1 MINI THESIS SCHOOLWIDE ENRICHMENT MODEL (SEM) MAKTAB RENDAH SAINS MARA PASIR SALAK AZOLLA PELLETS AS LIVESTOCK FEED (SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CATEGORY) GROUP MEMBERS: NADIA NURSYAUQINA BT MOHD FAIZAL (AP190114) PUTERI NUR ALEEYA BALQIS BT MEGAT AZIZAN (AP190119) NURSYAFIQAH BT NORHASMAT (AP190180) GROUP ADVISOR: PN. NOOR IZZATI ZAHIDAH BT MOHD RADZI 2022/2023
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, praises to Allah for his grace, we have successfully completed this project titled "Azolla as Livestock Feed". All obstacles can be overcome with patience and perseverance in carrying out the project. With the help from various parties we can complete this project. First and foremost, we would like to sincerely thank the principal of Maktab Rendah Sains Mara Pasir Salak, Pn. Rosmuni binti Abd Aziz for her permission to carry out this project successfully. Next, we would like to take this opportunity to thank Pn Nur Fadhilah binti Abdul Aziz for organizing and guiding us in this event. Furthermore, we would like to thank our advisor Pn. Noor Izzati Zahidah binti Mohd Radzi for her time, guidance, dedication, ideas and most importantly, she has provided positive encouragement and a warm spirit to finish this project. It has been a great pleasure and honour to have her as our advisor. Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our supportive parents for their love, patience, financial support also time helping us providing the materials and apparatus even though in this situation. Thank you very much sincerely from our heart.
3 AUTHOR CERTIFICATION We admit that this is our own work without plagiarism from other people's work except for excerpts and summaries which we have explained each of its sources. Signature: Name: Nadia Nursyauqina Binti Mohd Faizal College Number: AP190114 Date: 7 Jan 2023 Signature: Name: Nursyafiqah Binti Norhasmat College Number: AP190180 Date: 7 Jan 2023 Signature: Name: Puteri Nur Aleeya Balqis Binti Megat Azizan College Number: AP190119 Date: 7 Jan 2023
4 ADVISOR CERTIFICATION I admit that I have checked this thesis and prove that this is the result of their work. Signature: Pn. Noor Izzati Zahidah Binti Mohd Radzi Date: 7 Jan 2023
5 ABSTRACT Fish farming has become one of the sources of income for the community in Malaysia. In addition, this farming can contribute to food resources in Malaysia. However, the farming process allocates high costs for their fish needs. One of them is bran. The increase of 50% in the price of bran for livestock since last year has caused many farmers, especially in rural areas, to be depressed and in a money shortage. In this project we want to produce bran made from azolla trees since it is easy to find. Moreover, by adding soy dregs and coconut husk, this pallet will be more efficient for fish growth and improved nutritional value. We want to prove that our pellet can replace market fish bran. With our products, bran becomes cheaper and convenient. Plus, this pellet can be made at home. With the production of this product, we can reduce the cost allocation for bran. This bran will then be tested on pet fish with an observation test. Based on the observation of the fish, it gives a good effect proving our products are safe for fish to eat. This means that azolla can be used as an alternative for farmers to replace fish bran.
6 CONTENTS a) Author Certification and Advisor Certification b) Acknowledgement c) Abstract d) Contents e) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION a. Problem statement b. Objective c. Importance of product f) CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW a. Review of past project b. Advantages and disadvantages of product c. Innovation summary g) CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY a. Process of making b. Data collecting c. Observation d. Estimated cost e. Planning and organisation h) CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND ORGANISATION a. Result b. Ideas and improvement to product i) CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION a. Conclusion b. Discussion j) Bibliography k) Attachment
7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Average fish farmers reported a high increase in the price of fish bran. This causes the farmers’ finances to be disrupted in their daily lives. Based on a Kosmo report, a freshwater fish farmer in Kampung Lepan Jaya, Mat Nawi Hussin, 63, said he spends RM20,000 a month to buy bran for 100,000 fish in his seven breeding ponds. In addition, the limited production of bran products increases the difficulty for farmers to feed their fish. Then, some bran products on the market contain chemicals that can affect fish health. 1.2 OBJECTIVE This study was conducted for: • Alternative way to replace market fish bran • To reduce the cost allocation rate of fish farming 1.3 IMPORTANCE OF PRODUCT The increase in the price of fish bran has now become a problem for fish farmers. The expensive cost of fish bran causes them to have to spend more money to finance the care of the fish. With the pellet created by from this research, this problem will be overcome because it is cheap and can be made at home. Moreover, the manufacture of this product also facilitates the management of farmers in allocating the high cost of fish bran.
