A Visit from IMR Applied Parasitolog y and Entomology Postgraduate Diploma Students to VCRU, SBS, USM A group of 10 visitors (6 students & 4 IMR staff) from the Diploma of Applied Parasitology and Entomology sponsored by SEAMEO-TROPMED, IMR had a study tour to VCRU, SBS, USM on 10 August 2023. The half-day visit was aimed at allowing the DAP&E 2023 IMR students to delve deeper into the practices of pesticide testing in the laboratory and insectarium at VCRU, USM Penang. NUCAR Collaborative Working Visit to the Non-Clinical GLP Test Facilities at the Universiti Sains Malaysia and National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia in Penang, Malaysia Since January 2023, Asst. Prof. Dr. Pornnarin Taepavarapruk, the director of Naresuan University Center for Animal Research (NUCAR), Thailand, and Dr. Jahangir Bin Kamaldin from the Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, have been planning a collaborative working visit programme under APUCEN upon preliminary supports from the heads of three GLP test facilities located in Penang, Malaysia, namely Dr. Nor Azlina Khalil (Preclinical Translational Unit, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zary Shariman Yahaya (Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences), and Dr. Faisalina Ahmad Fisol (Animal Research Facility, Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical). NUCAR underlined three objectives for the working visit as follows: 1. To explore collaboration opportunities with the GLP test facilities in Penang, Malaysia. 2. To provide continuous education for its staff on the best practices of other GLP toxicology test facilities. 3. To introduce its staff to other regulatory GLP studies (insecticide bioassay). VCRU looks forward to mutually benefiting from the institutional collaboration, particularly in advancing engagement with local and international industries towards innovation for the well-being of the community, in line with our aspirations of SDG 3 and SDG 9. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 43
Assessment of the VCRU Field Space Spray Project by WHO Geneva Prequalification (PQ) Officers An audit and monitoring process conducted by two officials, Dr. Dominique, and Dr. Geraldine from WHO Geneva’s PQ, for project GLP001/2023 space spray took place from July 2 to July 7, 2023. The purpose of this audit was to ensure that all procedures and protocols used by VCRU for field testing meet the standards set by WHO. The initial response conveyed to VCRU was their satisfaction with the procedures observed, and a comprehensive report will be sent to VCRU in time. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zary Shariman Yahaya is the coordinator of VCRU at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. He is a trained molecular parasitologist and his research is in the field of parasitic diseases in animal/ human and fisheries a t the molecular level and disease control measure studies. 44 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
15. Cat City doing Monkey Business The IPS-MPS’23 Joint Meeting Draws Hundreds of Primatologists to Kuching, Sarawak. Nadine Ruppert The Joint Meeting of the International Primatological Society (IPS) and the Malaysian Primatological Society (MPS), co-organised by the Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC), in partnership with the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and other agencies, was held in Kuching, Sarawak, from 19 to 25 August 2023. This year’s meeting was the 29th edition of a renowned international event, first held in Germany in 1966, that has become the go-to event and a must-attend for everyone who deems themselves a primatologist in the broadest sense of the term. Audience in one of six concurrent breakout sessions listening to oral presentations. More than 700 delegates from 60 countries attended the conference events in person or online during the fiveday congress at the Borneo Convention Centre Kuching (BCCK). Conference events included a daily keynote speech, six parallel podium sessions, roundtables and workshops, poster talks, a pre-congress training program for early-career primatologists, as well as site visits and public talks around Kuching. Roundtable discussion about the future for primates in Malaysia. The congress theme “Primates and People: A New Horizon” placed a focus on the challenges and opportunities that arise as humans strive to coexist harmoniously with other primates in the new dawn following the COVID-19 pandemic. Just a bunch of happy primatologists. While Malaysia’s recent public-facing primate research and conservation has been dominated by decades of outstanding work on the Bornean orangutan, as vividly described by Sarawakian primatologist Dr. Melvin Gumal (CEO II Sarawak Forestry Corporation) in his keynote speech, it was refreshing to see the more recent mainstream inclusion of other lesser-known species in presentations by and conversations among Malaysian primate researchers and conservation practitioners. Dr Nadine with three of her SBS MSc students. Reflected by the diverse people working on any of the 26 Malaysian primate species, the congress featured almost 50 talks and posters by Malaysians and a special roundtable on “The Future of Primates in Malaysia”, reflecting the diversity of Malaysian scholarship on the 26 primate species in this megadiversity country. Several symposia and special events also focused on primate Bio-Bulletin December 2023 45
species living in our country, including “Addressing Knowledge Gaps for Saving the Small Apes: Lessons from Research, Conservation, and Outreach”, “A ManySplendored World: Current Status and Conservation of the Long-Tailed Macaque” and a “Presbytis Action Planning Workshop: Species Status and Opportunities for Range-wide Conservation Efforts”. The single most important message that emerged from all discussions about Malaysia’s unique primates who share space with us is that “We don’t know enough to make informed efforts for their protection. We need to stop working in silos because time is running out for them.” SBS Postdoc Dr Nurul Iza Adrina (left) and friends promoting Malaysian primates. In this spirit, new coalitions were formed, and existing collaborations strengthened through events such as the first in-person meeting of the 30+ global members of The Long-tailed Macaque Project, the first in-person workshop of the MacaqueNet, a digital data-sharing platform for the over 20 macaque species in the world, as well as the second in-person gathering of the Global Gibbon Network, an emerging platform for concerted efforts in small ape research and conservation. SBS MSc candidate Celine Ng winning the Best Poster Award of USD500 by addressing how to overcome silos in One Health. For first-time participants, students, or early-career primatologists, the opportunity to meet, and exchange ideas with the vibrant and diverse community of likeminded people from all around the world, was a truly inspiring experience. Even for the veterans in the field, this largest gathering of primatologists since the COVID-19 pandemic was a brilliant prospect to reconnect with longterm colleagues and forge new friendships. SBS visiting researcher Dr. Anna Holzner with her field assistant Ain Farhanah presenting their poster. While it was simply impossible for the on-site participants to attend every single talk due to the overlapping parallel sessions, the conference committee set new standards for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI). Every talk, roundtable, and symposium was live-streamed for registered online participants, and the recordings were accessible on the virtual congress platform for 6 months to give all participants the chance to revisit the talks they missed. This was also the first IPS Congress that provided sponsored full-day childcare services for participating parents while featuring an honest and raw roundtable discussion on “Balancing Motherhood and Academia in Primatology”. In another first, this IPS Congress provided trained “Welfare Officers” to provide support for the diverse delegates in addressing matters that affect their ability to participate in the Congress safely and comfortably, including issues of mental and physical wellbeing as well as harassment or breach of the conference’s Code of Conduct. Numerous talks, roundtables and symposia discussed the urgent need to decolonise primatology on a global scale. This topic was effectively highlighted in a wellreceived keynote speech by Sarawakian Bidayuh, Dr. June Rubis, who proposed a decolonial Indigenous approach to orangutan conservation in Sarawak and effectively advocated for broader inclusion of Indigenous perspectives into primatology. 46 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
USM PhD candidate and famous zoo designer Bernard Harrison. While the will to create better research opportunities for range-country primatologists and facilitate more equitable partnerships for everyone dominated the discussions of this congress, the enthusiasm was overshadowed by the sombre realisation that access remains a privilege. The barriers to access were drawn into sharp focus when several fully funded delegates from the African continent were denied visas to Malaysia despite their countries being listed as eligible for an eVisa by the Malaysian authorities. Future IPS Congress organisers must develop effective strategies to support participants in obtaining appropriate travel permissions so that everyone can get the opportunity to meet colleagues, forge networks, create new partnerships, or simply be inspired. Keynote address by Dr June Rubis on the strategic resistence against indigenous and local stewardship in the face of environmental crisis. In conclusion, beyond the many important updates on primate research that were shared in Kuching, and the opportunities to share data and ideas in various fields, it quickly became clear that the new horizon in primatology lies in fostering better coexistence between primates and people, which can only be achieved by learning from and with each other. The wise saying, “Tak kenal, maka tak cinta” (i.e., if you do not know it, you cannot love it) aptly signifies the next step for primate conservation. SBS alumni Dr Joleen Yap presenting canopy bridges for langurs in Penang. SBS alumni Ethan Pang presenting his MSc research on gibbons in Ulu Muda. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 47
