SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 1 Copyright@2022 Jabatan Pelancongan dan Hospitaliti eISBN: 978-967-2498-68-1 Jabatan Pelancongan dan Hospitaliti Politeknik Muadzam Shah Terbitan Pertama 2022 © Hakcipta terpelihara. Tiada mana-mana bahagian dalam buku ini yang boleh disiarkan – terbitan semula dalam sebarang bentuk dan dengan apa cara sekalipun, termasuklah elektronik, mekanikal, fotokopi, rakaman dan sebagainya, tanpa mendapat izin bertulis daripada Penerbit dan Pemilik Hakcipta. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Politeknik Muadzam Shah Lecture guide ebook – Sustainable Tourism Diterbitkan oleh: UNIT E-LEARNING Jabatan Pelancongan dan Hospitaliti Politeknik Muadzam Shah Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26700 Muadzam Shah Pahang Darul Makmur Tel : 09-450 2005/ 2006/ 2007 Fax : 09-450 2009 Email : [email protected] www.pms.edu.my Web : www.pms.edu.my
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 2 EDITOR COMMITTEES WRITERS: Nurul Huda Binti Awang Kalong Noor Jalilah Binti Abdul Jalil EDITORS: Nurul Huda Binti Awang Kalong Noor Jalilah Binti Abdul Jalil DESIGNER: Nurul Huda Binti Awang Kalong
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Politeknik Muadzam Shah extends its gratitude and appreciation to everyone who contributed to the publication of Lecture guide eBook – Sustainable Tourism. It is our hope that this eBook would help students to gain better understanding of this course.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 4 PREFACE Sustainable Tourism exposes students to the techniques in managing tourism resources and ways to reduce the negative impact of tourism development. Students are exposed to the topics on sustainable development progress such as conservation and preservation, carrying capacity, environmental impact assessment and visitor management techniques that are used to minimise the negative impact caused by tourism activities. Students are also required to organize activities to enhance their understanding of sustainable tourism knowledge in tourism industry.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 5 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Sustainable Development Figure 1.2 Area Protection Figure 1.3 Area Protection Figure 1.4 Industry Regulation Figure 1.5 Industry Regulation Figure 1.6 Visitor Management Techniques Figure 1.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment process Figure 1.9 Carrying Capacity Figure 1.10 Reason the travel and tourism industry was slow to respond to the sustainable agenda Figure 2.1 Environment Figure 2.2 Composition Natural Environment Figure 2.3 Social environment includes culture, language, social condition, health, profession, living condition, economic capability of the people in a certain area. Figure 2.4 Eco Tourism Figure 4.1 Roles of Tourism in Economic Development Figure 5.1 Detailed EIA procedures Figure 5.2 Detailed EIA procedures Figure 5.3 Preliminary EIA procedures Figure 5.4 Detailed EIA procedures Figure 5.5 Types of Carrying Capacity
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 6 List of Tables Table 4.1 Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts on Environment. Table 4.2 Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts on Host Communities Table 5.1 The Differences between Types of Carrying Capacity
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 7 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Sustainable Tourism 8 1.1 Discuss Sustainable Tourism 8 1.2 Describe the push factors of Sustainable Development 16 1.3 Activity 17 1.4 Activity 18 Chapter 2: Environment & Ecotourism 19 2.1 Explore the Environmental and Ecotourism 19 2.2 Activity 25 2.3 Activity 26 Chapter 3: Roles in supporting Sustainable Tourism 27 3.1 Discuss the roles of tourists, tourism operators and local communities in supporting sustainable tourism. 27 3.2 Activity 30 Chapter 4: Impacts of Tourism Development 31 4.1 Describe the sustainable tourism development impact 31 4.2 Activity 35 Chapter 5: Managing the Impact of Tourism Development 36 5.1 Explain conservation and preservation in tourism development 36 5.2 Explain the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in tourism development 37 5.3 Explain carrying capacity in tourism development 40 5.4 Explain zoning in tourism development 43 5.5 Activity 43 References 44
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 8 Chapter 1: Sustainable Tourism 1.1 Discuss Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Tourism refers to sustainable practices in and by the tourism industry. It is an aspiration to acknowledge all impacts of tourism, both positive and negative. It aims to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive ones. It’s one of the management approach in managing tourism development. Arise from awareness of the management toward uncontrollable usage of tourism resources. Are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of destinations. Learning about the impacts of tourism has led many people to seek more responsible holidays. Is not a new form of tourism product. Sustainable Tourism introduce in early 80’s. It is implication from ‘green development approach’. Butler (1993) prefer to used ‘Sustainable Tourism Development’. Were practice widely in 1990’s – ‘Globe 90’ convention at Vancouver, Canada. The concept try to solve problem that arise from ‘mass-tourism’ as well as supporting ‘alternative tourism’ and ‘ecotourism’. According to Hunter (1995) Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) should meet the needs and wants of the local host community in terms of improved living standards and quality of life, satisfy the demands of tourists and the tourism industry, and continue to attract