Building Services Project 1 Group 12

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

MODULE: BLD 61904 BUILDING SERVICES

PROJECT 1: BUILDING SERVICES IN MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS INVOLVING
PUBLIC USE

GROUP MEMBERS: WONG QIN KAE 0334538
ALICIA SEW ZIYIN 0333878
LOO KHAI CHYI 0332253
TAN TZE QING 0334111
AMANDA KHOO SZE JIE 0338452

TUTOR : TS. MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

Abstract

This report is based on a case study, which we conducted as a group, to identify the various
building services systems. These systems include mechanical ventilation system,
air-conditioning system, fire protection system and mechanical transportation system. Upon
a mutual agreement after a group discussion, we decided to select Setia City Mall as our
case study as it is an exemplary shopping mall, consisting of several building services as
well as implementation of passive design strategies on the building.

The case study covers all the building services systems mentioned above to provide basic
understanding of the principles, processes and equipment used in the various building
systems of Setia City Mall. Through this project, we are exposed to the knowledge of
integration of different building services systems in a building. Thus, we have come to be
able to acknowledge the importance of building services in design and its importance
towards practicality and public safety.

Content

1.0 Introduction to Setia City Mall

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation System

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Literature review

2.2.1 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
2.2.1.1 Supply System
2.2.1.2 Extract System
2.2.1.3 Balance System

2.3 Case Study

2.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation System in Setia City Mall
2.3.1.1 Exhaust Fan
2.3.1.2 Fresh Air System
2.3.1.3 Smoke Spill System

2.4 Conclusion

3.0 Air-Conditioning System

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Literature review

3.2.1 Air Conditioning Principle
3.2.1.1 Refrigerant Cycle
3.2.1.2 Air Cycle

3.2.2 Types of Air Conditioning System
3.2.2.1 Window Air Conditioning System
3.2.2.2 Split Air Conditioning System
3.2.2.3 Packaged Air Conditioning System
3.2.2.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System

3.3 Case Study

3.3.1 Air Conditioning System in Setia City Mall

3.3.2 Chilled-Water System in Setia City Mall
3.3.2.1 Cooling Tower
3.3.2.2 Centrifugal Chiller

3.3.2.3 Chilled Water Pump

3.3.3 Air Distribution System in Setia City Mall
3.3.3.1 Air-Handling Unit (AHU)
3.3.3.1.1 Blower
3.3.3.1.2 Cooling Coil
3.3.3.1.3 Damper
3.3.3.2 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
3.3.3.3 Air Cooled Split Unit
3.3.3.4 Air Ductwork and Diffuser

3.4 Conclusion

4.0 Fire Protection System

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature review

4.2.1 Active Protection System
4.2.1.1 Fire Suppression System
4.2.1.2 Fire Detection System
4.2.1.3 Fire Alarm System

4.2.2 Passive Protection System

4.3 Case Study

4.3.1 Active Protection System in Setia City Mall
4.3.1.1 Fire Detection System
4.3.1.1.1 Smoke and Heat Detector
4.3.1.2 Fire Alarm Notification Appliances
4.3.1.2.1 Fire Intercom System
4.3.1.2.2 Fire Alarm System
4.3.1.2.2.1 Manual Call Point/ Break Glass
4.3.1.2.2.2 Fire Alarm Buzzer and Strobe
4.3.1.3 Fire Control Room & Equipment
4.3.1.4 Water-Based System
4.3.1.4.1 External Fire Hydrants
4.3.1.4.2 Hose Reel System
4.3.1.4.3 Dry Riser
4.3.1.4.4 Automatic Sprinkler System
4.3.1.5 Non Water-Based System
4.3.1.5.1 Fire Extinguisher

4.3.2 Passive Protection System in Setia City Mall
4.3.2.1 Zoning & Compartmentation
4.3.2.2 Structural Fire Protection

4.3.2.2.1 Fire Proofing
4.3.2.2.2 Fire Wall & Floor
4.3.2.2.3 Fire Door
4.3.2.3 Means of Escape
4.3.2.3.1 Horizontal Escape
4.3.2.3.2 Vertical Escape
4.3.2.3.3 Emergency Exit Signage
4.3.2.3.4 Assembly Area

4.4 Conclusion

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Literature review

5.2.1 Elevator
5.2.1.1 Traction Elevator
5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator
5.2.1.3 Machine-room-less (MRL) Elevator
5.2.1.4 Pneumatic Vacuum Elevator

5.2.2 Escalator
5.2.2.1 Parallel Escalator
5.2.2.2 Criss-Cross Escalator
5.2.2.3 Multiple Parallel Escalator

5.2.3 Travelator

5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Elevators in Setia City Mall
5.3.1.1 Type of Elevator
5.3.1.2 Building Management System
5.3.1.3 Elevator Components
5.3.1.3.1 Car
5.3.1.3.1.1 Elevator Car Type
5.3.1.3.1.2 Elevator Car Components
5.3.1.3.1.2.1 Car Sling
5.3.1.3.1.2.2 The Elevator Cabinet
5.3.1.3.1.2.3 Car Door
5.3.1.3.1.2.3.1 Car Door Type and Operation
5.3.1.3.1.2.3.2 Guide Shoes
5.3.1.3.1.2.3.3 Door Protective Device
5.3.1.3.2 Hoistway

