51 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT The process once used for printing everything from literature to newspapers is now used for printing as an art form and craft. The type high object in the bed of the press — whether it’s type, linoleum, wood block, or photopolymer plate — is impressed into and becomes part of the paper on which it’s printed. The possibilities of words combined with images are endless. Different types of letterpress printers include fine press printers, (traditional books and poetry chapbooks), job printers (invitations, announcements) and book artists (books and flat art pieces, combined with other art and printing processes). Crooked Letter Press produces letterpress books in the realm of book arts, with a focus on high craft and quality printing in the tradition of fine press printing. Setting metal or wood type by hand is the way type was set before the advent of photographic reproduction or computers. Type comes in a variety of typeface styles and sizes. In a font of type, each letter of the alphabet, (plus other characters, figures, & ligatures) is set on top of a piece of metal of a specific height (.918”, or type high.) The letters are selected from the type drawer, one by one, and set side by side to form words and sentences. Spacing material sized shorter than the type is placed between words for wordspacing, and pieces of leading are placed beneath each finished line of set type for line spacing. The lines must be set firmly in the composing stick so they can be removed without falling apart, tied together into a form, and moved into the bed of the press for letterpress printing. Mixing Ink - Using a Pantone mixing guide, any ink color can be mixed from a standard collection of basic ink colors — either rubber-based or oil-based ink. Setting type • • • • • • LETTERPRESS PROCESS
52 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 52 using the printing method one by one arrangement of letters in order embossing prints The surface on which the paper (to‘ be printed) is placed for printing is flat and is called platen, and the forms or master or printing surface is also placed on a flat surface known as the flatbed. Since the paper is put on the platen (flat surface), therefore this group of machines is also known as platen press or platen machine or treadle machine. Platen Press Flatbed Cylinder Press Rotary Sheet - Fed Press Rotary Web - Fed Press TYPES OF PRESS IN LETTERPRESS Platen Press TYPES OF PRESS IN LETTERPRESS
53 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT First of all a forms or printing surface is prepared for printing each letter and image is cast separately using wood (engraving/carving) or alloys made up of tin, antimony, lead etc. Then these letters and images are arranged together and locked in a frame firmly. This is technically known as the forms or chase. It acts as the printing surface. The master frame is fixed in a plane surface and inking is done by inking rollers which pick up the ink from a revolving ink disc fixed above the ‘machine and then pass it across the forme.Paper is fed by inserting in between the two flat surfaces. The plane surface on which paper is placed for printing is known as platen. Bringing the flat surfaces in contact with each other does printing. The whole composed matter comes under the pressure at the same time where a controlled pressure is required to transfer the ink from the matter to the paper clearly and correctly. Types of Jobs Suitable for Platen Machines: These types of machines are best suited for printing letter heads, cards, bill forms, leaflets, pamphlets, inserts, visiting cards, office files, serial numbering, etc. Platen presses can also do embossing, die cutting, creasing and foil stamping, numbering, etc. which other printing presses just cannot. Process Platen Press Flat to flat type of machines are available in different sizes to suit different jobs. The printing work can be stopped in between and any correction can be carried out. Small works in less numbers can be printed at very cheap rates. Advantage Disadvantage The speed of printing of flat-to-flat type of machines is very slow. The average speed is 1200 impressions per hour. Since the paper used for printing by these machines is in the form of sheets, a lot of time is wasted in changing the sheets of papers repeatedly. So printing becomes a very time consuming process. In flat-to-flat type of machines printing is possible only in one colour during one impression.. • • • • • • • • •
54 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 54 Flatbed Cylinder Press Using the method in rolls The moving type will lock on the immobile bed Print by registration This group of letterpress machines is also known as flat bed cylinder presses. The surface of the printing surface remains flat while the surface carrying paper is cylindrical. Earlier these presses were operated by steam power, but now days they are operated by electrical power. The average speed is 1200 impressions per hour. At first a matter is prepared in the same way as in the platen press and is placed on a plane surface called flat bed. This bed travels to and fro from one end to the other end of the machine. Inking is done by the ink rollers, which are rolled over the bed. The impression cylinder is a part of these machines, which is used to grip the paper and to apply the pressure. It revolves about its own axis. Due to the to and fro motion of the flat bed and the pressure applied by revolving impression cylinder, the image areas are printed on the substrates. Examples of Fiat Bed Cylinder Press : Stop cylinder machines. Swing cylinder machines Single-revolution-cylinder machine Two-revolution-cylinder machine Types of Jobs Suitable for Flat Bed Cylinder Machines. These machines are efficient enough to print considerably longer run jobs i.e. in larger numbers and for much bigger paper sizes. Process of Flatbed Cyliner Press • • • • • • • • • • • • •