them in order to meet the first aim; and, safeguard the environmental resource base for tourism, encompassing natural, built and cultural components; in order to achieve both the preceding aims. Meanwhile according to WTO (2004) Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) should make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 9 development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity. Other than that, respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance. Based on WTO (2004), Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) should ensure viable, longterm economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and income-earning opportunities and social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation. It should also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists, raising their awareness about sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices amongst them. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 1987,p.43) It contains within it two key concepts that are the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. Based on World Tourism Organization (2004), Sustainable Tourism Development requires the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and it requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the necessary preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary. Sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists, raising their awareness about sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices amongst them. These include various forms of alternative or sustainable tourism such as: ‘nature-based tourism’, ‘ecotourism’ and ‘cultural tourism’. Sustainable tourism is becoming so popular that some say that what we presently call ‘alternative’ will be the ‘mainstream’ in a decade. All tourism activities of whatever motivation – holidays, business travel, conferences, adventure travel and ecotourism – need to be sustainable.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 10 Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. A key aspect is respect for the people who call the location home, the culture and customs of the area, and the socioeconomic system. Other major terms in sustainable tourism such as; responsible tourism, mass tourism, alternative tourism. The main responsibilities of sustainable tourism include: o Protecting the environment, natural resources, and wildlife o Providing socio-economic benefits for communities who live in tourist destinations o Conserving cultural heritage and creating authentic tourist experiences o Bringing tourists and local communities together for mutual benefit o Creating inclusive and accessible tourist opportunities. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Sustainable Development are applicable to all forms of tourism and ensure the tourism resources are sustain. Figure 1.1 Sustainable Development
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 11 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM i. Ecological Sustainability The need to avoid or minimize the environmental impact of tourist activity. ii. Social Sustainability The ability of community, whether local or national to absorb inputs, such as extra people, for short or long periods of time, and to continue functioning either without the creation of social disharmony as a result of these inputs or by adapting its functions and relationships so that the disharmony created can be mitigated. iii. Culture Sustainability The mores of interaction, the styles of life, the customs and traditions are all subject to change through the introduction of visitors with different habits, styles, customs and means of exchange. The culture may be irreversibly altered. iv. Economic Sustainability A level of economic gain from activity sufficient either cover the cost of any special measures taken to cater the tourist and to mitigate the effects of the tourist presence or to offer an income appropriate to the inconvenience caused to the local community visited. v. The Education Element The difference between the new forms of tourism and conventional tourism is found in an element of educational input into the activity. vi. Local Participation Local participation in sustainable tourism. Six different types of participation ranging from passive participation to self-mobilization. vii. The Conservation Element Add the conservation element to protect tourism destinations. BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM o Preserve tourism resources o To ensure equilibrium of ecosystem o To increase participation from host community o To improve host community quality of life o To increase level of tourist satisfaction
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 12 TOOLS OF SUSTAINABILITY o Area Protection Figure 1.2 Area Protection Figure 1.3 Area Protection
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 13 o Industry Regulation Figure 1.4 Industry Regulation Figure 1.5 Industry Regulation
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 14 o Visitor Management Techniques Figure 1.6 Visitor Management Techniques o Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Figure 1.7 Environmental Impact Assessment
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 15 Figure 1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment process o Carrying Capacity Calculations Figure 1.9 Carrying Capacity o Consultation / Participation Techniques o Codes Of Conduct o Sustainability Indicators