5.3.1.3.2.1 Hoistway Components
5.3.1.3.2.1.1 Guide Rails
5.3.1.3.2.1.2 Counterweight
5.3.1.3.2.1.3 Suspension Ropes
5.3.1.3.2.1.4 Hoistway Doors
5.3.1.3.2.1.4.1 Hoistway Door Type
5.3.1.3.2.1.5 Buffers
5.3.1.3.3 Control Unit

5.3.2 Escalators in Setia City Mall
5.3.2.1 Type of Escalator
5.3.2.2 Escalator Arrangement
5.3.2.2.1 Parallel Escalators
5.3.2.2.2 Multiple Parallel Escalators
5.3.2.3 Operating System
5.3.2.4 Escalator Components
5.3.2.4.1 Landing Platform
5.3.2.4.2 Truss
5.3.2.4.3 Track System
5.3.2.4.3.1 Track Assembly
5.3.2.4.4 Steps
5.3.2.4.5 Handrail
5.3.2.4.6 Balustrade

5.3.3 Travelators in Setia City Mall

5.4 Conclusion

6.0 Conclusion

7.0 References

1.0 Introduction to Setia City Mall

Setia City Mall is a shopping mall in Setia Alam, Shah Alam. It comprises more than 740,000
square feet of retail space, with 240 retailers spread across 4 levels and 2,500 car parks.
The mall is designed for shopping, dining, entertainment and parklife in the area. It is a joint
venture between Malaysian property developer SP Setia and Lendlease Malaysia.
Additionally, the mall houses an alfresco dining precinct, a 10.5 acre park, a waterjet plaza
and exceptional children’s play facilities. It also became the first mall in Malaysia to receive
Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Gold Award.

2.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
2.1 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation system is the process of changing air in an enclosed space in
which indoor air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously, using fans and air
ducts instead of merely ventilating through small openings on walls, windows or roofs.
The system comprises fans and makeup air supply. Fans help to pull out the stale air
from the building while makeup air supply delivers outdoor air into the building.
Mechanical ventilation systems help to control the humidity of the interior spaces for
human comfort and act as an alternative to the unreliable natural systems.

2.2 Literature review
2.2.1 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
2.2.1.1 Supply System
This type of ventilation uses a fan to draw outdoor air in. The indoor air escapes through
a system of exhaust fan ducts as well as the building enclosure. The outdoor air comes
in from a single source that is chosen specifically for its high air quality, which can be a
benefit for people seeking clean air in their home (Duraflow Filtration, 2017).
Furthermore, it has a low installation cost and reduces contaminants that can be drawn
in from the building’s enclosure. However, it can still result in moisture problems in the
walls that result from humidity drawn in from outside.

Figure 2.2.1.1 Supply Ventilation System (House Ventilating Institute, n.d.)

2.2.1.2 Extract System
This ventilation type is the opposite of the supply system, instead of moving outdoor air
in, it draws indoor air out while outdoor air is drawn in through leaks. Some benefits of
this type of ventilation include the low costs of installation and maintenance, but there
are also several drawbacks. For one, extract system can draw contaminants into your
home from areas such as an attic or crawlspace, and could also move moisture from
the outside into a wall cavity that then leads to problems such as rot and mold.

Figure 2.2.1.2 Exhaust Ventilation System (House Ventilating Institute, n.d.)

2.2.1.3 Balance System
This ventilation system combines the other two systems which consists of two fans and
two duct systems (House Ventilating Institute, n.d.). It uses fans to draw air both into
and out of a building. This system has all the benefits of extract system and supply
system, such as reduced contaminants and control of air supply, without many of the
drawbacks like humidity in the walls. However, the cost is higher than the other two
options.

Figure 2.2.1.3 Balance Ventilation System (House Ventilating Institute, n.d.)

2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation System in Setia City Mall
Mechanical ventilation system used in Setia City Mall is balanced ventilation system
which supplies fresh air and also extracts stale air through mechanics. This makes sure
the humidity of interior space is for human comfort.
2.3.1.1 Exhaust Fan
The exhaust fan is an important component in mechanical ventilation systems which is
used to release smoke, moisture, polluted air and undesirable odour from the interior
air. As exhaust fan is easy to install, therefore, it can be installed in various spaces,

especially bathrooms and kitchens where the places have higher amounts of pollutants.
High moisture air is good for the growth of moulds which may cause health issues for
us. Exhaust fan helps to control the humidity, remove hot, humid and polluted air
effectively.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water- closets,
bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Setia City Mall consists of 13 units of kitchen exhaust fan and 45 units of smoke
extraction fans in Food and Beverages tenants to prevent the contaminants such as
smokes and cooking odors to affect indoor air quality of the other spaces. The tar will
not be collected on the walls or cloth materials as exhaust fans remove grease in the
air, hence, keeping indoor air clean. Makeup fans are installed to make up fresh air in
the spaces to replace the air exhausted by these fans. The design of the system follows
the UBBL Section 41 which permanent mechanical ventilation is provided in respective
spaces. Table 2.3.1.1 shows the number of units of exhaust fans present in Setia City
Mall. A picture of the makeup fans on the rooftop is shown in Figure 2.3.1.1 (a).