55 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Flat to cylinder type of machines are cheaper and flexible in printing. Since there is a revolving impression cylinder and is power driven the printing speed quite high. The average speed of these machines is 4000 impressions per hour. Advantage Disadvantage Although speed of flat bed to cylinder type of machines is higher than platen ones, yet this speed is not optimum for larger printing jobs. These machines are comparatively very slow with respect to modern printing processes (offset, gravure, rotary letter presses etc.) Like platen machines, these machines also use individual sheets for printing, so they are also time-consuming. • • • • There are two types of rotary letterpresses, sheetfed and web-fed. Web-fed rotary presses are the most popular type of letter press printing. Sheetfed rotary presses are also declining in use; in fact these sheetfed rotary presses are no longer manufactured in the U.S. Like all rotary presses, rotary letterpress requires curved image carrying plates. The most popular types of plates used are stereotype, electrotype, and molded plastic or rubber. When printing on coated papers, rotary presses use heat-set inks and are equipped with dryers, usually the high-velocity hot air type. Web-fed rotary letterpress presses are used primarily for printing newspapers.These presses are designed to print both sides of the web simultaneously. Typically, they can print up to four pages across the web; however, some of the new presses can print up to six pages across a 90-inch web.Rotary letterpress is also used for long-run commercial, packaging, book,and magazine printing. SHEET FED & WEB FED
56 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 5 6 Process of Rotary Press The master, which is first fixed on to the plate cylinder (Stereotype and electrotype); Then one end of the paper web is fixed in between these two cylinders. When both the cylinders start revolving on their axis, the reel of paper is pulled according to the speed of the cylinder. Types of Jobs Suitable for Rotary Press The paper printed is in rolling form. After printing it is cut in to sheets as per the requirement. This is a fast method of printing. These machines are suitable for printing of newspapers, magazines, books, etc. in a large quantity. The speed is about 20000 to 30000 impression per hour. Cylinder to cylinder type of machines has higher speed in comparison to other letterpress machines. The Use of paper in the web form allows continuous printing. Rotary movement of cylinders allows faster printing. Inline operations can be incorporated in these machines; these operations include cutting, folding of paper trimming of paper, packaging etc. Two three or four colours are possible in these machines. The number of colours that can be printed depends on the number of units through which the paper passes during printing. Since the cylinders are in continuous motion, energy is not wasted in accelerating them again and again. Advantage Disadvantage It requires more time for make ready procedure before printing, labour and technical Skilled men are required for the preparation of master (stereo and electroplates) Initial cost of setting up these machines is very high. These machines are not suitable for small size jobs i.e., less numbers of copies. • • • • • • • • • • ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
57 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Feeding System COMPONENTS IN LETTERPRESS Printing System Inking System Delivery System Feeding System is including paper in plate part namely in griffer and feed board. Printing System is process to print in part plate cylinder and effect cylinder Inking System is sweeping ink on the plate that is on ink roller and ink pan Delivery System arranging letter become text that is complete in text surface manually and hard copy That can be mounted on metal Many newspapers have changed to offset printing because of the time needed to make letterpress plates and to prepare the press Original the ink-bearing surface for printing a page of text was assembled from individual types by a typesetter or composition Letter by letter and line by line. Characteristics • • • • • • • • COMPONENTS IN LETTERPRESS
58 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 5 8 QUIZ 1. Describe the process of Letterpress ? QUESTION 1 2. Explain function feeding system components in Letterpress ? 3. Explain characteristics of Letterpress? 4. Explain types of press in Letterpress ? 5. Explain the advantanges Platen Press in Letterpress ? QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5
59 6 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT SCREEN PRINTING
60 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 6 0 Screen Printing refers to: when the image area are porous; to let the ink pass, whereas the non image area on the printing plate blocked to prevent ink pass. Screen printing originated from China. Originally used to print textiles. Most simple print process. Manual screen printing can be accomplished with only a few simple items: a sturdy frame, screen fabric, stencils, squeegee , and ink. Automatic press equipment is available which greatly speeds up the process. The equipment costs for screen printing are lower than other printing processes, but the rate of production is usually slower. WHAT IS SCREEN PRINTING? scre en SCREEN PRINTING PROCESS