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 16 1.2 Describe the push factors of Sustainable Development PUSH FACTORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT o An increase in regulatory pressure and awareness of cost savings from prudent resource consumption o Awareness by governments and businesses that growth in tourism could threaten some of the world’s pristine environments and prime destinations o Tourism professionals now consider environmental quality essential to the delivery of their product o Figure 1.10 Reason the travel and tourism industry was slow to respond to the sustainable agenda CONCLUSION 1. Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity. 2. Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance. 3. Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and incomeearning opportunities and social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 17 Quick Review Questions: 1. Define the term Sustainable Tourism 2. Define the term Sustainable Development 3. Provide five (5) benefit of sustainable tourism 1.3 Activity: Quiz Word Search Instructions: Please find TWELVE (12) words according to keywords of sustainable tourism. A T M O S P H E R E T P U N E L N N O L C S Z A C C P V T A E C O T O U R I S M T Z N U L L E R H I O K I R O T V O U N R U N A G U E N M A P N G L I R R M L M S V A P C E S E A U T A N L A T E N E H U S A P L A N T S A ATMOSPHERE ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT HUMAN ECOTOURISM ECOLOGICAL PRESERVE PROTECT NATURAL ZONING CULTURE PLANTS
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 18 1.4 Activity: Group discussion Instructions: Work with a partner and list the types of sustainable development with example. Sustainable Development Student A Student B 1. 2. 3. 4.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 19 Chapter 2: Environment & Ecotourism 2.1 Explore the Environmental and Ecotourism The word Environment is derived from the French word “Environ” which means “surrounding”. Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things. Both biotic and abiotic components form environment. These two components interact with each other and they are interdependent. The environment consists of the interactions among plants, animals, soil, water, temperature, light, and other living and non-living things. The environment is a system consisting of natural and artificial elements that are interrelated and which are modified by human action. It's the environment that affects the way of life of the society, including natural, social and cultural values that exist in a place and time. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT 1. Built Environment The term-built environment refers to the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity. The built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified by people including buildings, parks or green spaces, and supporting infrastructures, such as water supply, or energy networks, transportation systems etc. Built Environment Is Shaped By: 2. Natural Environment The natural environment includes all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth. Natural environment is often used as a synonym for habitat. For instance, when we say that, the natural environment of giraffes is the savanna.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 20 Figure 2.1 Environment Composition Natural Environment The Lithosphere: The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet defined on the basis of the mechanical properties. The Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of the planet. Ocean, rivers, lakes, ponds and as a whole all the water body of the earth. The Atmosphere: The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through greenhouse effect, and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. The Biosphere: The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth, a closed system and largely self-regulating. The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 21 Figure 2.2 Composition Natural Environment 3. Social Environment The social environment refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. The values, beliefs, behaviors, morals, arts and history of communities. The interaction may be in person or through communication media, even anonymous or one-way and may not imply equality of social status. Figure 2.3 Social environment includes culture, language, social condition, health, profession, living condition, economic capability of the people in a certain area.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 22 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT Tourism is directly dependent on the quality of the natural and cultural environment. In other words, environment is the base of the economic development of tourism. Unfortunately, there is no existing form of tourism that is completely environmental friendly. Tourism is a threat to environment. The growth of tourism will cause to unavoidable impacts on the environment, and in the same way the positive and negative changes in the environment will cause to great impacts on tourism development. The challenge is to find a way towards sustainable tourism development, which harmonises economic benefits with protection of natural diversity and cultural identity of the destination areas. Support conservative, focused on wildlife, nature or exotic culture. WHAT IS ECOTOURISM? Ecotourism is a type of nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment (including cultural component) and takes place in order to be sustainable and environmentally (Allcock, 1994). Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present), that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations (CeballosLascurain, 1993). Ecotourism is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the eco-system, while producing economic opportunities that make the conservation at natural resources beneficial to local people (World Wildlife Fund,1990 /World Wide Fund For Nature).