8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 REVIEW OF PAST PROJECT Some fish farmers nowadays use azolla as a substitute for fish bran to reduce the allocation of the bran because it is cheap and easy to get. Other than that, azolla can be a great food source for aquatic animals including fish, insects, birds and other aquatic life. Its clumping growth can provide a shelter for animals from predators that hide beneath the mass. Azolla takes up nutrients from the water. 2.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PAST PROJECT Azolla has a high level of crude protein which is 25% to 30% and higher lysine concentration from 0.45% and above indicated that Azolla plants may be a good source of fish feed compared to corn and other bran. (Mousumi Das, March 2018) However, the use of unpelletized azolla is not convenient and azolla cannot last long since it is an aquatic plant. 2.3 INNOVATION SUMMARY In Malaysia, the increase in the price of bran causes a high cost allocation to fish farmers. Because of this, we came out with an idea to carry out this project. After doing research, we were able to produce pelleted-fish food made from azolla with the addition of other ingredients such as soybean dregs and coconut husk to increase the effectiveness of our fish bran creation.
9 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 PROCESS OF MAKING 3.1.1 Materials: • Azolla , 150g • Soybean dregs , 90g • Coconut husk , 90g • Tapioca starch , 40g 3.1.2 Apparatus: • Food processor • Bowl • Electric scale • Grinder • Strainer
10 3.1.3 Procedure: 1. Wash and strain the azolla using a strainer 2. Grind the azolla using food processor 3. Grind the soybean dregs using food processor to become powder
11 4. Put the azolla, soybean dregs, coconut husk in a bowl 5. Mix all ingredients together 6. Put tapioca starch and water into the mixture and mix again
12 7. Grind the mixtures into a small piece for easy storage 8. Dry under the sunlight for few hours or put into microwave oven to dry the pellet 9. Store the azolla pellet in a container or in a dry place
13 3.2 DATA COLLECTING The data of this research was collected by observing our fish growth by using different types of food. We used two fish which is from the same species throughout this observation by separating them into fish A and fish B: • Fish A : Market Fish Bran • Fish B : Our Azolla Pellet 3.3 OBSERVATION To get the observation using this pellet we make an experiment by using two different types of food pellets, which are market fish bran and our azolla pellets to feed the fish. Both fish will be measured initially from length, width and weight. After that, the fish will be fed 3 times a day and will be re-measured every 3 days. Diagram 3.0 Fish used for observation Table 3.0 The time specified for feeding the fish Feeding time 9.00 am 2.00 pm 6.00 pm
14 3.3 ESTIMATED COST Table 3.1 Financial allocation used to produce the pellet Item Price (RM) Quantity Cost (RM) Pellet machine 112.70 1 112.70 Azolla 7.50 / 250 g 150 g 4.50 Soybean dregs 17.00 / 500 g 90 g 3.00 Coconut husk 3.00 / 90 g 90 g 3.00 Tapioca starch 4.50 / 400 g 40 g 0.45 Total 123.65
15 3.4 PLANNING AND ORGANISATION Table 3.2 Time planning for pellet production DATE PROGRESS CHECKLIST 15 JULY 2022 BRAINSTORMING IDEA TO ADVISOR 22 JULY 2022 DISCUSSION • Objective • Problem statement • Advantages and Disadvantages 23-24 JULY 2022 THESIS MAKING • Abstract • Introduction • Literature review • Objective • Problem statement 12-13 AUG 2022 SURVEY OF MATERIALS • Survey things to buy on shoppee and online platform • Materials such as: Azolla plants, Soy dregs, Coconut husk, Pellet machine 4 NOV 2022 THESIS MAKING • Hypothesis • Data collecting BUY THINGS NEEDED • Take about 1-2 weeks to make sure all the things complete 24-26 NOV 2022 START MAKING PRODUCT • Take about 1-2 days to complete • Stored in a dry place about a week 10-11 DEC 2022 PREPARING THE LIVESTOCK ANIMAL • Prepare the animal and the needs 12 – 31 DEC 2022 (SCHOOL HOLIDAY/ 3 WEEKS) OBSERVATION ON THE ANIMAL USING THE PRODUCT • Observation done at home • Checking the animal health, product usage progress • Continue making the thesis, video, pamphlet - 12 -18 DEC (FIRST WEEK) - 19 -25 DEC (SEC WEEK) - 26 -31 DEC (THIRD WEEK) FINAL THESIS PREPARATION • All thesis content must be completed 3 – 7 JAN 2023 INNOFEST / SEM FESTIVAL PREPARATION • Booth • Thesis • Display board • Pamphlet • Video 19 JAN 2023 INNOFEST / SEM FESTIVAL
16 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ORGANISATION 4.1 RESULTS Table 4.1 – 4.7 Results obtained from the observation 1st day (16 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11 cm 3 cm 24 g B 9.4 cm 3.5 cm 15 g 4th day (18 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11 cm 3 cm 24 g B 9.4 cm 3.5 cm 15 g 7th day (21 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11 cm 3 cm 24 g B 9.5 cm 3.5 cm 16 g 10th day (24 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11 cm 3.1 cm 25 g B 9.5 cm 3.5 cm 16 g 13th day (27 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11 cm 3.1 cm 25 g B 9.6 cm 3.5 cm 17 g
