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(1) Muhammad Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion (Cairo: Madbuli, 2008),
pp. 19-20; unknown author,«Al-Souhagh: Birthplace ofAshraf Marwan,» from
the website of Mallawi in the Al-Manya Province, accessed September 28,
2007.
(2) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, pp. 19-20.
(3) Anne Alexander, Nasser (London: Haus Publishing, 2005), p. 104; Anthony
Nutting, Nasser (New York: E. p. Dutton, 1972), p. 306.
(4) Tahia Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser: My Husband (Cairo and New York: Ameri-
can University in Cairo Press, 2013), p. 94.
(5) The Opportunist: «The Bright Side of the Moon,» Egyptian Chronicles, June
28, 2007, http://egyptianchronicles.biogspot.com/2007/06/opportunist-weli-
bright-dark-side-of.html
(6) Tahia Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser: My Husband, p. 94.
(7) Amru al-Laithi interview with Mona Abdel Nasser, «Ahathraq» Egyptian
Television, March 10, 2009.
(8) Mohamed Fawzi, Secrets of the Assassination ofAshraf Marwan (Beirut: Al-
Watan Lei Nasher, 2007), p. 18.
(9) Kemal Halef al-Tawil, «Ashraf Marwan: The Dilemma Child,» Al-Akhbar al-
Lebnaniya, February 7, 2007.
(10) Mohamed Jam'a, / Knew Sadat: Halfa Century ofSecrets About Sadat and the
[Muslim] Brotherhood (Cairo: Al-Maktab al-Masry al-Hadeth, 1999), p. 182.
(11) Tahia Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser: My Husband, p. 93.
(12) Amru al-Laithi interview with Mona Abdel Nasser.
(13) Nadav Zeevi, Life of an Agent (unpublished manuscript in Hebrew). The
contradiction between the way Mona's parents accepted Ashraf Marwan and
Hoda's husband is evident in Tahia Nasser's memoirs. She described in detail
Hoda's engagement process and marriage (Tahia Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser:
My Husband, pp. 92-93) and summarized in only six lines Mona's marriage to
Ashraf (Ibid., p. 94).
(14) Al-Tawil, «Ashraf Mawan:The Dilemma Child.»
(15) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, pp. 20-21.
(16) Assam Abdel Fatah, The Agent Babel: The Man Who Shocked the Command
of the Mossad (Cairo: Dar el-Katab el-Arabi, 2008), p. 26; Amru el-Laithi
interview with Mona Abdel Nasser,
(17) Mohammad Zara, «Reliving a Piece of History,» Egypt Daily News, September
22, 2006.
(18) Selim Nassib, Umm (Tel Aviv: Asia, 1999), p. 159.
(19) Amru al-Laithi interview with Mona Abdel Nasser.
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(20) Mohamed Salmawy, Al-Ahram Weekly, July 5-11, 2007.
(21) Said K. Aburish, Nasser: The Last Arab (New York: Thomas Dunn, 2004),
p. 234.
(22) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, pp. 20-23.
(23) The Opportunist: «The Bright Side of the Moon,» Egyptian Chronicles (see n. 5
above).
(24) Al-Tawil, «Ashraf Marwan: The Dilemma Child.»
(25) Nutting, Nasser, p. 306.
(26) Gamal Nkrumah, «Sami Sharaf: Shadows ofthe Revolution,»/I/-T/zra/w Weekly
Online, August 9-15, 2001, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/546/profile.htm;
Nutting, Nasser, pp. 306-308.
(27) Assam Abdel Fatah, Who Killed Ashraf Marwanl: The File of Agent Babel
(Cairo: El-Eiman, 2007), p. 14; Musa Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend
(Cairo: Al-Maktab al-Masry al-Hadeth, 1985), p. 651.
(28) Abdel Majid Farid interview with the Egyptian television program «Ahatraq,»
broadcast November-December 2008.
(29) Fatah, Agent Babel, pp. 15-18.
(30) Panayiotis J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt (New York: Praeger,
1969), p. 432.
(31) Souad al-Sabah, Falcon of the Gulf.Abdullah Mubarak al-Sabah (Kuwait:
Kadhma, 1995), pp. 259-268.
(32) Ibid., pp, 263-264.
(33) Al-Tawil, «Ashraf Mawan.»
(34) Zeevi, Life ofan Agent.
(35) Saad el Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez-Revised Edition (San Francisco;
Ameri-can Mideast Research, 2003), pp. 184-185.
(36) Scott Shane, «A Spy's Motivation; For Love of Another Country,» New York
Times, April 20, 2008;Yuri Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends: Burgess,
Maclean, Philby, Blunt, and Cairncross (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux,
1994); Cher-kashin Victor and Gregory Feiger, Spy Handler: Memoirs of a
KGB Officer: The True Story of the Man Who Recruited Robert Hanssen and
Aldrich Ames (New York: Basic Books, 2005); David Wise, Nightmover: How
Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to the KGB for $4.6 Million (New York: Harper
Collins, 1995); Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved
the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War (New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992); Dusko Doder, «Of Moles and Men,» The
Nation, February 18, 2002, pp. 25-32.
