SSF1033 INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY 1) NOORFIZAN BIN JAURAID (86751) 2) GARY CARLLISTER ANAK GERUNSIN (83926) 3) ALISTAIR RODGER LIAN TINGANG (83165) 4) MOHD HARIZ IZAMI BIN ALJAHARI (86624) 5) NURHAIZATI BINTI SIPIK ( 85264) 6) NUR ZAHIDA SYAKIRA BINTI ALI (85214) 7) GELLICSON ANAK GENJER (83930) 8) FATEH AWWADY BIN FAZLIE (86446) E-Booklet
SOCIALHISTORY What Is What Does History Mean? History is a process of continuous interaction between historians along with facts and a dialogue that is always tied between the past and the present (Carr, E.H., 1965) History is also a metological approach used in social science as a background and instrument of analysis. LEARNING UNIT 1
Differences Between History and Historiography History Historiography The story that happened in the past is being told again today. One is human activity Based narrative Examine historical records and conclude Redefining what has happened in the past. Formulate the past based on research and evidenceseeking HISTORIOGRAPHY A historical writing involving a writing, display or research report conducted by a specific individual such as a historian.
HISTORYANDEVIDENCE 01 Facts One such thing does not mean that it does not happen otherwise we cannot learn a history without evidence. Thus, the first topic of discussion among historians is the process of gathering and analysing evidence for a given period of history. The evidence from both primary and secondary sources must be taken into account. History is basically evidence-based. These histories and evidence also help determine whether past events happened. Thus, no such history exists. Gary
TYPES OF 01 03 02 04 Burried Set lements Oral Story Bones Writ en Word EVIDENCE
HISTORY LEARNING UNIT 2 The Uses Of Wang Gung Wu Emphasise Historical Context: Understanding cultural and political identity Learn from the pastl Encourages cross-cultural understanding Informed policy formulation Cultivate a sense of humanity together
THEIMPORTANCEOF PERSPECTIVE 01 02 03 When studying history, it is important to take into account various points of view and evidence as our perspectives and prejudices may influence the way we view historical events. Finding facts about the past is not enough; interpretation and analysis are also necessary. Perspective is very important because it forms the way we view and interpret information. Our experiences, beliefs, values, and cultural backgrounds all influence our perspective and can lead us to different interpretations of the same evidence. One example of how perspectives change is the objective of colonization. In the past, colonialism was often allowed as a "mission of civilization" to bring European culture, technology, and values to what is called "noncivilized" people in the world. They see colonialism as a virtuous power that contributes to the modernization and development of colonized societies. Evidence & Perspective = Interpretation
PERSPECTIVES Role of History (A): School of Ranke History, especially in politics, diplomacy, and warfare within the country, should provide facts and goals, according to Ranke. Role of History (B): Annales School It also emphasizes the importance of long-term historical trends and the interrelationship of different historical phenomena. Role of History (B): Annales School This approach emphasises social and cultural aspects of history beyond political and diplomatic history. Role of History (B): Annales School Annales believes history should focus on everyday life, economic history, human attitudes, and global history. 02 Gary OF ROLESHISTORY
History can be biassed. These biases and perspectives can influence history. BIAS Bias is a tendency or prejudice towards a particular viewpoint that may affect how information is presented, interpreted, or acted upon. 5.Articulate vs silent 6.Hate vs love / War vs Peace 7.Terrorist or Freedom Fighter HISTORY In 1.Men are dominated 2.Old focus vs. young 3.Powerful vs weak 4.Winner vs. 'Loser’
History Official vs Missing LEARNING UNIT 3
Refers to a thorough assessment or investigation of anything. It may be used to refer to a careful analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of a certain work or concept in a range of situations, including art, literature, or academic work. Refers to the time in history when European powers like Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal founded colonies in many regions of the world, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The growth of European empires and their imposition of political, economic, and cultural control over the native inhabitants of the colonies are what define the colonial story. Colonial Story Critique Key Themes 3 Refers to a central or recurrent notion, idea, or subject that is explored in a specific setting, such as a work of art, a city, or a society. It is a crucial component that aids in defining and shaping the overall message or meaning of the cited work or setting.