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 23 Figure 2.4 Eco Tourism CONCEPT OF ECOTOURISM Ecotourism became popular in 1980’s. Is one of the popular forms of Alternative Tourism. Environmentally responsible travel. The visitation is relatively undisturbed to natural habitat. Support conservative, focused on wildlife, nature or exotic culture. Ecotourism is growing faster than any other form of tourism throughout the world. COMPONENTS OF ECOTOURISM i Natural areas ii Contains educational and interpretive features iii Generally for small groups iv Minimizes negative impacts v Supports the protection of natural areas by generating economic benefits for host communities, organizations and authorities managing natural areas with conservation purposes FIVE CORE CRITERIA OF ECOTOURISM i Environmentally friendly Tourism activity is carried out in a relatively undisturbed natural setting. ii Appreciate nature and cultural features Attractions are based primarily on a natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of that environment. It also may have a cultural component associated
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 24 with the natural environment. Other than that, increase awareness & protection of cultural heritage. iii Promotes conservation Tourism activity assists in conserving the natural and cultural heritage iv Low visitor impact Negative impacts of tourism activity are minimized v Contribute to socio-economic of local communities Activity involves local communities in the process, providing benefits to them, community participation. ISSUES OF ECOTOURISM INDUSTRY i The environment, ecology, and the host community are greatly affected due to the large movement of people and unplanned tourism development ii Participation by local community in tourism industry is low. ECOTOURISM IN MALAYSIA Malaysia is one of the twelve mega-biologically diverse countries in the world. o which boasts at least 15,000 species of flowering plants o 300 species of mammals o 150,000 species of invertebrates o 4,000 species of fishes ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES i Swimming ii Boating iii Tubing iv Mountain Climbing v Bamboo Rafting vi White Water Rafting Quick Review Questions: 1. Provide FIVE (5) criteria of ecotourism. 2. Determine FIVE (5) relationship between tourism and environment. 3. How many types of environment?
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 25 2.2 Activity: Match Word Match the below statement. 1. How long sustainable tourism last, if it is done properly Meets the needs of tourists and locals 2. What adjective best describes the increase in tourism Training locals to be manager in hotels 3. Sustainable tourism… Exponential 4. Ecotourism can best be described as tourism that Maintains natural and cultural integrity of an area 5. Sustainable tourism involves Forever Activity 2.1: Multiple choice questions Discuss with your friend and please answer all the questions below. NO STATEMENT TRUE/ FALSE 1. The word Environment is derived from the French word "Environ" which means "surrounding". 2. The environment consists of the interactions among plants, animals, soil, water, temperature, liqht, and other livinq and non-livinq thinqs. 3. Based on Lascurain (1994), ecotourism is a type of nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment" (including cultural component) "and takes place in order to be sustainable and environmentally. 4. Quality of the natural and social environment is directly dependent in tourism. 5. Language, health, profession and living conditions are included in built environment.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 26 2.3 Activity : Fill in the blanks Protect wildlife habitat pollution fumes glass Preservation of blodiversity 1. We need to recycle paper, plastic and _____________ 2. A great environmental problem is air and water ____________ 3. Ecotourism aims to ___________
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 27 Chapter 3: Roles in supporting Sustainable Tourism 3.1 Discuss the roles of tourists, tourism operators and local communities in supporting sustainable tourism. 3.1.1 Explain the roles and code of ethics. What is code of ethics? A set of moral principles or values. It may consists of governs an individual or a group which deals with what is good and bad with moral duty and obligation. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organization's core values and the standards to which the professional is held. a. Tourists The tourist is the ultimate actor in making sustainable tourism a reality. If tourists do not choose to come to the tourism destination, or are not willing to pay fees to support sustainable tourism, the project will fail. Encouraging in patronize sustainable tourism rather than conventional tourism. The tourist may need to be willing to pay higher fees to visit a site that is sustainable, rather than attending a similar tourism experience elsewhere that is less environmentally friendly. Several European surveys indicate that tourists are willing to pay up to 5% more (of their entire trip budget), e.g. for such extra costs such as entrance fees, if they know that the extra money will support the local environment and the community. However, tourists, like everybody, have limited budgets, and there does come a point past which an excessively high fee will turn tourists away. Roles: i. When travelling, tourists and visitors should not commit any criminal act or any act considered criminal by the laws of the country visited and abstain from any conduct felt to be offensive or injurious by the local populations, or likely to damage the local environment; ii. They should refrain from all trafficking in illicit drugs, arms, antiques, protected species and products and substances that are dangerous or prohibited by national regulations;