Dr. Nadine Ruppert is a senior lecturer at SBS with expertise in zoology and wildlife conservation. SBS MSc candidate Lee Zan Hui connecting the dots on Raffles banded langur conservation. SBS MSc candidate Lim Zhi Han who presented about her work on population genetic of pigtailed macaques. SBS PhD candidate Ben Galea presenting his research updates. SBS PhD candidate Tarik Kabir presenting work on Western Hoolock gibbons in Bangladesh. SFC’s Dr Melvin Gumal giving his keynote speech. 48 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
On 15 to 19 May 2023, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Mad Arip, the representative of the USM Deputy ViceChancellor (Academic and International), together with 13 academicians from various schools and centres of excellence (CoE) in USM, namely the School of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Centre for Drug Research USM, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies (CEMACS), as well as School of Biological Sciences (SBS), were awarded the Erasmus+ ICM funding. This week-long programme aimed to further the development of the institutional partnership between USM and Keele University by establishing additional education and research links. Furthermore, this programme served as a sharing platform for internship opportunities and research activities between USM and Keele University. The partnership allows USM academics to seek wider avenues that strengthen institutional cooperation in research and incorporate global experiences into teaching and learning practices. Day 1 On the first day of the programme, we went to the Salvin Room, located within the Keele Hall, where we engaged in a presentation and session focused on the exchange of knowledge. Associate Professor Dr. Yahya Mat Arip led the USM delegates and delivered a speech at Keele University. Subsequently, Prof. Dr. Pip Beard, the Head of the School of Life Sciences, provided a comprehensive overview of Keele University and the programme it offers. She warmly welcomed the delegates upon arrival and expressed hopes for a successful execution of the programme, emphasising a seamless and issue-free experience. Prof. Dr. David Hoole delivered a speech on the history between Keele University and the School of Biological Sciences that began in 2011, stemming from the discussions between Prof. Dr. Zairi Jaal and Prof. Dr. Richard Ward. Following these, a Keele student placement programme was established at the School of Biological Sciences and the Vector Control Research Unit, USM. In the initial stages, the programme was sponsored by the UK Prime Minister’s Initiative, under the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Royal Society of the UK. In 2018, the former Vice-Chancellor of USM, Prof. Datuk Dr. Asma Ismail, was honoured as a Member of The College of Fellows, Keele University. To date, almost one hundred students have benefitted from the pre-graduate and postgraduate exchange programmes. The strong relationship between the two universities holds great promise for future development, especially through the engagement of lecturers and academic staff in collaborative research activities. Prof. Dr. Mark Ormerod, the Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Provost provided information on the history of Keele University and its recent achievements. Keele University was founded in 1949 by Alexander Dunlop Lidsay who became the first Vice-Chancellor. In 2022, Keele University was recognised as the No. 1 university in Britain’s Best University rankings. Prof. Dr. Jonathan Wastling, the ProChancellor and Executive Dean for the Faculty of Natural Sciences shared the university’s commitment to promoting 16. ERASMUS+ Mobility Programme Keele University Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him, Yahya Mat Arip, Darlina Md. Naim and Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi USM delegation to ERASMUS+ Mobility Programme at Keele University. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 49
sustainability, encompassing environmental conservation, energy utilisation, and life sciences. Prof. Dr. Raphael Hirshi, the Director of the Digital Society Institute, shared the opportunities and challenges in managing real data analysis, as well as Keele University’s experiences in data analysis management. Keele University is overseeing projects, including the Smart Energy Network Demonstrator (SEND). SEND creates an ‘at scale’ environment that enables intelligent energy generation, distribution, storage, forecasting, and balancing across different energy sources - using the Keele University campus as a real ‘living laboratory.’ The Smart, Infrastructure, and Mobility Urban Laboratory and Test Environment (SIMULATE) programme is related to developing, testing, and demonstrating how a smart highway network can be designed, maintained, and extended to local roads. More programmes have been prioritised in alignment with sustainability and smart energy concepts. Prof. Dr. Ross Wilkie, the Deputy Director of the Institute for Social Inclusion (KISI), shared about USM-Keele collaboration opportunities with a focus on tackling inequalities, supporting communities, and sustaining democracies. This includes cooperation in identifying root causes, policy development, and joint research funding. Dr. Adam Winterton, the Teaching Fellow Faculty International Director, introduced the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences which comprises four schools - the School of Allied Health, the School of Medicine, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, and the School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering. All these schools offer state-of-theart facilities for both students and staff. Prof. Dr. Ghulam Sorwar, the Director of the Institute of Sustainable Futures, expounded on the obstacles encountered in the realm of sustainability research that aims to foster secure and unpolluted environments. The challenges at hand encompass a range of critical issues, such as the provision of clean energy, reduction of carbon emissions, preservation of food security, promotion of healthy ecosystems, and protection of land, air, and water. It is imperative to reassess all these challenges to guarantee the achievement of sustainable outcomes. Prof. Dr. Priyamvada Paudyal, the Director of the Institute of Global Health and Wellbeing, shared about the responsibilities and roles of the institute she represents, which include creating networks of researchers, facilitating interdisciplinary support and expertise for complex projects, and highlighting research. The institute also emphasises education, community engagement and involvement, as well as a scoping exercise on climate and infectious diseases. The presentation on the first day concluded with a sharing by Dr. Joseph Brooks, the Dean of Research from the Faculty of Natural Sciences on his experience facilitating research activities within the faculty, preparing strategic plans, and attracting investment for research, as well as initiating research activities between universities, institutes, faculties, and countries. Day 2 We visited Keele Business School on the second day and were immediately fascinated by the design and maintenance of the student lounges. To us, they were one of the best student facilities we have seen across institutions. The second day commenced with a presentation by Dr. Daniel Tonge, the Postgraduate Research Director from the Faculty of Natural Sciences. He shared about the role of the Postgraduate Research Office in assisting postgraduate students. The main roles are providing services, monitoring performance and progression, managing and organising research training, arranging the annual postgraduate Faculty of Natural Sciences symposium, and providing funding for personal development and employability skill training. Dr. Sebastian Cosgrove from the School of Chemical and Physical Sciences introduced the ongoing research conducted within the school. For instance, Prof. Dr. Gavin J. Miller’s group focuses on the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates and Dr. Juliana Morbec concentrates on computational material physics. The Applied & Environmental Geophysics Research Group at Keele University, situated in the School of Geography, Geology, and the Environment within the Faculty of Natural Sciences relies on the expertise of Dr. Jamie Pringle, Dr. Ian Stimpson, Prof. Dr. Peter Styles, and Mr. Sam Toon. Their work highlights the application of ultra-high resolution geophysical techniques and numerical modelling in energy, environmental, geodynamic, hydrocarbon, forensic, and archaeological contexts. During the talk on the second day, Dr. Roberto Galizi from the Infectious Diseases Research and Insect Genetics shared his research on the development of innovative methods for eradicating vector-borne diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. He also focuses on the development of genetically modified mosquitoes and the application of synthetic biology to enhance the control of disease-carrying insects. Dr. Alan Richardson from The Keele Cancer Group presented his ongoing research involving the discovery of new therapeutic targets and drugs for treating ovarian cancer. He also investigates chemotherapy resistance. One of the most intriguing presentations on the second day was delivered by Dr. Marcelo Lima from the Center for Glycoscience Research and Training who discussed glycoscience, or the study of complex carbohydrates. This is a relatively new and captivating topic that warrants further discussion. Dr. Simon Trent, a neuroscience lecturer from the School of Life Sciences, shared his work on memory formation and synaptic biology, focusing on the hippocampal molecule gene, utilising rats as a model. Prof. Dr. Toby Bruce from the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology discussed his research on plant health, particularly the 50 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