JLajVI :1970 .jAll
(1) Unless noted otherwise, this chapter is based on interviews with Zvi Zamir, Meir
Meir, Nahik Navot, Freddy Eini, Amos Gilboa, and other sources who requested
anonymity, as well as: Zvi Zamir and Efrat Mass, With Open Eyes (Or Yehuda;
323
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Zmora-Bitan, 2011), pp. 129-164.
(2) Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA's Master Spy
Hunter (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), pp. 183-226.
(3) Meron Medzini, Golda: A Political Biography (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot,
2008), p. 511.
(4) Thomas Harris, Garbo: The Spy Who Saved D-Day (Richmond, Va.: Public
Record Office, 2000); Stephan Talty, Agent Garbo: The Brilliant, Eccentric
Secret Agent Who Tricked Hitler and Saved D-Day (Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, 2012).
(5) John Le Carre, The Secret Pilgrim (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 9.
gjljJI J.oall
:1971 jbl
This chapter is based on interviews with Zvi Zamir, Meir Meir, Nahik Navot, Freddy
Eini, Amos Gilboa, and other sources who requested anonymity.
(1) Anwar el-Sadat, In Search ofIdentity: An Autobiography (New York: Harper-
Collins, 1978), p. 139.
(2) Said K. Aburish, Nasser: The Last Arab (New York: Thomas Dunn, 2004),
pp. 242, 286;Tahia Gamal Abdel Nasser, Nasser: My Husband, pp. 103-117.
(3) Arieh Shalev,intelligence Estimates in Advance of the War,» in National
Trauma: The Yom Kippur War After Thirty Years and Another War, ed. Moshe
Shemesh and Ze'ev Drori (Sdeh Boker: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2008),
pp. 125-183,106; Arieh Shalev, Failure andSuccess in the Warning: Intelligence
Assessments on the Eve of the Yom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 2006),
p. 167.
(4) Sources for this exchange: Shimon Shamir, Egypt Under Sadat's Leadership/The
Searchfor a New Orientation (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1978); Vatikiotis, Modern History
of Egypt, n. 28 of ch, 1; Sadat, In Search of Identity, Jehan Sadat, A Woman
of Egypt (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002); interview with Prof. Shimon
Shamir at Tel Aviv University, December 31, 2009; Anthony Nutting, Nasser
(New York: Dutton, 1972); Kirk J. Beatlie, Egypt During the Sadat Years (New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1980); «The Underrated Heir,» Time, May 17,1971;
«A Preemptive Purge in Cairo,» Time, May 24, 1971.
(5) Sadat, In Search ofIdentity, p. 170.
(6) Beattie, Egypt During the Sadat Years, p. 291.
(7) Fatah, Who Killed Ashraf Marwanl p. 21. Fatah's source is Salah al-Shahed,
a senior officer in the President's Office who had gone to school with Sadat;
Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, n. 1 of ch. 1, p. 184. Tharwat relies,
among others, on: Mahmud Jamaa, I Knew Sadat: Fifty Years ofSecrets about
Sadat and the Muslim Brotherhood (Cairo: al Maktab al Misri, 1999).
(8) Fatah, Who Killed AshrafMarwanl n. 14 of ch. 1, p. 21.
(9) Owen L. Sirrs, A History ofthe Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History ofthe
Mukhabarat, 1910-2009 (New York: Routledge, 2010), p. 120.
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(10) Joseph J. Trento, Prelude to Terror. The Rogue CIA and the Legacy ofAmerica's
Private Intelligence Network (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005), pp. 261-262.
(11) Fatah, Who Killed AshrafMarwan? n. 14ofch. l,p. 23.
(12) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, n. 1 of ch. 1, p. 184.
(13) Zamir and Mass, With Open Eyes, p. 135.
(14) «Sadat in the Saddle,» Time, May 31, 1971.
(15) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, n. 8 of ch. 1.
«no 11
(jijil) (jit OljLswJ
(1) Interview with Meir Meir.
(2) This affair served as the basis for Michael Frayn's play, Democracy, which
premiered at Britain's Royal National Theatre in September 2003.
(3) Interview with Yonah Bandman.
(4) Interview with Meir Meir.
(5) Interviews with Meir Meir, Yonah Bandman, and Yaakov Rosenfeld, who in
1971 served as an MI expert on the Egyptian army,
(6) Gad Yaacobi, By a Hair's Breadth: How an Agreement Between Israel and Egypt
Was Missed, and the Yom Kippur War Was Not Prevented (Tel Aviv: Edanim,
1989), p. 157.
(7) Interview with Yaakov Rosenfeld.
(8) Yaacobi, By a Hair's Breadth, p. 157.
(9) Interviews with Freddy Eini and Zvi Zamir.
(10) Shalev, Failure and Success in the Warning, n, 3 of ch. 4, p. 63.
(11) Yitzhak Rabin, Record ofService (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1978), pp. 345-346.