Missing History 3 02 Gary Provides a context or comprehension of Malaysian The official state history of a country is frequently presented in a textbook by the government or authorities of that country. It exclusively selects particular individuals, objects, and behaviors. Sees the country from the government's perspective. The government exploited official history to convey a certain message. Of icial History The secret facts or unreleased stories surrounding particular historical occurrences. The secret history of one country, including what actually transpired, who was responsible, and when and where the event occurred. The unexplored subjects or stories of a certain period of history Nationalism & Nation Building Refers to the idea or conviction that a certain group of people who share similar traits, such as language, culture, history, or religion, ought to establish their independent nation-state. It entails a sense of pride in and allegiance to one's country, as well as a desire to advance its interests and well-being. Pre-history messages Refer to the messages, documents, or artifacts that human civilizations or cultures produced or left behind before the advent of written records or historical chronicles. In other words, it alludes to the archaeological proof of ancient human behavior and activities.
PRE-HISTORY OF THE INDOMALAYSIAN ARCHIPELAGO LEARNING UNIT 4 Fateh
a s y s t e m a tic s t u d y o f t h e m a t e ria l r e m ain s o f h u m a n b e h a vio u r in t h e p a s t ( F a g a n, 1 9 8 3 ). The portion of human history that extends back before the time of written documents and archive (Fagan, 1983) Prehistory Archeology
In Malaysia, the concept of a united national history has been supported by archaeological research, which links the diverse ethnic and cultural groupings of the nation to a shared past. The promotion of "Malaysianness" as opposed to the distinct identities of the numerous ethnic groups that make up the nation has benefited greatly from this. Archaeology has also been employed to advance certain political agendas, such as staking claims to contested territory or advancing particular cultural or religious traditions. Archeology and Nationalism Learning Unit 4 Most of the people (“indigenous”) in the region are Austronesian-speaking (same ethno-linguistic group of mankind). Majority are Mongoloid physical stock of mankind. Indo-Malaysian Archipelago
The Influence Of India LEARNING UNIT 5 ANCIENT HISTORY OF MALAYSIA
SOUTHEST ASIA PRAMBANAN TEMPLE Built in the 9th century located in Indonesia Built using local energy and skills by stacking stone blocks from the bottom to the top. ANGKOR WAT First built on the orders of the greatest ruler of the kingdom, Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century. Before this temple was named as Angkor Wat, this temple was once given the name Vrah Visnuloka which means the sacred resting place of Lord Vishnu. The architectural feature that is applied in this building is that it looks like a hollow elbow. The tapered shape of the lotus flower symbolizes Mount Meru, which is where the Hindu gods reside. BOROBUDUR Built in the 8th and 9th centuries during the rule of the Syailendra dynasty. Borobudur Temple has a length of 121.66 meters with a width of 121.38 meters and a height of 35.40 meters. Borobudur Temple now functions as a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists worldwide to guide mankind to abandon worldly lusts towards enlightenment and wisdom according to Buddhist teachings. Early Kingdoms in 01 02 03
INFLUENCE OF INDIA ON MALAY CULTURE MANDI SAFAR The Hindu-Buddhist kingdom has grown very rapidly in the Bujang Valley area starting from the 4th century to the 7th century AD. 05 Gell The discovery site of human artifacts such as pottery, glass materials, beads and burial sites from the 3rd century to the 11th century AD. Indian influence has also started here. CHEROK TOK KUN BUJANG VALLEY Malay Peninsula: From Pre- to Proto-History KUALA SELINSING SANTUBONG Trade activities involving goods such as gold, Chinese ceramics, glass beads, local iron production and HinduBuddhist objects have shown that Indian influence has expanded in Malaysia. The Hindu-Buddhist kingdom has grown very rapidly in the Bujang Valley area starting from the 4th century to the 7th century AD. 01 02 03 04
LEARNING UNIT 6 IZATI TRADE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ECONOMIC HISTORY :
CAPITALISM WESTERN POWERS = BELIEF IN THE VALUE OF SIGNED CONTRACTS LOCAL MALAY/BUGIS = BELIEF IN THE VALUE OF SOLEMN OATHS (AGREEMENT OF THE SULTAN AND HIS SUBJECTS IN THE MALAY ANNALS) Refers to an economic system where the means of production are owned by private individuals. Brought about divergence in understanding of rights and obligations over how business is conducted. Entry of Capitalism in SE Asia brought POLITICAL, ECONOMIC and SOCIAL CHANGES. VIA: a) Contracts b) Conflict c) Shifting Alliances
