Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat 0.5 mol dm-3, larutan natrium karbonat 0.5 mol dm-3,air suling dan kertas turas0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution, distilledwater and filter paperSilinder penyukat, bikar, kelalang kon, rod kaca dan corong turasMeasuring cylinder, beaker, conical flask, glass rod and filter funnel1. Sukat 50 cm3 larutan larutan kuprum(II) nitrat 0.5 mol dm-3 dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar. Measure 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate solution and pour into a beaker.2. Sukat 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.5 mol dm-3 dan tuangkan ke dalam bikar yang sama. Measure 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution and pour into the same beaker.3. Kacau campuran. Stir the mixture.4. Turaskan campuran. Filter the mixture.5. Keringkan garam tak terlarutkan yang terhasil di antara dua kertas turas. Dry the insoluble salt produced between two filter papers.Anda dikehendaki menamakan satu garam tak terlarutkan yang boleh disediakan di dalam makmal melalui kaedah penguraian ganda dua. Nyatakan bahan dan radas yang diperlukan. Anda juga dikehendaki menyediakan langkah-langkah aktiviti yang lengkap bagi menyediakan garam yang dinamakan tersebut.You are required to name one insoluble salt that can be prepared in the laboratory through the double decomposition method. State the materials and apparatus required. You are also required to prepare a complete activity steps to prepare the named salt.Garam/ Salt: Kuprum(II) karbonat/ Copper(II) carbonateAKTIVITIACTIVITY 6.24Menyediakan Garam Tak Terlarutkan melalui Tindak Balas Penguraian Ganda Dua Prepare Insoluble Salts Through a Double Decomposition ReactionBAHANMATERIALSRADASAPPARATUSPROSEDURPROCEDUREBuku Teks:Text Book: 186 ‒ 187SPM K3AMALI WAJIB© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 49Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
1 Apakah warna garam yang terhasil? What is the colour of the salt formed? Warna hijau/ Green colour2 (a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place. Cu(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → CuCO3 + 2NaNO3 (b) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan garam yang dihasilkan. Write the ionic equation for the formation of the salt produced. Cu2+ + CO32– → CuCO33 (a) Cadangkan satu garam tak terlarutkan selain daripada yang disediakan dalam aktiviti ini. Suggest an insoluble salt other than the one that is prepared in this activity. Plumbum(II) sulfat/ Lead(II) sulphate (b) Namakan dua bahan yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan garam yang dicadangkan di 3(a). Name two substances that is needed to prepare the salt suggested in 3(a). Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat dan larutan kalium sulfat Lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium sulphate solution (c) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas penyediaan garam tersebut. Write the chemical equation for the reaction of preparation of the salt. Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 → 2KNO3 + PbSO4PERBINCANGANDISCUSSIONSSPM K350 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
Membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) iodida.To construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide.Bagaimanakah membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) iodida?How to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide?Semakin banyak isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI ditambahkan kepada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2, ketinggian mendakan semakin bertambah dan kemudiannya menjadi malar.As the volume of potassium iodide solution, KI added to lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2increases, the height of the precipitate will increase and then remain constant.Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3, larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm–3 dan air suling0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2, 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium iodide solution, KI and distilled waterTabung uji yang sama saiz, rod kaca, rak tabung uji, buret, kaki retort dengan pengapit dan pembarisTest tubes of the same size, glass rod, test tube rack, burette, retort stand with clamp and rulerEKSPERIMENEXPERIMENT 6.6Buku TeksText Book: 188 – 189Pembinaan Persamaan Ion melalui Kaedah Perubahan BerterusanConstruction of Ionic Equations through the Continuous Variation MethodBAHANMATERIALSRADASAPPARATUSTUJUANAIMPERNYATAAN MASALAHPROBLEM STATEMENTHIPOTESISHYPOTHESISPROSEDURPROCEDURE1 Labelkan lapan tabung uji dengan nombor 1 hingga 8 dan letakkan semua tabung uji di rak tabung uji. Label eight test tubes from 1 to 8 and place all the test tubes in a test tube rack.2 Dengan menggunakan buret, isi setiap tabung uji dengan 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)20.5 mol dm–3. By using a burette, fill each test tube with 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2.3 Dengan menggunakan buret kedua, tambahkan larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm–3 ke dalam setiap tabung uji mengikut isi padu yang ditetapkan dalam Jadual 4. By using a second burette, add 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution, KI into each test tube