(12) Military Intelligence document from June 1971; Shalev, Failure and Success in
the Warning, n. 3 of ch. 4, p. 63.
(13) It should be said, however, that the roots of the Concept could be found as early
as 1968, two years before Marwan offered his services. In a meeting of the IDF
General Staff about the possibility of war with Egypt that fall, the chiefs of the
Israeli Air Force expressed their opinion that any Egyptian effort to cross the
Suez Canal without first neutralizing Israel's air superiority would necessarily
fail. The IDF chief of operations, Maj. Gen. Ezer Weizman, who had until
recently been the commander of the IAF, said of such an Egyptian move, «If
only they would make such a mistake.» Uri Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell
Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and Its Sources (Albany: SUNY Press),
2005, p. 45.
(14) Shazly, Crossing the Suez, p. 128.
(15) See: Ibid., p. 18; Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 178; Mohamed Abdel Ghani
el-Gamasy, The October War: Memoirs ofField Marshall El—Gamasy ofEgypt
(Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 1993), p. 205; Mohamed
Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (New York: Random
House, 1983), p. 50.
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(16) Sadat, In Search ofIdentity, p. 244.
(17) Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep, p. 84-85.
(18) Shalev, Failure and Success in the Warning, n. 3 of ch. 4, p. 81, where he quotes
from an MI document from May 1969.
(19) «Intelligence Summary from Operation Dovecote,» December 17, 1972;
Shalev, Failure and Success in the Warning, n. 3 of ch. 4, pp. 80-81; Eli
Zeira, Myth Versus Reality.Yom Kippur War-Failures and Lessons (Tel Aviv:
Yedioth Ahronot, 2004), pp. 89-90.The first edition of Zeira's book came out
in 1993.
(20) Zvi Zamir interviewed on the Israeli television program Fact (Uvda), Cahnel 2,
«The Last Spy,» December 27, 2007.
(21) Interview with Zvi Zamir, July 8, 2008.
(22) Conversation with Amos Gilboa.
(23) Shalev, Failure and Success in the Warning, n. 3 of ch. 4, p. 186.
(24) Interview with Aharon Levran.
(25) Moshe Dayan interview with Rami Tal, in Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltser, The
Yom Kippur War: Real Time (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 2003), p. 180.
(26) Interview with Yonah Bandman.
(27) Zeira, Myth Versus Reality, pp. 155-156.
(28) Ibid., pp. 151-163.
(29) «Supplement of Supplements,»Israel Television Channel 1, interviewed by Dan
Margalit, September 23-24, 2004.
(30) Interview with Arieh Shalev.
(31) Interview with Aharon Levran.
(32) Bergman and Meltser, The Yom Kippur War, p. 175.
(33) Zamir and Mass, With Open Eyes, p. 133.
(34) Ibid., pp. 132-135.
(35) Interviews with Zvi Zamir and Freddy Eini.
(JaOLOJI (JiiAfl.tl
djalsxJl ObLJI O55M
(1) Nadav Safran, Saudi Arabia: Ceaseless Questfor Security (Ithaca, N.Y.; Cornell
University Press, 1988), p. 145; Robert Dreyfuss, Devils Game: How the
United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam (New York: Henry Holt,
2006), p. 151; Gerald Posner, Secrets of the Kingdom (New York: Random
House, 2005), pp. 80-82; Said Aburish, The Rise, Corruption, and Coming Fall
of the House of Saud (London; Bloomsbury, 2005), p. 301; Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987 (New York: Simon & Schuster,
2005), p. 347; Mohamed Heikal, The Sphinx and the Commissar: The Rise and
Fall ofSoviet Influence in the Middle East (New York: Harper & Row, 1978),
p. 226.
(2) Mohamed Hassanein Heikal interview with A1 Jezeera television, December 7,
2009.
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(3) Fawzi, Secrets of the Assassination of Ashraf Manvan, p. 31. Other sources
about the dea! include; Mahmud Jamaa, I Knew Sadat, pp. 216-18; Sabri, Sadat:
The Truth and the Legend, p. 653;Tharwat, AshrafManvan: Fact and Illusion,
pp. 27-36.
(4) Jeffrey Robinson, The Risk Takers (New York: Harper Collins, 1985), p. 122,
(5) Avi Shlaim, Lion ofJordan: The Life ofKing Hussein in War and Peace (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008), pp. 346-347.
(6) Gideon Gera, GaddafTs Way in Libya (Tel Aviv; Hakibutz Hameuhad, 1983),
pp. 118-119.
(7) John K. Cooley, Libyan Sandstorm (New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston,
1982), pp. 6-7, 68.
(8) Mohamed Hamad, «Egypt-Libya Relations from Revolution to War:
Recollections of Salah al-Din al-Saadani, Egypt's First Ambassador to Libya
After the Revolution,» part 13, Al-Rei al-A'am (Kuwait), October 15, 1997,
p. 12.
(9) Sabri, Sadat: The Truth and the Legend, pp. 652-653.
(10) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, p. 34.