System Components Units

Mechanical Ventilation ● Kitchen Exhaust Fan 13
● Kitchen Make Up Fresh Air Fan 13
● Smoke Make Up Fan 23
● Smoke Extraction Fan 45
● Pressurization Fan 36
● Toilet Exhaust Fan 30
● Fresh Air Fan 9

Table 2.3.1.1 Number of units of exhaust fans in Setia City Mall

Figure 2.3.1.1 (a) Makeup fans on the rooftop

2.3.1.2 Fresh Air System
Fresh air fans at Setia City Mall bring in fresh air into the building. The system mixes the
outdoor air which has a higher oxygen level with the indoor air to make sure the interior
air is clean and fresh. The system consists of components such as filter and
temperature sensors. The temperature sensors will detect the outside temperature and
make decisions to make sure the interior temperature can be maintained as human
comfort. A Fresh Air System schematic diagram is shown in figure 2.3.1.2 (a).

Figure 2.3.1.2 (a) Fresh Air System schematic diagram

2.3.1.3 Smoke Spill System
Smoke Spill System extracts smoke from enclosed buildings to allow safe passage of
the occupants to outside in a fire emergency case. On normal days, the system runs
once to bring in fresh air from outside and pull out the indoor air. The extracted air
includes the incoming air from AHU and from the main entrances of Setia City Mall. The
smoke spill vent on the rooftop is shown in figure 2.3.1.3 (a) while the operation of the
smoke extraction fan is shown in figure 2.3.1.3 (b). The location of the smoke extraction
fan on the rooftop is shown in figure 2.3.1.3 (c).

Figure 2.3.1.3 (a) Smoke Spill Vent on the rooftop
Figure 2.3.1.3(b) Operation of Smoke Extraction Fan

Figure 2.3.1.3 (c) Location of Smoke Extraction Fan on the rooftop

2.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, the mechanical ventilation system of Setia City Mall is set up following the
guidelines of UBBL which makes the building a comfortable interior space for users.
Setia City Mall has lived up to their reputation of being a sustainable shopping mall in
terms of both design and operation. The usage of different components in the
mechanical ventilation system ensure the efficiency of the system. It serves to ensure
the fresh air in the interior environment and avoidance of the smoke and negative smell
in the building, which may bring discomfort to users. A comfortable indoor environment
is provided.

3.0 Air-Conditioning System
3.1 Introduction
Air conditioning is the process of controlling the temperature and humidity as well as
movement and cleanliness of the air supply within a building, normally with mechanical
means, to achieve human thermal comfort (Shrikant, 2009). This may be achieved
using an air conditioning system, by passive cooling or by ventilative cooling.

Air conditioning systems can be categorized according to the means by which the
controllable cooling is accomplished in the conditioned space. They are further
segregated to accomplish specific purposes by special equipment arrangement
(Shrikant, 2009).

3.2 Literature review
3.2.1 Air Conditioning Principle
The air conditioning system works by removing heat from an indoor space and replaces
it with chilled dry air and the warm air is expelled to the outdoor atmosphere (Airconco).
On its journey around the system it undergoes two main cycles: the refrigerant cycle
and air cycle.

3.2.1.1 Refrigerant Cycle
In the refrigeration cycle, a heat pump transfers heat from a lower temperature heat
source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat would naturally flow in the opposite
direction. A refrigerator works in much the same way, as it pumps the heat out of the
interior into the room in which it stands (Iyer, 2009). Refrigerant cycle involves a
chemical refrigerant in the system which absorbs the unwanted heat and pumps it
through a system of piping to the outside coil. A schematic diagram of a refrigerant
cycle is shown in figure 3.2.1.1.

Refrigerant cycle has four major components:

● Compressor: Refrigerant is drawn from the evaporator and pumped to the
condenser by the compressor. The compressor also pressurizes the
refrigerant vapor so that it will change state (condense) readily.

● Condenser: The high-pressure refrigerant vapor releases heat through the
condenser coils as it condenses into liquid refrigerant, which makes it easier
to vaporize.

● Expansion valve: The expansion valve restricts the flow of liquid refrigerant
from the condenser to the evaporator. As refrigerant passes through, its
pressure decreases.