Refers to the process of a person or people travelling to a new place or country usually to find work and live there temporarily or permanently (Cambridge Dictionary) TRADE TRADE LED TO HUGE MIGRATION OF PEOPLES WHETHER FOR TRADE OR SLAVERY HOW TRADE STARTED? In ancient times, trade began as a barter system in which people exchanged one object for another. Prehistoric humans traded animal skins or services for food. Over time, coins and currencies began to emerge. Refers to the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods and/or services between people or countries. (Cambridge Dictionary) MIGRATION EXAMPLE : THE ACEHNESE, THE BUGIS, BRITISH, DUTCH, ILLANUNS, THE PORTUGUESE, TAUSUG, SPANISH
Of Modern SE Asia 1819-1900s THE CREATION Southeast Asia comprises eleven nations extending from eastern India to China and is categorized into mainland and island regions Learning Unit 7
07 Syakira INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The era of global transition in the human economy against more efficient and stable. Various countries: Japan, China, India, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Example: Started in Europe in the late 1700s and later spread to Southeast Asia in the late 1800s; experienced growth through trading primary commodities. POLITICAL DIVISION Political division has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of society, including resource exploitation, trade control, and academic study. Example: Division of Northern Malay State between Siam and British.
Action in working and developing natural resources unfairly for-profit and interests own. The great Pacific War of 1942-1945 was, in part, an armed struggle over the natural resources of Southeast Asia. The region's current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation. This has led to over-exploitation of natural resources which has long-lasting consequences for the future provision of natural resources and ecosystem services. Example: Southeast Asia has a rich history of natural resource exploitation for profit. RESOURCE EXPLOITATION
Sphere of Influence The sphere of influence of a state refers to dominating power over a foreign region. The term refers to a political claim to exclusive control that other countries may or may not regard as true. Example: During the late 1800s, the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1970 was approved by eight foreign nations. The paper discusses how international juridical forms formed a discourse and influenced practices that objectified the inhabitants of the region into natives, peoples, and emerging ASEAN legal subjectivities. The geographical area is subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity. Example: The paper titled “International Juridical Forms and Legal Subjectivity: A History of the Subject in Southeast Asia from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 to the ASEAN Charter” by Jose Duke Bagulaya TERRITORY SUBJECTS
POPULATION IMMIGRANTS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY LEARNING UNIT 8 LEARNING UNIT 8
ETHNIC Alistair SSF1033 Refers to a group of people who share a common culture, language, history, religion. The ethnic group usually consists of various race, nationality, regional. Understanding each other is important to prevent discrimination and create a society that welcoming and fair to everyone.
IDENTITY Alistair SSF1033 Refers to an person’s sense that shape their individually. Including their beliefs, values, personalities traits, cultural background. It can be impacted by various factors such as family, community, society and life experiences. Identity is a complicated as it can effects human growth and social relationships.
IMMIGRANTS Alistair SSF1033 Refers to the people who move from their origin country to a new country permanently or in a period time in order to live or work. It is important for social history to learn the various waves of people that enter the county or even exit from the country. Immigration can cause impacts the the both country such as social, economic, cultural and political changes.
POPULATION Alistair SSF1033 Refers to the total numbers of people that live in particular area. Example of that particular area are such as city, state, country or region. The concept is significant in the demography to learn the size, composition and dynamics of society. Populations can be determined by many factors. Example of factors are such as births, deaths, migration, aging This concept also very useful for us to understand social, economic, environmental issures and trends.