(11) Ibid.; Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend, pp. 652-653.
(12) «For 100,000 dollars a month... the 'prophetic,' one ofthe great weapons dealers
of Egypt,» AlShaab, December 2, 2009.. [URL doesn't work],
(13) Sabri, Sadat: The Truth and the Legend, p. 652.
(14) Fawzi, Secrets ofthe Assassination ofAshrafMarwan, p. 29.
(15) Jamaa, I Knew Sadat, pp. 217-218; Sabri, Sadat: The Truth and the Legend,
p. 652; Fatah, Who Killed AshrafMarwanl p. 26.
(16) Fatah, Who Killed AshrafMarwanl p. 31,
(17) Jamaa, I Knew Sadat, pp. 184—185; Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion,
pp. 27-36.
(18) Jamaa, I Knew Sadat, pp. 184-185; Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact andIllusion,
pp. 35-36.
(19) Jeffrey Robinson, Yamani: The Inside Story (London; Simon & Schuster, 1988),
pp. 85-86.
(20) Shazly, Crossing the Suez, pp. 148-149.
(21) Conversation with Howard Blum, September 1, 2010.
(22) Ronen Bergman, «The 'Khotel' Code,» Yediot Ahronot (7 Days Supplement),
September 7, 2007, pp. 29-30.
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(1) Eyal Zisser, «Syrian and the October War: The Missed Opportunity,» in The
October 1973 War: Politics, Diplomacy, Legacy, ed. Asaf Siniver (London:
Hurst, 2013), pp. 67-83.
(2) Uri Bar-Joseph and Amr Yossef, «The Hidden Factors that Turned the Tide:
Strategic Decision-Making and Operational Intelligence in the 1973 War,»
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Journal ofStrategic Studies, vol.37, no. 4, pp. 584—608.
(3) Arieh Braun, Moshe Dayan in theYom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: Edanim, 1992),
p. 17.
(4) Ibid., p. 18,
(5) Ibid., pp. 17-18.
(6) Rabin, Record ofService, p. 380.
(7) Braun, Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War, p. 18.
(8) Ibid., p. 19.
(9) Interview with Avner Shalev, Tel Aviv, August 29, 1998. In 1973 Shalev served
as the Chief of Staff's aide-de-camp.
(10) Branch 6, Intelligence Survey 15/73, January 24, 1973.
(11) Ton Norden and David Nicole, Phoenix Over the Nile: A History of Egyptian
Air Power, 1932-1994 (Washington D.C., Smithonian Institute Press, 1996),
pp. 269-70,
(12) Arieh Shalev,«IntelligenceAssessment Before the War,» m National Trauma.The
Yom Kippur War After ThirtyYears and Another War, ed. Moshe Shemesh and
Zeev Drori (Sdeh Boker: Ben-Gurion University, 2008), p. 117.
(13) Commission of Inquiry-The Yom Kippur War, Additional Partial Report:
Justifications and Additions to the Partial Report of 9 Nissan 5734 (January
4, 1974), vol. 1, Jerusalem (1974), p. 93 (hereafter: Agranat Commission,Third
and Final Report).
(14) Shalev, «Intelligence Assessment,» pp. 118-119.
(15) Interview with Yonah Bandman.
(16) For a detailed description of this discussion, see: Bar-Joseph, The Watchman
Fell Asleep, 2005, pp. 69-70.
(17). Ibid., pp. 71-73.
(18) Shmuel Gordon, Thirty Hours in October, Fateful Decisions: The Air Force at
the Start ofthe Yom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 2008), p. 193.
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(1) Braun, Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War, p. 28
(2) Time, July 30, 1973, p. 13.
(3) Robinson, Yamani, pp. 84-86.
(4) Hanoch Bartov, Dado: 48 Years andAnother 20 Days (Or Yehuda: Dvir, 2002),
pp. 237-239.
(5) John K. Cooley, Libyan Sandstorm (New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston,
1982), pp. 106-109.
(6) Aaron J. Klein, The Master ofOperations: The Story ofMike Harari (Jerusalem:
Keter, 2014), pp. 16—20; Zamir and Mass, With Open Eyes, pp. 142-146;
Mohamad Hamad, El-Rai el-A'am (Kuwait), October 15, 1997, p. 12; inter-
view with Zvi Zamir, September 1, 2009; Oded Granot, «How Gaddafi and
Sadat Conspired to Shoot Down an El A1 Plane,» Maariv Sabbath Supplement,
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December 2, 1994; Nadav Zeevi, «The Betrayed: Senior Mossad and MI
Officials Talk for the First Time About the Handling and Abandonment of
Ashraf Marwan, Israel's Number One Agent,» Maariv, December 28, 2007;
liana Dayan, «The Last Spy: The Life and Death of Dr. Ashraf Marwan,» Fact
(Uvda), Israel Television Channel 2, December 27, 2007; Maariv, September 6,
1973.
(7) See, for example, Shalev, Failure and Success in the Warning, p. 133.
(8) Agranat Commission, Third and Final Report, vol. 1.