projection of the future of crop protection. He emphasises the importance of achieving sustainable intensification of global agriculture to enhance production without detrimental impacts on the environment. Dr. Annette Shrive from the School of Life Sciences delivered a presentation on molecular structure and signalling. Her research interests lie in structural biology and the relationship between the structure of biological macromolecules and their function. Her focus is on the structure and function of key molecules within the innate immune system. Dr. Ilaria Russo from the School of Life Sciences shared her research on the environment’s impact on malaria, vectors, and hosts. Her work concentrates on research projects that aim to identify new molecular targets for malaria interventions and vaccinations, responding to the need for innovative and validated approaches. The final presentation on the second day was given by Prof. Dr. Katie Maddock, the Head of the School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering. She discussed the programmes and courses offered by Keele University for undergraduate and postgraduate students and highlighted the future potential collaboration between USM and Keele University in education and research endeavours. Day 3 On the third day of the programme, all of us were invited to visit the School of Medicine at Keele University. Prof. Dr. Christian Mallen, the Dean of the School of Medicine, stated that the medicine programme at Keele was ranked fourth in the UK. Discussions about potential collaborations were held between the participants from the School of Health Sciences and the School of Medicine, USM. Subsequently, we visited the Keele Anatomy and Surgical Training Centre and the Surgical Training Suite to observe the world-class and modern anatomy lab. At Keele University, there is a programme that allows individuals to donate their bodies for clinical practice and medical research. The Human Tissue Act (2004) and the Human Tissue Authority regulate all donations. However, photography was not allowed within the centre. In the afternoon, the presentations continued. The first talk was by Prof. Dr. Saed Farooq, who discussed his interests in mental health research that encompassed enhancing outcomes in severe mental illnesses through evidencebased interventions, as well as addressing physical health in severe mental illness, and global mental health. He is dedicated to offering evidence-based healthcare using a public health approach for disadvantaged communities. Dr. Monte A Gates presented the biomedical sciences programme at Keele University, highlighting education, training, teaching, research programmes, and facilities. After the presentation, all participants engaged in a sharing session to exchange thoughts and opinions, deliberate ideas, and discuss information. We then proceeded to visit the Trentham Garden and enjoyed the natural splendour and diverse botanical and zoological inhabitants. The Garden is situated in Trentham, a central location within Staffordshire County that has exceptional transport connectivity. The trip to Trentham Garden from Keele University took us a mere 20 minutes. The Trentham Garden boasts 725 acres of land, featuring a lake and a shopping centre. Over the years, it has received prestigious awards, such as the Enjoy Staffordshire Tourism Gold Award, Countryfile Garden of The Year, Horticulture Week Custodian Award, and consecutive We were fortunate to have had the opportunity to spend time and take photos with the Vice-Chancellor of Keele University, Prof. Dr. Trevor McMillan. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 51
Gold Accolades from Visit England in 2015, 2016, and 2017, owing to its remarkably aesthetic appeal. Day 4 On the fourth day of the programme, we were invited to visit Keele University’s School of Life Sciences. Dr. David Watson, the Director of Education at the School of Life Sciences, delivered a welcoming speech and provided a brief introduction to the school. He discussed the undergraduate and postgraduate programmes offered and shared examples of the teaching and learning methods employed at Keele University. He emphasised the potential for collaboration and partnerships, particularly in student exchanges and postgraduate programmes. Ms. Trish Procter, a lecturer in Biomedical Science, shared her findings on embedding Equality, Diversity & Inclusion (EDI) for the transformative capacity of education. She accentuated the importance of achieving equality in educational opportunity and removing barriers to facilitate positive change for individuals, communities, and society. Dr. Jenny Moran and Dr. Marta Wotoszynowska-Fraser presented on outreach and engagement through the lens of creation. This approach helps in developing a comprehensive understanding of subjects for effective communication with stakeholders. Dr. Daniela Plana introduced the concept of Team-Based Learning (TBL), a collaborative learning method where learners combine their knowledge to solve problems. Before the morning session concluded, we were introduced to the concept of the Walking Classroom, facilitated by Dr. Dave Hulse. Keele University takes pride in its abundant greenery with numerous plants and trees. Lecturers and students are encouraged to take advantage of this environment and incorporate it into learning. For instance, during this session, we explored the distinct types of lichen found around the campus. This exercise enlightened us about alternative learning experiences beyond the traditional lab or lecture hall settings. In the afternoon, we visited the Keele University power plant. We received explanations about the Smart Energy Network Demonstrator (SEND) programme, which is the first in Europe. Subsequently, we were taken to the Low Carbon Energy Generation Park to explore the solar power plant in greater detail. This park located on the Keele University campus ground is a significant step toward achieving Keele’s goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2030. Impressively, Keele University generates energy for the entire campus! Because of that, it was awarded the Global Sustainability Institution of the Year 2021 and Green Energy Award 2023. Fifth Day On the fifth and final day of the programme, we returned to the School of Life Sciences for another session of sharing and discussions. Prof. Dr. Helen Price, the Director of Research at the School of Life Sciences, provided a brief introduction to the ongoing research within the school. Next, Dr. Eunju Jenny Shin shared her current research on neurodevelopment and mental disorders. Her study focuses on pluripotent stem cells to understand neuron (brain) development and the processes involved in neurodevelopmental diseases. After that, Dr. Aja Winter discussed the importance of structural studies in targeting infectious diseases for the development of new drugs. Later, Prof. Dr. Helen Price, as an ECLIPSE Co-Principal Investigator, presented her work against cutaneous leishmaniasis infection. ECLIPSE stands for “Empowering people with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Intervention Programme to improve patient journey and reduce Stigma via Community Education.” ECLIPSE brings together researchers from different continents and academic disciplines, including anthropology, parasitology, primary care, applied health services, psychiatry, psychology, community engagement, and public health - to assist individuals living with cutaneous leishmaniasis and empower communities in addressing the profound effects of the associated stigma. Dr. Dmitry Kishkinev introduced the intriguing utilisation of computer vision and biotelemetry approaches for studying animal behaviour. These approaches involve techniques such as radio tracking, geolocation, open-source satellite tracking, and the use of AI. Dr. Chris Adams talked about the development of benchtop models for traumatic neurological injuries, which are used to test combined therapies. He shared a successful case involving the use of chick embryos to test approaches for neural tissue engineering and highlighted the adaptability of the model. Prof. Dr. Pip Beard presented her research on the interactions among cattle, the lumpy skin disease virus, and the vector Stomoxys calcitrans. She investigated the molecular interactions between the virus and the host, described the pathological and immunological changes that occur in response to poxvirus infection, and delved into the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by insects within cattle populations. Finally, Dr. Marcelo Lima shared his study on protein cloning and expression to identify the relationship between the structure and function of relevant biological macromolecules, particularly complex carbohydrates. Conclusion The five-day mobility programme has indeed facilitated the potential for enhanced collaboration in subsequent endeavours. The discussions and deliberations conducted throughout resulted in the planning of initiatives covering a wide range of activities such as the dissemination of research findings via seminars, collaborative research grants, and exploration of prospective partnerships in postgraduate programmes. We express our deepest gratitude to the Erasmus+ EU funds and Keele University for providing us with the opportunity and financial assistance to embark on such as transformative experience. 52 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mat Arip on behalf of the Deputy ViceChancellor (Academic and International) Prof. Dato’ Dr. Gs. Dr. Narimah Binti Samat, presenting a token of appreciation to Professor Dr. Trevor McMillan, ViceChancellor of Keele University. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mat Arip presenting a token of appreciation to Prof. Dr. Pip Beard, the Head of the School of Life Sciences. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Darlina Mat Naim A genetician at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She is currently serves as Program Manager for Plant Science and Animal Science Program. Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him A senior lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He currently serves as the Programme Manager for the Agrobiology, Entomology, and Parasitology programme. Dr. Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi A senior lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interest is in Veterinary Parasitology especially on Blastocystis sp. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Mat Arip A virologist at School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He is currently serves as the Deputy Dean of Academic, Career and International at School of Biological Sciences. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 53
