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W R I T T E N A N D P U B L I S H E D B Y : A I N A A F I Q A H B I N T I M A L E K N U R U L I M A N B I N T I M O H A M E D I B R A H I M AS T R O N O M Y H O U R S Table of Contents: User Manual The Evolution of Astronomy The Universe The Solar System 02 03-06 07-14 15-21
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Ancient Astronomy ASTRONOMY GREEK The term "planet" comes from the Greek term πλανήτης (planētēs), meaning "wanderer" , as ancient astronomers noted how certain points of lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. Five extraterrestrial planets can be seen with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the Greek names being Hermes, Aphrodite, Ares, Zeus and Cronus. Sometimes the luminaries, the Sun and Moon, are added to the list of naked eye planets to make a total of seven. THEORY LUNI SOLAR CALENDAR JULIAN With mathematical techniques, quantitative formulae, algorithms, and geometrical diagrams used to compute Moon's position, Lunar theory has a history of over 2000 years of investigation. Its more modern developments have been used over the last three centuries for fundamental scientific and technological purposes, and are still being used in that way. Julius Caesar is elected Emperor an takes absolute power during his reign. He institutes the Julian calendar but is famously betrayed and killed in the Senate by those dissatisfied with his rule. After 45 BC, the Julian calendaris a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception).
ُهَماۖ ٰـ َفَفَتْقَن ا ًۭق َنَتا َرْت ِت َوٱ َأْلْرَضَكا َٰو ٰـ َّن ٱلَّسَم ۟ا َأ ٓو ِذيَن َكَف ُر َّل َلْم َي َر ٱ َو َأ َفاَل ُيْؤِمُنوَن ٣٠ َأ ۖ َمٓاِء ُكَّل َشْىٍء َحٍّى ْل َنا ِمَن ٱ ْل َوَجَع Astronomy in Islam Do the disbelievers not realize that the heavens and earth were ˹once˺ one mass then We split them apart? And We created from water every living thing. Will they not then believe? BIG BANG THEORY Al-Anbiya' , 30 MOVEMENT OF SUN َعِليِم ٣٨ ْل ٱ ِز ِزي َع ْل ٱ ُر ِلَك َتْقِدي َٰذ َهاۚ َّل ٍّۢر ِرى ِلُمْسَتَق َوٱلَّشْمُس َتْج The sun travels for its fixed term. That is the design of the Almighty, AllKnowing. Yasin , 38
"There is a power of gravity pertaining to all bodies, proportionalto the several quantities ofmatterwhich they contain." With this,Newton proposed that all objects in theUniverse pulled on each otherthrough gravity. Itwas the reasonwhy planetsmove in orbits andwhy objects fallto the Earth. Contribution of Astronomers Johannes Kepler Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler's three laws describe how planetary bodies orbit the Sun. They describe how (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit (3) a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis). Isaac Newton Copernicus Galileo Galilei Copernicus, of Poland, felt the Ptolemaic view of the planets traveling in circular orbits around the Earth was overcomplicated with many smaller circles, epicycles, needed to explain the intermittentretrograde motion of the planets (in which they appearto move in the opposite direction of the the stars) Galileo made his first telescope in 1609, modeled aftertelescopes produced in other parts of Europe that could magnify objects three times. He created a telescope laterthat same yearthat could magnify objects twenty times."
Latest Development in Astronomy SATELITE SPACE SHUTTLES SPACESHIP ROCKET TELESCOPE SPACE STATION A device that are used to form magnified images of distant objects. Types of telescope: Refracting telescope Reflecting telescope Radio telescope A place where crews of astronauts and cosmonauts live. Enables technological and scientific advances that provide substantial benefits for humanity back on earth. Rockets are used to launch objects like spaceships or probes and satelites. However, nowadays space shuttles have replace roles ofrockets as it cannot be used repeatedly. A spacecraft that does not carry humans and they travel through space to collect science information. It is used for variety of purpose, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and space tourism. Example: Sputnik 1 Used to provide infromation about our planet by monitoring weather and climate change; also helps us in travel safely in our cars, ships, and planes. Launched satelites and served as an orbitting science laboratory. It crews repaired and improved other spacecraft, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Example: the International Space Station (ISS) and China's Tianging Station (TSS).