-ulif) JpflH
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(1) Mohamed Heikal, Mubarak and His Time... From the Podium to the Square
(Cairo: Dar al-Shorouq, 2013), p. 257.
(2) In a personal interview conducted with Zamir on August 19, 1998, Zamir
rejected the commission's report that he had used the word «imminent.»That, he
claimed, is a word he never uses.
(3) Transcripts of telephone conversations among Freddy Eini, Zvi Zamir, and
Eli Zeira, in The Commission ofInquiry-Yom Kippur War: Additional Interim
Report: Reasoning and Addendafor the Interim Report ofApril 1, 1974, vol. 1,
Appendix A, «Actions of the Mossad in Early October,» pp. 51-52.
(4) Braun, Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War, pp. 58-59, 61.
(5) Shazly, Crossing the Suez p. 213; El-Gamasy, The October War, p. 197.
(6) «Mohammad Nusseir to the TV Show 'Ahatraq'; Ashraf Marwan Didn't
Know When the October War Would Begin, and His Relations with Arab
Intelligence Were Strong,» Al-Mizri Al-Yum, November 7, 2008, quotes from
television interview given November 6, 2008. «So He Was in London on the
5th of October 1973!!» Egyptian Chronicles, October 23,2008, http://egyptian-
chronicles.blogspot.com/2008/10/so-he-was-in-london-on-5th-of-october.
html.
(7) Mohamed Heikal, The Road to Ramadan (New York: Quadrangle/New York
Times Book Co., 1975), pp. 15-16. [change per Harvard Library (Hollis)].
(8) Howard Blum, The Eve ofDestruction: The Untold Story ofthe Yom Kippur War
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003, p. 120.
(9) Yigal Kipnis, \973:The Road to War (Charlottesvile, VA: Just World Books,
2013), pp. 46-47.
(10) Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep, pp. 116-17, 148-49, 248-50.
True, Zeira tried to claim on a number of occasions that he gave the order to
deploy the special equipment forty hours before the war was launched (that
is,Thursday night at 10:00 p.m. Israel time). However, Col.Yossi Langotsky,
who at the time commanded the unit responsible for deploying them, stated
that forty hours before the start of war, Zeira approved conducting a check of
the equip—ment's readiness («tool check») and insisted that they be turned off
again on Friday at 6:00 a.m. The commander ofthe 848th Intelligence Unit, Col.
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Yoel Ben-Porat, told him personally that the equipment had been shut down at
that time. Langotsky, who also checked with the soldiers who were physically
involved (that is, who actually pushed the button), said that they were deployed
operationally only «on the moming of Yom Kippur, a couple of hours before
the war.»Yossi Langotsky,«The Truth About the 'Special Means,'» Haaretz,
December 20, 2005; personal correspondence with Yossi Langotsky.
(11) Account of the events of Friday, October 6, according to Bar-Joseph, The
Watchman Fell Asleep, pp. 141-86.
(12) Zamir and Mass, With Open Eyes, p. 150,
(13) Personal interviews with Freddy Eini, Arieh Shalev, Avner Shalev, and Zvi
Zamir.
(1) Quoted from the transcript of the conversation, as it was recorded by Maj. Gen.
Shlomo Gazit, coordinator of the territories, who was present at the meeting.
Haaretz Weekend Supplement, January 1, 1999.
(2) Bar-Joseph,TAe Watchman Fell Asleep, p. 199..
(3) Prime Minister's Office, National Archive, Summary of Consultations with
the Prime Minister, October 6, 1973, 8:05 (recorded by Mr. Eli Mizrahi),
http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/66FC5A72-27F7-41A6-9969-
7ED71 A097F57/0/yk6_ 10_0805 .pdf.
(4) For example: Prime Minister's Office, National Archive, Meeting with the
Prime Minister, October 1, 1973, 1450 hours (recorded by Mr. Eli Mizrahi),
http:// ww w.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0FC0ABE9-C023—46 6D-9B65-
2502586EE0AF/0/yk7_10_1450.pdf.
(5) Elchanan Oren, The History of the Yom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: IDF-FIistory
De-partment, 2013), pp. 112-13; Maj. Gen. (ret.) AmnonReshef, We Will Never
Cease! Brigade 14 in the War ofYom Kippur (Ot Yehuda: Dvir, 2013), pp.94-95.
(6) Motti Ashkenazi with Baruch Nevo and Nurit Ashkenazi, Tonight at Six There
Will Be War (Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad, 2003), pp. 61-67.
(7) Braun, Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War, p. 82.
(8) Telephone conversation with Eitan Carmi, August 27, 2010. «In the Middle of
Yom Kippur, the IDF Spokesman Announced:'At approximately 2:00 p.m., the
forces of Egypt and Syria launched an attack in Sinai and the Golan Heights.
Our forces are working to fight the attackers,'» IAF website, http://iaf,org.
il/843-13277-he/IAF.aspx.
