ENGLISH FOR ART

English For Art Instructure: Napapach Thana Course Description: This module is designed to equip students with communicative competence in English needed to acquire knowledge and develop understanding and appreciation of art and design. This course will help students to learn the vocabulary and structures needed to discuss various forms of art and design, and to practice this language in context. The students can convey their idea, opinion, or comment toward artwork and also, they can give information or a presentation about artwork. Through this module, students can apply technology to enhance their English- language proficiency for academic and professional purposes. Performance: – Read authentic materials of art and design. – Give an information of art and design. – Give a presentation about art and design. – Convey an idea or write a description of artwork. – Apply technology to enhance their English- language proficiency for academic and professional purposes. Course Outline: Week 1-3 Thai Art & Architecture (Mini project) Week 4-6 Elements of Art Week 7-9 World Art & Architecture (Mini project) Week 10-12 Art Movement Week 13-17 Digital Storytelling About Art Project Week 18 Final Examination Course Evaluation: 1. Thai Art & Architecture (Mini project) 10 points 2. Elements of Art (Lecture + test) 10 points 3. World Art & Architecture (Mini project) 10 points 4. Art Movement (Lecture + test) 10 points 5. Digital Storytelling About Art Project 20 points 6. Final Examination 20 points 7. Class Attendance 20 points Total 100 points

2 Content Page Unit 1 : Thai Art and Architecture 3 Unit 2 : Elements of Art 11 Unit 3 : World Art and Architecture 15 Unit 4 : Art Movement 45 Unit 5 : How to do project 111

3 Week 1-3 Thai Art & Architecture (Mini project) Assignment 1 Video Project Evaluation No. Topic 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point 1. Concept 2. Content/ Organization 3. Quality 4. Timing 5. Timeline Total Unit 1

4 Video Project Rubric Topic Exemplary Proficient Partially Proficient Incomplete POINTS Concept 4points Has a clear picture of what they are trying to achieve. Adequate description of what they are trying to do and generally how his/her work will contribute to the final project. 3points Has a fairly clear picture of what they are trying to achieve. Can describe what they are trying to do overall but has trouble describing how his/her work will contribute to the final project. 2points Has brainstormed their concept, but no clear focus has emerged. Goals/final product not clearly defined. 1point Little effort has been spent on brainstorming and refining a concept. Unclear on the goals and how the project objectives will be met. Content/ Organization 4points The content includes a clear statement of purpose or theme and is creative, compelling and clearly written. A rich variety of supporting information in the video contributes to the understanding of the project’s main idea. Events and messages are presented in a logical order. Includes probable solutions. 3points Information is presented as a connected theme with accurate, current supporting information that contributes to understanding the project’s main idea. Details are logical and persuasive information is effectively used. The content includes a clear point of view with a progression of ideas and supporting information. Includes solutions. 2points The content does not present a clearly stated theme, is vague, and some of the supporting information does not seem to fit the main idea or appears as a disconnected series of scenes with no unifying main idea. Includes improbable solutions. 1point Content lacks a central theme, clear point of view and logical sequence of information. Much of the supporting information is irrelevant to the overall message. The viewer is unsure what the message is because there is little persuasive information and only one or two facts about the topic are articulated. Information is incorrect, out of date, or incomplete. No solutions offered. Quality 4points Movie was completed and had all required elements. The video was well edited and moves smoothly from scene to scene with proper use of transitions. Audio and other enhancements were well used. 3points Movie was completed and contained all required items. Editing was not done as well as it should have been. Some poor shots remain. Movie is still somewhat choppy. Audio and other enhancements were utilized, but not for maximum effect. 2points Movie was made, but had very little if any editing. Many poor shots remain. Video was very fragmented and choppy with little to no audio reinforcement. 1point There was no movie, or tape was totally unedited with no transitions or audio support of any kind. Timing Requirements 4points Student met the minimum time requirement of 2 minutes. 3points Students met the minimum time requirements, but did not do so with adequate information. (used a lot of “filler”). Exceed the maximum of 5 minutes per person. 2points Just shy of the minimum time requirement. 1point Did not meet the minimum time requirement. Timeliness 4points All project deadlines were met. 8-11 points Most project deadlines were met. Those that were late did not have significant impact on the finished project. 2points Many project deadlines were not met, resulting in some impact on the finished project. 1point Deadlines were regularly missed, having a significant impact on the final project. Final Score (20 points)

5 Week 4-6 Warm-up Match words with their picture. corncob tower relics of the Buddha celestial geese triangular gables glass mosaics Garuda gilded wooden baroque fashions Marble Temple 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. __________________ 7. __________________ 8. __________________ 9. __________________