● Evaporator: The low-pressure liquid refrigerant absorbs heat as it vaporizes
in the evaporator coils. The refrigerant moves to the compressor where the
entire cycle is repeated.

Figure 3.2.1.1 Schematic diagram of a Refrigerant Cycle

3.2.1.2 Air Cycle
An air cycle is a process to distribute cooled conditioned air into the spaces that needs
air conditioning. When the return air goes into the evaporator, latent heat inside the
room is removed. When the heat is removed, the internal air slowly becomes cooler. Air
or water can be used as a medium to absorb this heat. The distribution of air is done
through ducts or chilled water pipes. This system functions by the compression of air
and removal of contained heat which then expands the air to a lower temperature. A
schematic diagram of an air cycle with an AHU is shown in figure 3.2.1.2.

Components in the air cycle:

● Air circulating units (AHU): Circulates conditioned air throughout a space.

● Blower fan: Moves air through the air handler. For this reason, the fan is
often seen as the “heart” of the air handling unit.

● Air filter: Cleans the unconditioned air as it is sucked from the interior space
or the outside.

● Ductwork and diffuser: Ductwork are passages that are used to move air
between the air handling unit and the conditioned space. The diffuser
functions as the inlet by dispersing treated air into the rooms.

Figure 3.2.1.2 Schematic diagram of an Air Cycle with an AHU

3.2.2 Types of Air Conditioning System
3.2.2.1 Window Air Conditioning System
The window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a small space.
The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. It contains a
compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and cooling coil enclosed in a
single box (Iyer, 2009). The components of a Window Air Conditioning System is shown
in figure 3.2.2.1.

Figure 3.2.2.1 Components of a Window Air Conditioning System
(Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2008)

3.2.2.2 Split Air Conditioning System
The split air conditioner comprises two parts, outdoor unit and indoor unit. The outdoor
unit is fitted outside the room and comprises components including compressor,
condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling
coil and the cooling fan. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms
(Bright Hub Engineering, 2008). The outdoor unit, indoor unit and components of the
Split Air Conditioning System is shown in figure 3.2.2.2 (a), figure 3.2.2.2 (b) and figure
3.2.2.2 (c).

Figure 3.2.2.2 (a) Outdoor Unit Figure 3.2.2.2 (b) Indoor Unit
(Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2008) (Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2008)

Figure 3.2.2.2 (c) Components of Split Air Conditioning System
(Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2008)

3.2.2.3 Packaged Air Conditioning System
Packaged Air Conditioning System is used to cool more than two rooms or a large
space in homes or offices. There are two possible arrangements with the packaged unit.
In the first arrangement, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser,
expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by
the high capacity blower and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms. In
the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The
compressed gas passes through individual units, composed of the expansion valve and
cooling coil which are located in various rooms. packaged air conditioning systems are
shown in figure 3.2.2.3.

Figure 3.2.2.3 Components of Packaged Air Conditioning System
(Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2008)

3.2.2.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System
Centralized air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire
hotels, gyms, movie theaters, factories etc. A centralized air conditioning system
comprises a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air
conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually only feasible
with centralized conditioning units. The components of the centralized air conditioning
system are shown in figure 3.2.2.4.

Figure 3.2.2.4 Components of centralized air conditioning system
(Source: Platts)

3.3 Case Study

3.3.1 Air Conditioning System at Setia City Mall
The air conditioning system used at Setia City Mall is the Centralized Air Conditioning
System. The centralized air conditioning system consists of a chilled water system and
air distribution system. Chilled water system houses components such as cooling
towers, centrifugal chillers and chilled water pumps while the air distribution system
includes air handling units, fan coil units, air cooled split units, air ductwork and
diffusers. The chiller plant of Setia City Mall achieves a minimum SCOP (System
Coefficient of Performance) of at least 4.0 throughout the year (IEN Consultants). The
number of units of each component of the Air Conditioning System used in Setia City
Mall are shown in Table 3.3.1. The location of the components of the Air Conditioning
System at the rooftop are shown in figure 3.3.1(a).

System Components Units

Chilled Water System ● Cooling Tower 6
● Centrifugal Chiller 6
● Primary Chilled Water Pump 8
● Secondary Chilled Water Pump 6

Air Distribution System ● Air Handling Units 63
● Fan Coil Units 158
● Air Cooled Split Unit 19

Table 3.3.1 Number of units of each components of Air Conditioning System used at Setia City Mall

Figure 3.3.1 (a) Location of the components of the Air Conditioning System at the rooftop
Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant
building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms
may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh
air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

3.3.2 Chilled Water System
Chilled water systems provide cooling to the building, using chilled water to absorb heat
from the building’s spaces. At the heart of the water chilled system, a chiller removes
heat from water by means of a refrigeration cycle. A schematic diagram of a chilled
water system is shown in figure 3.3.2.