(9) Shimon Gola, Decision-Making ofthe Israeli High Command in the Yom Kippur
War (Ben Shemen: Modan and IDF History Department, 2013), pp. 318-19,
328-329, 341-2, 369-70. Amiram Ezov, «'Ministerial Recommendation': The
Southern Command During the Yom Kippur War-October 7, 1973-Thwarted
the Counter-Attack,» in War Today. Studies ofthe Yom Kippur War, ed. Hagai
Golan and Shaul Shai (Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 2003), pp. 204-258, 208.
^ 330
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10) Ibid., p. 227.
(11) Prime Minister's Office, National Archive, Meeting with the Prime Minister,
October 7, 1973, 2350 hours (recorded by Eli Mizrahi), http://www.archives.
gov.il/NR/ rdonlyres/FD8B4764-23C7^1D0B-8466-EA5FDBlC507B/0/
yk7_10_2350. pdf; Prime Minister's Office, National Archive, Meeting
with the Prime Minister, October 8, 1973, 1950 hours. Report of M-G
Bar-Lev and Minister Alon After Sur-veying the Front (recorded by Eli
Mizrahi), http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/AbA68F84-86A8^488 D-
8A3C-216644051639/0/yk8_l 0_1950.pdf
(12) Personal interview with Zvi Zamir, August 13, 1998.
jmjS' ^w fGI VHflII
(1) «Sekretarijat za informacije,» Yugoslav Survey, vol. 17, 1976, p.68. [add page
numbers?]
(2) Interview with Zvi Zamir, July 8, 2008; telephone conversation with Freddy
Eini, October 1, 2010; Shimon Golan, «The Yom Kippur War: The Debate
About Crossing the Canal on October 12, 1973,» in State Army Relations in
Israel, 1948-1974, ed.Yehudit Ronen and Avraham Zohar (Tel Aviv; The Golda
Meir Memorial Association and the Israeli Society for Military History, 2004),
pp. XXX-XXX; Uri Bar-Joseph, «When the Gates Were Locked: MI in the Yom
Kippur War,» in Mlechet Machshevef. 60 Years ofIsraeli Intelligence-A View
from Within, ed. Amos Gilboa and Efraim Lapid (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot,
2008), pp. 70-77; Zeira, Myth Versus Reality, p. 162.
(3) Hagai Tzoref,«The Director of the Mossad, Zvi Zamir, and Israel's Leadership-
During the War of Yom Kippur.» An unpublished paper. Dr. Tzoref is a senior
archivist in Israel's National Archives, in charge of the archive's collection of
documents during Golda Meir's tenure as prime minister (1969-1974).
(4) Victor Israelyan, Inside the Kremlin during the Yom Kippur War (University
Park: Penn State Press, 1995), 103-14,
(5) Tzoref.
(6) Maariv, November 9, 1973; Maariv, December 4, '1973; Bahgat Korany and
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, The Foreign Policies ofArab States: The Challenge of
Globaliza-tion (Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2008), p. 184.
(7) Maariv, December 19, 1973.
(8) Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), p. 1061.
(9) Maariv, May 7, 1974.
(10) Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 844.
(11) Le Carr6, The Secret Pilgrim, p. 193.
(12) Fawzi, Secrets of the Assassination ofAshraf Marwan, p. 17; Maariv, August
23, 1974.
(13) Gerard Chaliand, ed.. People Without a Country: Kurds and Kurdistan (London:
Zed Books, 1984), p. 170; Asadollah Alam, The Shah and I: The Confidential
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Diary ofIran's Royal Court, 1969-1977 (London:Tauris, 1991), p. 185.
(14) «Memorandum of conversation between: Mr. Ismail Fahmy, Minister of For-
eign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Dr. Ashraf Manvan, Presidential
Secretary for Foreign Contacts, and Dr. Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State
and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and Mr. Peter W.
Rodman, NSC Staff, August 13, 1974, Madison Room 8th Floor Department of
State,» National Security Archives,Washington, D.C., pp. 10-11.
(15) «After the Jehan Sadat Interview: Shocking Secrets Revealed by Her Hus-
band's Friend,» Al Arabiya Network, March 4, 2007.,
(16) Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The
KGB and the Battlefor theThirdWorld (NewYork: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 161,
167.
(17) John Cooley, Unholy Wars (London: Pluto Press, 2002), p. 17; «Saudi Ambassa-
dor to the United States Prince Turki Al-Faisal Interview with the Saudi-US
Relations Information Service (SUSRIS),» March 2, 2006, http://www.saudi
embassy, net/arch ive/2006/transcript/Pagel 9.aspx.
(18) Joseph J. Trento, Prelude to TerrorThe Rogue CIA and the Legacy of
America's Pri-vate Intelligence Network and the Compromising of American
Intelligence (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005), p. 5; Peter Dale Scott, The Road
to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2007), p. 111.
(19) Heikal, Mubarak and His Time, p. 248.
(20) Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, pp. 38-40.
(21) J. C. Louis and Harvey Z.Yazikian, The Cola Wars: The Story of the Global
Battle Between the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. (New York: Everest
House, 1980), pp. 177-178.