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On August 22, 2023, the ISP Academic Excellence Award 2022 was held at the School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) to celebrate the achievements of two outstanding students. The winners were selected based on their cumulative grade point average (CGPA) of 3.8 and above. Each recipient received a check worth RM2,000, an ISP certificate, and an ISP plaque. The recipients of the ISP Academic Excellence Award 2022 were Oong Xian Zhe, a Bachelor of Applied Science (Agrobiology) student with a CGPA of 3.87, and Thien Oi Yee, a Bachelor of Science (Microbiology) student with a CGPA of 3.86. The ceremony began with a welcome speech by the Dean of the School of Biological Sciences, Prof. Dato Dr. Amirul Al-Ashraf, who underlined the importance of cooperation between universities, industry, corporate entities, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in fostering student excellence. He hoped that the success achieved by the two award recipients would serve as an example to all other students. Before ending his speech, Prof. Dr. Amirul stressed the importance of balance in a university student’s life to align academic excellence with personal development. The Incorporated Society of Planters (ISP) was represented by its Chief Executive, Mr. Rajindran Irusan. In his speech, he extended his heartfelt congratulations to both award recipients for their outstanding achievements. He explained ISP’s role and support in providing knowledge and skills, especially in the field of agriculture. Additionally, he welcomed anyone interested in becoming an ISP member. He recounted ISP’s history, emphasising its establishment on October 8, 1919, as a company limited by guarantee and without a share capital under the Companies Act. ISP Management (M) Sdn. Bhd. (ISPM), a wholly owned subsidiary of ISP was founded on November 30, 1996. Even though ISP is an agriculture-based organisation, it remains committed to assisting and supporting students’ excellence and welfare. Mr. Rajindran Irusan expressed that the success attained by the two award recipients should serve as a guiding inspiration for those who are still endeavouring in the pursuit of knowledge. He also reminded them to give back to their alma mater for the advancement of knowledge and skills. In his brief speech, Oong Xian Zhe expressed his utmost gratitude to ISP for selecting him as one of the award recipients. He thanked and conveyed appreciation to the school and lecturers for their guidance and commitment to facilitate his academic pursuit. The other recipient, Thien Oi Yee, also delivered her thanks and appreciation to ISP and the School for entrusting her with the excellence award. A native of Sarawak, she shared some of her experiences during her studies at USM. The commitment of the lecturers, continuous assistance, and support from family and friends motivated her to excel. The Deputy Dean (Academic, Career, and International), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Mat Arip, Deputy Dean (Research, Postgraduate, and Industry-Community Engagement), Prof. Dr. Latiffah Zakaria, Programme Managers, Academic Advisors, and lecturers in the fields of Agrobiology and Microbiology were in attendance to celebrate the students’ achievements 17. ISP Academic Excellence Award 2022 Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him A photo to commemorate the achievement of the award recipients, Thien Oi Yee and Oong Xian Zhe, along with the ISP Chief Executive, Rajindran Irusan, Dean of SBS Prof. Dato Dr. Amirul Al-Ashraf, Deputy Dean (Academic, Career, and International), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahya Mat Arip, the Deputy Dean (Research, Postgraduate, and Industry-Community Engagement), Prof. Dr. Latiffah Zakaria, Programme Manager (Agrobiology, Entomology and Parasitology), Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 55
The Chief Executive of ISP, Mr. Rajindran Irusan delivered a speech on behalf of ISP. The recipient of the ISP Academic Excellence Award 2022, Oong Xian Zhe, a Bachelor of Applied Science (Agrobiology) student boasts a CGPA of 3.87. In the picture, he is receiving the award presented by the Chief Executive of ISP, Mr. Rajindran Irusan. 56 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him is a senior lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He currently serves as the Programme Manager for the Agrobiology, Entomology, and Parasitology programme. The recipient of the ISP Academic Excellence Award 2022, Thien Oi Yee, a Bachelor of Science (Microbiology) student boasts a CGPA of 3.86. In the picture, she is receiving the award presented by the Chief Executive of ISP, Mr. Rajindran Irusan. The Dean of SBS, Prof. Dato Dr. Amirul Al-Ashraf was also present to celebrate her achievement. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 57
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Introduction Biosociety stands as a prominent association within Universiti Sains Malaysia, uniting all undergraduate students from the School of Biological Sciences (SBS). Its overarching mission is the transformation into an exceptional society that places a strong emphasis on academic, spiritual, and physical excellence. In addition, Biosociety envisions the cultivation of scholars who can elevate the nation’s productivity in the fields of science and innovation while upholding unwavering moral principles. To achieve these noble goals, Biosociety remains passionately committed to aligning its activities with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the allencompassing HEBAT agenda of USM. This alignment serves as the cornerstone of all Biosociety events and programmes, ensuring their meaningful contributions towards productivity and joy for all SBS students. Biosociety undoubtedly serves as an invaluable platform for students to display their interpersonal and leadership prowess. Below, we highlight five notable events held throughout its operation: BIONIGHT 2023 On 7 July 2023, the Biosociety held the year’s Bionight event, with the theme “Nostalgia Night - Journey to The Golden Eras at Mercure Hotel, Penang Beach. It was a night dedicated to commemorating the achievements of the final-year SBS students, reminiscing and reflecting on the good memories at USM, as well as forging longlasting friendships and connections between the SBS community. Approximately two hundred students who were extravagantly clad in their costumes, fancy suits, and beautiful dresses attended Bionight. It was refreshing for the SBS community to greet those who were graduating and learn how the institution has influenced their lives and future career pathways. Professor Dr Yahya (Deputy Dean, SBS), initiated the event with a welcome speech after the prayer recital, then gave a brief remark before each lecturer and student introduced themselves to the audience. Various performances, from singing to dancing, were performed by the final year students of SBS and members of Biosociety which filled the night with laughter and positive vibes from all attendees. The anticipated night ended with an honouring ceremony for the Dean’s List recipients and an exciting lucky draw session. The Bionight was indeed memorable for the final-year students. One of them appreciatively said, “Bionight was a dose of nostalgia I needed. Meeting people and being able to relate through university experiences, shared professors and mutual friends was remarkable.” The event ended with a photo session with all attendees. In closing, the SBS community reflects on the warmth and camaraderie of the Bionight dinner. It was an evening filled with laughter, friendship, and the promise of a bright tomorrow. May the graduates’ future be as brilliant as this night has been. 18. Pioneering Visions Biosociety’s Recollection of Academic Excellence and Social Innovation Muhammad Syahmi Shamsul Bahari, Muhammad Haziq Hakimi Mohd Nasir, Nurkamilia Azhar and Reeshantini Mani Bio-Bulletin December 2023 59