61 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Screen printing is a direct printing process by forcing ink through a stencil. The screen printing process uses a porous mesh fabric stretched tightly and mounted on a sturdy frame made of wood or metal. A squeegee is used to press the ink through a stencil on the screen and transfer it directly onto the substrate. The ink pass through only to the open areas of the stencil and it is transferred directly onto a substrate positioned below the frame thus forming an image on the printing substrate 1. Design creation First and foremost, the design to be printed on to the fabric is printed out on to a transparent acetate film, which will be used to create the stencil, or screen. 2. Preparing the screen The method gets its name from the use of a screen to print the design. There’s no ‘one size fits all’ approach here, and choosing the right mesh screen involves assessing the complexity of the design to be printed, and the material which is to be printed on. Once the mesh screen has been chosen, it is then coated with a layer of light-reactive emulsion. 3. Exposing the emulsion The transparent acetate film which holds the design is then carefully placed onto the emulsion-coated mesh screen. This is placed under a very bright light, which causes the light-reactive emulsion to harden and develop. This is an important step in creating the design imprint, as any areas of the screen which are covered by the design will remain in liquid form. This step becomes more complicated when multiple colours are involved in the design, as separate screens must be used for each separate colour. This is why the high precision process requires highly skilled printers, as each stencil must be carefully designed per colour, and then precisely lined up to ensure the final design is an exact match to the original. The step-by-step screen printing process SCREEN PRINTING PROCESS
62 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 62 4. Creation of the stencil The screen must be exposed under the light for a set amount of time, before the emulsion has hardened on any areas that are not covered by the design. In order to leave a clear imprint of the design on the screen, any emulsion which has remained in liquid form will be carefully rinsed away. Once the screen is in a position where only hardened emulsion remains, it will be carefully dried and the printer will be able to make any necessary corrections manually, to ensure the imprint is as precise as possible. This will mean that the printer is now left with a completed stencil ready to be used for print. 5. Preparation for print The silk to be printed on is laid down flat on the printing press (we use an automatic rotary carousel printer), and the screen is carefully placed on top in the desired position, ready to print. 6. Printing This is when the printed design finally starts to come to life! The screen is lowered down onto the printing board, above the piece of silk. A thick layer of ink in the desired colour is applied to the top of the screen and a squeegee (a rubber blade attached to a long metal handle) is used to drag the ink across the whole length of the screen, covering the full stencil. The way this works, is that the ink is pressed through the open areas of the stencil and transfers on to the silk underneath, leaving an ink pattern in the desired design. This can be repeated as many times as necessary using the same stencil, if multiple products are to be created. Once the order is complete and the stencil is no longer required, the screen will be washed using a special fluid to remove the hardened emulsion, leaving the mesh ready to be used again to produce new stencils. 7. Quality check & finishing Finally, the ink is cured by passing the silk through a special dryer to reveal a smooth, colourfast finish design. The final product will be checked and thoroughly washed to remove all traces of emulsion residue and ensure it’s ready for use. PLATE , INK AND SUBSTRATE
63 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT The Screen printing stencil serve as a printing plate and it mounted on a sturdy frame Stencil is the image carrier for screen printing. The stencil is produce in 2 different ways: Manual Stencil Production: For simple, solid-area print work, the stencil can be produce manually by drawing or cut stencils and transferred to the underside of the screen. Photomechanical Stencil Production: For multi color/halftone; the application of photomechanical stencil material based on photopolymer The inks are moderately viscous inks and takes a long time to dry. Types of ink are rubber dye, plastiscol,disharge, water base and others Screen printing is the printing process with which practically any substrate such as; paper and card, plastic, glass, metal, textiles, Plate, Ink and Substrate PLATE , INK AND SUBSTRATE
64 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 64 Flatbed Screen Printing The printing plate and the printing substrate are both flat Cylinder Press The printing plate is flat, printing substrate is curve shape Rotary Screen Printing Printing screen is cylinder. Printing plate, substrate and impression cylinder move together. TYPES OF PRESS IN SCREEN PRINTING
6 5 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Machine base a place to put materials to print like clothes Squeegee leveling the ink so that the image can be produced Stencil Manual : stencil can be produced manually by drawing or cut stencils and transferred to the underside of the screen Auto : Displayed on to the photopolymer machine and the image can be produced TYPES OF PRESS IN SCREEN PRINTING MACHINE BASE STENCIL SQEEGEE COMPONENTS IN SCREEN PRINTING
