hod

MAKEUP
Bhairavi B UG1709 DJ Academy of Design

image credits: Ian doodley



Political
Cultural
Technology
Environmental
Economic

100,000BP 70,000BP
Early homo sapiens femme Humans painted their bodies
fatales paint their bodies head using plant and earthern mate-
to toe with red ochre to adver- rials. Sometimes the decorations
tise fertility. Human skeletal were to imitate nature and other
remains stained with red ochre times, the patterns were from
were discovered in the Skhul natural formations.
cave and Qafzeh, Israel.

Middle Paleolithic age (300,000 BP- 50,000 BP

Intentional burial, particularly with grave goods
may be one of the earliest detectable forms of reli-
gious practice since. The oldest known ritual burial
of modern humans at Qafzeh in Israel: a double
burial of what is thought to be a mother and child.
The bones have been stained with red ochre. Ani-
mal worship was also practiced.

Stone weapons were designed to extract the
maximum amount from the raw material or
were based on function need. The use of
fire became widespread for the first time in
human prehistory. Humans began to cook
their food.
The earliest undisputed evidence of
artistic expression comes from Mid-
dle Paleolithic sites such as Blombos
Cave in the form of bracelets, beads,
art rock, ochre used as body paint
and perhaps in ritual.
In addition to developing other advanced
cultural traits such as religion and art,
humans also first began to take part in long
distance trade between groups for rare
commodities

33,���BP �5,���BP
In Wales, the paleolithic burial Paintings of animals made with
called the Red Lady of Paviland red and yellow ochre pigments
from its coating of red ochre have been found in paleolithic
has been found. sites at Pech Merle in France

According to some scholars, The Great Goddess Hypothesis is
Neolithic burials used red ochre that, in Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and/
pigments symbolically, either to or Neolithic Europe and Western
represent a return to the earth or Asia and North Africa, a singular,
possibly as a form of ritual rebirth, monotheistic female deity was wor-
in which the colour symbolises shipped prior to the development
blood and the Great Goddess. of the polytheistic pagan religions
of the Bronze Age and Iron Age.

��,5��BP ��,5��BP �5,���BP

The cave of Lascaux Paintings of animals made with
has an image of a red and yellow ochre pigments
horse coloured with have been found in the paleole-
yellow ochre esti- thic site of the cave of Altamira
mated to be this old. in Spain.

10,000 BCE

Earliest boats were constructed.

8000 BCE

Modern humans had spread
in various continents, and they
developed farming in the Agri-
cultural Revolution. People be-
gan staying at fertile areas near
bodies of water.

3,500 BCE

Because agriculture allowed
settlement, it led to the creation
of early cities, and therefore,
civilization. The first of these was
in Mesopotamia, around the area
of what is now Iraq.

Mesopotamian people invented many tech-
nologies including metal and copper-work-
ing, glass and lamp making, textile weaving,
flood control, water storage, and irrigation.
They were also one of the first Bronze Age
societies in the world. They developed from
copper, bronze, and gold on to iron.

3,�00 BCE

The first empire was established
in Egypt. Many other empires
then followed. With the growth
of empires, the concepts of ter-
ritory and military force became
the major themes.

Egyptians regarded beauty as
a sign of holiness, they tried to
impress the gods. Women were
always shown as slender in their
art and it was far from realistic.

3���BC Pale skin was a sign of nobility as
Egyptian women applied dark the lower class was the one who
green colour to their underlids toiled in the sun and tanned.
and blackened their upper lids Upper class women did not leave
and lashes with kohl. This Kohl the house.
was made of lead sulphide, lead Some of ancient Egypt’s crown-
chlorides, galena, silicon etc. ing achievements, the Giza
People painted their entire faces pyramids and Great Sphinx,
green and black to resemble the were constructed during the Old
God, Horus. Noble women paled Kingdom. Under the direction
their skin using creams and of the vizier, state officials col-
powders. Eye paint contained lected taxes, coordinated irri-
malachite which had medicinal gation projects to improve crop
properties and prevented diseas- yield, drafted peasants to work
es the Nile brought. on construction projects, and
established a justice system to
maintain peace and order.