Figure 3.3.2 Schematic diagram of a Chilled Water System

A chilled water system’s refrigeration cycle works by removing heat from chilled water in
the evaporator of the chiller with a compressor. It uses the most energy in a chilled water
system. In the condenser of the chiller, the heat is transferred to the condenser water or
directly to the outside air.

Chilled water systems are typically used for cooling large buildings such as Setia City
Mall. Chiller plants act as a centralized cooling system that provides cooling for an entire
building While the upfront cost of a water chilled system can be a lot, the greater energy
efficiency and lower maintenance costs usually make up for it.

3.3.2.1 Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are a special type of heat exchanger that allows water and air to come in
contact with each other to lower the temperature of the hot water. During the cooling
tower working process, small volumes of water evaporate, lowering the temperature of
the water that’s being circulated throughout the cooling tower. It cools down water that
gets heated up by air conditioning condensers. The components of a cooling tower are
shown in figure 3.3.2.1(a).

Figure 3.3.2.1 (a) Components of a cooling tower
(Source: Sara Cooling Tower, 2018)

Large amounts of hot water are exposed to a large volume of air inside the cooling
tower. A current of air rises by means of a natural or forced draught, and hot water
enters at some point and is sprayed into the air. As the water evaporates it loses latent
heat to the air and is cooled. The cooling effect is greater with a forced draught due to
the increased flow of air. The rate of evaporation increases due to the lower pressure
created by the fan withdrawing air, creating a greater cooling effect.

Figure 3.3.2.1 (b) Induced draft cooling tower working principles
(source by: Oil & Gas Production Training Services)

Setia City Mall has six units of cooling towers with a total capacity of 7000 RT as shown
in Table 3.3.1. The cooling towers are induced draft towers where air is pulled through
the fans located at the discharge which is on top of the tower as shown in figure
3.3.2.1(b). Cooling towers are located at the rooftop of the mall as shown in figure
3.3.2.1 (c) to capture prevailing wind to generate the draft of wind. Grey pipes
connecting cooling towers and chillers as shown in figure 3.3.2.1 (d) help to transport
chilled water supply (CWS) from cooling towers to the chillers and chilled water return
(CWR) from the chillers to cooling towers.

Figure 3.3.2.1 (c) Cooling towers located at the rooftop

Figure 3.3.2.1 (d) Pipes transporting cooling water supply (CWS) & cooling water return (CWR)

Water makeup to a cooling tower is necessary to replace the mechanical carryout of
water droplets (windage), evaporation and the blowdown required to maintain a
controlled solids buildup. Makeup water is usually added to the cooling tower basin. The
AC Make-up Tank for the cooling tower is shown in figure 3.3.2.1 (e).

Figure 3.3.2.1 (e) AC Make-up Tank for cooling tower

3.3.2.2 Centrifugal Chiller
A centrifugal chiller utilizes the vapor compression cycle to chill water. It removes the
heat collected from the chilled water plus the heat from the compressor to a water loop.
The water loop is cooled by a cooling tower. The components of the Centrifugal Chiller
are shown in figure 3.3.2.2 (a). The working principle of the Centrifugal Chiller is shown
in figure 3.3.2.2 (b).

Figure 3.3.2.2 (a) Components of Centrifugal Chiller

Figure 3.3.2.2 (b) Centrifugal Chiller working principle

The centrifugal chiller at Setia City Mall is located inside an enclosed chiller plant room
which is at the rooftop as shown in figure 3.3.1(a). There are six units of Hitachi high
efficiency water cooled centrifugal chillers with an overall capacity of 5000 RT. Although
there are six chillers, they run alternately for maintenance purposes. The mall only
needs two chillers to supply all the air-handling units. However, the additional chillers
are to distribute the load to maximize the efficiency. The Centrifugal Chiller in the Chiller
Plant Room is shown in figure 3.3.2.2 (c).

Figure 3.3.2.2 (c) Centrifugal Chiller in the Chiller Plant Room

3.3.2.3 Chilled Water Pump
A chilled water pump (CHWP) pushes chilled water through the chiller and through the
chilled water line around the building. The chilled water that exits a chiller is called the
chilled water supply (CHWS). The chilled water supply temperature is usually about 45
°F. The chilled water supply is pumped through the chiller and to the building’s various
air conditioning units such as air handling units (AHUs) and fan coil units (FCUs). The
chilled water pumps are shown in figure 3.3.2.3.

Figure 3.3.2.3 Chilled Water Pumps

Chilled water pumps in Setia City Mall can be categorised into primary or secondary
pumping schemes according to the flow of the water via the pipes. Chilled water return
(CWR) is received via primary chilled water pump and is distributed to the centrifugal
chiller, which is later pumped to the cooling tower for cooling purpose. Chilled water
supply (CWS) is received from the chillers via secondary pump and pumped to air
handling units for distribution. Setia City Mall consists of 8 units of primary chilled water
pumps and 5 units of secondary CHWP with 1 unit which is standby for maintenance
alternately.