according to the volume stated in Table 4.4 Masukkan rod kaca ke dalam tabung uji. Putarkan rod kaca dengan menggunakan kedua-dua tapak tangan supaya campuran menjadi sekata. Place a glass rod into the test tube. Swirl the glass rod with both palms to ensure even mixing of the solution.5 Keluarkan rod kaca secara perlahan-lahan. Bilaskan mendakan yang terlekat pada rod kaca dan dinding tabung uji dengan sedikit air suling. Slowly remove the glass rod. Rinse the precipitate that is stuck to the glass rod and the walls of the test tubes with distilled water.6 Ulang langkah 4 dan 5 bagi tabung uji yang lain./ Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the rest of the test tubes.7 Biarkan tabung uji itu selama 30 minit supaya mendakan termendap ke bawah. Leave the test tubes to stand for 30 minutes for the precipitate to settle to the bottom.8 Rekod warna bagi mendakan yang terbentuk dan larutan pada bahagian atas mendakan. Record the colour of the precipitate formed and the solution on top of the precipitate.9 Ukurkan ketinggian mendakan di dalam setiap tabung uji dan rekod bacaan itu. Measure the height of the precipitate in each test tube and record the readings.AMALI WAJIB© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 51Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
Tabung ujiTest tubeIsi padu larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3(cm3)Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2(cm3)Isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm–3(cm3)Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3potassium iodide solution, KI (cm3)Ketinggian mendakan (cm)Height of precipitate (cm)Warna larutan di atas mendakanColour of solution above the precipitate1 2.50 1.00 1.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless2 2.50 2.00 2.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless3 2.50 3.00 3.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless4 2.50 4.00 4.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless5 2.50 5.00 5.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless6 2.50 6.00 5.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless7 2.50 7.00 5.0 Tidak berwarnaColourless8 2.50 8.00 5.0 Tidak berwarnaColourlessKEPUTUSANRESULTS1 Plotkan satu graf ketinggian mendakan melawan isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI.Plot a graph of the height of the precipitate against the volume of potassium iodide solution, KI.MENTAFSIR DATAINTREPRETING DATA52 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
Ketinggian mendakan (cm)/ Height of precipitate (cm)1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.05.04.03.02.01.0Isi padu larutan kalium iodida (cm3)/ Volumer of potassium iodide solution (cm3)© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 53Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
2 Daripada graf, tentukan isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI yang bertindak balas lengkap dengan 2.50 cm3larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2. From the graph, determine the volume of potassium iodide solution, KI that completely reacts with 2.50 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2.5.00 cm31 Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi: Calculate the number of moles for:(a) ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ dalam 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3. lead(II) ions, Pb2+ in 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2. n = MV 1000 = (0.5)(2.50) 1000 = 0.00125 mol(b) ion iodida, I– yang bertindak balas dengan 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3. iodide ions, I– that reacts with 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2. n = MV 1000 = (0.5)(5.00) 1000 = 0.0025 mol2 Tentukan bilangan mol iodida, I– yang bertindak balas lengkap dengan 1 mol ion plumbum(II), Pb2+. Determine the number of moles of iodide ion, I– that reacts completely with 1 mol of lead(II) ion, Pb2+. Bilangan mol Pb2+ : Bilangan mol I– Number of moles Pb2+ : Number of moles I– 0.00125 mol Pb2+: 0.0025 mol I– 1 mol : 2 mol3 Berdasarkan jawapan di 1 dan 2, binakan satu persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan plumbum(II) iodida. Based on your answer in 1 and 2, construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide precipitate, PbI2. Pb2+ + 2I– → PbI24 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Apakah kesimpulan eksperimen ini? Is the hypothesis made is acceptable? What is the conclusion of the experiment? Hipotesis diterima. Semakin banyak isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI ditambahkan kepada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2, ketinggian mendakan semakin bertambah dan kemudiannya menjadi malar. Hypothesis is accepted. As the volume of potassium iodide solution, KI added to lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2increases, the height of the precipitate will increase and then remain constant.PERBINCANGANDISCUSSIONS54 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