2,8000 BCE

One of the oldest Chinese clas-
sics, an ancient Chinese divi-
nation text called I Ching was
written.

����BC 2,773BCE
China: In one of the earliest
known beauty rituals, aristo- Meanwhile, Egyptians use calen-
cratic women in ancient China dars with 365 days.
would soak their nails overnight
in a concoction of beeswax, egg- 2,700BCE
white, gum arabic and gelatin,
adding dyes made from orchids Indus valley civilization came
and roses to colour their nails. into existence.

Citadels were built at sites
such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Da-
ro, Dholavira and Ropar, with
carved stone gateways and
fortification walls. Around the
citadels were an extensive range
of water reservoirs

Trade with Mesopotamia,
Egypt and the Persian gulf is
in evidence between 2700-
1900 BC.

2,5000BCE

Earliest use of Indus script.

2,5000BCE

Battle of Banquain in China.

����BC 2,5000BCE
Materials made of ivory and met-
al for holding and applying cos- The library of Ebla came into
metics prove that they knew the existence. A sizable portion of
use of face paint and collyrium. the tablets contain literary and
Bronze oval mirrors, ivory combs lexicographic texts. The tab-
of various shapes, even small lets show evidence of the early
dressing tables, have been found transcription of texts into foreign
at Mohen-jo-daro and other sites. languages and scripts, classifi-
Women tied the hair into a bun cation and cataloging for easier
and used hair pins made of ivory. retrieval, and arrangement by
Toilet jars, found at Mohen-jo-da- size, form and content.
ro, show that women took inter-
est in cosmetics. 2,5000BCE

Egyptians perform surgery and
some patients live.

2,4000BCE

Papyrus is found in Egypt.

2,3000 BCE

Sargon the Great, of Akkad, launch-
es conquest of all of Mesopotamia,
first great military dictator.

����BC

2,�96 BCE

Chinese recording
sight of comet.

2,�50 BCE

First evidence of composite bow, during reign
of Naram Sin, grandson of Sargon the Great,
able to penetrate leather armor, double range
of simple bows

���� BCE

Minoan eruption destroys much of
Santorini island, but does not destroy
(contrary to what was previously believed)
the Minoan civilization on Crete. This may
have inspired the legend of Atlantis.

���4-�45�BCE

Thutmose III, greatest warrior pharaoh (won 17 of
17 campaigns), established peak Egyptian power,
adopted best of Hyksos weapons and mobility, and
added archers on chariots reserve forces, commu-
nication improvements (such as semaphore) and
intelligence gathering.

����BC ����BC
Chinese and Japanese women Egyptian tradition of public
used rice powder on their face, bathhouses spawns the devel-
shaved off their eyebrows and opment of various medicinal
painted their teeth golden or and cosmetic oils, soaps and
black. pastes. Greek aristocracy starts
using cosmetic products (face
powder, red lipstick) to visually
distance themselves from the
rest of the population.

����-��87BCE

Evidence of major droughts in the Eastern Mediterra-
nean. Hittite and Ugarit records show requests for grain
were sent to Egypt. Carpenter has suggested that droughts
of equal severity to those of the 1950s in Greece, would
have been sufficient to cause the Late Bronze Age collapse.
The cause may have been a temporary diversion of winter
storms north of the Pyrenees and Alps. Central Europe
experienced generally wetter conditions, while those in
the Eastern Mediterranean were substantially drier. There
seems to have been a general abandonment of peasant
subsistence agriculture in favour of nomadic pastoralism
in Central Anatolia, Syria and northern Mesopotamia,
Palestine, the Sinai and NW Arabia.

Chinese women with rice powder.

Chinese women with black teeth.

��46- 256BCE

Zhou rulers introduced what was to prove
one of East Asia’s most enduring political
doctrines. The concept of the “Mandate
of Heaven”. They did this so by asserting
that their moral superiority justified taking
over Shang wealth and territories, also that
heaven had imposed a moral mandate on
them to replace the Shang and return good
governance to the people.