66 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 6 6 Ink Squegee Frame Positive image on the screen Negative space on the screen The printed image on paper A B C E DF
67 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Most simplest and cheapest method of printing process ; The equipment costs for screen printing are lower than other printing processes. The most versatile printing process (almost all materials and shapes can be printed) Suitable to print for the small and medium jobs. Layout soft printed small - Soft and flexible screen.- Strong coverage of ink layer - Pure black paper can be printed on white, strong sense of three-dimensional. Suitable for all kinds of inks Resistant to optical performance - Can print the same luster. (No effect of temperature and sunlight). This makes printing some stickers, without additional coating process. Flexible printing methods plate making convenient, cheap, easy to master the technology strong adhesion Pure hand-screen printing, but also machine printing suitable for longterm display, outdoor advertising expressive Advantage Disadvantage It requires more time for make ready procedure before printing, labour and technical Skilled men are required for the preparation of master (stereo and electroplates) Initial cost of setting up these machines is very high. These machines are not suitable for small size jobs i.e., less numbers of copies. • • • • • • • • • • ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
68 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 6 8 QUIZ 1. Describe the process of screen printing ? QUESTION 1 2. Explain components in screen printing ? 3. Visualize process in screen printing? 4. Explain types of press in screen printing ? 5. Explain the advantanges in screen printing? QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5
69 7 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT DIGITAL PRINTING
70 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 70 Digital printing is the process of printing digital-based images directly onto a variety of media substrates. There is no need for a printing plate, unlike with offset printing. Digital files such as PDFs or desktop publishing files can be sent directly to the digital printing press to print on paper, photo paper, canvas, fabric, synthetics, cardstock and other substrates. Instead of using metal plates to transfer an image, digital printing presses print the image directly onto the media material. The main difference between digital printing and traditional methods is that there isn’t any need for the printing plates to be replaced. DIGITAL PROCESS WHAT IS DIGITAL PRINTING? The digital printing process involves printing on different media like paper, fabric, acrylic, plastic, etc., directly from a digital image. It is professionally done print work and small jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources which are printed via inkjet printers of large format or high volume. Digital printing is certainly more expensive per page than conventional methods; however, the cost of making printing plates is eliminated, bringing down the overall cost. Digital printing can also be done on demand and in a short time; images can be easily altered for each impression as well. With its huge savings in labor and rapidly improving capabilities, digital printing has slowly begun to match the ability of offset printing. It is now possible to print thousands of sheets at a low price with digital printing. Get some details on digital printing vs offset printing. The most popular printers used digital printing processes are inkjet and laser printers that drop pigments or toners on numerous substrates like paper, glass, canvas, metal, fabric, marble, and plastic. Usually the ink or toner only forms a slim layer on the surface without permeating the substrate - which happens in traditional methods. A fuser fluid with heat process is used for toner and UV curing process is used for ink so that it adheres firmly to the substrate. Checkout some print finishing techniques.
71 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Digital printing describes the process of transferring a document on a personal computer or other digital storage device to a printing substrate by means of a device that accepts text and graphic output. As with other digital processes, information is reduced to binary code, or “digitized,” to facilitate its storage and reproduction. Digital printing has steadily replaced lithography in many markets, especially at the consumer and business level, as a result of its substantially lower production costs. DIGITAL PROCESS DESCRIBES THE PROCESS IN DIGITAL The process doesn’t include any prepress stages between the document file and the final product either. And no photo chemicals or film plates are required. See a step-by-step guide here… Step 1 - A clean, sharp image is prepared – crop marks will ensure that there aren’t any untrimmed areas in the final trimmed document Step 2 - The maximum amount of material is used for the printmaking the imposition effective without any waste Step 3 - The files are formatted correctly before being sent to the printer ensuring the results are high-quality and accurate In many of the digital printing processes, the ink doesn’t permeate the substrate but forms a thin layer on the surface that may have additional adherents added by heat or curing. And much energy is conserved by certain processes and equipment being bypassed – making for a reduced carbon footprint and an ecofriendlier procedure.