6 1. Thai Art & Architecture --------------------- Information Q&A Paragraph 1 The Sukhothai period (13th-14th c.) is regarded as a period of notable achievement in Thai culture, with big advancements made in art and architecture. One of the lasting legacies of the Sukhothai period is its sculpture, characterized by the graceful aquiline-nosed Buddha either sitting in meditation or, more strikingly, walking contemplatively. These Buddha figures are considered to be some of the most beautiful representations ever produced of this genre. The city of Sukhothai itself is said to be an expansion of the decorative style typified by Khmer works. With the inclusion of Chinese wood building techniques, polychromatic schemes, and elegant lines from Japaneseinfluenced carvings, the wat, or temple -- with its murals, Buddha sculptures, and spacious design -- is defined as the first "pure" Thai Buddhist style. During this period came the mainstays of Thai temple architecture: the chedi (stupa), bot, viharn, prang, mondop, and prasat. 1. Which empire is mentioned in this paragraph? A: ______________________________ 2. What does the style of art works mainly present in this period? A: ______________________________ 3. People in this period received knowledge of wood building technique from _______________ and elegant lines carving from ____________________. Paragraph 2 The dome-shaped chedi – better known in the West as stupa – is the most highly regarded edifice here. It was originally used to enshrine relics of the Buddha, but later included (ashes of) holy men and kings. A stupa consists of a dome or tumulus, constructed atop a round base (drum), and enveloped by a cubical chair, representing the seated Buddha, over which is the chatra (umbrella) in one or several (usually nine) tiers. There are many types of stupas in existence in Thailand: The tallest, oldest, and most sacred is the golden chedi of Nakhon Pathom. 4. The dome-shape chedi is called _________________________ in Thai. 5. What contains in a stupa? A: There are ____________________ ________________________________, and ____________________________. Paragraph 3 The bot (ubosoth or uposatha) is the ordination hall, which is generally off-limits to women. It consists of either one large nave or a nave with lateral aisles built on a rectangular design with Buddha images mounted on a raised platform. At the end of each ridge of the roof are graceful finials, called chofa (meaning "sky tassel"), which are reminiscent of animal horns but are thought to represent celestial geese or the Garuda (a mythological animal ridden by the god Shiva). The triangular gables are adorned with gilded wooden ornamentation and glass mosaics. 6. What is this paragraph about? a. The Buddha images is in the bot. b. Buddhism ceremony in the bot. c. Explain about Bot structure and ornaments. d. Celestial animal ornamentation.

7 Paragraph 4 The viharn (vihaan or vihara) is the assembly hall where the abbot conducts sermons. The design is similar to that of the bot, and the hall is also used to house Buddha images, but it is generally a larger building. The prang, which originated with the corncob tower of the Khmer temple, is a form of stupa that can be seen in many temples at Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. The mondop may be made of wood or brick. On a square pillared base, the pyramidal roof is formed by a series of receding stories, enriched with elaborate decoration, and tapering off to a pinnacle. It may be used to enshrine holy objects, or it may serve as a library for religious ceremonial objects, as it does at Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok. 7. How do we call a building of the House Buddha Image in Thai. A: ______________________________. 8. What is it? a. Viharn b. Mondop Paragraph 5 The prasat (castle) is a direct stylistic descendant of the Khmer temple, with its round-topped spire and Greek-cross layout. At the center is a square sanctuary with a domed sikhara (tower) and four porchlike antechambers that project from the main building, giving the whole temple a multileveled contour. The prasat serves either as the royal throne hall or as a shrine for venerated objects, such as the prasat of Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok, which enshrines the statues of the kings of the present dynasty. Less recognized architectural structures include the ho trai (library), which houses palm-leaf books; the sala, an open pavilion used for resting; and the ho rakhang, the Thai belfry. 9. What is the key feature of Prasat in this paragraph? A: _____________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________. Paragraph 6 The Ayutthaya and Bangkok periods further cultivated the Sukhothai style by refining materials and design. The Ayutthaya period saw a Khmer revival, when Ayutthayan kings built a number of neo-Khmer-style temples and edifices. The art and architecture evident in early Bangkok allude to the dominant styles of the former capital. After the demise of Ayutthaya in the 18th century, the capital was established briefly at Thonburi before being moved across the Chao Phraya River to Bangkok, where replicas of some of Ayutthaya’s most distinctive buildings were constructed. Khmer, Chinese, northern Thai, and Western elements were fused to create temples and palaces in what is now known as the Rattanakosin style, of which the key features are height and lightness, best exemplified at Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok. 10. Ayutthaya and Bangkok’s temple and palace design is received an influence of art from _________________________. 11. Rattanakosin temple and palace construction got an influence from __________________, _________________, _______________ ,and ___________________________ .

8 Paragraph 7 Over time, Thailand’s architectural and artistic development has become increasingly diluted, somewhat compromisingly, by the West. During the latter days of the Ayutthaya period, Jesuit missionaries and French merchants brought with them distinctly baroque fashions. Although Thailand was initially reluctant to foster relations with the West, these European influences eventually became evident in architecture. Neoclassical devices were increasingly apparent, notably in the Marble Temple, in Bangkok, which was started by King Chulalongkorn in 1900 and designed by his half-brother, Prince Naris. This style can also be seen in the splendid riverside facade of Siam Commercial Bank (1908), near the River City shopping complex. Thanks to a number of Italian engineers, Art Deco became an important style in Bangkok and is seen today at the arched Hua Lamphong Rail Station, the Governor’s House, and along Ratchadamnoen Avenue. In fact, the style is so ubiquitous that many writers use the term Thai Deco to describe certain buildings. 12. Who brought Baroque fashion to Rattanakosin Kingdom? A: _____________________________. 13. What place in Bangkok can be reflect Neoclassic architecture style? A: _____________________________. 14. What place in Bangkok can be reflect Art Deco style? A: _____________________________. Paragraph 8 Today's Bangkok is almost indistinguishable from other Asian capitals; a mix of Thai classical, modernist, neo-Greco, Bauhaus, and Chinese shophouse styles all meld into a unique, urban mishmash. Sadly, vernacular styles, such as old Thai wooden houses, are rapidly being cleared and the klongs (canals) filled to give way to high-rise offices and apartments. Happily, efforts are now being made by a new generation of educated Thais to bring architectural integrity to the city, and some of the most interesting results can be seen in new shopping malls such as CentralWorld and Siam Paragon. But efforts are being made by a new generation of educated Thais to bring architectural integrity to the city. From 100-year-old shophouses that are now hotels (and) World War II-era warehouses converted to creative spaces, this is one of the most exciting times for blooming creativity with a heavy hand for preservation. 15. What does it happen with old Thai wooden house in Bangkok today? A: _____________________________. 15. What does it happen with canals in Bangkok today? A: _____________________________. 16. What do new generation Thais try to do today? A: ______________________________ ________________________________. Data Source: https://www.frommers.com/destinations/thailand/in-depth/art--architecture