6 Jelaskan mengapa ketinggian mendakan semakin bertambah dan kemudiannya menjadi malar. Explain why the height of the precipitate increases gradually and then remains constant. Ketinggian mendakan meningkat dari tabung uji 1 hingga 4 kerana semakin banyak ion iodida, I− bertindak balas dengan ion plumbum(II), Pb2+, menjadikan ketinggian mendakan semakin meningkat. Dalam tabung uji 5, kesemua ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ telah bertindak balas dengan ion iodida, I− dan mencapai ketinggian mendakan yang maksimum. Dari tabung uji 6 hingga 8, kesemua ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ telah bertindak balas dengan lengkap menjadikan ketinggian mendakan tidak berubah. The height of precipitate increases from test tube 1 to 4 because the quantity of iodide ion, I− reacts with lead(II) ion, Pb2+ increases, making the height of precipitate increases. In test tube 5, all lead(II) ion, Pb2+ has react with iodide ion, I− and achieve a maximum height of precipitate. From test tubes 6 to 8, all lead(II) ion, Pb2+ has reacted completely making the height of precipitate constant.5 Mengapakah tabung uji yang sama saiz mesti digunakan? Why the test tubes of the same size must be used? Supaya ketinggian mendakan yang terbentuk tidak dipengaruhi oleh ruang di dalam tabung uji. So that the height of precipitate formed is not affected by space in the test tube.© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 55Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
Sulphuric acid +Copper(II) sulphate ZincWaterTUJUANAIMBAHANMATERIALSRADASAPPARATUSEKSPERIMENEXPERIMENT 7.1 Buku Teks:Text Book: 230 – 231Kesan Saiz ke atas Kadar Tindak BalasEffect of Size on Rate of ReactionPROSEDURPROCEDUREPERNYATAAN MASALAHPROBLEM STATEMENTRajah 1/ Diagram 1Mengkaji kesan saiz bahan tindak balas ke atas kadar tindak balas.To study the effect of size of reactants on the rate of reaction.Bagaimanakah saiz bahan tindak balas mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas? How the size of reactants affect the rate of reaction?Asid hidroklorik, HCl 0.1 mol dm–3, ketulan besar marmar, CaCO3 dan ketulan kecil marmar, CaCO30.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, large pieces of marble chips, CaCO3 and small pieces of marble chips, CaCO3Kelalang kon 250 cm3, kaki retort dan pengapit, buret, besen, silinder penyukat 100 cm3, penyumbat getah, salur penghantar, penimbang elektronik dan jam randik 250 cm3 conical flask, retort stand with clamp, burette, basin, 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, rubber stopper, delivery tube, electronic balance and stopwatchGas karbon dioksidaCarbon dioxide gasAirWaterBesenBasin1 Tuliskan langkah-langkah eksperimen yang dijalankan.Write the steps of experiment carried out.1. 80.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCI 0.1 mol dm-3 dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah kelalang kon. 80 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is put into a conical flask.2. Buret dipenuhkan dengan air dan ditelangkupkan ke dalam sebuah besen yang berisi air. Buret diapit secara menegak./ A burette is filled with water and invert it into a basin filled with water. The burette is clamped vertically.BABCHAPTER 7 KADAR TINDAK BALASRATE OF REACTIONAMALI WAJIBAsid hidroklorikHydrochloric acidKelalang konConical flaskKetulan marmar, CaCO3Marble chips, CaCO356 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
3. Aras air dilaraskan di dalam buret supaya bacaan aras air ialah 50.00 cm3. The water level in the burette is adjusted so that the water level reading is 50.00 cm3.4. 5.0 g ketulan besar marmar, CaCO3 ditimbang dan dimasukkan semua ke dalam kelalang kon. 5.0 g of large pieces of marble chips, CaCO3 is weighed and is added into the conical flask.5. Dengan serta-merta, kelalang kon ditutup dengan penyumbat getah yang bersambung dengan salur penghantar. Dalam masa yang sama, jam randik dimulakan./ Immediately, the conical flask is closed with the rubber stopper which is connected to a delivery tube. At the same time, the stopwatch is started.6. Kelalang kon digoncang secara perlahan-lahan sepanjang eksperimen. The conical flask is swirl slowly throughout the experiment.7. Bacaan buret dicatatkan pada setiap selang masa 30 saat sehingga bacaan buret 20 cm3. The burette reading is recorded at intervals of 30 seconds until the burette reading is 20 cm3.8. Langkah 1 hingga 7 diulang dengan menggunakan 5.0 g ketulan kecil marmar, CaCO3. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated by using 5.0 g of smaller pieces of marble chips, CaCO3.9. Semua data diperoleh dicatatkan dalam jadual. All data obtained is recorded in table form.2 Bina satu jadual untuk merekodkan data eksperimen. Construct a table to record the data of the experiment. (a) Eksperimen I/ Experiment I (Ketulan besar marmar/ Large pieces of marble chips)Masa (s)Time (s)Bacaan buret (cm3)Burette reading (cm3)Isi padu gas karbon dioksida (cm3)Volume of carbon dioxide gas (cm3)(b) Eksperimen II/ Experiment II (Ketulan kecil marmar/ Small pieces of marble chips)Masa (s)Time (s)Bacaan buret (cm3)Burette reading (cm3)Isi padu gas karbon dioksida (cm3)Volume of carbon dioxide gas (cm3)Jawapan muridStudent's answerJawapan muridStudent's answer© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 57Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
3 Plotkan graf isi padu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa bagi kedua-dua eksperimen pada paksi graf yang sama.Plot a graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time for both experiments on the same graph axis.Isi padu gas karbon dioksida (cm3)/ Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)Masa (s)/ Time (s)Eksperimen I/ Experiment IEksperimen II/ Experiment II58 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