ORANG ASLI Hariz Izami Learning Unit 9
ORIGINS ORANG ASLI A heterogeneous group and widely dispersed in Peninsular Malaysia The term 'Orang Asli' is officially 19 sub-ethnic groups. This term also did not exist before 1960 and was only introduced after the communist rebellion and the Malayan Emergency 1948-1960. There are three main categories namely Senoi, Negrito and Malay Orang Asli Orang Asli is also known as “Original Peoples”, they are the earliest inhabitants living in peninsular Malaysia which is about 25000 years ago before the arrival Malay, Chinese and Indians Senoi and Negrito is Mon-Khmer or Austroasiatic family of languages Aboriginal Malay is Austronesian family of languages as Malay ORANG HULU people of the headwaters , Orang Darat – people of the hinterland, Orang Laut – people who live by the sea, Besisi – people with scales, Mantra – people who chanted, Orang Liar wild people, Pangan – eaters of raw food, OrangMawas – apelike people, Orang Jinak – tame or enslaved people.
ORANG SEMELAI ORANG JAHUT Out of a total population of 6575, there are 4490 native Jah Hut people who make their home in the Temerloh district. This represents a significant majority of the Jah Hut population.` renowned for their expertise in the treatment of many ailments. Obtain medication by carving several types of wood, such as tutor wood, cengal wood, and merbau wood. The Orang Asli Semelai have been the predominant inhabitants of Tasek Bera for the past 600 years. may be found predominantly in Central of Pahang Tengah at Tasik Bera, Sg. Bera, Sungai Teriang , Paya Besar, and Paya Badak
2023 MALAYSIA WOMEN'S MOVEMENT Unknown History Learning Unit 10 Hariz Izami
Malaysian Woman’s Movement – Unknown Story NATIONALIST Nationalism comes from the Latin word "Natio" which means the place of the country's neighbor, while "ism" is religion. Nationalism means national or religious beliefs based on a country's homeland. According to the Dictionary of the Council, nationalism is a deep sense of love for the nation and the national spirit. In addition, this also means a change to free the country's economy as a day of power. Bring the meaning of the colonial rule or power over another country. The colonists dominated the military, economic, social and political spheres. This concept emerged in the 13th century in Europe and led to direct colonization in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East and Asia from the 15th to the 20th centuries. COLONIAL In historical emphasis on men compared to women. Women viewed as housewives, mothers, daughters, homemakers, emotionally fragile, gentle, caring, sweet, pretty, but is not history material. But in realitywomen have making history but is a lot of undocumented.
LEARNING UNIT 11 FATEH Politics of the Left / Labour Movement
The People’s Constitution Proposals A united Malaya including Singapore A popularly elected Central Government and popularly elected State councils A citizenship granting equal rights to all who made Malaya their permanent home and the object of their undivided loyalty Malay Rulers to have real sovereign power responsible to the people through popularly elected Councils Malay customs and religion to be fully controlled by the Malay people through special councils Special provisions for the advancement of the Malays politically, economically and educationally Malay to be the official language A national flag and a national anthem Melayu (Malay) to be the title of any proposed citizenship and nationality in Malaya Foreign affairs and defence to be the joint responsibility of the government of Malaya and the government of Great Britain The Formation of Labour Movements End of the war brought hardship to the living condition in Malaya. The economic and social conditions of workers had not improved despite the restoration of civilian government. The employers more interested in restoring their businesses and their profits. lSigns of dissatisfaction - walkout of 7000 dockworkers in Tanjung Pagar (1945) Labour strikes occur - in Malaya such as in Ipoh, Seremban, Johor Bharu, Kluang etc. Between 1945 – 1948: 425 unions formed with 290,000 members. 80% - 90% of the unions joined the Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU) with 263,000 members. PMFTU also became member of AMCJA to widen their struggle.