9 Exercises A. Complete the table. 1. architect n สถาปนิค ______________ n สถาปัตยกรรม 2. decorate v ______________ ______________ n การประดับตกแต่ง 3. govern v การปกครอง ______________ n ผู้ปกครอง 4. ______________ n ปะติมากรรม sculpturer n ปะติมากร 5. construct v ______________ ______________ n สิ่งก่อสร้าง B. Match Thai words with their definition or meaning. Column A Column B ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 Bot Chofa Chatra Ho Rakhang Ho trai Mondop Prang Prasat Sala Sikhara Stupa Viharn A. An open pavilion. B. Umbrella in one or several tiers. C. Palace or Castle. D. Dome shape Chedi. E. Sky tassel which are reminiscent of animal horn. F. Library which houses palm-leaf books. G. A place of Thai Belfry. H. It is the ordination hall which is generally off-limits to women. I. A building may be made of wood or brick on a square pillared base, the pyramidal roof J. A building is the assembly hall where the abbot conducts sermons and it is also used to house Buddha images. K. A rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture. L. A building is originated with the corncob tower of the Khmer temple. H

10 c. Identify part of Thai construction below. Word Thai translation 1. ___________________ = ___________________ 2. ___________________ = ___________________ 3. ___________________ = ___________________ 4. ___________________ = ___________________ 5. ___________________ = ___________________ 6. ___________________ = ___________________ 7. ___________________ = ___________________ 8. ___________________ = ___________________ 9. ___________________ = ___________________ 10.___________________ = ___________________

11 2. House’s Elements Warm-up Draw basic shapes of object. Circular Circle Square Rectangular Triangular Cylindrical Pyramid Cube Tube Trapezoid Heart Star Cone Rhombus Semi-circle 2.1 Modern House’s elements Data Source: https://www.opalexteriors.com/blog/common-parts-of-a-house-exterior/ Unit 2

12 Exercises A. Describing picture. Materials: - Paper and pencil - Picture of house or buildings. Instructions: a. Work in group of 4-6. b. One group consists of 2 artists and 2 describing teller. c. The 2 artists listen to the tellers and draw picture. ----------------

13 2.2 Thai Traditional House Data Source: https://elfhs.ssru.ac.th/anantachai_ae/pluginfile.php/36/mod_page/content/21/On%20demand.pdf

14 Exercises B. Identify part of Thai traditional house. Word Thai translation 1. ___________________ = ___________________ 2. ___________________ = ___________________ 3. ___________________ = ___________________ 4. ___________________ = ___________________ 5. ___________________ = ___________________ 6. ___________________ = ___________________ 7. ___________________ = ___________________

15 Week 7-9 World Architecture (Mini project) Assignment 2 Video Project Evaluation No. Topic 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point 1. Content/ Organization 2. Quality + Interesting 3. Timeline +Teamwork 4. Presenting to audiences 5. Asking question to audiences Total Unit 3

16 World Architecture Old Modern 9 Parthenon, Athens, Greece 5 Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE 10 Petra, Jordan 6 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia 13 Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia 11 Eiffel Tower, Paris, France 4 Colosseum, Rome, Italy 12 Big Ben, London, UK 3 Taj Mahal, Agra, India 14 Empire State Building, New York, USA 7 The Summer Palace, Beijing, China 1 Osaka Castle, Japan 8 La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain 2 National Assembly of Thailand

17 1. Parthenon, Athens, Greece History The Parthenon is on the hill of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It is widely considered to be one of classical architecture’s finest achievements. It was built in the mid-5th century BCE by the Athenian statesman Pericles, to be the chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena. The architects Ictinus and Callicrates designed the temple under the supervision of the sculptor Phidias to be the culmination of the Doric order of architecture. The Parthenon was constructed from 22,000 tons of white marble, quarried and then hauled ten miles to the site using carts, pulleys and sledges. At the time it was the first temple, as the largest, in mainland Greece to be built entirely using marble. Work began in 447 BCE, and the main elements of the building were completed by 438, however, work on the exterior decoration continued until 432 BCE. Design The Parthenon sought to depart from the plainer architectural style known as the Doric order. Whereas traditionally, Doric colonnades would consist of six columns across the front and thirteen down the sides, the Parthenon was built with eight fluted, baseless columns at the front and seventeen at the sides. Measured from the top step of the base, the building is 30.89 m (101.34 ft) wide and 69.54 m (228.14 ft) long. By expanding the scale, an unprecedented amount of sculptural decoration could be included. The columns support an entablature consisting of a plain architrave and a frieze of alternating triglyphs and metopes. Including a bas-relief frieze around the entirety of the temple’s inner chamber (cella), an element more typical of the Ionic order, this was another radical departure from previous architectural tradition. The metopes depict scenes from mythic battles; gods strike down giants on the east front, Greeks triumph over Amazons on the west, Trojans on the north, and men fight centaurs on the south. The east and west pediments also originally incorporated many sculptural features, although little of these remain today.

