26 CHAPTER 3 PERSPECTIVE Perspective drawing gives objects on a 2D surface a sense of three-dimensionality. There are two types of perspective which is linear perspective and atmospheric perspective. Most of the design sketches involves only linear perspective as atmospheric perspective more to photo illustration. Linear perspective can be defined as method of demonstrating space in which the scale of an object reduces as the distance from the viewer increases. Linear perspective can be categorized into one-point perspective, two-point perspective and threepoint perspective. Figure 3.1 Differences of perspectives One-point perspective can be at any point along the horizon line where the only requirement is that all lines lead to the solitary point. The best example for one-point perspective is to imagine a straight road. For further steps and guidance regarding one-point perspective this video can be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrLBNYA_KNE&t=9s.
27 Figure 3.2 Example of One-Point perspective Two-point perspective is the method which parallel lines along the width and depth of an object are represented as meeting at two separate points on the horizon that are 90 degrees apart. Basically, two-point perspective is represented with two points which are at the opposite sides of the composition, and such as one on the far left and another on the far right. For further steps and guidance about two-point perspective this video can be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6MOIP_mLsc . Figure 3.3 Example of Two-Point perspective
28 Three-point perspective also called as multi-point, is a type of perspective that has more than two vanishing points. This is common, especially as the complexity of the subject matter grows. Three-point perspective is also formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture plane. For further steps, and guidance about three-point perspective this video can be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjblc49F6lI. Figure 3.4 Example of Three-Point perspective
2 ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE It is the drawing method that shows things to be smaller when it gets f Instructions:Sketch 2D Cubes with one-point perspective using free PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
9 further away and usually has single vanishing point. hand sketching. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE It is the method which parallel lines along the width and depth of an o that are 90 degrees apart. Instructions:Sketch 2D Cubes with two-point perspective using free PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
0 object are represented as meeting at two separate points on the horizon ehand sketching. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Sketch 2D Cubes with three-point perspective using fre PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
1 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture eehand sketching. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
2 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
3 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
4 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
5 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
6 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
7 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
8 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
3 THREE POINT It is formed by a third set of orthogonal lines which rise from ground p plane. Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
9 plane and eventually meet at vanishing point 3, high above the picture with the same way of the three-point diagram shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
40 CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF SKETCHING There is various type of sketching that needs to be considering for the sketching and it is denoted into two part which is basic sketches and technical sketches. The types of basic sketching are Rough sketches, Thumbnail, Concept sketches, whereas the partition for technical sketches are Detail sketches and also Isometric sketches. Rough sketches are developed immediately after brainstorming function as the first full visual prototype. They're produced quickly and without much concern for composition or even aesthetics. To know further about the rough sketches and it related step this video might be useful to be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=caA57TC14KQ. Figure 4.1 Example of rough sketches Thumbnail sketch is small, roughly drawn images quickly committed to paper. Thumbnail sketches only need to be the size of a credit card and require no detail, simply arrangements of shapes and tones. The idea is to mass areas of similar tone together then arrange these massed shapes to form an interesting composition. Work out what will be your focal point, place it in a suitable position (generally not midway either vertically or horizontally) then make sure the darkest dark and lightest light occur at this point. To know further about the thumbnail sketches and it related step this video might be useful to be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyWoyljAr7Y.
41 Figure 4.2 Examples of Thumbnail sketches
42 Concept sketch is known for the sketch illustrating the main aspects of a concept or system, annotated with concise but complete labels that identify the features, depict the processes that are occurring, and characterize the relationships among features and processes. A concept sketch is more than a labeled diagram. To know further about the concept sketches and its related step this video might be useful to be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWPOkjuGYZ8 Figure 4.3 Example of concept sketches Technical sketch can be categorized into two groups which one of it is the detail sketches and the other is isometric sketches. Detail sketch defined as drawing of a part giving a complete and exact description of it form, dimensions, and construction. Detail sketch can also be defined as manufacturing drawings, usually a single component and give all the information necessary for the manufacture of that component.
43 Figure 4.4 Detail Sketch Isometric and orthographic sketch is a detail technical sketch which concerns about pictorial representation of an object in which all the three-dimensions are drawn at the full scale. Overall, isometric sketching doesn’t include any measurements into it to show the visual aid and its shown the full model. Orthographic is a reverse method that shows the 3D isometric view into a 2D orthographic projection. To know further about the technical sketches and its related step this video might be useful to be referred https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lktqIFc9PAg. Figure 4.5 Technical Sketches
44 Figure 4.6 Isometric Projection
4 THUMBNAIL SKETCH It is a quick sketch which solitary purposes is in roughing out an idea Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
45 of what the final design might look like. with the same way of the thumbnail shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
4 THUMBNAIL SKETCH It is a quick sketch which solitary purposes is in roughing out an idea Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
46 of what the final design might look like. with the same way of the thumbnail shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
4 THUMBNAIL SKETCH It is a quick sketch which solitary purposes is in roughing out an idea Instructions:Follow the example given and draw again accordingly w PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
47 of what the final design might look like. with the same way of the thumbnail shown. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
4 CONCEPT SKETCH It is the sketches or diagrams that are explained with short statements the sketch. Instructions:Draw the concept sketches based on your project in the PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
48 that describe the processes, concepts, and interrelationships shown in space provided. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
4 DETAIL SKETCH It is the sketches that provides complete and precise descriptions of a Instructions:Draw the detail sketches based on your project in the sp PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
49 part’s dimensions, shape, and how it is manufactured. pace provided. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
50 CHAPTER 5 RENDERING In 3D graphic designs, rendering is the process of add shading, color and lamination to a 2-D to 3-D wireframe in order to create life-like images on a screen. Besides that, rendering can also be made either through hand sketches or by using software’s if the drawings are based of software’s related. For hand sketches rendering, there a few techniques can be applied such as add shading, and color. For further knowledge about the rendering and its process this video can viewed for reference purposes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrzwFKRTxPM. There are a few types of pencil shading that can be used for rendering process which is hatching, cross hatching, random lines, stippling, circling, blending and color contour. The shading has also been explained in Chapter 1. Eventually, shading can only show black, white and grey scale color. Figure 5.1 Example of types of shading Besides greyscale shading, rendering can also be made through color contour which is from color wheel and shading color frame. Color wheel is the color code which shows the relationship between the primary, secondary and tertiary colors. For further knowledge about
51 the color wheel and its process this video can viewed for reference purposes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7BLMbvTngU. Figure 5.2 Example for the greyscale pallet Figure 5.3 Example for the color wheel
52 Figure 5.4 Example for the color pallet
5 RENDERING Rendering gives the final appearance to models with visual effects, su Instructions:Redraw and render the image as shown in the example. PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
3 uch as shading, texture mapping, shadows, reflections and motion blurs NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
5 RENDERING Rendering gives the final appearance to models with visual effects, su Instructions:Redraw and render the image as shown in the example. PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
4 uch as shading, texture mapping, shadows, reflections and motion blurs NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
5 2D RENDERING It is a particular process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorea Instructions:Redraw and render the image as shown in the example. PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER
5 alistic image from a 2D by means of software or sketches. NAME: MATRIC NO: CLASS: SESSION: ENGINEERING RING DEPARTMENT
5 PRODUCT RENDERING Rendering gives the final appearance to models with visual effects, su Instructions:Redraw and render the final image as shown in the exam PRODUCT DESIGN E MECHANICAL ENGINEER