Biosociety Exco Interview 2022/2023 On 20 June 2023, the Biosociety organised a Biosociety High Committee and Exco interview at the Zoology Lab, School of Biological Sciences (SBS) to identify capable members and talents to fill up the various societal positions for the oncoming academic session. The portfolios involved were sports, academic, sustainability, media and graphics, publicity and editorial, economy and 3K. The event gathered the then co-exco, exco, high committee, and interested candidates. The head of excos and excos of each portfolio hosted their respective interviews. While waiting for their turns, the candidates provided their details in a standard form and had the opportunity to choose up to three portfolios they were interested in. The interviewers and the candidates engaged in conversations as part of the interview process. The Biosociety members asked the candidates about their ability to perform the job, and personality to fit within their team and society, as well as proposed strategies to bring the society to a higher level. The candidates articulated why they were the best contenders for the positions, as well as their plans for the society. All candidates were interviewed fairly without favour and favouritism. The questions asked to each candidate relate to the portfolios they selected to ensure their general understanding of the position, as well as commitment to the section and society despite the busy schedule of their studies. Each candidate was assessed by the Biosociety advisors, Exco, and previous high committee members before being accepted as a high committee, Exco or Co-Exco. The interview session went smoothly due to the efficiency and professionalism of all parties, and the candidates were happy to experience the thoughtful and systematic process. The interview session was pivotal in shaping the destiny of Biosociety, and with each member chosen, the society looks forward to a future filled with fresh ideas, collaboration, and continued growth. Let’s Have a Date 2.0 Let’s Have a Date 2.0 was an event organised to share meals with students from the School of Biological Sciences (SBS). This event was part of the charity programs under the 3K portfolio and took place during Ramadan. Specifically, it was held on the 7th of April 2023, starting at 5:00 p.m. and concluding at 7:00 p.m. The event was hosted at the SBS Foyer and was graced by the presence of the Dean of SBS along with fellow lecturers. 60 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
The event commenced with a speech delivered by the Dean, followed by a donation ceremony benefiting selected students. Subsequently, the primary goal of the event was achieved by distributing main dishes, mineral water, desserts, and the renowned ‘bubur lambuk,’ which is traditionally served during Ramadan. The event unfolded seamlessly, with all participating students enjoying the delicious food offerings without any hitches. It fostered a sense of community and sharing among the attendees, embodying the spirit of Ramadan. Biosociety Annual General Meeting 2023 The Academic Session of the Biosociety’s High Committee and Excos for 2022/2023 has come to its conclusion. Consequently, an Annual General Meeting convened on 6th July 2023, to appoint a new committee for the forthcoming academic session. During this meeting, a thorough evaluation of past events was presented to provide comprehensive reports to the esteemed guests in attendance, including the Deputy Dean, Programme Manager, Advisor of the School of Biological Sciences, and the MPP (Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar) of the School of Biological Sciences. Before entering the hall, students from the School of Biological Sciences (SBS) participating in the Annual General Meeting were registered. The event commenced with a heartfelt and inspirational speech by Chan Chai Wai, who bid farewell as Yang Di-Pertua (YDP) of the Biosociety. In her speech, she expressed her hope that the new committee would continue to reach even greater heights for the betterment of the community. Then, the advisor, Dr. Fadhli Mat Atari expressed his pride and extended congratulations to the 2022/2023 committee for successfully organising impressive events throughout the academic session, acknowledging the arduous work invested during these endeavours. Professor Dr. Yahya, the Deputy Dean of the School of Biological Sciences, delivered a brief yet impactful speech that motivated everyone present to strive for greater success in all aspects of life. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 61
The meeting proceeded with the presentation of certificates of appreciation to the Biosociety members, followed by a photo session. Each project director, then, delivered a detailed presentation on past projects, while the treasurer presented the annual financial report. The high committee of 2022/2023 was formally disbanded, and the new candidates for the high committee were introduced. These candidates presented their manifestos to the audience, followed by a ballot. Muhammad Aiman Bin Abd Rahman received the highest number of votes due to the strength of his manifesto, and hence, elected President. Iera Maisarah Binti Muhammad Ali assumed the role of Vice President 1, and Amira Eliyana Binti Amiruddin was appointed as Vice President 2. All candidates exhibited immense aspiration and enthusiasm in assuming their responsibilities to enhance the society and SBS. The Annual General Meeting concluded with a ceremonial exchange of duties between the exiting and newly selected committee members, accompanied by a pledge ceremony led by the new President, Muhammad Aiman bin Abd Rahman. Biology Active Day 2023 Biosociety USM strives to balance study and work and a healthy lifestyle in its community. Therefore, despite the expeditious study and work environment, Biosociety annually organises a Biology Active Day. For 2023, the Biology Active Day was held on 6 May at Azman Hashim USM Sports Arena. It aimed to foster sportsmanship and friendship as well as promote sustainable living among the SBS community. It involved students, academics, as well as administrative and supporting staff members who demonstrated their skills in selected sports to strengthen the bonds between them. The sports offered were Futsal, Netball and Badminton for men and women categories. More than sixty participants with their athletic teams competed against each other to be crowned champion. The full-day event started early in the morning for place set-up, participant registration and breakfast. The event was officiated by Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him. All games began at the same time when the referee blew the first whistle. All competitors exhibited excellent skills, strong teamwork, and quality sportsmanship. To make it more exciting, about thirty students came to cheer and support their friends, uplifting the whole atmosphere. The culmination of the day was the action62 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
packed final badminton match from both the men and women categories. Dr. Rosazlina Rusly gave the closing speech and presented awards to the winners. The event ended with a photography session with all participants, cheerleaders, and Biosociety Secretariat. Conclusion With the introduction of new leaders for the upcoming session, Biosociety is enthusiastic about contributing substantial impact on SBS students and communities. Biosociety has an array of exciting events in the pipeline, such as the Intra-Bio Day 9.0, Inter-U 7.0, and STEM Fair. These events are meticulously designed to align with the HEBAT agenda and contribute to the attainment of the SDGs. Biosociety envisions itself as a dynamic and influential society that does not only excel in leadership but also consistently delivers remarkable achievements for both the SBS student body and the broader community. Biosociety is committed to fostering personal growth, academic excellence, and community engagement, which will be the driving force behind its efforts. Through innovative events and initiatives, it aims to leave a legacy and inspire positive changes within SBS and USM. Biosociety is dedicated to upholding the principles of leadership, integrity, and sustainability across all endeavours. Nurkamilia Azhar A second-year student currently pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree with a specialization in Plant and Animal. Muhammad Syahmi Shamsul Bahari A third-year student currently pursuing a Bachelor of Sciences degree with a specialization in Microbiology. Reeshantini Mani A third-year student currently pursuing a Bachelor of Applied Science degree with a specialization in Biotechnology. Muhammad Haziq Hakimi Mohd Nasir A third-year student currently pursuing a Bachelor of Applied Science degree with a specialization in Environmental Biology. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 63
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SBS Biopostgraduate Society was established in 2018 to bring all postgraduates at the School of Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia together. It provides a platform for the SBS’s postgraduates to share thoughts on all aspects of life while doing research. On 5 September 2023, the Biopostgraduate Society organised a schoollevel 3MT competition. The winners will represent SBS for the university-level session. In the 3MT competition, PhD candidates from around the world face the exciting challenge of explaining their research in plain English to an intellectually engaged, yet non-specialist audience, all within a three-minute time limit. This competition is founded on the belief that the capacity to present clear, succinct, and captivating descriptions of their research is an essential skill for graduate researchers. Furthermore, it fosters a sense of unity within our graduate research community, creating a dynamic and research-oriented experience that encourages them to share their discoveries with a broader audience. The SBS 3MT competition was open to both master’s and doctoral candidates within the SBS community. However, only the top three PhD candidates were selected to represent SBS at the university level. A total of 17 graduate students enthusiastically participated in this event, consisting of 8 doctoral candidates and 9 master’s candidates. The competition received official endorsement from Prof. Latiffah Zakaria, the Advisor of the Biopostgraduate Society, and was skillfully judged by Dr. Nik Ahmad Irwan Izauddin Nik Him, Dr. Faradina Merican Mohd Sidik Merican, and Dr. Hafizi Rosli. Remarkable achievements were recognised, with the winners of the SBS 3MT competition receiving cash prizes of RM 300 (first place), RM 200 (second place), and RM 100 (third place), and all participants were honoured with certificates of participation. The winners of the SBS 3MT Competition 2023 are: 1st Place: Lilyann Narishah A/P Sivakumar 2nd Place: Rizwana Kausar 3rd Place: Tengku Nurul Amira Aqma Binti Tengku Zakaria 19. SBS 3MT Competition 2023 Musabbihah Abdul Aziz, NurShanariah Balkis Kamarudin and Amira Suriaty Yaakop Bio-Bulletin December 2023 65