18 The Parthenon is remarkable for the fact that it includes almost no straight lines. Both the entablature and the base platform curve upward at the center, the metopes lean outward, and the columns slightly swell in the center. The intention of these ‘optimal refinements’ has been the subject of some conjecture. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Pericles 2. Culmination 3. Doric order 4. Ionic order 5. Baseless columns 6. An entablature 7. A plain architrave 8. A frieze 9. Triglyphs 10.Metopes Data Source https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Parthenon#Architecture_and_design

19 2. Petra, Jordan History Petra, the lost city of Arabia, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The Nabateans once inhabited the historic site, famous for its many rockcut buildings and tombs. The Nabateans built Petra into a thriving city between 300 B.C. and A.D. 100. Still, it wasn’t rediscovered until 1812 when Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt saw it from afar and believed it was merely a village or town on top of a hill where he could see no sign of civilization at all! What is so special about Petra Jordan? Petra was established as a trading and caravan center in 800 BC. It became a thriving city for the Nabateans in 300 B.C., who built most of what you see at Petra today! Design • The architecture style used for building this impressive monument is unique because it combines traditional Greek techniques with local elements, such as using carved stones instead of bricks like other constructions here do – making its appearance even more remarkable than others around town! Built during Roman times, it honors important figures or deities, such as Zeus and Hercules, and depicts scenes from their lives. • Patra is the Great Temple Complex is the largest tomb facade ever carved. • The Treasury is one of the most iconic buildings in Petra. It’s a vast structure carved out of the rock and was initially thought to have been a tomb, but later research found it to be a temple. • A stunning view of the Treasury from atop the Siq can be found at Little Petra. • The Siq is a narrow gorge that makes its way through the mountains and is the only way to enter Petra. It’s also a path that is carved into the mountainside. The Siq is 1 km long and will lead you to Little Petra, where you can get a mesmerizing view of Petra from atop the Treasury temple. • The Monastery is a giant, freestanding rock-cut façade soaring 50 meters above Petra’s canyon floor. It is known to be one of the most well-known buildings in Petra and was also known as the Monastery of St. Simeon. • The Urn Tomb is one of eight tombs that served as sepulchers for ancient Petra’s ruling class members. • Street of Facades highlights buildings that were created purely for decorative purposes.

20 Interesting Vocabularies 1. Arabia 2. The Nabateans 3. A thriving city 4. A trading and caravan center 5. Carved stones 6. Deity 7. Depicts scenes 8. The Treasury 9. The Siq 10.The Monastery Data Source https://nomadsjo.com/what-is-so-special-about-petra-jordan/

21 3. St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow History St. Basil’s Cathedral was built between 1555 and 1561 on the orders of Ivan IV. It is located in Moscow’s Red Square. The cathedral combines different styles, including Byzantine, Gothic, and Russian Orthodox. It has nine domes, each representing one of the saints that Ivan the Terrible had canonized. The cathedral was initially built to memorialize the Russian victory over the Tatars in Kazan. But it soon became a symbol of the power of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was even used as a prison during the Soviet Union. Nowadays, St. Basil’s Cathedral is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Moscow and is a symbol of Russian national architecture. Design Metropolitan Macarius (Ivan IV’s spiritual advisor) had laid down the original design for the building, which centered on eight chapels. In efforts to render the complex more harmonious and rational, the architect(s), likely inspired by Italianate models, proposed a nine-chapel scheme. The distinctive and symmetrical layout of St. Basil’s consists thus of nine chapels arranged in a rectilinear pattern. The larger and central one dedicated to the Intercession or the protection of the Virgin Mary Eight of these mini-churches—dedicated to: 1. The Entry of Christ into Jerusalem (W) 2. St. George the Illuminator of Armenia (NW) 3. Saint Martyrs Cyprian and Justinia (N) 4. The Three Patriarchs of Alexandria (NE) 5. The Holy Trinity (E) 6. St. Alexander Svirsky (SE) 7. St. Nicholas Velikoretsky (S) 8. St. Barlaam Khutyn (SW) Later, the cathedral has a symmetrical ground plan with ten chapels: the tenth chapel was added over the grave of St. Basil in 1588. Three Notable Characteristics of St. Basil's Cathedral 1. Onion domes: St. Basil’s has nine onion-shaped domes painted with vibrant, candy-striped colors and swirling patterns.

22 2. Colors: First built-in white stone and red brick, the iconic church gained color over the centuries. Brighter colors were in vogue in seventeenth-century Russia, so the onion domes were gilded, and ceramic inserts were added to give pops of blue, red, green, and other hues. 3. Contrasting shapes and patterns: Bricks and ceramics with different patterns adorn the spires, arches, and domes of St. Basil’s, giving the building a dynamic flair. Angular crosses sit atop orb-like domes, creating a juxtaposition of shape and angle. Domes also feature crisscrossing and swirling lines and rest on cylindrical bases. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Byzantine 2. Gothic 3. Russian Orthodox 4. Chapel 5. A rectilinear pattern 6. Candy-striped colors 7. Swirling patterns 8. Juxtaposition 9. Orb 10.Angular crosses Data Source https://viatravelers.com/st-basils-cathedral/ https://www.masterclass.com/articles/st-basils-cathedral-architecture-andhistory#1saufT5uhi77m58K3M0CQM https://www.medievalists.net/2021/05/st-basils-cathedral-medieval-russiasiconic-building/