����BC Zhou dynasty: One of the duties and
Zhou dynasty: nail colour privileges of the king was to create a
used to represent the social royal calendar. This official document
classes in China- gold, defined times for undertaking agricul-
silver, red and black. The tural activities and celebrating rituals.
lower class was not allowed But unexpected events such as solar
to wear bright colours. eclipses or natural calamities threw
the ruling house’s mandate into ques-
tion. Since rulers claimed that their
authority came from heaven, the Zhou
made great efforts to gain accurate
knowledge of the stars and to perfect
the astronomical system on which
they based their calendar.

Also characterized by the fact that the
eldest son of each generation forms
the main line of descent and polit-
ical authority, whereas the younger
brothers move out to establish new
lineages of lesser authority. The far-
ther removed, the lesser the political
authority

���� BCE

The kingdom of Israel is founded.

94� BCE

First recorded mention of sym-
bol for zero in India.

Grecians whiten their com- ��84 BCE
plexion with chalk, lead face
powder and they fashioned The Trojan war ended when the
crude lipstick out of ochre Greeks used a wooden horse to
clays laced with red vion. invade and overrun the Trojan
city of Troy

���� BCE

Mycenaean Greece was invaded
by Dorian tribesmen from the
north. The Dorians had iron
weapons which they use to good
effect to defeat and conquer the
Mycenaeans.

����- ��� BCE

Beginning of the geometric period in
Greece. During the Protogeometric period
(1050–900 BC), the shapes of the vessels
have eliminated the fluid nature of the My-
cenaean; creating a more strict and simple
design. Technological developments caused
a new relationship between ornament and
structure; causing differing stylistic choice
from its Mycenaean influences.

85� BCE 8��BC
The Ancient Greeks put an
The Greek alphabet was developed emphasis on purity and it
from the Phoenician alphabet. was reflected in women’s
beauty rituals. Often times
8��-��� BCE married women would
sport a natural look, while
Sub-Atlantic period in West- those who were unwed
ern Europe. would touch up their eye-
Pollen Zone VIII, sub-Atlantic. brows with black incense.
End of last Sea Level rise. A uni-brow was recognized
Spread of “Celtic fields”, Iron as a beautiful trait.
Age A, and Haalstadt Celts.
Increased prosperity in Eu-
rope and the Middle East.

8�� BCE

Axial age, a revolution in thinking
that we know as Philosophy, begins
in China, India, and Europe, with
people such as Socrates, Plato,
Homer, Lao Tzu, Confucius, among
others, alive at this time. (200 Bc)

8�� BCE

Homer composed his poems – the
Iliad and the Odyssey.
First recorded Olympic games(776BC)

7��- ��� BCE

Assyria takes Babylon, Damascus
and Israel.

��3BC

(753BC to 476AD)- In Rome, eye- (753BC to 476AD)- Roman
lashes that were long, thick, and women had more freedom in
curled were a sought-after beau- their beauty practices than the
ty trait. Women used kohl and Greeks, but the uni-brow was
burnt cork to darken their eye- still considered the most desir-
lashes. Roman philosopher Pliny able characteristic. It was a sign
the Elder wrote that lashes fell of intelligence and worn by
out from excessive sex so women the most notoriously beautiful
would also look after them to women of the time.
prove their chastity.

800-600BCE

Ancient Rome begins, with the found-
ing of Rome. This marks the beginning
of Classical antiquity.

7�� BCE

Coins used in Lydia, Turkey.

6��BC Depilatories were utilized.
Ancient Romans and Roman men also used it to
greeks used toothpaste. remove excess hair from
Pumice powder, chio putty, their bodies.
baking soda and sodium
bicarbonate was used. Bad
breath was relieved with
miraculous pills that Ro-
mans sold.

Also characterized by the fact that the
eldest son of each generation forms
the main line of descent and polit-
ical authority, whereas the younger
brothers move out to establish new
lineages of lesser authority. The far-
ther removed, the lesser the political
authority

���� BCE

The kingdom of Israel is founded.

94� BCE

First recorded mention of sym-
bol for zero in India.