4 Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan: For this experimen, state: (a) pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ the manipulated variable Saiz ketulan marmar, CaCO3/ Size of marble chip, CaCO3 (b) pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ the responding variable Kadar tindak balas/ Rate of reaction (c) pemboleh ubah dimalarkan/ the constant variable Jisim ketulan marmar, CaCO3 // Suhu, isi padu dan kepekatan asid hidroklorik, HCl Mass of marble chip, CaCO3// Temperature, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl5 Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. State one hypothesis for this experiment. Semakin kecil saiz ketulan marmar, CaCO3, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. The smaller size of marble chips, CaCO3, the higher the rate of reaction.6 Berdasarkan graf yang telah diplot, bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi kedua-dua eksperimen. Based on the graph plotted, compare the rate of reaction for both experiments. Kadar tindak balas bagi ketulan marmar bersaiz kecil lebih tinggi berbanding dengan ketulan marmar bersaiz besar./ The rate of reaction of small marble chip is higher compared to the rate of reaction of large marble chip.7 Bagaimana saiz sesuatu bahan tindak balas mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas? How the size of a reactant affects the rate of reaction? Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. The smaller the size of reactant, the higher the rate of reaction.8 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi kadar tindak balas. State the operational definition of the rate of reaction. Perubahan isi padu gas yang diukur dalam sela masa 30 saat apabila ketulan marmar, CaCO3 ditambah kepada asid hidroklorik, HCl./ The change in the volume of gas measured at 30 seconds interval when marble chips, CaCO3 is added to hydrochloric acid, HCl.9 Nyatakan hubungan antara saiz ketulan marmar, CaCO3 dengan kadar tindak balas. State the relationship between the size of marble chips, CaCO3 and the rate of reaction. Semakin kecil saiz ketulan marmar, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas. The smaller the size of marble ships, the higher the rate of reaction.10 (a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas bagi dalam eksperimen ini. Write the chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment. CaCO3 (p/s) + 2HCl (ak/aq) → CaCl2 (ak/aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (ce/l) (b) Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata pada 30 saat pertama bagi kedua-dua eksperimen. Calculate the average rate of reaction in the first 30 seconds for both experiments. Kadar tindak balas pada 30 s pertamaJawapan muridStudent's answerAmali Kimia Tingkatan 4© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 59
1 45.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3 diletakkan ke dalam kelalang kon. 45.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 is put into a conical flask.2 Kelalang kon diletakkan di atas kertas putih bertanda “X”. The conical flask is placed on a white paper with “X” mark.3 Dengan berhati-hati dan cepat, 5.0 cm3 asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3 dituangkan ke dalam kelalang kon. Dalam masa yang sama, jam randik dimulakan. Carefully and quickly, 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is poured into the conical flask. At the same time, the stopwatch is started.4 Kelalang kon dipusarkan secara perlahan-lahan. Kelalang kon diletakkan di atas tanda “X” pada kertas putih semula. The conical flask is swirled gently. The conical flask is placed again on the “X” mark on the white paper.5 Tanda “X” diperhatikan secara menegak dari mulut kelalang kon. The “X” mark is observed vertically from the mouth of the conical flask.6 Jam randik dihentikan sebaik sahaja tanda “X” tidak kelihatan. Masa yang diambil direkodkan. The stopwatch is stopped once the “X” mark disappears from view. The time taken is recorded.7 Eksperimen diulang sebanyak 4 kali dengan menggunakan larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3yang telah dicairkan dengan air suling seperti dalam Jadual 1. Isi padu asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3ditetapkan dengan isi padu 5.0 cm3. The experiment is repeated 4 times by using 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 that has been diluted with distilled water as given in Table 1. The volume of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is fixed at 5.0 cm3.8 Semua data direkodkan dalam jadual. All the data are recorded in a table.TUJUANAIMBAHANMATERIALSRADASAPPARATUSEKSPERIMENEXPERIMENT 7.2 Buku TeksText Book: 232Kesan Kepekatan Bahan Tindak Balas ke atas Kadar Tindak BalasEffect of Concentration of Reactants on Rate of ReactionPROSEDURPROCEDUREPERNYATAAN MASALAHPROBLEM STATEMENTMengkaji kesan kepekatan bahan tindak balas ke atas kadar tindak balas.To study the effect of concentration of reactants on the rate of reaction.Bagaimanakah kepekatan bahan tindak balas boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindakbalas? How the concentration of reactant can affect the rate of reaction?Asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm−3,air suling dan kertas putih dengan tanda “X” 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3, distilled water and white paper with “X” markKelalang kon 150 cm3, jam randik, silinder penyukat 10 cm3 dan 50 cm3150 cm3 conical flask, stopwatch, 10 cm3 and 50 cm3 measuring cylindersAMALI WAJIBAmali Kimia Tingkatan 460 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