23 4. Colosseum, Rome, Italy History Colosseum, giant amphitheater built in Rome under the Flavian emperors. Construction of the Colosseum was begun sometime between 70 and 72 CE during the reign of Vespasian. It is located just east of the Palatine Hill, on the grounds of what was Nero’s Golden House. The artificial lake that was the centerpiece of that palace complex was drained, and the Colosseum was sited there, a decision that was as much symbolic as it was practical. Vespasian, whose path to the throne had relatively humble beginnings, chose to replace the tyrannical emperor’s private lake with a public amphitheater that could host tens of thousands of Romans. Colosseum Architecture & Design The Colosseum was built in the Ancient Roman Architectural style. Construction took about seven to eight years, making it one of the largest and most complex structures. The columns were built using three different styles. The Doric style was used for the ground floor columns where the wealthiest Romans used to sit. The second-tier columns were built in the Ionic style. The third-tier columns, made for the common people, were made in Corinthian style. It has 80 gates in total, each with an arch. 76 gates were used by the people, while 3 were reserved for noblemen and councilmen of the state. The emperor used the North Gate, which had a distinct arch, to enter the premises. The entire structure was built using different stones held together by iron clamps. Structure of Colosseum The Colosseum was built using a variety of ancient Roman stones that were held together with cement and iron clamps. Tuff, Travertine limestone, wood, tiles, bricks, and blocks of tufa were used to build the amphitheater. It also had a marble covering that was later used to build different buildings and structures throughout Rome. The building had two walls, inner and outer. The latter was severely damaged in the earthquake of 1349, which is why only parts of the outer wall can be seen today. The different entry points were built so the entire premises could be entered and exited within 15 minutes. It was built in an elliptical shape to make viewing possible from all seats. The gallery above the 4th tier was added by King Domitian, who made sure that people could view the arena clearly while standing.

24 Interesting Vocabularies 1. Amphitheater 2. Reign of Vespasian 3. The columns 4. The Doric styles 5. The Ionic style 6. Corinthian style 7. Iron clamps 8. Travertine limestone 9. Tufa 10.An elliptical shape Data Source https://www.colosseum-rome-tickets.com/colosseum-architecture/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum

25 5. Taj Mahal, Agra, India History Taj Mahal, mausoleum complex in Agra, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628– 58) to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor’s inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India’s most famous and widely recognized building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna (Jumna) River. Agra Fort (Red Fort), also on the right bank of the Yamuna, is about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the Taj Mahal. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. Design The Taj Mahal represents the finest and most sophisticated example of IndoIslamic architecture. Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire's rule of large parts of India. The distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the project upon the death of one of his favorite wives Mumtaz Mahal. A masterpiece of the Mughal chief architect Ahmad ma'mar, it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world today. The majestic central dome, which reaches a height of 240 feet (73 metres) at the tip of its finial, is surrounded by four lesser domes. The acoustics inside the main dome cause the single note of a flute to reverberate five times. The interior of the mausoleum is organized around an octagonal marble chamber ornamented with low-relief carvings and semiprecious stones (pietra dura). Therein are the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahān. Those false tombs are enclosed by a finely wrought filigree marble screen. Beneath the tombs, at garden level, lie the true sarcophagi. Standing gracefully apart from the central building, at each of the four corners of the square plinth, are elegant minarets. While the large, domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument, the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 hectares (55.5 acres). The Taj Mahal complex can be conveniently divided into five sections: 1. The 'moonlight garden' (Mehtab Bagh) to the north of the river Yamuna. 2. The riverfront terrace, containing the Mausoleum, Mosque and Guest House.

26 3. The Charbagh Garden containing pavilions. 4. The Naubat Khana (Drum House) at the western and eastern sides of the Garden. The western Naubat Khana is converted into a museum. 5. The jilaukhana (forecourt) containing accommodation for the tomb attendants and two subsidiary tombs. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Indo-Islamic architecture 2. Lesser domes 3. Mausoleum 4. An octagonal marble chamber 5. Semiprecious stones 6. Cenotaphs 7. Filigree marble screen 8. Sarcophagi 9. Square plinth 10.Minarets Data Source https://www.britannica.com/topic/Taj-Mahal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal

27 6. The Summer Palace, Beijing, China History A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Summer Palace in Beijing is one of the most well-preserved and popular imperial gardens in the world. The construction of the Summer Palace commenced in 1750 when Emperor Qianlong wanted to honor his mother on her sixtieth birthday. They began by first expanding Kunming Lake and then building Longevity Hill in the surrounding area. The historic place was then called the Garden of Clear Ripples and served different purposes such as residential, administrative and political, spiritual and recreational. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, it was burnt to the ground and looted by the British and French troops under the orders of Lord Elgin, the British High Commissioner. Between 1884 and 1895, the garden was rebuilt again by Empress Dowager Cixi with funds that were intended for the upgradation and welfare of the navy. However, it was again destroyed and damaged during the Boxer Rebellion around 1900 by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers. The Summer Palace was yet again rebuilt and repaired by 1903 and with the Qing Dynasty regime ending in 1912, it was opened to the public in 1914. It was then taken over by The People’s Government of Beijing Municipality in 1924 and turned into a public park. Design The Summer Palace in Beijing is a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design. The natural landscape of hills and open water is combined with artificial features such as pavilions, halls, palaces, temples and bridges to form a harmonious ensemble of outstanding aesthetic value. Epitomizing traditional Chinese architecture, the Summer Palace in China brings together craft and nature in a visually magnificent design. While most of the sites are designed in authentic and original art of China, others enjoy a wholesome blend of western or European-style architecture as well. For instance, the Long Corridor is marked with exquisite paintings depicting Chinese history, operas, iconic figures and the scenic beauty of the country. The arched bridge is lined with 500 stone lions and the various halls and towers symbolize the artistry of Chinese craftsmen in colorful hues and patterns.