Malay politics before the coming of Western Colonialism was based on a system of ‘absolute monarchy’. Only the Sultan/Raja’s family and the pembesar (aristocrats) had political power/ Ordinary people had to obey the rulers’ orders. No opposition against the Sultan/Pembesar. Based on the concept of ‘Daulat’ - people (rakyat) should show their loyalty and support to the Sultan. But Sultan/Raja could be defied and overthrown if he humiliated the people ‘Raja adil, raja disembah, raja zalim, raja disanggah’. The Traditional Malay The left's political philosophy emphasises the value of social and economic equality and works to bring it about through intervention from the government and community effort. The left generally opposes capitalism and supports measures to redistribute wealth and power in order to lessen inequality and advance social fairness. Political movements including socialism, communism, social democracy, and progressive liberalism are frequently linked to the left. Although the specific beliefs and tactics of these movements differ, they all share a dedication to advancing the interests of the working class, marginalised groups, and the general public. Labour rights, social welfare programmes, healthcare, education, the environment, and civil liberties are important themes related to left-leaning politics. Progressive taxation, minimum wage laws, and restrictions on companies and the financial sector are among the measures that left-leaning politicians and activists frequently call for in order to advance more economic equality. What is politics of the left
SE C R ET S O C IETIES Learning Unit 12 Alistair
K O N G SI From Chinese word – gongsi. Related to “clan hall” , roughly translating in the meaning of “brotherhood”. It was normally organization same clan and same surname – aimed at assisting their clan members esp migrants from China in adjusting to life in Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo.
O RI G IN O F K O N G SI As more newcomers arrived and more mines were established, around 1763, the mining partnerships were enlarged and modified to take on a political role à a form of brotherhood government called the hui. The hui had between 50-150 members that powerful enough to challenge their Malay overlords. The miners were able to circumvent the unfavourable terms of forced trade imposed by the sultans. By 1770, irregular and partial tribute was paid to the Malay sultans. As the mining unions grew in strength, the Malay overlordship declined. In the 1770s, the word kongsi came into use. It emphasized the idea of extended mining partnership and brotherhood.
According to Thomas John Newbold (1807–1850), an officer in the 23 Regiment, Madras Light Infantry, in Malacca (1832 - 1835), SS were already in existence in Penang in 1799. Ghee Hin was the earliest mention by the British and centered in Penang. Hai San only emerged c1820 in Penang. Other SS in Malaya – Toa Peh Kong, Ho Seng (Penang) and Tian Ti Hoey (Malacca/Negeri Sembilan) SS O RI G INS IN MA L A Y A
SS IN MA L A Y A Chinese SS had root from China – against the Imperial Dynasty the Ch’ing Dynasty – Honman case in point, related to the Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui) in Fujian. Based on dialect – Hai San mostly Hakka plus Hokkien, Teochew, Foochow etc – Ghee Hin on other hand dominated by Cantonese. To protect their own clan when the Chinese Immigrants came to Malaya. A blood oath will be taken to those whose want to became member of Chinese SS. Temples became center for the Chinese SS’s activities.
A social network terms, a persisting pattern of relationships which directly or indirectly links the participants in related secret activities. (B. H. Erickson) SS have long been a world phenomenon and not a new one. Such as Yakuza, Black Dragon Society (Japan), The Ku Klux Klan (US), Poro (Africa), Mafia (Italy) and Freemasons. Among the oldest are Thugee (around 13th century), White Lotus (14th century), the Dragon Court (around 1403) and Rosicrucian Order (1607) These SS are typically groups that make sure their doing such as ritual and activities are hidden away from the non-members. WH A T IS SE C RE T S O C IE T IES (SS) ?
Learning Unit 13 In 1930, Indonesia's influence on the movement of Malay students was profound. They imported books from Indonesia to college students Sultan Idris. Indonesia’s Influence
THE SITC UMSU Election (1969) The college has given birth to many nationalist students, including Ibrahim Ya'akub. He gained a lot of influence from the Indonesian nationalist student movement. Indonesian Youth Oaths are a boost to Ibrahim's promotion of student movements at SITC. Three major new organizations are organizing student movements in Malaysia. Students feel self-reliant and want more freedom. The student movement was involved in the 1969 election but not as a candidate instead they voiced their views on politics until social issues. The student movement has also criticized political parties who use racial issues as their agenda for campaigning. Gellicson Anti-British Prejudice, victimisation, discrimination, fear, and hate of the British people, the British government, or British culture are all examples of anti-British feelings. Anti-British sentiments can also refer to attitudes against British culture.