KEPUTUSANRESULTSEksperimenExperiment I II III IV VIsi padu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 (cm3)Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution, 45.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0Isi padu air suling (cm3) Volume of distilled water (cm3) 0.0 5.0 15.0 25.0 35.0Isi padu asid sulfurik, H2SO4 (cm3)Volume of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 (cm3) 5 5 5 5 5Jumlah isi padu campuran (cm3)Total volume of mixture (cm3) 50 50 50 50 50Masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” tidak kelihatan (s)Time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view (s)PERBINCANGANDISCUSSIONS1 Plotkan graf kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat melawan masa. Plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time.Masa (s)Time (s)Jawapan muridStudent's answer Jadual 1/ Table 1Kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat (mol dm−3)Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution (mol dm−3)Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 61
2 Nyatakan warna mendakan yang terhasil apabila larutan natrium tiosulfat dan asid sulfurik dicampurkan dan digoncangkan. State the colour of the precipitate produced when sodium thiosulfate solution and sulphuric acid is mixed and shaken. Kuning / Yellow3 Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan:For this experiment, state: (a) pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan/ the manipulated variable Kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat/ Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution (b) pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas/ the responding variable Kadar tindak balas// Masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” tidak kelihatan Rate of reaction// Time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view (c) pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan/ the constant variable Suhu// Saiz kelalang kon// Isi padu dan kepekatan asid sulfurik Temperature// Size of conical flask// Volume and concentration of sulphuric acid4 Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. State one hypothesis for this experiment. Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3, semakin singkat masa yang diambil untuk tanda ”X” tidak kelihatan. The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3, the shorter the time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view.5 Berdasarkan graf di 1, nyatakan hubungan antara kepekatan bahan tindak balas dengan masa tindak balas. Based on the graph in 1, state the relationship between the concentration of reactant and the reaction time. Semakin tinggi kepekatan bahan tindak balas, semakin pendek masa tindak balas. The higher the concentration of reactant, the shorter the reaction time.6 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi kadar tindak balas berdasarkan eksperimen ini. State the operational definition for the rate of reaction based on this experiment. Masa yang diambil untuk mendakan kuning terbentuk sehingga tanda “X” tidak kelihatan.Time taken for the yellow precipitation to form until the “X” mark is disappear from view.7 Eksperimen I diulang dengan menggantikan asid sulfurik dengan asid hidroklorik yang mempunyai kepekatan dan isi padu yang sama. Ramalkan masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” hilang dari pandangan. Experiment I is repeated by substituting sulphuric acid with hydrochloric acid with the same concentration and volume. Predict the time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view. Masa semakin panjang/ Time becomes longer62 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
10 kmKilang PFactory PRumah AHouse ARumah AHouse A8 Rajah 2 menunjukkan jarak antara dua buah rumah, Rumah A dan Rumah B dengan Kilang P. Kilang Pmerupakan kilang yang menghasilkan asid sulfurik. Ramalkan apakah yang akan berlaku kepada pagar besi bagi kedua-dua buah rumah tersebut dalam tempoh setahun. Terangkan jawapan anda. Diagram 2 shows the distance between two houses, House A and House B with Factory P. Factory P is a factory that produces sulphuric acid. Predict what will happen to the iron gates of both houses within a year. Explain your answer.Rajah 2/ Diagram 2Pagar besi Rumah A lebih cepat berkarat daripada pagar besi Rumah B kerana Rumah A lebih dekat dengan Kilang P. Kepekatan asid sulfurik di udara pada Rumah A lebih tinggi daripada Rumah B. Pagar besi Rumah A lebih cepat terkakis. Iron gate at House A rusts faster than iron gate at House B because House A is closer to Factory P . The concentration of sulphuric acid in the air at House A is higher than House B. Iron gate of House A corrodes faster.10 kmRumah BHouse B© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 63Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