(22) Mohamed Jamaa, /A>jew Sadat: p. 181.
(23) Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend, p. 653.
(24) Jamaa, I Knew Sadat, pp. 216-218.
(25) Maariv, October 15, 1975.
(26) Al-Ahram, March 22, 1976.
(27) Sabri, Sadat: The Truth andthe Legend, p. 655; Fawzi, Secrets oftheAssassination
ofAshrafMarwan, p. 32.
(28) «The Arabs Diversify into the Arms Business,» BusinessWeek, October 31,
1977, pp. 31-32;Thomas Lippman,«The Arab Organization for Industry Signs
Secret Agreements with France and Britain for Joint Production of Modern
Weap-onry,» Maariv, September 11, 1978.
(29) Sabri, Sadat: The Truth and the Legend, pp. 654-655; Fatah, Who KilledAshraf
Marwanl pp. 33-34.
(30) Fawzi, Secrets ofthe Assassination ofAshrafMarwan, p. 29; Sabri, Sadaf.The
Truth and the Legend, p. 656,
(31) Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend, pp. 656-657.
(32) Ibid., pp. 657-659;Tharwat, AshrafMarwan: Fact and Illusion, pp. 36-38.
(33) Al-Akhbar,OcXobev 12, 1978.
(34) Sabri, Sadat: The Truth and the Legend, pp. 656—657; Fatah, Who Killed Ashraf
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Manvanl p. 43.
(35) Fatah, Who Killed AshrafManvanl p. 44.
(36) Maariv, October 17, 1978.
(37) «Statement from Ashraf Marwan, Responding to Claims in the Book by (The
Engineer) Osman Ahmed Osman,» Al-Akhbar al-Youm and Al-Ahram, April
16, 1981; Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend, p. 665.
(38) Sabri, Sadaf.The Truth and the Legend, pp. 662-665.
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(1) Interview with Tom Bower; New York Times, December 28, 2004.
(2) A report on the Proposed Merger, Lonrho Limited and House ofFraser Limited,
Presented to Parliament in Pursuance of Section 83 of the Fair Trading Act 1973
(London; Her Majesty's Printing Office, December 9, 1981), p. 27 (here-after:
Griffiths Report, 1981).
(3) Pinkindustry, «The House of Fraser,» Atlantic Semantic, http://pinkindustry.
wordpress.com/the-house-of-fraser.
(4) Tom Bower, Fayad: The Unauthorized Biography (London: Macmillan, 1998),
p. 151; Tom Bower, Tiny Rowland: A Rebel Tycoon (London: Mandarin, 1994),
pp. 499-500.
(5) Chris Blackhurst, «As Mysterious in Life as in Death,» Timeout London, July 2,
2007,
(6) Chris Blackhurst, «The Shadowy World of Ashraf Marwan,» Business, May 5,
1987.
(7) Interview with Tom Bower.
(8) Quotations from Griffiths Report, 1981. Statement of Member of Parliament
Charles Wardle, June 4, 1997, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/com-
mons/1997/jun/04/dti-inquiries#column_318; commentary on Griffiths's
choice of words; interview with Tom Bower, June 28, 2010.
(9) Letterfrom Sir Andrew Bowden MBE, MR to the Parliamentary Commissioner
for Standards, February 13, 1997 (hereafter: Bowden Letter).
(10) Interviews with Bower and Blackhurst; Robinson, Yamani, pp. 130-135.
(11) Simon Parkin, «Who Killed the 20th Century Greatest Spy?» Guardian,
September 15, 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/ who-
killed-20th-centurys-greatest-spy-ashraf-marwan
(12) Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana (New York: Penguin, 1969); John le Carre,
The Tailor ofPanama (New York: Knopf, 1996).
(13) Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, Imperfect Spies (Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1990), p. 176.
(14) Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel's Secret Wars (New York: Grove Weidenfeld,
1991), p. 286.
(15) Shmuel Katz, Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence (Novato, Calif:
Presidio, 1992), p. 246.
(16) Eli Zeira, Myth versus Reality: The Yom Kippur War-Failures and Lessons (Tel
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viv: Eidanim, 1993).
(17) Telephone conversation with Amnon Dankner, May 13, 2010.
(18) Eli Zeira, Myth versus Reality.The Yom Kippur War—Failures and Lessons,
p. 124.
(19) Robinson, Yamani, p. 85.
(20 Zeira, Myth versus Reality. The Yom Kippur War-Failures and Lessons, p. 126.
(21) Ruling of Arbitration, before Justice (ret.) Theodor Orr. Plaintiff: Elihau (Eli)
Zeira, represented by Adv. B. Mozer et al.; v. Defendant: Zvi Zamir, represented
by Adv. Danziger, Klegsbald et al., March 25, 2007, pp. 15-17 (hereafter: On-
Ruling).
(22) Zeira, Myth versus Reality.The Yom Kippur War-Failures and Lessons, pp. 85,
123.
(23) Orr Ruling, pp. 16—17.