Evolution of the Universe BIG BANG THEORY The Big Bang is the standard explanation for how astronomers think the universe got started. It's the theory that the universe started as a tiny point, then stretched and ballooned into the vastness we see today. When the universe began, it was just hot, tiny particles mixed with light and energy. It was nothing like what we see now. As everything expanded and took up more space, it cooled down. The tiny particles grouped together. They formed atoms. Then those atoms grouped together. Over lots of time, atoms came togetherto form stars and galaxies. The first stars created bigger atoms and groups of atoms. That led to more stars being born. At the same time, galaxies were crashing and grouping together. As new stars were being born and dying, then things like asteroids, comets, planets, and black holes formed!
The universe was born with the Big Bang as an unimaginably hot, dense point. It experienced an incredible burst of expansion known as inflation, in which space itself expanded fasterthan the speed of light. During this period, the universe doubled in size at least 90 times, going from subatomic-sized to golf-ball-sized almost instantaneously. As space expanded, the universe cooled and matterformed. One second afterthe Big Bang, the universe was filled with neutrons, protons, antielectrons, photons, neutrons and electrons. According to NASA, afterinflation the growth of the universe continued, but at a slowerrate. Expansion and Destruction of the Universe EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Anothertheory about the potential end of the Universe relates to the so-called ‘Big Crunch’. If, instead of expanding forever, matterin the Universe reaches a point where it starts to decrease overtime, it could cause gravity to become the dominant force. This would ultimately cause the Universe to shrink and cause stars, planets and entire galaxies to collide into each other and the Universe would, for all intents and purposes, collapse in on itself. Put simply, if the expansion of the Universe slows to a crawl and the Big Bang happens in reverse, everything will implode back into a singularity. DDEESSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN
Measurement of Distances in Space Distances in the solar system are often measured in astronomical units (abbreviated AU). An astronomical unit is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun: Astronomical units also make it easy to think about distances between solar system objects. They make it easy to see that Jupiter orbits five times fartherfrom the Sun than Earth, and that Saturn is twice as farfrom the Sun as Jupiter. Light years also provide some helpful perspective on solar system distances: the Sun is about 8 light minutes from Earth. (And yes, there are also light seconds!) And because light from objects travels at light speed, when you see the Sun, or Jupiter or a distant star, you're seeing it as it was when the light left it, be that 8 minutes, tens of minutes or 4.3 years ago. To measure the distances between stars, astronomers often use light-years (abbreviated ly). A light-yearis the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year: Many astronomers preferto use parsecs (abbreviated pc) to measure distance to stars. This is because its definition is closely related to a method of measuring the distances between stars. A parsec is the distance at which 1 AU subtends an angle of 1 arcsec. And at the point when distances between galaxies become so epic that even megaparsecs get unwieldy, astronomers talk about distances in terms of how much a galaxy's light has been shifted toward longer,redder wavelengths by the expansion of the universe — a measure known as "redshift." Now that's astronomical.
Galaxies A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems. A galaxy is held together by gravity. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, also has a supermassive black hole in the middle. What is Galaxy? There are many galaxies besides ours, though. There are so many, we can’t even count them all yet! The Hubble Space Telescope looked at a small patch of space for 12 days and found 10,000 galaxies, of all sizes, shapes, and colors. Some scientists think there could be as many as galaxies in the universe. Some galaxies are spiral-shaped like ours. They have curved arms that make it look like a pinwheel. Other galaxies are smooth and oval shaped. They’re called elliptical galaxies. And there are also galaxies that aren’t spirals or ovals. They have irregular shapes and look like blobs. The light that we see from each of these galaxies comes from the stars inside it. Sometimes galaxies get too close and smash into each other. Our Milky Way galaxy will someday bump into Andromeda, our closest galactic neighbor. But don’t worry. It won’t happen for about five billion years. But even if it happened tomorrow, you might not notice. Galaxies are so big and spread out at the ends that even though galaxies bump into each other, the planets and solar systems often don’t get close to colliding.