The winners. 1st Place: Lilyann Narishah A/P Sivakumar, 2nd Place: Rizwana Kausar and 3rd Place: Tengku Nurul Amira Aqma Binti Tengku Zakaria with Deputy Dean (Research, Postgraduate, and Industry-Community Engagement), Prof. Dr. Latiffah Zakaria. The participants, winners, and organising committee of the SBS 3MT competition. 66 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
3rd Place: Tengku Nurul Amira Aqma Binti Tengku Zakaria. The emcee of the day. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 67
2nd Place: Rizwana Kausar. 1st Place: Lilyann Narishah A/P Sivakumar. 68 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Dr. Amira Suriaty Yaakop is a senior lecturer at School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and currently the advisor of SBS Bioposgraduate Society. Musabbihah Binti Abdul Aziz is a Master of Science (Botany) student and members of Multimedia Bureau of SBS Bioposgraduate Society. NurShanariah Balkis Binti Kamarudin is a Master of Science (Botany) student and currently the Treasurer SBS Bioposgraduate Society. The committee members of SBS 3MT Competition 2023. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 69
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Erasmus+ mobility for traineeships at Keele University, United Kingdom Erasmus+ is a European programme that supports education and training initiatives. Through this programme, we received full financial funding for our two-month research training at Keele University in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. Universiti Sains Malaysia selected 13 students from various backgrounds and expertise to participate in this programme, and among them, four of us - Putri, Ong Jia Wei, Imran, and Peace - from the School of Biological Sciences were chosen. We were assigned to the School of Life Sciences at Keele University for our research training. Before we started, each of us selected a supervisor to guide us during our stay. Putri opted to work with Dr. Roberto Galizi, an esteemed specialist in infectious diseases. Ong Jia Wei collaborated with Dr. Anja Winter, an expert in biochemistry and protein expression. Imran chose to be mentored by Dr. Dmitry Kishkinev, whose focus lies in animal behaviour and behavioural neuroscience; and Peace selected Dr. Nawroz Kareem, who is known for her proficiency in cell culture techniques. School of Life Sciences, Keele University In his collaboration with Dr. Anja Winters, Jia Wei looked into protein expression and SDS-PAGE. Along the line, Jia Wei acquired proficiency in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques, which he utilised to investigate the presence of specific protein particles. Dr. Winter’s research also encompassed the interaction between the Dengue virus and host factors. Consequently, she guided Jia Wei on the dissection of mosquito midguts, a crucial organ for her gene of interest targeting via Real-Time PCR. 20. Research Training Keele University, United Kingdom Putri Wulan Dari Binti Perison, Ong Jia Wei, Peace Onas Somdare and Imran Bin Mohd Hornain Bio-Bulletin December 2023 71
Peace was immersed in a world of cell culture techniques, with a strong emphasis on aseptic techniques, MTT assay, and cell count assays. She was rigorously trained in these essential skills to guarantee the purity and integrity of cell lines. This includes meticulous sterilising of equipment, working in a laminar flow hood, and adhering to strict hygiene protocols. The MTT assay is a pivotal tool in cell culture research. It allows researchers to gauge cell viability and proliferation by assessing mitochondrial activity. By measuring the conversion of MTT into formazan crystals, scientists can determine the metabolic activity of cells and infer their health and proliferation rates. The MTT assay provides valuable insights into how cells respond to various stimuli, including drugs, toxins, or environmental changes. Her research was focused on how carp leucocyte cell line responds to herbal extracts. Accurate quantification of cell numbers is another essential aspect of cell culture research at Keele University. Peace was trained on cell count assays using the Trypan Blue exclusion method to measure cell concentration. Learning from Dr. Roberto Galizi and his team on infectious diseases, particularly Malaria, has been an invaluable experience for Putri. Their expertise in genetic control technologies for vector-borne diseases, coupled with their insights into the application of CRISPR-Cas9 approaches, has broadened her understanding of innovative strategies for combating these deadly diseases. Through their guidance, Putri gained a deeper appreciation for the potential of genetic manipulation to target disease vectors and reduce transmission rates. The incorporation of these cutting-edge techniques enhances her knowledge of infectious diseases like Malaria. The collaboration with Dr. Roberto Galizi and his team has undoubtedly equipped Putri with the tools and insights needed to make a meaningful impact in this critical field of research and public health. Imran on the other hand learned basic coding skills using Python programming language on the Ubuntu operating system for an animal tracking project and used R software for data analysis purposes. For one of their tasks, Imran and his supervisor, Dr. Dmitry Kishkinev visited the London Zoo to seek technical guidance on handling horizon tags from the Arribada Team. 72 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Keele Research Conference 2023 One of the highlights of this programme was the opportunity to participate in events like the Keele Research Conference, held in Keele Hall. The 2023 edition was aimed at bringing the Keele research community to celebrate the incredible work conducted across the University and it was indeed an exciting platform for knowledge exchange and networking as researchers, and students presented their research findings and engaged in interdisciplinary discussions. Intercultural Experience Imran had the chance to reside with his foster parents, Dr. Peter Thomas and Mrs. Judy. They were former colleagues of his USM supervisor, Dr. Nik Fadzly N Rosely. During his stay, Imran acquired valuable cross-cultural experiences by assisting Dr. Peter with various household tasks, including using a small axe for wood cutting and operating a lawnmower to trim the grass. The chopped wood was then used to fuel a wood stove, which provided warmth for the house. Playing Tourist in the United Kingdom We were fortunate to have acquired new knowledge and a diverse range of skills from our research training. On the weekend and during our free time, we had a wonderful time exploring various regions and places of interest in the United Kingdom. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 73
National History Museum, London. Big Ben, London. Middleport Pottery factory, Stoke-on-Trent. Mow Cop Castle Hill, Stoke-on-Trent. 74 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
The potteries Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent. Aberystwyth Castle, Ceredigion, Mid Wales. Old Trafford Stadium, Manchester. Scott Monument, Edinburgh. York Minister, Yorkshire. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 75
Nottingham Castle, Nottingham. Liverpool Castle Streets, Liverpool. Peace Onas Somdare is a PhD student whose research is focussed on the utilisation of alternative feedstuffs for aquaculture feed production. Putri Wulan Dari Binti Perison is a Master’s student working primarily on parasites and infectious diseases. Imran Bin Mohd Hornain is a Master student focusing on wildlife ecology and management field, with a specific interest on pest birds in industrial sectors. Ong Jia Wei is a PhD student studying the in vitro packaging of bacteriophage and the bacteriophagehost attachment to explain the virus replication cycle. 76 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Metals are everywhere in our environment and play important roles in various natural processes and human activities. To better understand the behaviour of metals and their effects on ecological systems, scientists study a concept called metal speciation. Metal speciation refers to the distribution of metals in different chemical forms or species under certain conditions or environments. For example, mercury (Hg) can exist in elemental (i.e., metallic), organic (e.g., methylmercury, dimethylmercury, diethylmercury) and inorganic (e.g., mercuric chloride, mercuric sulphide) forms. Different forms of a specific metal (i.e., speciation) will have different levels of mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, metal speciation is a vital component of environmental science that helps us understand the behaviour of metals in natural systems. By understanding the complex chemistry of metals in different environments, scientists, authorities, and stakeholders can make informed decisions to protect the ecosystems and human health, remediate contaminated sites, and develop effective environmental policies and regulations. This is because while metals are essential for life in small amounts, they can be dangerous pollutants in excessive amounts. Metal speciation can be done to identify and quantify chemical species in soil, water, sediment, and biological tissues. The chemical composition of metals significantly affects their activity, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. Different metal species will vary in their solubility and their binding affinities to particles. Tracking changes in metal speciation is vital because it can affect overall ecosystem health. For example, changes in the speciation of essential metals, such as iron, can affect the growth and productivity of aquatic organisms and phytoplankton, potentially causing ecosystem imbalances. The bioavailability of a metal species determines its potential impact on ecosystems and environmental health. Some metals are readily taken up by organisms, while others remain largely elusive. Metal specification helps analysts perform environmental risk analysis more accurately. Different metal species exhibit different toxicities. For example, some forms of mercury, such as methylmercury, are highly toxic and pose a serious threat to living organisms, while others (e.g., inorganic, and metallic forms of mercury) can be less harmful. Another example is metallic tin (Sn) and organotin (i.e., chemical compounds where the tin element has bonded with a carbon compound). Metallic tin is less toxic and can only cause toxic effects when consumed in very large amounts. Organotin, on the other hand, can cause toxic effects which include death from swallowing, touching, or inhaling. Analysis of metal species may provide a baseline for the construction of effective strategies when dealing with contamination events. Knowing the major or main types of metal species and their mobility can help in developing appropriate mitigation or remediation strategies, such as by using chemical stabilization or soil amendment. Environmental regulations often limit the amount of specific types of metal species due to their toxicity. Accurate metal speciation ensures that compliance is based on the most relevant chemical form of the metal, reducing the risk of overregulation or underestimation of potential hazards. As we continue to face challenges related to metal pollution, ongoing research into metal speciation will play a pivotal role in mitigating the environmental impacts of these essential yet potentially harmful elements. 