(24) Ephraim Kahana, «Early Warning Against Concept: The Case of the Yom
Kippur War 1973,» Intelligence and National Security 7, no. 2 (2002); 81-104,
99.
(25) Ahron Bregman and Jihan el-Tahri, The Fifty Years War. Israel and the Arabs
(London: Penguin, 1998).
(26) Ahron Bregman, Israel's Wars, 1947-93 (London: Routledge, 2000).
(27) Ahron Bregman, A History of Israel (Houndmills, UK; Palgrave Macmillan,
2002).
(28) Israel Television Channel One, Supplement ofSupplements, September 23,2004.
(29) Orr Ruling, p. 34.
(1) In addition to the sources cited below, the current description of the events
surrounding Marwan's death rely on interviews with two of the people most
closely associated with the affair but who preferred to remain anonymous. Other
sources include: Private electronic correspondence with Dr. Ahron Bregman,
June 28, 2010; Yossi Melman, «It Doesn't Sound Like the Ashraf Marwan I
Know»; Majdi al-Jallad,«4/-A/fl.sTy al-Youm Publishes Important De-tails
on the Death of Ashraf Marwan,» Al-Masry al-Youm, July 7, 2007; «Mona
Abdel Nasser Interviews with Al-Ahram Weekly: The Israelis Murdered My
Husband and Paid Money to Distort the Truth,» El-Araby, September 24, 2007;
«Apology,» Al-Ahram Weekly, November 2007, Issue 872, pp. 22—28; Rajiv
Syal, «'Double Agent' Billionaire's Death in Fall from Balcony Was Murder,
Says Friend,» Sunday Times, October 13, 2007; «An Egyptian Riddle,» Private
Eye, August 4, 2010; Parkin, «Who Killed the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?».
(2) Rajiv Syal, «Evidence Missing in 'Spy' Death-Fall Mystery,» Times Online,
August 29, 2007.
(3) Rick E. Ingram, ed., The International Encyclopedia ofDepression (New York;
Springer, 2009), pp. 546—547.
334
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) Yossi Melman,«It Doesn't Sound Like the Ashraf Marwan I Know»; electronic
correspondence with Dr. Ahron Bregman, June 28, 2010; Parkin, Who Killed
the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?
(5) Andrew Hosken, «Billionaire's 'Spy' Death Remains a Mystery,» BBC Radio,
July 15,2010.
(6) Al-Araby, September 24, 2007.
(7) «Mossad Agents Murdered My Husband, Says Widow of Billionaire Arms
Dealer,» Observer, July 11, 2010.
(8) Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, Octo-
ber 14, 2003, in Dr. Bregman's private collection.
(9) Transcript of telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf
Marwan, May 7, 2005.
(10) Zamirand Mass, With Open Eyes, pp. 151-153.
(11) James Forsyth, «Did He Fall or Was He Pushed?» Spectator, August 15, 2007.
(12) Rajiv Syal, «Missing Memoirs Fuel Spy Death Mystery,» Sunday Times, August
13, 2007.
(13) Ronen Bergman, «The 'Khotel' Code.»
(14) Electronic correspondence with the librarian at the archive in Washington and
with Dr. Ahron Bregman, August 10 and 29, 2010.
(15) Howard Blum, «The Double Agent Who Fooled Israel,» early draft of «An-
other Operative Is Outed-But in Israel This Time,» LA Times, October 5, 2003.
(16) Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, Octo-
ber 6, 2006.
(17) Yossi Melman, «What Is Known About the Mysterious Death ofAshrafMarwan,
the Agent Who Warned Israel of the Yom Kippur War,» Haaretz, May 28, 2010.
(18) liana Dayan, «The Last Spy.»
(19) Zamir and Mass, With Open Eyes, p. 129.
(20) Heikal, Mubarak and His Time, p. 246.TK.
(21) Ronen Bergman, «Their Man in Cairo,» Yediot Ahronot, May 6, 2005.
(22) Heikal, Mubarak and His Time, p. 252.TK.
(23) Ibid., p. 256.TK.
(24) Ibid., p. 260.TK.
(25) Dr. Moustafa al-Fiqi, «On El-Leithy Nassif, the Egyptian General Who Died in
a Manner Similar to Ashraf in London,» Al—Masry al-Youm, October 9, 2008;
«Egyptian X-File: Stuart Tower, the Beginning,» Egyptian Chronicles, May 21,
2010, http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2010/05/egyptian-x-file-stuart-
tower-beginning.html
(26) Kris Kenway, «Searching for Cinderella,» Egypt Today 25, no. 6 (June 2004):
pp. 22-30; «Egyptian X-File: Cinderella's Rank,» Egyptian Chronicles, July
14, 2009, http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2009/07/egyptian-x-flle-
cinderella-rank.html.
(27) Rose al—Yusuf, June 29, 2011.
(28) Reuters, July 2, 2007.
(29) liana Dayan, «The Last Spy.»
(30) Steve Croft, «Was the Perfect Spy a Double Agent?» 60 Minutes, May 10, 2009.
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