72 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 72 Xerography/ Electrophotography Large Format Inkjet THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF Definition: A dry copying process in which black or colored powder adheres to parts of a surface remaining electrically charged after being exposed to light from an image of the document to be copied. Also known: Electrophotography Meaning: Xerox Dry Graphos Writing Material Paper Metal Product Six step process: Charge Expose Develop Transfer Fuse Clean XEROGRAPHY / ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY Xerography machine • • • • • • • •
73 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Light shining on the item to be copied is reflected off a mirror, through a lens, and off a second mirror to form an image on a photosensitive (selenium-coated) drum. The drum’s surface charge varies with the light and dark areas of the image. The toner drum delivers tiny black particles (toner) to the dark, charged areas of the image. The toner-based image is then transferred to paper rolled onto the drum, the negatively charged toner particles being attracted by a positive charge under the sheet, and the paper is heated to set the toner. The copy paper itself originally provided the treated surface, but the innovation of the selenium-coated drum permitted the use of ordinary paper. Light projection permits the printed image to be enlarged or reduced by any desired percentage. The high printing speed of (from 4 up to 40 and higher pages per minute) The printing speed does not depend on resolution The high printing quality (400 dpi of the laser colour printer is comparable with 1400 dpi ink-jet) The low copy cost price (on the second place after dot-matrix printers) Advantage Disadvantage Apparatus high price High energy consumption Colour apparatus very high price • • • ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE • • • •
74 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 74 Large Format Printing refers to print materials that are too large to be printed on the most readily available sizes of commercial printing presses. Sometimes called wide-format printing or grand-format printing, large format printing requires the use of specialty production equipment that can accommodate bigger-than-normal print dimensions. In the print industry, “large format” is actually a relative term because maximum print sizes vary from printer to printer. But generally speaking, large format refers to the following categories of print materials: Banner and Bunting Advertising Publishing Window and Wall Posters Maps, Diagrams and Charts Event Announcements Large Wall Calendars Store Displays Promotional Signage Child Growth Charts Important Notices for Employees, Students or other groups Standees Horizontal or Vertical Banners As you can see, large format printing has many uses. It can be used to get attention from afar, to provide quick reference, or to provide a large visual for use in a classroom or other instructional setting. Also, most businesses use large format print materials for promotional purposes. LARGE FORMAT PRINTING / INKJET • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
75 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Full color - Various design possibilities with full color and gradation print without the limitation of colors. Quick delivery - Full color print is done in one process without using plates. It enables quick delivery. Color matching time is reduced - It is now possible to create a single sample which have the same quality when compared the final product with the original design. Using the digital data makes easy and simply color matching and based on the original design the production can start right away.Analog printing requires times for color matching before starting the production. In digital printing that time is no needed. Low cost - Lower cost production is achieved by printing without plates and with less production processes. Simple - Simple process makes anybody to be able to print easily. It is simple as that it does not require knowledge of prepress or blending ink. Small volume production - On-demand and only one production is possible by printing without plates. Variable data printing and custom-made production is also possible. High added value - The needs of the customers can be now quickly answered to, depending on their own hobbies or seasons.In addition to the standard color prints, the UV inkjet printers allow glossy finish, texture print, and embossed effects which adds more value to the printed materials. Environmentally friendly - Inkjet printing reduces ink wastes because it ejects ink only to the parts to be printed. It also reduces the process to clean the plates after printing. ADVANTAGE DIGITAL PRINTING • • • • • • • •
76 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 76 QUIZ 1. Describe the process of digital printing? QUESTION 1 2. Discuss Xerography in digital printing ? 3. Explain advantages and disadvantage Xerography in digital printing ? 4. Identify five (5) examples of suitable products in digital printing 5. Determine the advantanges in digital printing? QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5