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 28 iii. Tourists and visitors have the responsibility to acquaint themselves, even before their departure, with the characteristics of the countries they are preparing to visit; iv. They must be aware of the health and security risks inherent in any travel outside their usual environment and behave in such a way as to minimize those risks. v. Avoid activities which threaten wildlife or plant populations, ’ or which may be potentially damaging to our natural environment. vi. Assist in conservation efforts through the efficient use of resources including energy and water. vii. Select tourism products and services which demonstrate social, cultural and environmental sensitivity. Code of ethics and behaviour for tourists. Tourist should extend their respect for local authority to the local population and culture. To promote cultural understanding, tourist must be aware of the local codes of ethics, social mores and behavioral conventions. b. Tourism Operators Roles of tourism operator in sustainable tourism. i. Tour operators play a central role in the tourism industry. As intermediaries between tourists and tourism service suppliers, tour operators can influence the choices of consumers, the practices of suppliers and the development patterns of destinations. ii. This unique role means that tour operators can make an important contribution to furthering the goals of sustainable tourism development and protecting the environmental and cultural resources on which the tourism industry depends for its survival and growth. iii. The members of the Tour Operators' Initiative also believe that tour operators can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in protected areas in many different ways, such as: • Including protected areas in their itineraries and giving customers information about the natural and cultural features of visited sites and their roles in the conservation of local ecosystems; • Limiting the size of their groups, or dividing large groups into smaller ones when visiting protected areas; • Informing protected area managers of visits ahead of time and discussing ways to reduce visitor impacts; • Integrating sustainability principles into the selection criteria and service agreements of their suppliers, and choosing locally owned and operated suppliers;
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 29 • Making financial contributions to conservation and development projects; • Providing customers with opportunities to proactively support protected areas; and • Providing customers with guidelines on how to avoid negative impacts while visiting sensitive areas, for example by maintaining appropriate distances from wildlife, staying on trails to avoid trampling plants or causing erosion, and keeping water and energy use down to avoid related impacts on the environment. iv. Tourism activities that created should respect the equality of men and women v. Encourage travel for purposes of religion, health, education and cultural or linguistic exchanges. vi. Safeguard the natural environment vii. Build awareness and educate the tourist and visitors viii. Hire local guides, use local suppliers, and treat them fairly c. Roles of local communities in sustainable tourism i. Community members play an essential role in tourism. They may play many direct roles in the tourism industry, including: a) Renting land for development b) Working as occasional, part-time, or full-time staff for private tour operators c) Providing services to private operators such as food, guides, transportation, lodging d) Forming joint ventures with private tour operators, who usually provide marketing, logistics, and bilingual guides, while the community provides most services e) Operating independent community-based tourism programs f) Respect the tourists who visit them and find out about their lifestyles, tastes and expectations; the education and training imparted to professionals contribute to a hospitable welcome; g) Local populations should be associated with tourism activities h) Share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate i) Develop rules and regulation for visiting certain places j) Use resources wisely to promotes sustainable tourism development k) Associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural. l) Need to be active participants rather than passive observers.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 30 Code of Ethics for Tourism: 10’s Principles Article 1: Tourism’s contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies Article 2: Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment Article 3: Tourism, a factor of sustainable development Article 4: Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor to its enhancement Article 5: Tourism, a beneficial activity for host country and communities Article 6: Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development Article 7: Right to tourism Article 8: Liberty of tourism movements Article 9: Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry Article 10: Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 3.2 Activity Match the below statement. Integrating sustainability principles into the selection criteria and service agreements of their suppliers, and choosing locally owned and operated suppliers; Tourists Forming joint ventures with private tour operators, who usually provide marketing, logistics, and bilingual guides, while the community provides most services Tourism Operators The tourist is the ultimate actor in making sustainable tourism a reality. If tourists do not choose to come to the tourism destination, or are not willing to pay fees to support sustainable tourism, the project will fail. Local Communities