Grecians whiten their com- ��84 BCE
plexion with chalk, lead face
powder and they fashioned The Trojan war ended when the
crude lipstick out of ochre Greeks used a wooden horse to
clays laced with red vion. invade and overrun the Trojan
city of Troy

���� BCE

Mycenaean Greece was invaded
by Dorian tribesmen from the
north. The Dorians had iron
weapons which they use to good
effect to defeat and conquer the
Mycenaeans.

356- 323 BCE

Rule of Alexander the great.

269- 232 BCE

Reign of Ashoka the Great, and the be-
ginning of propagation of Buddhism

270 BCE

Greek astronomer, Aristarchus, states the
Earth revolves around the sun.

3�� BC

Ancient Romans and Depilatories were utilized.
greeks used toothpaste. Roman men also used it to
Pumice powder, chio putty, remove excess hair from
baking soda and sodium their bodies.
bicarbonate was used. Bad
breath was relieved with 270 BCE
miraculous pills that Ro-
mans sold. Alexandrian mathematician, Ctesibius
invents the organ, the water pump, the
spring, and the valve

264 BCE

Carthage occupies Sicily, starting First
Punic War with Rome

264 BCE

Adulis in Ethiopia is large trade center
for trade between Africa and Arabia, with
goods from Europe and India as well

255 BCE

Roman fleet of 248 ships sunk in storm
off Cape Pachymus, losing 100,000 men,
fifteen percent of military age men in Italy

Scented oils were added to 222 BCE
lipsticks in China to make the
mouth enticing. Alexandria is center of science
and learnig with 400,000 scrolls in
library, and a 200 foot lighthouse to
guide folks to the library

250 BCE

Greek mathematician, Archimedes, states
laws of specific gravity

43- 85 AD

Rome goes after Britain

3� AD
Hairdye was introduced in other
colours. Blond hair- Goat’s fat and
Beeches ash. Black hair- Black antimo-
ny, animal fat, absinthe’s ash, rose oil,
cypress leaves, vinegar.
Red hair- Henna, Deep blue- Indigo
plant. Colours were mostly used by
prostitutes.

50 AD

Front and rear grid sights used
on Chinese crossbows -- greatly
improved accuracy

5�AD In Rome, people put bar-
Arab women rid them- ley flour and butter on
selves of unwanted hair their pimples and sheep
at hammams, where a fat and blood on their
paste made of caustic fingernails for polish.
quicklime or boiled Mud baths came into
down lemon and sugar is vogue. Some Roman men
applied from the eyelash- dye their hair blond.
es to down.

1501 AD

First black slaves in America
brought to Spanish colony of
Santo Domingo.

1503- 1504 AD

Leonardo da Vinci paints the
Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts
the David (1504)

1500 AD 1506 AD
In Europe only the aristocracy
uses cosmetics while Italy and St. Peter’s Church started in
france emerges as the main cen- Rome; designed and decorated
ters of cosmetic manufacturing. by such artists and architects as
Arsenic is sometimes used in face Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vin-
powder instead of lead. ci, Raphael, and Bernini before
its completion in 1626.

1509 AD

Henry VIII ascends English throne.
Michelangelo paints the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel.

1513 AD

Balboa becomes the first Euro-
pean to encounter the Pacific
Ocean. Machiavelli writes The
Prince.

1517 AD

Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia.
Martin Luther posts his 95 theses
denouncing church abuses on church
door in Wittenberg—start of the Ref-
ormation in Germany.

1527AD

Troops of the Holy Roman Empire
attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement
VII—the end of the Italian Renaissance.
Castiglione writes The Courtier. The
Medici family expelled from Florence.

1535 AD

Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes
himself head of English Church after being
excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More
executed as traitor for refusal to acknowl-
edge king’s religious authority.

1536 AD

Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Bo-
leyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and
Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Swit-
zerland, writes Institutes of the Christian
Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reforma-
tions. Michelangelo’s Last Judgment.

1553 AD

Roman Catholicism restored in England
by Queen Mary I.

Elizabethan era (1558 - 1603)

England was well-off compared to the other nations of
Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under
the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula. France
was embroiled in its own religious battles that were (tem-
porarily) settled in 1598 by a policy of tolerating Protestant-
ism with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but
also because the English had been expelled from their last
outposts on the continent by Spain’s tercios, the centu-
ries-long conflict between France and England was largely
suspended for most of Elizabeth’s reign.