1 Masukkan 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3 ke dalam kelalang kon. Biarkan selama 5 minit. Put 50.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 into a conical flask. Leave it for 5 minutes.2 Rekod suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3. Record the temperature of the 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3.3 Letakkan kelalang kon di atas tanda “X” pada kertas putih. Place the conical flask on the “X” mark of the white paper.4 Dengan berhati-hati dan cepat, tuangkan 5.0 cm3 asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3 ke dalam kelalang kon. Dalam masa yang sama, mulakan jam randik. Carefully and quickly, add in 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 into the conical flask. At the same time, start the stopwatch.5 Pusarkan kelalang kon secara perlahan-lahan. Letakkan kelalang kon di atas tanda “X” pada kertas putih semula. Swirl the conical flask gently. Place it again on the “X” mark of the white paper.6 Perhatikan tanda “X” secara menegak dari mulut kelalang kon. Observe the “X” mark vertically from the mouth of the conical flask.7 Hentikan jam randik sebaik sahaja tanda “X” tidak kelihatan. Stop the stopwatch once the “X” mark disappears from view in the form of table.8 Rekod masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” tidak kelihatan dalam bentuk jadual. Record the time taken when the “X” mark disappears from view in the form of table.9 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 8 dengan menggunakan 50.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3yang dipanaskan pada suhu 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC dan 55 oC. Repeat steps 1 until 8 by using 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 that has been heated to 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC and 55 oC.TUJUANAIMBAHANMATERIALSRADASAPPARATUSEKSPERIMENEXPERIMENT 7.3 Buku Teks:Text Book: 234Kesan Suhu ke atas Kadar Tindak BalasEffect of Temperature on Rate of ReactionPROSEDURPROCEDUREPERNYATAAN MASALAHPROBLEM STATEMENTMengkaji kesan suhu ke atas kadar tindak balas.To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.Bagaimanakah suhu boleh mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas? How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?Asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 0.2 mol dm–3dan kertas putih dengan tanda “X” di tengah 1.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3and a piece of white paper with an “X” mark in the middleKelalang kon 150 cm3, silinder penyukat 10 cm3 dan 50 cm3, jam randik, termometer, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai dan tungku kaki tiga 150 cm3 conical flask, 10 cm3 and 50 cm3 measuring cylinders, stopwatch, thermometer, Bunsen burner, wire gauze and tripod standAMALI WAJIB64 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
1 Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dalam jadual, plotkan: Based on the data obtained in the table, plot: (a) graf suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 melawan masa. graph of temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 against time.(b) graf kadar tindak balas, 1 melawan suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3. masa graph of rate of reaction, 1 against temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 timeSet Suhu (oC)Temperature (oC)Masa, t (s)Time, t (s) 1 (s-1) 1 (s-1) Masa TimeI 27II 40III 45IV 50V 55KEPUTUSANRESULTSSuhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3Masa (s)Time (s) 1 1 (s-1) Masa TimeSuhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3MENTAFSIR DATAINTREPRETING DATAJawapan muridStudent's answer© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 65Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
1 Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, nyatakan: Based on this experiment, state (a) pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / the manipulated variable Suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 Temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3(b) pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / the responding variable Masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” tidak kelihatan Time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view(c) pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / the fixed variable Isi padu dan kepekatan asid sulfurik, H2SO4 Volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, H2SO42 Nyatakan hipotesis yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan eksperimen ini. State the hypothesis that can be made based on this experiment. Semakin tinggi suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3, semakin singkat masa yang diambil untuk tanda “X” tidak kelihatan. The higher the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3, the shorter the time taken for the “X” mark to disappear from view.3 Berdasarkan graf tersebut, rumuskan hubungan antara kadar tindak balas dengan suhu larutan natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3. Based on the graph, conclude the relationship between the rate of reaction and the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3. Kadar tindak balas meningkat dengan peningkatan suhu. Rate of reaction increases with the increasing of temperature.4 Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3 dengan asid sulfurik, H2SO4. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution, Na2S2O3 and sulphuric acid, H2SO4. Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O5 Adakah asid sulfurik, H2SO4 boleh digantikan dengan asid hidroklorik, HCl? Jelaskan. Can sulphuric acid, H2SO4 be replaced with hydrochloric acid, HCl? Explain.Ya, kerana hanya ion hidrogen, H+ yang digunakan untuk bertindak balas dengan ion tiosulfat, S2O32− untuk menghasilkan mendakan kuning sulfur. Walau bagaimanapun, kadar tindak balas berkurang kerana asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik yang menghasilkan satu ion hidrogen per molekul manakala asid sulfurik ialah asid diprotik yang menghasilkan dua ion hidrogen per molekul. Yes, because only hydrogen ion, H+ that is used to react with thiosulphate ion, S2O32− to produce sulphur yellow precipitate. However, the rate of reaction decreases because hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid that produces one hydrogen ion per molecule while sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid that produces two hydrogen ions per molecule.PERBINCANGANDISCUSSIONS66 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
EKSPERIMENEXPERIMENT 8.1 Buku Teks:Text Book: 255 – 256Mengkaji Perbandingan Sifat Aloi dengan Logam TulenTo Study the Comparison of the Properties of Alloys with Pure MetalsRajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan kekerasan suatu logam tulen, kuprum dengan aloinya, gangsa. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set up of an experiment to compare the hardness of a pure metal, copper and its alloy, bronze.Rajah 1/ Diagram 1Satu pemberat berjisim 1 kg digantungkan di atas bongkah kuprum pada ketinggian 50 cm. Pemberat itu dijatuhkan dan menghentak pada bebola keluli. Diameter lekuk yang terbentuk pada bongkah diukur. Eksperimen tersebut diulang dengan menggunakan bongkah gangsa bagi menggantikan bongkah kuprum.A weight with a mass of 1 kg is hung above a copper block at the height of 50 cm. The weight is dropped and hits the steel ball bearing. The diameter of the dent formed on the block is measured. The experiment is repeated by using bronze block to replace the copper block.Jadual 1 menunjukkan diameter lekuk bagi bongkah kuprum dan bongkah gangsa.Table 1 shows the diameter of the dents for the copper and bronze blocks.Bongkah kuprum/ Copper block Bongkah gangsa/ Bronze blockDiameter lekuk/ Diameter of dent:0.5 cmDiameter lekuk/ Diameter of dent:0.3 cmJadual 1 / Table 1cm1 2cm1 2Pita selofanCellophane tapeBongkah kuprumCopper blockPemberat 1 kg1 kg weightBebola keluliSteel ball bearingBABCHAPTER BAHAN BUATAN DALAM INDUSTRIMANUFACTURING SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY8SPM K3AMALI WAJIB© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 67
1 Rekod diameter lekuk pada ruang yang disediakan dalam Jadual 1. Record the diameter of the dents in the spaces provided in Table 1.2 Bina satu jadual untuk merekodkan diameter lekuk bongkah kuprum dan bongkah gangsa. Construct a table to record the diameter of the dents for copper and bronze blocks.BlokBlockDiameter lekuk (cm)Diameter of the dent (cm)KuprumCopper 0.5GangsaBronze 0.33 (a) Berdasarkan keputusan pada Jadual 1, nyatakan satu pemerhatian ke atas bongkah itu. Based on the results in Table 1, state one observation on the blocks. Diameter lekuk pada blok kuprum lebih besar/ Diameter of dent on copper block is bigger (b) Nyatakan inferens berdasarkan pemerhatian di 3(a). State an inference based on the observation in 3(a). Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum/ Bronze is harder than copper4 Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan: For this experiment, state: (a) pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ the manipulated variable Jenis blok//Kuprum, Gangsa/ Type of blocks//Copper, Bronze (b) pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ the responding variable Diameter lekuk/ Diameter of dent (c) pemboleh ubah dimalarkan/ the fixed variable Jisim pemberat/ Mass of weight5 Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. State one hypothesis for this experiment.Gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum/ Bronze is harder than copper6 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi aloi dalam eksperimen ini.State the operational definition of alloy in this experiment. Aloi ialah bahan yang menghasilkan lekuk yang kecil apabila dikenakan daya. Alloy is a substance that produce smaller dent when force is applied.7 Dengan merujuk kepada susunan zarah, terangkan mengapa diameter lekuk pada kedua-dua bongkah dalam Jadual 1 adalah berbeza.By referring to the arrangement of particle, explain why the diameter of the dents on both blocks in Table are different. Saiz atom stanum dan atom kuprum berbeza. Atom stanum mengganggu susunan teratur atom kuprum. Apabila daya dikenakan, sukar untuk lapisan atom kuprum menggelongsor. Size of tin atoms and copper atoms are different. Tin atoms disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper atoms. When force is applied, it is difficult for layers of copper atoms to slide.68 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