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 31 Chapter 4: Impacts of Tourism Development 4.1 Describe the sustainable tourism development impact 4.1.1 Differentiate the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the environment a) Positive - Environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources - Increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems - Boost conservation practices – establishment of nature reserves, supports protection measures, encourages conservation laws and regulations - Encourages sustainable development - Spreads ecological awareness b) Negative - Increased air pollution - Land degradation - Shortage of water resources - Noise pollution - Loss of natural habitat POSITIVE IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT The environment in these areas is kept free from industrial pollutants like smoke, noise and industrial liquid wastes. E.g., National Park. Pollution mainly caused by various modes of transportation and construction of tourist accommodation. Natural attractions help create awareness about the environment and educate the public through wildlife education and interpretation. Depletion of natural resources. For instance, natural forest resources are lost through deforestation, when forest land is used for development of buildings for tourism or when trees are felled for fuel and camp fires.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 32 Coral reefs and other forms of marine wealth are protected. For instance, Tunku Abdul Rahman Park in Sabah. Land erosion which is seen mainly on natural trails, hill stations and coastal areas. For example, constructions of hotels and other tourist facilities on the beach can erode sand dunes and affect marine life. Endangered species are protected in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Loss of natural habitats. Historical sites are preserved and restored. Traffic congestion. Table 4.1 Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts on Environment. 4.1.2 Differentiate the positive and negative impacts of tourism on host communities a) Positive - Enhance cultural exchange - Fund may help to maintain cultural heritage & traditions - Improvement of environmental quality b) Negative - Wearing & tearing heritage site and artifacts - Conflicts among host and tourist POSITIVE IMPACTS ON HOST COMMUNITIES NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON HOST COMMUNITIES Develop entrepreneurship for small scale business enterprises. Rural urban migration due to work hunting. Provide jobs, increased income and quality of life. Disruption of lifestyle effect from narcotics and drug abuse. Crime- pick- pocketing, prostitution etc. Preserves heritage of host community/ encourages the preservation of traditional customs. Disrespect of local customs.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 33 Create a better cultural understanding and help raise global awareness of issues such as poverty and human right abuses. Decreased use of local language. Develop facilities and infrastructure. Depletion of natural resources because high demand thus increased price for local. Table 4.2 Positive Impacts and Negative Impacts on Host Communities 4.1.3 Explain the roles of tourism in economic development Roles of Tourism in Economic Development Figure 4.1 Roles of Tourism in Economic Development I. Important Sources Of Taxation Revenue • Tourists generate taxation revenue through the purchase of tourism offerings which are subject to sales tax, service charge, etc. • Tourism contributes to government revenue through: - Airport taxes and fees - Entrance fee at attractions - Hotel and restaurants registration fees and licenses e.g.: liquor license - Parking charge Direct Effect Indirect effect Dynamic effect •Labor-intensive •Highly Significant In Urban And Coastal Areas •Wages And Earnings •Tourism Value Chain •Offer Job Opportunity To Other Sectors •Effect The Livelihood Strategies Of Local Households •Infrastructure Or Natural Resource Base •Business Climate For SME
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 34 II. Foreign Exchange • Tourism is the only export trade that earns large amounts of foreign exchange without actually exporting any material skill. • Influx of tourist- currency exchange. III. Rural Development • Tourism creates jobs in the underdeveloped regions and in rural areas. • For example, rural tourism and ecotourism are popular forms of tourism which generate employment opportunities and prevent the migration of villagers to the densely populated urban slums. • Because of tourism activity in the region, basic amenities develop and raise the standard of living of the rural poor. IV. Improved Infrastructure • Tourism stimulates infrastructural development like good airports, network of roads, sanitary systems and water purification plants etc. which not only benefit the tourists but the hosts as well and improves their quality of life. a) Economic negative impacts of tourism 1. Leakage • The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage. • In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travellers expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, and not to local businesses or workers. • In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage. 2. Infrastructure Cost • Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. • Developers may want the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. • Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 35 3. Increase in prices • Increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. • Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values. • This makes it more difficult for local people to meet their basic daily needs. 