1558 AD

Elizabethan age is said to be the gold- Ochre, madder and cochi-
en age in English history. Pale com- neal were all used to stain the
plexion was considered beautiful. The cheeks though the most popu-
commonest way to achieve this was to lar recipe for rouge consisted
use Ceruse, a foundation made from of vermillion, gum arabic, egg
mixing the poisonous white lead and white and figs.
vinegar. Many people preferred to ap-
ply tin ash, sulphur, alum, etc. White
eggs were used to hide wrinkles. Kohl
was used to outline eyebrows and
make them look darker. Belladona was
used to make eyes look sparkly. Eye-
brows were plucked. Hair was dyed in
light colours and red. The also used
mercury to get rid of freckles. Wealthy
people bathed in ass’s milk.

Elizabethan era (1558 - 1603)

England during this period had a
centralised, well-organised, and effec-
tive government, largely a result of the
reforms of Henry VII and Henry VIII, as
well as Elizabeth’s harsh punishments
for any dissenters.

Elizabeth didn’t wear makeup until about
with smallpox in 1562 left her with a lot of
facial scars.
Economically, the country began to
benefit greatly from the new era of
trans-Atlantic trade and persistent
theft of Spanish treasure. Elizabeth
made naval strength a high priority

Elizabeth managed to moderate and
quell the intense religious passions of
the time. This was in significant con-
trast to previous and succeeding eras
of marked religious violence.



Makeup during Elizabethan era.

1601 - 1630 AD
1601 AD

Giordano Bruno burned as a heretic. En-
glish East India Company established.

1605 AD

Cervantes’s Don Quixote de la Man-
cha, the first modern novel.

1609 AD

Samuel de Champlain establishes French
colony of Quebec. The Relation, the first
newspaper, debuts in Germany.

1610 AD

Galileo sees the moons of Jupiter
through his telescope.

1611 AD

Gustavus Adolphus elected King of
Sweden. King James Version of the
Bible published in England. Rubens
paints his Descent from the Cross.

1614 AD

John Napier discovers logarithms.

1601-1630 AD
1618 AD

Start of the Thirty Years’ War > Protestants
revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark,
Sweden, and France will invade Germany in
later phases of war.

1618 AD

Kepler proposes last of three laws of plan-
etary motion.

1619 AD

A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves
to British North America.

1623 AD

New Netherland founded by Dutch West
India Company.

1630 - 1700 AD

1633 AD

Inquisition forces Galileo (astronomer) to
recant his belief in Copernican theory.

1643AD

Taj Mahal completed.

1632 AD 1634 AD
Aqua Toffana was a popular face Ceruse classified as poison.
powder made from arsenic, bel-
ladona and lead and named for its
creator, Signora Toffana. She was
finally accused of over 600 deaths
linked to her powder and liquid
poisonous ‘beauty’ concoctions.

1642 AD

English Civil War. Cavaliers, supporters
of Charles I, against Roundheads, parlia-
mentary forces. Oliver Cromwell defeats
Royalists (1646). Parliament demands
reforms. Charles I offers concessions,
brought to trial (1648), beheaded (1649).
Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (1653).
Rembrandt paints his Night Watch.

1644 AD

End of Ming Dynasty in China—Manchus come
to power. Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy.

1630- 1700 AD
1643AD

End of the Thirty Years’ War. German
population about half of what it was in
1618 because of war and pestilence.

1643AD

Charles II is crowned King of England.
Louis XIV begins personal rule as abso-
lute monarch; starts to build Versailles.

1665 AD

Great Plague in London kills 75,000.

1664 AD

Isaac Newton’s experiments with gravity.

1683 AD

War of European powers against the
Turks (to 1699). Vienna withstands
three-month Turkish siege; high point of
Turkish advance in Europe.

James II succeeds Charles II in England,
calls for freedom of conscience (1687).
Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism
and demand “Glorious Revolution.” William
of Orange invited to England and James II
escapes to France (1688). William III and
his wife, Mary, crowned. In France, Edict of
Nantes of 1598, granting freedom of wor-
ship to Huguenots, is revoked by Louis XIV;
thousands of Protestants flee.