28 The Marble Boat, on the other hand, employs a rather European make with inlaid colorful glass work on wheels and windows, colored bricks and wooden accents made to look like stone. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Heritage Site 2. Imperial gardens 3. Emperor 4. Longevity 5. Opium War 6. Aesthetic value 7. Exquisite paintings 8. The Marble Boat 9. Corridor 10.The arched bridge Data Source https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/880/ https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/th/destinations/asia/the-ultimate-guideto-visiting-the-iconic-summer-palace-in-china/

29 7. La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain History the most famous Barcelona landmark of all, the Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família, more commonly known as simply the ‘Sagrada Família’ is a Roman Catholic church designed by the famous Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí. It attracts over 2.8 million visitors each year and is one the world’s most iconic churches. Construction began on the Sagrada Família in 1882, but remarkably the architect Antoni Gaudí did not become involved with the project until 1883 and was appointed director in 1884. Gaudí was aware that he would not be alive to oversee the full construction of the building but left detailed designs to guide its completion. In fact, only a quarter of the construction had been completed when Gaudí tragically died in 1926. The building of the church is still not complete today, and it is estimated that the current construction represents only 70% of the final design. Design Sagrada Familia is variously likened to Catalan Modernism, Art Nouveau, Noucentisme, and Spanish Late Gothic architecture. The church is famous for its unusual design; it has few straight lines and no right angles. It also features several distinctive architectural elements, including a massive central tower with a tree trunk and soaring spires resembling palm trees. He used natural forms such as trees and flowers in his designs and symbols found in traditional Catalan art, such as pine cones and acorns. The sources of inspiration for Gaudi were many and varied, but he did not always draw directly from them. For example, his plan for the project was primarily influenced by Villar's crypt. However, his use of organic forms was inspired by nature itself and not directly from any single source. The materials used in the construction of Sagrada Familia include concrete, stone, wood, and glass. The primary materials used in its structure are concrete and steel. Like many other European Gothic cathedrals, the Sagrada Familia is short compared to its width and has a great complexity of parts. It features double aisles, an ambulatory with seven apsidal chapels, and multiple towers. Three portals surround the building, each with its structure and ornamentation;

30 however, unlike many Spanish cathedrals, this church includes a covered passage or cloister that passes through the narthex of each of its three portals. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Catalan art 2. Catalan Modernism 3. Art Nouveau 4. Noucentisme 5. Spanish Late Gothic 6. A tree trunk 7. Pine cones and acorns 8. Crypt 9. Ambulatory 10.Apsidal chapels Data Source https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/the-history-of-the-sagradafamilia-in-1-minute https://sagradafamilia.barcelona-tickets.com/sagrada-familia-tower-architecture/

31 8. Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE History The Burj Khalifa is a stunning feat of architecture and engineering, with two observation decks on the 124th and 148th floors and a restaurant-bar on the 122nd. The world’s tallest building pierces the sky at 2715ft (828m) and opened in January 2010, six years after excavations began. Up to 13,000 workers toiled day and night, putting up a new floor in as little as three days. Design The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint, an abstraction of the Hymenocallis flower. The tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. The modular, Y-shaped structure, with setbacks along each of its three wings, provides an inherently stable configuration for the structure and provides good floor plates for residential. Twenty-six helical levels decrease the cross-section of the tower incrementally as it spirals skyward. The central core emerges at the top and culminates in a sculpted spire. A Yshaped floor plan maximizes views of the Arabian Gulf. Viewed from the base or the air, Burj Khalifa is evocative of the onion domes prevalent in Islamic architecture. The exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa began in May 2007 and was completed in September 2009. The vast project involved more than 380 skilled engineers and on-site technicians. At the initial stage of installation, the team progressed at the rate of about 20 to 30 panels per day and eventually achieved as many as 175 panels per day. The tower accomplished a world record for the highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade with a height of 512 meters. The total weight of aluminium used on Burj Khalifa is equivalent to that of five A380 aircrafts and the total length of stainless-steel bull nose fins is 293 times the height of Eiffel Tower in Paris. The interior design of Burj Khalifa public areas was also done by the Chicago office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP and was led by award-winning designer Nada Andric. It features glass, stainless steel and polished dark stones, together with silver travertine flooring, Venetian stucco walls, handmade rugs and stone flooring. The interiors were inspired by local culture while staying mindful of the building's status as a global icon and residence.

32 Interesting Vocabularies 1. A triple-lobed footprint 2. Hymenocallis flower 3. Helical levels 4. Spirals skyward 5. Evocative 6. Exterior vs Interior 7. Glass façade 8. Stainless-steel 9. Travertine 10.Venetian stucco Data Source https://www.lonelyplanet.com/united-arab-emirates/dubai/downtowndubai/attractions/burj-khalifa/a/poi-sig/1146340/1336052 https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/design-construction/

33 9. Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia History Australia’s most recognizable building is a of creative and technical achievement and an architectural icon of the 20th century. Having gained worldwide recognition, the Sydney Opera House – located on Bennelong Point along the Sydney Harbor – is now included on the National Heritage List and the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 1952, the Premier of New South Wales, Joe Cahill, announced the government’s intention of putting Sydney on the world map by creating an opera house. Following this, an international competition was announced in January 1956, attracting over 220 final entries from 32 countries. The design by Pritzker Prize winner, the Danish architect Jørn Utzon, was chosen with his intention of creating a ‘sculptural form that would relate as naturally to the harbor as the sails of its yachts’. Design The Sydney Opera House has a sculptural quality, with its white billowing sails dramatically rising from the harbor. It follows the expressionist architectural style, which boomed along with expressionist performance arts in the early 20th century. The exterior of the Sydney Opera House features an undulating roof made up of pre-cast concrete panels. The design was inspired by the sails of an ancient sailing ship, with Utzon drawing inspiration from Mayan temples and Moroccan mosques as well. Expressionist architecture often drew inspiration from nature and modern developments. Much like other expressionist structures, the Opera House expresses the visionary and expressive design by Jørn Utzon. • Expressionist design: The Opera House has a unique expressionist architecture that boomed in the early 20th century along with expressionist performance arts, giving it the perfect design for the building's purpose. • Complex geometries: The first of its kind, the Opera House paved the way for other structures to include intricate and complex geometries in their designs. • Sails: The unique exterior of the Opera House is constructed using several concrete panels supported by concrete ribs.