3.3.3 Air Distribution System
3.3.3.1 Air-Handling Unit (AHU)
An air handling unit is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a HVAC
system. The AHU is a large metal box containing a blower, heating and/or cooling coils
and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to duct work that distributes the conditioned
air through the building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs supply and return
air directly to and from the space served without ductwork. Components of an Air
Handling Unit are shown in figure 3.3.3.1 (a).

Figure 3.3.3.1 (a) Components of Air Handling Unit
(Source: CIQA, 2020)

Figure 3.3.3.1 (b) Air Handling Unit

The AHU in Setia City Mall consists of a blower, a cooling coil, a filter and a damper.
There are a total of 63 units of AHU distributed throughout the whole building. The
outdoor fresh air is drawn into AHU duct. Unwanted solid particles will be removed
before it passes through the cooling coil then directed into the mall using a blower and
duct. Return warm air from the space is blown into the AHU through the return grilles by
the induced draught fan which some of the warm air will be exhausted out from the
building and some will be recycled back to be filtered together with the outdoor air. The
temperature of air flow remains constant as the system adapted for Setia City Mall is a
constant airflow system. All air handling units are equipped with high efficiency motors
with efficiency averaging 65% (GreenPagesMalaysia).

3.3.3.1.1 Blower
The blower is an important component. It functions by recycling the air present in the
building. The air collected by the blower is conditioned, either heated or cooled, and
then being released into the building. Air handling units at commercial buildings may
have multiple blowers or fans for better functionality. The blower is shown in figure
3.3.3.1.1.

Figure 3.3.3.1.1 Blower

3.3.3.1.2 Cooling Coil
A cooling coil is used to cool and dehumidify the air. Both direct expansion cooling and
chilled water cooling coils are available for use depending on the system design. Setia
City Mall uses chilled water cooling coils. These coils are arranged in rows with different
fin spacing. Aluminium fins and copper tubes are used in the design of the coils.
Corrosion resistance hydrophilic fins are used due to its lower cost and lower resistance
to air velocity. The cooling coil is shown in figure 3.3.3.1.2.

Figure 3.3.3.1.2 Cooling Coil

3.3.3.1.3 Damper
The damper is used to control the amount of airflow going through the air-handling unit.
Manually adjustable dampers are usually placed in the ducts or on the vents in the
space. These dampers can be used to balance the amount of airflow that flows in and
out of a space. Some dampers have actuators that can automatically open or close.
These modulating dampers will adjust their position to maintain a precise amount of
airflow. Modulating dampers are typically placed on the outside air intake of the
air-handling unit. This kind of damper is used to control the amount of outside air that
goes into the air-handling unit. The damper is shown in figure 3.3.3.1.3.

Figure 3.3.3.1.3 Damper

Motorized dampers with carbon dioxide sensors are being used by Setia City Mall to
control the amount of fresh air intake of the air-handling units. These dampers are
placed on the outside air intake of the air-handling unit to control the amount of outside
air that goes into the air-handling unit. Operated by motors and sensors, it allows airflow
to be constantly regulated.

3.3.3.2 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
The fan coil unit is a device that uses a coil and a fan to heat or cool a room without
connecting to ductwork. Indoor air moves over the coil, which heats or cools the air
before pushing it back out into the room. FCUs can be cheaper to install than ducted
systems and are available in the ceiling, floor-mounted and freestanding configurations.
The components of a Fan Coil Unit are shown in figure 3.3.3.2 (a). An example of a fan
coil unit is shown in figure 3.3.3.2 (b).

Figure 3.3.3.2 (a) Components of Fan Coil Unit

Figure 3.3.3.2 (b) Fan Coil Unit

There are a total of 158 units of fan coil units in Setia City Mall. Chilled water is piped
into fan coil units which consist of fins & fans with large surface area that absorb heat
from the space through the air-heat exchange process. Each fan coil unit has its own
thermostat that regulates the amount of cooling needed.
3.3.3.3 Air Cooled Split Unit
The split air conditioner comprises two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit is fitted outside the building, houses components including compressor,
condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling
coil and the cooling fan. A working diagram of the Split Air Conditioning System is
shown in figure 3.3.3.3 (a).

Figure 3.3.3.3 (a) Split Air Conditioning System working diagram

Split air conditioner in Setia City Mall is mainly used in isolated administrative and
surveillance rooms. The mall consists of 19 units of air cooled split units as shown in
figure 3.3.3.3 (b).

Figure 3.3.3.3 (b) Split Air Conditioner in Setia City Mall

3.3.3.4 Air Ductwork and Diffuser
Most air handling units incorporate ductwork into their design. Air ductwork are
passages that are used to move air between the air handling units and the conditioned
space. Air ductwork serves as the pipe that connects the air handling unit to the space
that it is conditioning. It must be able to withstand the pressures associated with
transferring large volumes of air.