8 Suatu eksperimen yang lain dijalankan untuk menyiasat hubungan antara ketinggian pemberat dengan diameter lekuk yang terbentuk pada bongkah itu. Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf diameter lekuk melawan ketinggian pemberat bagi eksperimen itu. Another experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between the height of the weight and the diameter of the dent formed on the block. Diagram 2 shows the graph of diameter of dent against the height of weight for the experiment.Rajah 2/ Diagram 2 Berdasarkan graf pada Rajah 2, tentukan diameter lekuk pada bongkah jika ketinggian pemberat di atas bongkah ialah 120 cm. Tunjukkan pada graf bagaimana anda memperoleh diameter lekuk itu. Based on the graph in Diagram 2, determine the diameter of dent on the block if the height of weight above the block is 120 cm. Show on the graph how you could obtain the diameter of the dent. 0.5 cm0 20 40 60 80 100 1200.50.40.30.20.133333Ketinggian pemberat (cm)Height of weight (cm)Diameter lekuk (cm)Diameter of dent (cm)© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 69Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
9 Rajah 3 menunjukkan keadaan bebola keluli apabila terdedah kepada udara selepas suatu tempoh masa yang panjang. Diagram 3 shows the condition of the a ball bearing when exposed to the air after a long period of time.Rajah 3/ Diagram 3 Nyatakan hubungan antara kuantiti karat yang terbentuk dengan masa.State the relationship between the amount of rust formed with time. Kuantiti karat bertambah dengan masa The quantity of rust formed increases with time10 Berikut menunjukkan beberapa bahan. The following shows a few substances. Kelaskan bahan ini kepada logam tulen dan aloi. Classify these substances into pure metal and alloy.Logam tulenPure metalAloiAlloyTimah Zink AluminiumTin Zinc AluminiumPiuter Duralumin LoyangPewter Duralumin BrassKaratRustKaratRustKaratRustBebola keluliSteel ballBebola keluliSteel ballBebola keluliSteel ballBulan pertamaFirst monthBulan keduaSecond monthBulan ketigaThird monthPiuterPewterAluminiumAluminiumZinkZincLoyangBrassDuraluminDuraluminTimahTin70 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.Amali Kimia Tingkatan 4
1 1811H Hidrogen Hydrogen1 2 13 14 15 16 172He Helium Helium423Li Litium Lithium74Be Berilium Beryllium95BBoron Boron 116CKarbon Carbon 127N Nitrogen Nitrogen 148O Oksigen Oxygen 169F Fluorin Fluorine 1910 Ne Neon Neon 20311 Na Natrium Sodium 23 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesium 24 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Al Aluminium Aluminium 27 14Si Silikon Silicone 28 15P Fosforus Phosphorus 3116S Sulfur Sulphur 3217Cl Klorin Chorine 35.5 18 Ar Argon Argon 40419KKalium Potassium 3920 Ca Kalsium Calcium 40 21Sc Skandium Scandium 45 22Ti Titanium Titanium 48 23V Vanadium Vanadium 5124 Cr Kromium Chromium5225 Mn Mangan Manganese 55 26Fe Ferum Iron 56 27 Co Kobalt Cobalt 59 28Ni Nikel Nickel 59 29 Cu Kuprum Copper 64 30 Zn Zink Zinc 65 31 Ga Galium Gallium 70 32 Ge Germanium Germanium 73 33 As Arsenik Arsenic 75 34Se Selenium Selenium 79 35Br Bromin Bromine 80 36 Kr Kripton Krypton 84537 Rb Rubidium Rubidium 85.5 38Sr Strontium Strontium 88 39Y Yttrium Yttrium 8940Zr Zirkonium Zirconium 91 41 Nb Niobium Niobium 93 42 Mo Molibdenum Molybdenum 96 43Tc Teknetium Technetium 98 44 Ru Rutenium Ruthenium 101 45 Rh Rodium Rhodium 103 46 Pd Paladium Palladium 106 47 Ag Argentum Silver 108 48 Cd Kadmium Cadmium 112 49In Indium Indium 115 50 Sn Stanum Tin 119 51 Sb Antimoni Antimony 122 52Te Telurium Tellurium 128 53I Iodin Iodine 12754 Xe Xenon Xenon 131655 Cs Sesium Cesium 133 56 Ba Barium Barium 137 57 La Lantanum Lanthanum 139 72 Hf Hafnium Hafnium 178.5 73Ta Tantalum Tantalum 181 74WTungsten Tungsten 18475 Re Renium Rhenium 186 76 Os Osmium Osmium 190 77Ir Iridium Iridium 192 78Pt Platinum Platinum 195 79 Au Aurum Gold 197 80 Hg Merkuri Mercury 201 81Tl Talium Thallium 204 82 Pb Plumbum Lead 207 83Bi Bismut Bismuth 209 84 Po Polonium Polonium 210 85At Astatin Astatine 210 86 Rn Radon Radon 222787Fr Fransium Francium 223 88 Ra Radium Radium 226 89 Ac Aktinida Actinium 227 104 Rf Rutherfordium Rutherfordium 257 105 Db Dubnium Dubnium 260 106 Sg Siborgium Scaborgium 262 107 Bh Bohrium Bohrium 262 108 Hs Hassium Hassium 265 109 Mt Meitnerium Meitnerium 266 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadtium 271 111 Rg Roentgenium Roentgenium 272 112 Uub Ununbium Ununbium 285Jadual Berkala Unsur / The Periodic Table of ElementsUnsur peralihan / Transition elements58 Ce Serium Cerium 140 59Pr Praseodimium Praseodymium 141 60 Nd Neodimium Neodymium 144 61 Pm Prometium Promethium 147 62 Sm Samarium Samarium 150 63 Eu Europium Europium 152 64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinium 157 65 Tb Terbium Terbium 159 66 Dy Disprosium Dysprosium 162.5 67 Ho Holmium Holmium 165 68Er Erbium Erbium 167 69 Tm Tulium Thulium 169 70 Yb Itterbium Ytterbium 173 71 Lu Lutetium Lutetium 17590 Th Torium Thorium 232 91 Pa Proaktinium Proactinium 231 92U Uranium Uranium 23893 Np Neptunium Neptunium 237 94 Pu Plutonium Plutonium 244 95 Am Amerisium Americium 243 96 Cm Kurium Curium 247 97 Bk Berkelium Berkelium 247 98Cf Kalifornium Californium 249 99Es Einsteinium Einsteinium 254 100 Fm Fermium Fermium 253 101 Md Mendelevium Mendelevium 256 102 No Nobelium Nobelium 254 103 Lr Lawrensium Lawrencium 257Lantanida Lanthanides Aktinida ActinidesLogam Metal Separa logam Semi-metal Bukan logam Non-metalPetunjukKey:Nombor proton / Proton number Simbol unsur Symbol of the element Jisim atom relatif Relative atomic mass Nama unsur / Name of the elementKimia Amali(Jadual Berkala).indd 1 01/11/2023 9:58 AM