21. Understanding Metal Speciation and Its Importance in Environmental Science Hazzeman Harris Dr. Hazzeman bin Harris is a senior lecturer in the Environmental Biology programme in School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 77
The global climate is in jeopardy, and now is the moment for us to act. As we approach an impending global catastrophe, it is apparent that traditional carbon reduction initiatives do not sufficiently address the consequences of climate change. Blue carbon habitats are hidden treasures that lie within the depths of our planet’s oceans and along the coastline. These underappreciated ecosystems, such as seagrass meadows do not only support a diversity of marine life but also play a vital role in mitigating the climate change effects. The hope of a sustainable future for our planet rests inside these unique ecosystems. In contrast to their terrestrial relatives, seagrasses are not taxonomically classified as true grasses. These organisms are angiosperms that have undergone adaptations to thrive in the marine environment, resulting in the formation of extensive meadows on the ocean floor. These meadows are well distributed in shallow waters globally, spanning from tropical to temperate regions, and shelter a diverse array of marine life. Seagrass meadows exhibit significant ecological importance by offering a range of ecosystem functions, essential to the marine environment. Furthermore, the coexistence of seagrasses and macroalgae within seagrass meadows results in a collective contribution of a multitude of ecological functions. Seagrass meadows significantly contribute to carbon sequestration, which helps them play an important role in reducing climate change. These marine ecosystems perform the function of a “blue carbon” sink by effectively sequestering and storing carbon dioxide from the environment. These meadows, as they continue to grow, continue to sequester significant quantities of carbon. This phenomenon contributes to a reduction in the quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The organic carbon deposited in seagrass meadows originates not only from seagrass production termed as autochthonous sources, but also from allochthonous sources such as macroalgae, mangroves, particulate matter, and others. Malaysia, being a constituent of the Coral Triangle, is home to seagrass meadows of significant ecological value. These meadows support a wide variety of marine organisms, such as the charismatic megafauna of turtles, dugongs, and whale sharks. Malaysia stands out in this ecosystem for its outstanding seagrass richness, with sixteen documented seagrass species. The most diversified and well-developed seagrass communities can be found in Sabah, Sarawak, and the southern and eastern parts of Peninsular Malaysia. For instance, ten species of seagrasses were discovered in the seagrass meadow of Sungai Pulai. These species include Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila minor, Halophila major, Halophila spinulosa, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninvervis and Syringodium isoetifolium. A diverse range of macroalgae, with more than thirty species, including Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta, have also been identified inside the seagrass meadows of Sungai Pulai. Examples of these species are Amphiroa fragilissima, Cladophora prolifera, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva reticulata, and Dictyota dichotoma. Additionally, there are stands of Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera parviflora riverine mangroves all around the meadow. Mixed macrophyte seagrass meadow in Sungai Pulai, Johor. A study was conducted to quantify the total organic carbon content of the surficial sediment sample (5cm depth) using a Bayesian isotope mixing model (simmR package). The concentration of organic carbon (OC) in the seagrass meadow of Sungai Pulai was up to 28.3 g OC m-2. This organic carbon in the seagrass meadow was contributed by a wide variety of organisms in addition to seagrasses, including epiphytes, macroalgae, mangroves, and seston. Intriguingly, the organic carbon pool in the seagrass meadow was characterised by the lowest contributions from seagrasses, amounting to less than 12%. In addition, mangroves provided approximately >30% of the organic carbon in the meadow, followed by seston (17–27%), macroalgae (12.6–15.2%) and epiphyte (11.7– 13.5%). Thus, the discovery of multiple carbon sources in the seagrass meadow ecosystem in Sungai Pulai, Johor depicts the complexity and biological diversity of this ecosystem. 22. Beneath the Surface Exploring Blue Carbon Ecosystems Natasha Arina 78 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Enhalus acoroides patch on the seagrass meadow. Collecting the seagrass and macroalgae sample. Seagrasses, epiphytes, macroalgae, mangroves, and seston contributed to the intricate web of organic carbon sources that can be found in the seagrass meadows. In the case of Sungai Pulai, it was astonishing that seagrasses, which formed a major part of the seagrass meadows were the component that contributed the least to the organic carbon pool. It was revealed that mangroves, one of the allochthonous sources are the most important source of organic carbon in the Sungai Pulai seagrass meadow. These findings however may not necessarily represent the dynamics of other seagrass meadows, as the contribution of organic carbon sources is influenced by various ecological factors. Therefore, the aforementioned findings underscore the need to conserve the complex carbon dynamics of seagrass meadows. Seagrass ecosystems mitigate climate change and maintain the health of coastal ecosystems on a global scale. Hence, we must work together to preserve and protect these habitats to sustain the crucial role they play in maintaining ecological and climatic stability. Seagrass meadow at Sungai Pulai during high tide just before sunset. Reference Arina, N & Hidayah, N & Hazrin-Chong, N.H., Rozaimi, M. 2023. Algal contribution to organic carbon sequestration and its signatures in a tropical seagrass meadow. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 210, 105307 Japar Sidik, B., Muta Harah, Z., Short, F.T., 2016. Seagrass in Malaysia: issues and challenges ahead. In: Finlayson, C.M., Milton, G.R., Prentice, R.C., Davidson, N.C. (Eds.), The Wetland Book: II: Distribution, Description and Conservation. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 1–9. Muta Harah, Z., Japar Sidik, B., Natrah, F.M.I., Emmclan, L.S.H., Wan Hazma, W.N., Nordiah, B., 2014. Seaweed community of the Merambong Shoal, Sungai Pulai estuary, Johore. Malay. Nat. J. 66, 132–148. Dr. Natasha Arina is a lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, specialising in Blue Carbon ecosystems. Her research focuses on seagrass and macroalgae, investigating their roles in nutrient cycling within coastal ecosystems. Currently, she is active in the study of microplastics in the coastal environments, contributing valuable insights towards the preservation of marine ecosystems and the mitigation of pollution in oceans. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 79
Black water peat swamp. Introduction Peat swamp forest consists of unique ecosystems that thrive in a harsh environment within the tropical rainforest biome. The ecosystems are characterized by deep layers of peat soil and acidic waters, which support plant and animal species not found in other tropical forests. The vegetation in the peat swamps grows in permanently waterlogged areas with mineral-deficient water. While preserving the water supply, reducing flood damage, and providing resources (such as fish and timber) for the local communities, the harsh environment plays a crucial role in global carbon sequestration and the carbon cycle, which is achieved by storing large amounts of carbon within the peat and regulating the release of greenhouse gases. The peat swamps derive their name from their substrate of peat, which forms from the accumulated semidecomposed plant material (such as fallen leaves, twigs, and other parts of trees) called plant detritus. This detritus is deposited on alluvial soils, creating anaerobic conditions that retard decomposition. This type of soil is low in nutrients because the leaf litter accumulates but does not decompose to add nutrients to the soil. The presence of high concentrations of humic acids and other phenolic acids makes these swamp waters highly acidic (with pH values ranging from 3.5 to 5.9). The waters are dark or tanned in appearance due to their contents of tannins and other alkaloids that leach from the semi-decomposed plant detritus. To those unfamiliar with the existence of this intriguing ecosystem, the