Ductwork systems can be classified as high velocity or low velocity based on design
parameters, air velocity and static pressure. In standard practise, ductworks must
operate at low velocity and pressure. With the excessive lengthening of ducts, overall
pressure in the distribution system would be reduced, resulting in a decrease in
efficiency. Return ductwork, on the other hand, needs less pressure and is normally
low-velocity.

Figure 3.3.3.4 (a) Air Ductwork Figure 3.3.3.4 (b) Diffuser

Air ducts commonly used in Setia City Mall are circular and rectangular in shape as
shown in figure 3.3.3.4 (a). Warm air with contaminants drawn from the indoor spaces is
directed to be cooled through the ductwork. The treated cool air then redistributed into
the indoor spaces. Decreasing room temperature to desired temperature helps in
achieving human thermal comfort. Attached to the air ductworks, diffuser as shown in
figure 3.3.3.4 (b) functions as the inlet by dispersing treated air into the rooms. It is an
exposed component whereas air ductworks are concealed in the suspended ceiling.
Figure 3.3.3.4 (c) shows the location of the air ductwork and air handling unit in Setia
City Mall.

Figure 3.3.3.4 (c) Location of air ductwork

3.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, in complying to the Uniform Building By-Laws, Setia City Mall has extra
chillers and chilled water pumps which run alternately for maintenance purposes to
reduce the risk of malfunction. The air-conditioning system of Setia City Mall is designed
with sustainability and energy efficiency in mind. In order to achieve higher energy

efficiency, the mall uses a highly efficient air conditioning system. Centrifugal chillers
with high coefficient of performance and high efficiency variable speed air handling unit
blowers, motors and pumps are used in Setia City Mall. Besides, carbon dioxide
sensors are provided for all air handling units to allow precise control of fresh air intake
into the building which helps achieving human thermal comfort. There is no doubt that
the air conditioning system is one of the most important factors in maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in Setia City Mall.

4.0 Fire Protection System
4.1 Introduction
Fire Protection System is a system whereby actions are taken immediately to ensure
the safety of occupants, reduce injuries as well as reducing property loss during fire
breakouts. It involves the installation and use of structural and operational systems. This
system is divided into two main categories which are active fire protection and passive
fire protection. Fire protection systems should be integrated with code requirements and
building by-laws to provide utmost safety.

4.2 Literature review

4.2.1 Active Fire Protection
Active fire protection system (AFP) is for detecting a fire, and giving early warning in
order to control the fire. It requires some kind of action to reduce the growth rate of fire
or even the migration of smoke. This action may be manual such as using a fire
extinguisher or automatic sprinkler system dousing flames. The most obvious example
of AFP is fire suppression but no doubt that fire detection or fire alarm systems are
equally as important. These systems will trigger a response such as alerting the fire
department after picking up a signal to increase the chances of suppressing a fire
before it causes harm.

4.2.1.1 Fire Suppression System
Fire suppression systems are used to suppress or extinguish the spread of a fire within
a building. It takes action before the fire spreads, minimizing potential damages. It uses
a combination of dry chemicals and wet agents to suppress equipment fires (Cease Fire
& Electrical Services, 2017) as shown in figure 4.2.1.1. These suppressing agents
include carbon dioxide, chemical or inert gases which have unique properties that are
ideal for protecting sensitive equipment and contents within a building even while
suppressing a fire. (Koorsen Fire & Security, 2020)

Types of suppressing agents :
● Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide systems use a massive amount of CO2 gas to
suffocate a fire. It is extremely unsafe for humans, and so its use is usually very
localized and only in spaces where human occupants are common.

● Chemical agents: Stored in the cylinder as a compressed liquid and quickly
changes to a gas form when discharged. To ensure that they discharge as gas,
the cylinders must discharge within 10 seconds, regardless of the cylinder's size.

● Inert agents: They are naturally occurring gases which are stored within
cylinders in gas form for use in suppression systems and are discharged as a
gas. Due to the level of pressure required to store the inert agents, cylinders will
discharge the agent entirely within 60-120 seconds.

Figure 4.2.1.1 Fire Suppression Systems
(Source: Cease Fire & Electrical Services, 2017)

4.2.1.2 Fire Detection System
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fire at an early stage. By detecting a
fire quickly and providing early warning notification, this system can limit the emission of
toxic products created by combustion or even global warming gases produced by the
fire itself.

Fire alarm control panel is the “brain” of the fire detector system. It is the central hub for
all the detector signals to be wired to and provides a status indication to the users as
shown in figure 4.2.1.2.

Figure 4.2.1.2 Fire Detection & Alarm Systems
(Source: Wittag Solution, 2017)

4.2.1.3 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm system provides detection and notification to all occupants, ensuring that all
people will receive adequate protection from emergency situations. In addition, a fire
alarm system uses a network of devices, appliances and control panels to carry out four
key functions which are detect, alert, monitor and control. These alarms may be
activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or via manual fire
activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations (Fire Alarm Systems
(FAS), 2021) as shown in figure 4.2.1.3.