17 16th day (30 December) Fish Length Width Weight A 11.1 cm 3.2 cm 25 g B 9.6 cm 3.5 cm 17 g 19th day (2 January) Fish Length Width Weight A 11.1 cm 3.1 cm 26 g B 9.7 cm 3.5 cm 18 g
18 4.2 IDEAS AND IMPROVEMENT TO PRODUCT This idea can be used for the improvement process to bran to increase the effectiveness of bran to fish. • Adds vitamins such as omega-3 fatty acids and marine lipids, spirulina and kelp, and other natural nutrients for faster fish growth • Putting corn as Vitamin A plays a role in the formation of colour pigments in the fish's body. If vitamin A is available in sufficient quantities, the fish will form lots of pigments and the colour will automatically become brighter.
19 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 CONCLUSION After our group has finish the research, we conclude that this azolla pellet can be consumed and safe for fish. The growth and health of the fish prove the effectiveness of this product. Moreover, the growth of fish B which shows the same growth results as fish A proves that our azolla pellet can be a substitute for market fish food at a cheaper price and can also be made at home. This project is indeed bringing benefits to all. With this product, farmers can use it as a replacement for the current fish bran. The effectiveness of this product has an effect of 70% for use by farmers. The use of azolla pellets will also allow new fish farmers to invest in the production of their own azolla pellets since the cost of producing such pellets is now reasonable and cheaper. Plus, it also has the protein and nutrients required by fish compared to fish food in the market. We strongly recommend that the pellet can be improved further by experimenting with different ingredients that can provide better quality results and better levels of nutrients, vitamins and minerals that are suitable for fish growth. We believe that the effectiveness of pellets can be maximized when the necessary quality materials are used.
20 5.2 DISCUSSION The sudden increase in the price of fish food causes fish farmers to raise the selling price. This creates a problem for the community if the price of fish rises. Therefore, an idea to deal with this problem is needed. The azolla pellet is easy, cheap and convenient as an alternative way to solve the problem of expensive fish food prices. The process of making azolla pellets is not difficult. We only took about a day to complete the process. There were no problems in obtaining our results. Results from the present study suggested that predigesting soybean dreg with enzymes could replace up to 60% fishmeal in the moist pellets while achieving economic benefits. (Win Yin Mo, February 2020) Coconut dregs used as an alternative feed is not only good for poultry feed but also good to feed the fish because it has a protein content after fermentation. (Yolanda Fitria Syahri, November 2016) The main implication of our project is significant cost savings and easy to manufacture azolla pellets as well as easy access to resources. Another implication, we believe that any fish farmers can start their fish farming using azolla pellets that can be produced by themselves with improved nutrition, vitamins, and minerals in the future. Further research also can be conducted to study the nutritional value and effectiveness of other type of fish.
21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Online research • Evaluation of Fresh Azolla pinnata as a Low-Cost Supplemental Feed for Thai Silver Barb Barbonymus gonionotus https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323591973_Evaluation_of_Fresh_Azo lla_pinnata_as_a_LowCost_Supplemental_Feed_for_Thai_Silver_Barb_Barbonymus_gonionotus • Contoh thesis mini - Flip eBook Pages 1-19 | AnyFlip https://anyflip.com/rxqys/ffnc/basic • Contoh Tesis Kajian Saintifik 2013 http://semtgb.blogspot.com/2014/01/contoh-tesis-kajian-saintifik2013.html • Potency of Dregs Coconut Fermentation (Cocos nucifera) as an Alternative Feed for Fish and Poultry 'PA-BIO’ https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/278155-potency-of-dregs-coconutfermentation-co-2a6da64d.pdf • Pengurusan makanan ikan https://www.arc.com.my/info/pmi.html • Soybean dreg pre-digested by enzymes can effectively replace part of the fishmeal included in feed pellets for rearing gold-lined seabream https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31831234/ • How to make fish feed pellets https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-make-fish-feed-pellets-dorri-li