7 7 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT Johansson, Kaj; Lundberg, Peter & Ryberg, Robert. A Guide to Graphic Print Production. WILEY, 2007. ISBN 978-0-471-76138-9 Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien; Needham, Joseph (1985). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158, 201. Saunders, Gill; Miles, Rosie (May 1, 2006). Prints Now: Directions and Definitions. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 978-1-85177-480-7 Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style, Dublin, Hartley & Marks Publishers, 2012. Michael Giesecke, Der Buchdruck in der frühen Neuzeit: Eine historische Fallstudie über die Durchsetzung neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, Vierte, durchgesehene Auflage, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2006. Michael Twyman, The British Library Guide to Printing: History and Techniques, London, British Library Publishing Division, 1998. John Man, The Gutenberg Revolution: How Printing Changed the Course of History, London, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 2009. https://www.gellnerindustrial.com/what-is-gravure-printing/ Jacci Howard Bear, A Beginner’s Guide to Flexography Printing and Its Uses, Lifewire part of the Dotdash publishing ,2020 Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 976–979. ISBN 3-540-67326-1. Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style, Dublin, Hartley & Marks Publishers, 2012. REFERENCE
78 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 78 Michael Giesecke, Der Buchdruck in der frühen Neuzeit: Eine historische Fallstudie über die Durchsetzung neuer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, Vierte, durchgesehene Auflage, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2006. Michael Twyman, The British Library Guide to Printing: History and Techniques, London, British Library Publishing Division, 1998. John Man, The Gutenberg Revolution: How Printing Changed the Course of History, London, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 2009. Block Print: Everything you need to know to make fine-art prints with lino blocks, foam blocks, and stamp sets by Andrea Lauren. Rockport, 2016. A hands-on guide to printing from first principles History of the Phototypesetting Era by Frank Romano. RIT Press, 2014. Phototypsetting was an important bridge between old-style manual printing and modern digital technologies. Printing Technology by J. Michael Adams and Penny Ann Dolin. Delmar, 2001. A review of traditional and modern, digital printing technologies. The Book: The Life Story Of A Technology by Nicole Howard. Greenwood, 2005. A complete review of the history of printing, from early papyrus to ebook. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800 by Lucien Febrve and Henri-Jean Martin. Verso, 2010. An economic, technological, social, and cultural history of book publishing. Printing -- Lithography Topic Hub: Printing Process Overview (2019) University of Illinois Allison Schiff and Alex Danie Offset Printing Versus Print-on-Demand (2016) pW PUBLISHER Hand Book Of Offset Printing Technology [Paperback] [Jan 01, 2008) EIRI Engineers India Research Institute ISBN 978-8186732823
79 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers The Complete Book on Printing Technology with Process Flow Diagrams, Plant Layouts and Machinery Details (Offset, Gravure, Flexographic, Security, Web Offset and Pad Printing) 2nd Revised Edition (2019) ISBN: 9788194099512 Asia Pacific Business Press Inc. NIIR Board mODERN PRINTING TECHNOLOGY (1998) ISBN: 8186623221 National Institute of Industrial Research Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG. (2013). 100 years of offset printing: Innovations, markets, technology. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/159679082/Years-of-OffsetPrinting-Heidelberg. Cited 5 July 2013. NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers HANDBOOK PRINTING TECHNOLOGY (2019) ISBN: 9788194099505 Asia Pacific Business Press Inc Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 354. ISBN 3-540-67326-1. Johansson, Kaj; Lundberg, Peter; Ryberg, Robert (2007). A guide to graphic print production (second ed.). Wiley. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-471-76138-9. Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 130–144. ISBN 3-540-67326-1. PrintWiki – the Free Encyclopedia of Print Franklin, Allison (2016). “Resurgence of the Letterpress, Actually Thanks to the Internet”. INK SOLV 30 blog. Shopify , Offset Printing Advantages and Disadvantages: Picking the Best Process for Your Project (2019) Disc Hounds. Powered by Shopify Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG. (2013). 100 years of offset printing: Innovations, markets, technology. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/159679082/Years-of-OffsetPrinting-Heidelberg. Cited 5 July 2013.
80 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT 8 0 Terbitan e ISBN : 978-967-2498-21-6 9 7 8 9 6 7 2 4 9 8 2 1 6 e ISBN 978-967-2498-27-8 9789672498278