Nebulae A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space. Some nebulae (more than one nebula) come from the gas and dust thrown out by the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae are regions where new stars are beginning to form. For this reason, some nebulae are called "star nurseries. Nebulae are made of dust and gases—mostly hydrogen and helium. The dust and gases in a nebula are very spread out, but gravity can slowly begin to pull together clumps of dust and gas. As these clumps get bigger and bigger, their gravity gets stronger and stronger. The collapse causes the material at the center of the cloud to heat up - and this hot core is the beginning of a star. How do stars form in a nebula? What is Nebulae? Where are nebulae? Nebulae exist in the space between the stars—also known as interstellar space. The closest known nebula to Earth is called the Helix Nebula. It is the remnant of a dying star such as the Sun.
Stars The most well-known astronomical object is a star, which also serves as the primary component of galaxies. Moreover, stars produce and distribute heavy elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and their features are closely related to those of any planetary systems that may form around them. What is Stars? Watch here to know how stars are born: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFO_bsg1sw8 Stars Formation
Constellations Crux Orion is a famous constellation positioned on the celestial equator that can be seen from anywhere on Earth. Orion Canis Major Canis Majoris a southern celestial hemisphere constellation. It was included in Ptolemy's 48 constellations in the second century and is now one of the 88 current constellations. A constellation is a region on the celestial sphere where a group of visible stars makes an apparent pattern or shape, generally symbolising an animal, mythological theme, or inanimate object. They may take the form of animals, objects, or humans. Crux, usually known as the Southern Cross, is the tiniest constellation. This constellation is one of the most essential for Southern Hemisphere navigators since it indicates the direction of the South Pole. Ursa Major Ursa Major, often known as the Big Bear, is a constellation in the northern sky whose mythology extends back to prehistoric times. Its Latin moniker translates to "bigger (or larger) bear. "
Constellations Cassiopeia Taurus Cassiopeia is a northern sky constellation named after the vain queen Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia is located in the northern sky and is visible year-round from latitudes above 34°N. The constellation Taurus (Latin: "the Bull") is located in the northern celestial hemisphere and is one of the constellations of the zodiac. The constellation Taurus is huge and prominent in the winter sky in the Northern Hemisphere. How ro read a Star chart? The stars are depicted as black dots on a white background, making them easier to observe at night. The size of the dot represents the luminosity of the star; the larger the dot, the more luminescent the star. In addition to dots, grey circles and ovals represent star clusters and galaxies,respectively. Watch this video for more detail on how to read the stars in the night
Introduction of the Solar System Planets in the Solar System Our solar system contains one star, nine planets, 61 moons, thousands of asteroids, billions of meteoroids and comets. In our solar system also has an asteroid belt which separates the inner planets from the outer planets. The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Meanwhile, the outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Mercury is the closest and the smallest planet to the Sun and the fastest planet orbiting the Sun. Mercury Venus Venus is the hottest planet at 860 degree Fahrenheit. The brightest planet in the Solar System as it reflects 70% of the Sunlight back. Earth The surface of the Earth consists of 71% of water and has living life. It is also a 4.5 billion years old planet. One moon is orbiting the Earth. Mars Mars is a red planet that forms from Iron Oxide. Olympus Mons- is the tallest planet in the Solar System. Has two moons orbiting the Mars. Jupiter Jupiter is the largest and the fastest spinning planet in the Universe. It took only 10 hours per day to rotate. It also has 67 moons arounds it. Saturn has 7 layers ofrings which are made up of dust, ice, and rocks. It is also the least dense planet compared to other planet. Saturn Uranus Uranus is the smallest of the four "Giant planets" . It also appear blue as the methane gas absorbs the red light from the Sun butreflacts blue light back. Neptune Neptune is the coldest planet in the Solar System. Has super sonic wind and it took 165 Earth years to orbit the Sun.