dark water may appear unappealing. Added to this, the unique characteristics of hypoxic, acidic, and black waters led some to misinterpret the ‘habitat’s inhospitality’ and conclude that such a habitat would sustain poor faunal diversity. Peat swamp. In Peninsular Malaysia, the peat swamp forests are now scattered as remnant patches along the east and west coasts of the peninsula. Of the 1.54 million hectares of peat swamp forests in Malaysia reported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2006, only about 0.317 hectares remain in Peninsular Malaysia, and 67 percent of this small remaining area has been designated as Permanent Forest Reserves. Even though most of the remaining patches of the peat swamp forests have been logged and degraded, few pristine forests remain, such as those found in the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest Reserve, the Pondok Tanjung Forest Reserve (Perak), the North Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve (Johor), and several peat swamp forests in Pahang and Terengganu. Tasek Bera in Pahang and Tasik Bukit Merah in Perak, formed by the interconnected freshwater-peat swamp system, are vital for water retention during the monsoon season and supporting local domestic and agricultural water supply. Studies establish that this unique ecosystem is inhabited by numerous unique, beautiful, and colorful fish. Among these, some play a key role in the food industry and the ornamental trade, while others are exclusive to this freshwater habitat, not found in any other. 23. The Beauty of Peninsular Malaysia’s Peat Swamp Habitats Closer Look at Its Fascinating Fish Khaironizam Md. Zain and Mohd Ilham Norhakim Lokman 80 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
Diversity of Fish Species Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamp ecosystems are a treasure trove of unique biodiversity. These mysterious, waterlogged ecosystems are home to a remarkable array of fish fauna, with the fish species standing out as some of the most captivating residents. The diversity of fish in Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamp is relatively high, with 130 species recorded in the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, 158 species in Tasek Bera, Pahang, 32 species in Paya Beriah and 93 species in Pondok Tanjung-Tasik Bukit Merah systems, Perak, 32 species in the North Ayer Hitam, Johor, and 21 species in Jambu Bongkok-Merchang swampy systems in Terengganu. The world’s smallest fish, Paedocypris progenetica (Photo credit: Zahar Azuar Zakaria) A rich and diverse community of fish species inhabits the peat swamp forests of Malaysia, each uniquely adapted to the challenging conditions of this environment. Among the most intriguing residents are species like Paedocypris progenetica, which holds the distinction of being one of the world’s smallest fish. Its tiny size, averaging around 7.9 millimeters for a fully mature fish, makes it a remarkable example of nature’s ability to adapt to extreme conditions. Tiger barb Puntigrus partipentazona (Photo credit: Zahar Azuar Zakaria) Tiger Barb fish is another wonderful species and a common inhabitant of Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamps. They are a vibrant species of tropical freshwater fish sporting a striking appearance of black stripes on bright orange to reddish-orange bodies, resembling that of a tiger. Their exquisite beauty attracts many experienced and novice aquarists and is often favoured to embellish aquariums around the world. Among the most common Tiger Barbs found in Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamps are Desmopuntius hexazona, D. pentazona, and Puntigrus partipentazona. The small and elegant Boraras urophthalmoides (Photo credit: Zahar Azuar Zakaria) The red devil of the peat swamps, Boraras maculatus (Photo credit: Zahar Azuar Zakaria) Rasborine is a group of small freshwater fish with a unique, delicate, colorful, and mesmerizing beauty that captivates the hearts of ornamental fish enthusiasts. Their peaceful nature and graceful cluster movements make them beloved additions to aquariums. About 17 species of rasborine fish can be found in the peat swamps of Peninsular Malaysia, with the most popular species being Boraras maculatus, B. urophthalmoides, Brevibora dorsiocellata, Rasbora borapetensis, R. kalochroma, Trigonopoma pauciperforatum, and Trigonostigma heteromorpha. Mimicry of the floating dead leaf, Nandus nebulosus Bio-Bulletin December 2023 81
Lie down and wait for prey, Chaca bankanensis (Photo credit: Lim Teow Yeong) Other fascinating inhabitants include the Sunda leaf fish (Nandus nebulosus) and frogmouth catfish (Chaca bankanensis). The former has a dead leaf appearance and always behaves like a floating piece of a dead leaf, while the latter has a broad and flattened head and a large mouth that resembles a frog. Their ability to stay motionless and blend their bodies within the aquatic vegetation and leaf litter makes them masters of disguise. Unwitting prey that comes near will be ambushed in a lightning-fast movement, as they rapidly open their mouths, creating a vacuum that sucks their prey in. The red velvet Betta fish, Betta livida (Photo credit: Muhammad Rasul Abdullah Halim) A ferocious but peaceful gourami, Parosphromenus alfredi (Photo credit: Zahar Azuar Zakaria) Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamps also house about 16 species of beautiful betta and 12 species of gourami fish. Their dazzling colors, graceful fins, and intriguing personalities have earned them a cherished place among aquarium fish enthusiasts. Some betta and gourami fish species are adapted specifically to the conditions of peat swamp habitats, and any alterations or degradation of these environments could pose a threat to their survival. The IUCN Red List for Threatened Species has listed all Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamp Parosphromenus gouramies and some betta fish, such as Betta coccina, B. hipposideros, B. livida, B. persephone, B. pi, B. tomi, B. tusyae, B. wasseri, as vulnerable. Do not mistake this eel, Chendol keelini, for a dessert ice cendol. (Photo credit: Muhammad Rasul Abdullah Halim) The small, tan-colored eels, Chendol keelini and Bihunichthys monopteroides, that cling to the bottom surface of peat swamps lead many to mistake them for worms or insect larvae. The generic name Chendol was given to these eels (also spelled ‘cendol’), referring to the resemblance of their shape to the sweet iced Malaysian dessert ‘cendol,’ which consists of green rice-flour jelly noodles served with coconut milk and palm sugar syrup. Similarly, the generic name Bihunichthys alludes to their petite body shape, resembling rice vermicelli noodles known as ‘bihun’ in Malay or ‘bee hoon’ in Hokkien Chinese. The fierce predator in the black swamp, Channa bankanensis (Photo credit: Muhammad Rasul Abdullah Halim) Another interesting fish commonly found in the peat swamp is the snakehead fish of the genus Channa. The common name “snakehead” is derived from the snake-like appearance of the head when viewed from the ventral and dorsal angles. These fish are perfectly evolved predators and sit atop the food chain in the peat swamp habitat. For any unsuspecting prey, they are merciless, vicious, and explosive ambush hunters. Two common snakeheads in the peat swamps are Channa bankanensis and C. striata. Other than serving as food fish, local traditions highlight their medicinal properties for healing wounds and postpartum recovery. Ecological Significance The fish of Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamps play a crucial role in balancing the delicate ecosystems. They are vital components in food webs and contribute to nutrient cycling. As apex predators, some fish species help control the populations of smaller organisms, maintaining ecological stability. Importantly, these fish are valuable 82 Bio-Bulletin December 2023
to local communities, providing a source of sustenance, and supporting the diets and livelihoods of Indigenous peoples. Traditional fishing practices that have evolved over generations demonstrate the cultural significance of these fish. Conservation Challenges Despite their unique adaptations and ecological importance, peat swamp ecosystems are often viewed as unproductive wastelands, resulting in their rapid demolition for agriculture, aquaculture, industrial development, and residential projects. Consequently, the fish of Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamps face numerous threats. Habitat degradation and loss due to deforestation, drainage, and land conversion for agriculture and development endanger both these fragile ecosystems and their inhabitants. Pollution from agricultural runoff and logging compounds these challenges, affecting water quality and the health of fish populations. Nevertheless, conservation efforts are underway to protect these unique fish and their habitats. Initiatives include the establishment of protected areas and sustainable management practices. Public awareness and education about the ecological value of these fish can also help drive conservation efforts. Conclusion The fishes of Peninsular Malaysia’s peat swamp ecosystems are a testament to nature’s ability to adapt and thrive in challenging conditions. These remarkable species, with their unique adaptations and ecological significance, remind us of the importance of preserving and protecting these fragile habitats. As we continue to explore and understand the intricacies of these ecosystems, we must work collectively to ensure the survival of these hidden treasures of Malaysia’s peat swamps for generations to come. Dr. Khaironizam Md. Zain is a senior lecturer at the School of Biological Sciences and extensively researches fish diversity in Peninsular Malaysia. Mohd Ilham Norhakim Lokman is a citizen scientist and a visiting researcher at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He has broad experience in peat swamp fish conservation projects. Bio-Bulletin December 2023 83
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