4. Seasonal character of jobs • Problems that seasonal workers face include: - job (and therefore income) insecurity - no guarantee of employment from one season to the next - difficulties in getting training, employment-related medical benefits, and recognition of their experience (unsatisfactory housing and working conditions). 4.2 Activity Unscramble the Words egaleak ___________________________ oeignf xhngeace ___________________________ oinse tinopoull ___________________________ daln gradeonitda ___________________________ fficatr segnoitnoc ___________________________
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 36 Chapter 5: Managing the Impact of Tourism Development 5.1 Explain conservation and preservation in tourism development 5.1.1 Explain the concept of conservation and preservation • Conservation is the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits. Natural resources may be renewable or nonrenewable. The conservation of renewable resources like trees involves ensuring that they are not consumed faster than they can be replaced. • The conservation of non-renewable resources like fossil fuels involves ensuring that sufficient quantities are maintained for future generations to utilize. • Conservation of natural resources usually focuses on the needs and interests of human beings, for example the biological, economic, cultural and recreational values such resources have. • The rain forest for example, contains a wide range of biodiversity, providing food stocks for local populations and a source of timber and medicines for other countries. • Conservationists accept that development is necessary for a better future, but only when the changes take place in ways that are not wasteful. What the conservationist opposes is not the harnessing of nature for mankind's progression, but the fact that all too often the environment comes off the worse for wear. - Preservation is an unchanged or perfect condition without disturbing the balance of nature. The effort to maintain resources in their original state (Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2017). 5.1.2 Explain the process of conservation and preservation. Figure 5.1 Detailed EIA procedures
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 37 5.1.3 Display the methods of conservation and preservation Figure 5.2 Detailed EIA procedures 5.2 Explain the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in tourism development 5.2.1 Describe the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) What is EIA? ✓ A study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval and implementation. Why do we need EIA? ✓ EIA is essentially a planning mechanism for preventing environmental problems due to an action. It ensures that the potential problems are foreseen and addressed at an early stage in the project planning and design. ✓ Thus this will avoid costly mistakes in project implementation, either because of the environmental damages that are likely to arise during project implementation or because of modifications that may be required subsequently in order to make the action environmentally acceptable.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 38 • EIA evaluate the overall effect the development will have on the environment and identity measures to reduce the negative impacts. • EIA is carried out by consultants and is a legal requirement in some countries. • EIAs take into consideration the following: ▪ total cost of development ▪ all beneficiaries and all possible benefits which may arise ▪ those who likely to be adversely affected by the project ▪ other developmental options which have lesser negative impacts ▪ steps which are being taken to reduce negative impacts. 5.2.2 Explain the importance of Environmental Impact Assessment • To direct project studies and address environmental impacts before they occur • To protect the environment by ensuring that a local planning authority when deciding whether to grant planning permission project. • The regulation set out a procedure for identifying those projects which should be subject to an EIA. 5.2.3 Explain the procedures of Environmental Impact Assessment There are two EIA procedures adopted in Malaysia, namely the Preliminary EIA and the Detailed EIA. A) Preliminary EIA • Preliminary EIA is assessment of impacts due to those activities that are prescribed. • The Preliminary EIA report is reviewed by a Technical Committee consisting of the of the Department of Environment State Offices and other relevant government agencies. The procedure for Preliminary EIA is as shown in Figure 5.3.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 39 Figure 5.3 Preliminary EIA procedures
