jf /fu] kmn} g' -cf_ hldgdf lr/f kg'{

-O_ cUnf ?vx¿ 9Ng'

168 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $

3= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ af9L eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ af9L cfpgs' f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ klx/f] hfg glbg s] pkfo ckgfpgk' 5{ <
-3_ ?vla?jf nufPsf] le/fnf] hldgdf klx/f] ghfgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
-ª_ af9Lsf] sf/0f ;?jf /f]u s;/L km}lnG5 <
-r_ zLtnx/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-5_ zLtnx/n] s] s] c;/ lgDTofpF5 <
-h_ zLtnx/af6 aRg s] s] pkfo ckgfpgk' 5{ <
-r_ x'/L atf; cfpbF f ckgfpgk' g]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfo s] s] xg' \ <
-`_ l/tf ljBfnoaf6 3/ kmls{bf pgsf l5ds] Lsf] 3/df cfunfuL eO/x]

sf] /x5] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfunfuLaf6 x'g] yk Iflt sd ug{ s] s]
pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' nf{ <

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw, sIff $ 169