1630 - 1770AD

1690 AD

William III of England defeats former king James
II and Irish rebels at Battle of the Boyne in Ire-
land. John Locke’s Human Understanding.

1707 AD

United Kingdom of Great Britain formed—En-
gland, Wales, and Scotland joined by parliamen-
tary Act of Union.

1700 AD 1750 AD

English dandies painted Geishas became an integral part of
their cheeks and lips and Japanese society Immaculate make-
blackened eyebrows. up was essential to the geisha tradi-
tion. Rice powder or bird droppings
would be used to whiten their face.
Red lipstick was very iconic and con-
touring would be created with rouge.
Charcoal was used for eyebrows.

1750 AD

The first woman known to have called herself gei-
sha was a Fukagawa prostitute, in about 1750. She
was a skilled singer and shamisen player named
Kikuya who was an immediate success, making
female geisha extremely popular in 1750s Fukaga-
wa. As they became more widespread throughout
the 1760s and 1770s, many began working only as
entertainers (rather than prostitutes), often in the
same establishments as male geisha.

1630- 1770 AD

1751 AD

Publication of the Encyclopédie
begins in France, the “bible” of
the Enlightenment

1755 AD

Great earthquake in Lisbon, Portu-
gal—over 60,000 die. U.S. postal service
established.

1770 AD

In 1770, Britian passed a law that
“women found guilty of seducing
men into matrimony by cosmetic
means could be tried for witchcraft.

1755 AD

Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary
first published.

1756 AD

Seven Years’ War (French and Indian
Wars in America) (to 1763), in which
Britain and Prussia defeat France, Spain,
Austria, and Russia. France loses North
American colonies; Spain cedes Florida
to Britain in exchange for Cuba. In India,
over 100 British prisoners die in “Black
Hole of Calcutta.”



Geishas in Japan.

1750- 1800 AD
1765 AD

James Watt invents the steam engine. Britain im-
poses the Stamp Act on the American colonists.

1769 AD

Sir William Arkwright patents a spin-
ning machine—an early step in the
Industrial Revolution.

1775AD
Marie Antoniette got her teeth fixed
for the perfect smile and also used
a mix that included dead pigeons in
order to achieve good skin.

1770 AD

The Boston Massacre.

1773 AD

The Boston Tea party.

1773 AD

The American Revolution begins with battle of Lex-
ington and Concord. Second Continental Congress.
Priestley discovers hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

1750- 1800 AD
1788 AD

French Parlement presents grievances to Louis
XVI who agrees to convening of Estates-General
in 1789—not called since 1613. Goethe’s Egmont.
Laplace’s Laws of the Planetary System.

1770 AD
The french revolution had the big-
gest impact on makeup, extra re-
placed natural.

1789 AD

French Revolution begins with the storming of the
Bastille. In U.S., Washington elected president with
all 69 votes of the Electoral College, takes oath of
office in New York City. Vice President: John Adams.
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson. Secretary of
Treasury: Alexander Hamilton.

1793 AD

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed.
Reign of Terror begins in France. Eli Whitney
invents the cotton gin, spurring the growth of
the cotton industry and helping to institution-
alize slavery in the U.S. South.

Marie Antoniette

15 year old Marie Antoniette

1750- 1800 AD

1814 AD

French defeated by allies (Britain, Austria, Russia,
Prussia, Sweden, and Portugal) in War of Liberation.
Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italian coast. Bourbon
king Louis XVIII takes French throne. George Ste-
phenson builds first practical steam locomotive.

1800AD 1828AD

Zinc oxide becomes widely used Gurlain supplied lip pomades to men
as facial powder, replacing the and women
previously used deadly mixtures
of lead and copper.

1830 AD

The House of Guerlain was founded in 1828, when
Pierre-François Pascal Guerlain opened his perfume
store at 42, rue de Rivoli in Paris. As both the founder
and first perfumer of the house, Pierre-François com-
posed and manufactured custom fragrances with the
help of his two sons, Aimé and Gabriel

1853 AD

Guerlain composed this classic cologne, with rich lime
and lime-flower notes, as a gift for Empress Eugénie,
the wife of French emperor Napoléon III.