The structure of the Sun and the solar Phenomena Core- The centremost region of the Sun is known as the core; this is the region where Hydrogen turns into Helium through the nuclear fusion reaction. The core is considered to be the hottest region of the Sun. Radiative Zone- Between the core and the convection zone, there lies the radiative zone; by means of radiative diffusion and thermal conduction, the energy in this layer transports outside, which travels in the form of electromagnetic radiation by photons. Convection Zone- The outermost layer of the Sun’s interior is known as the convection zone. This zone uses convection mode to transfer energy. The temperature in this zone is low enough for the heavier ions like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron and calcium to hold on to some of their electrons. Photosphere- The Photosphere has a thickness of about 500 KM, and all the visible light from the Sun comes from this layer. The phenomenon of Sunspots happens in the Photosphere. Chromosphere- The Chromosphere is visible as a dim red ring, and it lies just above the Photosphere. Only during the Solar Eclipses, when the Photosphere is hidden, visible light from the Chromosphere can be seen. Structure of the Sun
The structure of the Sun and the solar Phenomena Solar Phenomena Sunspots The surface of the Sun is a boiling place, where giant jets of hot gases called solar flares form and then rise thousands of milesinto space. When cooling down, the solar flares leave behind darker areas that are called sunspots. Solar Wind There is also a stream of agitated tiny particles of matter that rush away from the Sun at a speed of more than 300 miles per second (500 km/s). This is the solar wind. Once every 11 years, the Sun enters a period of extreme activity, during which the solar wind becomes more intense and the number of sunspots increases. Solar Storm On March 13, 1989, a gigantic solar storm caused major electrical power failures and many disruptions in radio communications around the world. This solar storm also provided an amazing display of polar lights that could be admired from as far south as Mexico Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) When solar wind particles shoot into space, they hit everything in their path. Fortunately, Earth is well protected from this wind by its atmosphere. On top of its blanket of gases, Earth is also protected by an enormous magnetic field that pushes away most of the
dangerous particles. Some of them still manage to slip through, however, attracted by the North and South Poles that act like giant magnets. It is while breaking through the atmosphere of the polar regions that these particles create fantastic light displays called polarlights. Eclipse It is a phenomena which night happen in the middle of the day. An eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. Viewed from Earth, the Moon is positioned exactly between Earth and the Sun. Blocking the Sun’s rays, the Moon plunges parts of Earth into darkness, creating night in the middle of the day
Asteroids, Meteors and Comets Meteoroid Smallerthan Asteroid Piece of stone or metal that travels in space Meteor A meteoroid that falls toward the Earth heating up due to friction and glowing across the sky. Comet Mixture of ice and dust Elliptical orbital around the Sun Asteroid Most asteroids are found in the asteroid belts between Mars and Jupiter Meteorite A meteorthat hits the surface of Earth
Asteroid Belt and Kuiper Belt Asteroid Belt Kuiper Belt Asteroid Belt- A region of the solar system located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many small and rocky objects called asteroids orbit the sun. The asteroid belt is believed to be the remains of a failed planet, which was prevented from forming due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter. As a result, the debris left over from the formation of the solar system accumulated in this region, leading to the formation of the asteroid belt. Kuiper Belt- Kuiper Belt is dominated by icy bodies. It is also the home to many small icy objects, including dwarf planets such as Pluto, Eris, Makemake, and Haumea, as well as thousands of smaller bodies which remnants from the formation of the solar system and are composed primarily of frozen volatiles
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