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 40 B) Detailed EIA • Detailed EIA is a procedure undertaken for those projects with major significant impacts to the environment. The procedure for Detailed EIA is as shown in Figure 5.4. • Detailed EIA is carried out based on specific terms of reference issued by an ad hoc Review Panel appointed by the Director General. The EIA report is reviewed by the ad hoc Review Panel chaired by the Director General. • The Department of Environment maintains a list of experts who may be called upon to sit as members of any Review. The selection of the experts depends on the areas of environmental impacts to be reviewed. Figure 5.4 Detailed EIA procedures
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 41 5.3 Explain carrying capacity in tourism development ‘The maximum number of people may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic and socio- cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of the visitors’ satisfaction’ -UNWTO- • Carrying capacity of a destination or attraction is the maximum number of tourists acceptable at any given time that can enjoy the attraction without harming the physical environment. • Level of tourism activity at a destination that could be maintained without having any adverse environmental, economic, social or cultural impacts on the destination and the host population. 5.3.1 Describe the types of carrying capacity Figure 5.5 Types of Carrying Capacity TYPES OF CARRYING CAPACITY Environmental carrying capacity Physical carrying capacity Economic carrying capacity Sociocultural carrying capacity Perceptual/ psychological carrying capacity
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 42 5.3.2 Differentiate the types of carrying capacity TYPES DIFFERENCES Environmental carrying capacity Maximum number of visitors who can use an area without causing any permanent damage or change in the ecological systems. Physical carrying capacity - Refers to physical space and the number of people or vehicles that can be accommodated by the available services, infrastructure and facilities. - Example: transportation, accommodation, water supply, waste disposal etc. Economic carrying capacity Refers to the extent of tourism development in a region that provides optimum overall economic benefits to the host population without distorting the economy. Uncontrolled or unplanned tourism is likely to result in inflation and shortages of essential commodities. Socio- cultural carrying capacity - Refers to the local community perception towards all tourism related activities, the number of tourists and their involvement in tourism activities without having detrimental influence on their lifestyles and activities. - Example: level of tourism that helps maintain and preserve historical monuments, local arts, traditions as well as values and beliefs. Perceptual/ psychological carrying capacity Refers to the number of tourists who can be accommodated at an attraction or at a destination without affecting the overall quality, the enjoyment and the comfort level at the destination. Example: too many people, congestion and overcrowding in small spaces has a psychological impact leading to an unfavorable tourism experience. Table 5.1 The Differences between Types of Carrying Capacity
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 43 5.4 Explain zoning in tourism development 5.4.1 Define the zoning concept • A mechanism for assessing overall management objectives and priorities to different areas (zones) within the site or protected area. • By assigning to these zones, planners are also defining what uses will and will not be allowed. • Zoning in the principal method used to deploy visitor, and hence it is critical in achieving the appropriate combination of concentration and dispersal. • It is designed to allocate geographical areas for specific levels and intensities of human activities and of conservation. 5.4.2 Explain the importance of zoning a) Helps to reduce or eliminate conflict between different users of the protected areas b) To improve the quality of activities such as tourism, and to facilitate compliance c) Accepted method to keep people out of the most sensitive, ecologically valuable, or recovering areas d) To limit the impact of visitor behaviour. e) Helps managers, operators, visitors and local communities to understand what park values are located for f) Establishing standards of acceptable human impact helps to control the spread of undesirable impacts g) Provides a better understanding of the distribution and nature of different recreation and tourism opportunities within and around the protected area. IUCN Protected Area Management Categories: Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve Category Ib — Wilderness Area Category II — National Park Category III — Natural Monument or Feature Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources 5.5 Activity Short Quizzes 1. Describe what is meant by carrying capacity? 2. Explain what is the importance of zoning? 3. What are the two procedures of EIA? 4. What is preservation and conservation?
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PAGE 44 References Biodiversity and ecosystems. Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from http://www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org David. L.Edgell. (2016). Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future (2nd ed) Routledge, UK David Weaver (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Ltd. Global Code of Ethics. UNWTO (World Tourism Organisation). Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism World Tourism Organization, United Nations Environment Programme. Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Development. (2003). Sustainable Tourism: The Tour Operators' Contribution. UNEP/Earthprint
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