34 • Tiled exterior: The sails are covered with white Swedish-made tiles and the remaining exterior is clad with pink granite. Interesting Vocabularies 1. The National Heritage 2. Billowing sails 3. The expressionist 4. An undulating roof 5. Ancient sailing ship 6. Mayan temples 7. Moroccan mosques 8. Complex geometries 9. Concrete ribs 10.Tiles Data Source https://www.tickets-sydney.com/sydney-opera-house/architecture/ https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/the-history-of-the-sydneyopera-house-in-1-minute

35 10. Eiffel Tower, Paris, France History The Eiffel tower history represents a part of national heritage. It's as been the symbol of France and Paris for decades. But when Gustave Eiffel achieved its construction in 1889, the tower was only meant to be temporary in the Parisian landscape and was far from being the Parisians’ favorite landmark. Discover the evolution and the history of the Paris Eiffel Tower. The most popular tourist place in Paris has stretched to the Parisian skies for 127 years. Although now symbolic of France, it wasn’t meant to last. Without a doubt, the turning point in the Eiffel Tower history took place at the 1889 Universal Exposition. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, a competition was organized with the aim to “build on the Champ-de-Mars an iron tower with a square base, 125 meters wide and 300 meters high.” Out of the 107 proposals submitted, Gustave Eiffel’s was chosen. By his side were engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier as well as architect Stephen Sauvestre. Design All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located at Levallois-Perret on the outskirts of Paris. Each of the 18,000 pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed and calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeter and then put together forming new pieces around five meters each. A team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic erector set. The tower is painted in three colors, with the top being the brightest and the bottom being the darkest, to match the color of the Parisian sky. The tower is now being painted gold in honor of the approaching 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, in what is intended to be a temporary alteration. The four ornate grill-work arches introduced in Sauvestre’s designs to make the tower seem more solid and to provide a more dramatic entry to the exposition are the sole non-structural components. Interesting Vocabularies 1. National heritage 2. Parisian 3. Symbolic 4. Universal Exposition

36 5. French Revolution 6. Viaduct 7. Ornate grill-work arches 8. Landscape 9. Erector 10.Solid Data Source https://www.pariscityvision.com/en/paris/landmarks/eiffel-tower/history https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument

37 11.Big Ben, London, UK History Big Ben is a clocktower rising high above the city of London. It is also known as Elizabeth Tower, named to honor Queen Elizabeth II of England. Why was Big Ben built? The original Palace of Westminster was built in 1016 and served as the royal home of British monarchs throughout much of the Middle Ages. In 1834, a large fire destroyed a significant portion of the original palace, leading to its demolition. A new Palace of Westminster was built in its place at the same location, the same palace which can be seen today. In 1844, it was decided that the new Parliament building at the Palace of Westminster should include a clock tower. While some historians attribute this design proposal to wanting to create a marvel of engineering, others believe that the royal astronomer, Sir George Airy, wanted a clocktower to help measure time in conjunction with the stars. The tower was repaired a few times. Big Ben became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. Design Big Ben was designed in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. The main characteristics of this design type include lancet windows, heavy ornamentation, pinnacles, and the use of natural materials such as stone and iron. Big Ben features many of these attributes, most notably a 115-foot iron-framed spire topped with a pinnacle. The tower also features tall and narrow windows referred to as lancet windows, as well as limestone cladding typical of the medieval era. • Clock Features and Clockwork Design The clockwork design on Big Ben is unmatched by any other clock in the world. The face of Big Ben features 312 pieces of stained glass, which create a beautifully illuminated pattern at night. The hands of Big Ben are made of iron. The hour hand is 9 feet in length, while the minute hand extends 14 feet long. The clock also has a 660-pound pendulum and a clock mechanism weighing nearly five tons. Big Ben was built by Edward John Dent and his son Frederick Dent, who were renowned watchmakers of the time. • Tower Size Elizabeth Tower stands approximately 316 feet over the northern side of Westminster Palace. It is a symmetrical structure, measuring 40 feet long by 40 feet wide at its base. The face of the clock is approximately 22.5 feet in diameter. At the time of its construction, Big Ben was the largest fourfaced clocktower in the world.

38 • The Bells There are five bells contained within Big Ben, the largest of which is officially named Big Ben and weighs over 13 tons. The largest bell of Big Ben chimes at the top of every hour, with complementary chimes played by the four smaller bells every quarter hour. Interesting Vocabularies 1. Pinnacles 2. Pendulum 3. Ornamentation 4. Lancet windows 5. Illuminated pattern 6. Limestone cladding 7. Gothic Revival style 8. Queen Elizabeth II 9. An Astronomer, Sir George Airy 10.UNESCO World Heritage Data Source https://study.com/academy/lesson/big-ben-architecture-style.html

39 12.Empire State Building, New York, USA History The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the state of New York. The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) tall, including its antenna. The building's Art Deco architecture, height, and observation decks. The building's size has become the global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures. A symbol of New York City, the building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World Design The Empire State Building in New York City has several interior features that contribute to its historical significance and unique charm. Art Deco is the architectural style that defines the Empire State Building. This design aesthetic, which gained widespread prominence during the 1920s and 1930s, distinguishes itself with modern styles, fine craftsmanship, and often opulent detailing. Art Deco architecture, of which the Empire State Building is a quintessential example, strongly emphasizes vertical lines, symmetry, and modern materials like steel and concrete. Instead of the natural motifs that defined its predecessor, Art Nouveau, Art Deco opts for geometric shapes, clear lines, and lavish ornamentation. Here are some notable aspects of its interior: 1. Art Deco Design: The Empire State Building showcases the iconic Art Deco architectural style popular during the 1930s. The lobby and interior spaces feature elegant Art Deco motifs, including geometric patterns, sleek lines, and decorative elements. The design reflects the era's emphasis on modernity, luxury, and optimism. 2. Grand Lobby: The building's grand lobby welcomes visitors with its stunning Art Deco details. The walls are adorned with beautiful murals depicting scenes from the construction of the building and depictions of the building itself. The lobby's ceiling showcases a beautiful mural of the night sky with twinkling stars. 3. Observatories: The Empire State Building houses two observation decks: the 86th floor and the 102nd floor. The elevators leading to these decks maintain their original Art Deco design, with stylish detailing and vibrant lighting. The observatories themselves offer sweeping views of New York City and its landmarks, providing a remarkable experience for visitors.