1750- 1800 AD

1822 AD

Greeks proclaim a republic and independence from
Turkey. Turks invade Greece. Russia declares war on
Turkey (1828). Greece also aided by France and Brit-
ain. War ends and Turks recognize Greek indepen-
dence (1829). Brazil becomes independent of Portugal.

1825 AD

First passenger-carrying railroad in England.

1830 AD 1793 AD
Rimmel Mascara, first Mas-
cara produced. Rimmel’s first Regent Street store was
opened in 1834 by 24-year-old Eugene
1828 AD Rimmel, who had been an apprentice
at his father’s perfumery. According to
Rimmel legend, Eugene travelled the
world in search of new ingredients and
ideas, while London’s elite flocked to his
counter to get their hands on the exotic
perfumes, soaps and bath essences.

Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce takes the
world’s first photograph.

1793 AD

French invade Algeria. Louis Philippe becomes
“Citizen King” as revolution forces Charles X to
abdicate. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints formed in U.S. by Joseph Smith.

1800- 1860 AD

1837 AD

Victoria becomes queen of Great Britain.

1839 AD

First Opium War (to 1842) between Britain and China,
over importation of drug into China.

1837AD

Victorians abhorred makeup and A respectable woman would use
associated its use with prostitutes home prepared facemasks, most of
and actresses. Queen Victoria pub- which were based on foods such
licly declares makeup improper, it as hotmeal, honey and eggyolk.
was viewed vulgar and unaccept-
able. Any visible hint of tampering
with one’s natural colour would be
looked upon with disdain.

Their eyeshadows were made with lead and an-
timony sulfide; lipsticks with mercuric sulfide;
blushes were simply beet juice. But they were all
very subtle and applied very gently. The idea was to
look like you weren’t wearing any makeup at all.
Women used other ways to retain a healthy
and vibrant appearance – pinching your cheeks
and biting your lips could create a rosy glow, or
coloured wrapping paper could be dampened to
release a hint of dye that could be used.

1800- 1860 AD

1849 AD

Revolt in Paris: Louis Philippe abdicates; Louis
Napoleon elected president of French Republic.
Revolutions in Vienna, Venice, Berlin, Milan, Rome,
and Warsaw. Put down by royal troops in 1848–1849.
U.S.-Mexico War ends; Mexico cedes claims to Texas,
California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada. U.S.

1873 AD 1858 AD
Mass production of
creme dentifrice in jars Pro-slavery constitution rejected in Kan-
by Colgate. sas. Abraham Lincoln makes strong an-
tislavery speech in Springfield, Ill.: “This
Government cannot endure permanently
half slave and half free.” Lincoln-Douglas
debates. First trans-Atlantic telegraph
cable completed by Cyrus W. Field

1866 AD

Colgate introduced perfumed soap
and perfumes/essences in 1866.

1862 AD

Several major Civil War battles: Battle of
Shiloh, Second Battle of Bull Run (Manas-
sas), Battle of Antietam. Salon des Refusés
introduces impressionism

1860- 1900 AD

1879 AD

Thomas A. Edison invents practical electric light.

1886AD

Ponds began to advertise their cold Martha Matilda Harper opened
cream nationally. the first salon.

She used her hair tonic on herself
to advertise. Her floor-length hair
also served as an effective mar-
keting tool and appeared in many
advertisements for her products.

Pond’s Cream was invented in the United States as
a patent medicine by pharmacist Theron T. Pond
(1800–1852) of Utica, New York, in 1846. Mr. Pond
extracted a healing tea from witch hazel [Hamame-
lis spp.] which he discovered could heal small cuts
and other ailments.
newspapers in the 1850s and 1860s appealed to the in-
creasingly affluent middle-class that sought out a variety
of new products. The advertisements announced new
health remedies as well as fresh foods and beverages.
The latest London fashions were featured in the regional
press. The availability of repeated advertising permitted
manufacturers to develop nationally known brand names
that had a much stronger appeal than generic products.