40 Interesting Vocabularies 1. Antenna 2. Aesthetic 3. Modernity 4. Luxury 5. Optimism 6. The iconic 7. Vibrant lighting 8. Geometric patterns 9. Art Deco motifs and embellishments 10.The Seven Wonders of the Modern World Data Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building#History https://www.skny.io/empire-state-building/architectural-style

41 13. Osaka Castle, Japan History Osaka Castle (Osakajo) started in 1583 on the former site of the Ishiyama Honganji Temple, which had been destroyed by Oda Nobunaga thirteen years earlier. The original castle was built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a famous Japanese warrior, and politician. The reconstruction work was led by architect Hajime Sato. The total area is approximately 60,000 square meters. Toyotomi Hideyoshi intended the castle to become the center of a new, unified Japan under Toyotomi rule. It was the largest castle at the time. However, a few years after Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa troops attacked and destroyed the castle and terminated the Toyotomi lineage in 1615. Osaka Castle was rebuilt by Tokugawa Hidetada in the 1620s, but its main castle tower was struck by lightning in 1665 and burnt down. It was not until 1931 that the present ferro-concrete reconstruction of the castle tower was built. During the war it miraculously survived the city-wide air raids. Major repair works gave the castle new glamor in 1997. The castle tower is now entirely modern on the inside and even features an elevator for easier accessibility. It houses an informative museum about the castle's history and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Design Osaka Castle in Osaka City is a magnificent structure that portrays the classic architectural style of Japan. it is made of wood and is a five-story building topped with golden embellishments. The castle is built on a raised platform with walls and gates to protect it from intruders. The roof is steeply pitched and adorned with gorgeous golden ornaments which highlight the building's grandeur. The blend of brick walls and wooden structures creates a harmonious balance between strength and nature. The intricate details of the castle are drawn from the famous Momoyama-style, combining the simplicities of the AzuchiMomoyama period with the delicate refinement of Edo-period architecture. For artwork and carvings of Osaka Castle's interior is also adorned with intricate carvings and paintings. Keep an eye out for gold leaf embellishments and fine depictions of tigers and leopards - symbols of power and authority in Japanese culture.

42 Interesting Vocabularies 1. Castle 2. Troops 3. Ferro-concrete reconstruction 4. Golden embellishments 5. Gorgeous golden ornaments 6. Building's grandeur 7. Brick walls 8. Edo-period architecture 9. Japanese warrior 10. Fine depictions of tigers Data Source https://www.osaka-tickets.com/osaka-castle/architecture/

43 14. National Assembly of Thailand History Sappaya-Sapasathan is the third and current meeting place of the National Assembly of Thailand. It is located on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in Kiakkai neighborhood of the Dusit District. It is the world's largest parliament building with 424,000 m2 of floor space. Sappaya-Sapasathan was designed by a team led by Theerapol Niyom, who was the winner in the building's design competition. Built to provide more than 424,000 m2 of floor space, at a budget of approximately 23 billion baht,[6] it can accommodate more than 5,000 people and parking for 2,000 cars. It also houses museums, a convention center, a seminar room, a banquet hall, and offices. Design The building's design was inspired by a classic Thai Buddhist tale the Tri-Bhumi Buddhist Cosmology, and was made to look like a temple as a reminder to officials of "Thainess" and morality, making it truly a Sappaya Sapasathan, "peaceful parliament". The main features are a Thai pagoda, Chulamani Chedi which is in the center of the building, Suriyan Meeting Chamber (Hall of the Sun) for House of Representative, Chantra Meeting Chamber (Hall of the Moon) for Senate of Thailand. • Suriyan Meeting Chamber Suriyan or Surya, Sanskrit for the Sun God. Room artist aim to present the powerful path of the Sun affects all within its rays. The creation of walls and roof in the shape of a vaulted chamber gives a rarefied sensation of meeting under the vast, limitless Sky above. The celestial ambience aids vision, imagination and relaxation during meeting that demands the sustained and prolonged exercise of intellectual power. • Chantra Meeting Chamber Chantra or the Moon God, is the twin force with Suriyan. The symbolic refers to the cool element water, the opposite of the hot energy of the Sun. Together they balance out opposing tendencies and create uniformity of politicking between the two chambers-House of Representatives and Senate-to bring stability, prosperity and progress to the Nation. The walls and roof are created in the shape of circular, vaulted space.

44 Interesting Vocabularies 1. Assembly 2. Parliament 3. the Tri-Bhumi Buddhist Cosmology 4. Thai Pagoda, Chulamani Chedi 5. House of Representative 6. House of Senate 7. A vaulted chamber 8. The shape of circular 9. A banquet hall 10.A convention Center Data Source https://www.parliament.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/parliament_parcy/download/articl e/article_20180411151738.pdf

45 Week 10-12 Art Movements Unit 4

46 Warm-up: Fill the box with given words. Roman Classical Renaissance Prehistoric Baroque Gothic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

47 Expressionism Pop Art Contemporary Romanticism Realism 6. 7. 8. 10. 9.

48 Link: https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/artinsight/media/timeline.pdf Ball State University

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