Figure 4.2.1.3 Fire Alarm Systems
(Source: Fire Alarm Systems (FAS), 2021)

According to (Ismail,I & Taib,M, 2013, p.106-107), three terms should be distinguished
clearly:
a) ‘control’ means the heat release rate of fire is not allowed to grow with a rapid rate
b) ‘suppression’ means the heat release rate is reduced
c) ‘extinguishment’ means the burning is stopped. Systems for achieving the objectives
as in above have to be clearly spelled out, especially in tall buildings where only fire
alarm and detection system, fire hydrant system and hose reel system are normally
required.

4.2.2 Passive Fire Protection
Passive Fire protection (PFP) is frequently overlooked but is a fundamental component
of fire protection. PFP is put in place within the structure of the building and no human
interaction is needed. It involves the use of building components as shown in figure
4.2.2 (a) in order to keep a fire from spreading while the components inclusive of walls,
floors and ceilings can be designed and constructed to resist the passage of fire and
smoke. Refer to figure 4.2.2 (b), this system acts as physical barriers to limit fire and
also allows people to have more time to escape from a building when there is a fire.

(SafetyFirst, 2018) stated that passive fire protection has two key components:
● Fire resistance: Using fire separating elements such as wall, floor ceiling to limit
the spread of fire though the element or to prevent structural collapse of
load-bearing elements which can be seen in figure 4.2.2 (c).
● Reaction to fire: Restricting flammability (surface burning behaviour of an
element or material and how it promotes rapid flame spread, hot gases or smoke
production).

Therefore, it should be considered at the planning stage in the building design in terms
of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk (Ismail,I & Taib,M, 2013, p.106).

Figure 4.2.2 (a) Passive Fire Protection Components
(Source:SafetyFirst, 2018)

Figure 4.2.2 (b) Fire Spread using Passive Protection
(Source:SafetyFirst, 2018)

Figure 4.2.2 (c) Fire Separating Elements
(Source:SafetyFirst, 2018)

4.3 Case Study
A case study of the fire protection system in Setia City Mall is carried out to understand
how the building handles the fire breakout. The fire protection of Setia City Mall features
both of the active and passive systems to carry out a full fire protection.
Some important appliances that need to be installed in the building for fire protection
purposes such as fire control room and firefighting system pump room. Fire control
room is the main contact point for occupants who seek help and a place to get notified if
there’s fire or could even contact the nearest firefighting station to come over. Other
than fire protection, it also has CCTV monitoring panels for surveillance purposes.
4.3.1 Active Fire Protection System
Active fire protection system in Setia City Mall is separated into 3 stages which is
detection stage, notification stage and action-taking stage as shown in Figure 4.3.1.

Figure 4.3.1 Overview of Active Fire Protection Chart in Setia City Mall

4.3.1.1 Fire Detection Systems
4.3.1.1.1 Smoke and Heat Detector
Smoke detectors are good at detecting smouldering, glowing and open fires with smoke
development in the early stages. Light transmitters and receivers are arranged at right
angles in the sampling chamber to prevent the light beam of the transmitter from striking
the receiver directly. The smoke detector is shown in figure 4.3.1.1.1 (a), while the heat
detector is shown in figure 4.3.1.1.1 (b).

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 225 - Detecting and extinguishing fire

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and
with alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

Figure 4.3.1.1.1 (a) Smoke Detector Figure 4.3.1.1.1 (b) Heat Detector

Setia City Mall uses spot-type detectors which are placed along the ceilings and can be
found in every floor of the mall. Spot-type detectors are used for optimal protection
against flaming and smoldering fires. This spot-type detector contains a small radiation
source that produces electrically charged ions. The presence of ions allow a small
electric current to flow in a chamber. When smoke particles enter the chamber, they
attach themselves to the ions to reduce the flow of electric current. The alarm is
triggered by the change in current.

Another type of smoke detectors are beam smoke detectors which can be seen in Setia
City Mall, placed near to the roof. Beam-type smoke detectors are photoelectric smoke
detectors that work on an obscuration principle. A light beam is directed at a photocell to
detect smoke. When smoke interferes with the beam, the light drops below the
predetermined sensitivity level of the receiver, the detectors will signal the fire control
room and trigger the alarm.

Moreover, heat detectors are also found in Setia City Mall which triggers once there is a
perceptible rise in heat. If there is a fire in the vicinity of the alarm, the convected
thermal energy from the flame raises the temperature of a heat-sensitive element in the
heat detector. When this happens, the element sets off an alarm to alert anyone within
ear-shot of the device.

4.3.1.2 Fire Alarm Notification Appliances
The fire alarm notification appliance is an active fire protection component of a fire
alarm system. A notification appliance using both audible and visual alarms notifies the
control room when the fire system detects a possible fire.

4.3.1.2.1 Fire Intercom System
The fire intercom system is a two way audio communication system which plays a main
role during emergencies. At the scene of the fire, it allows occupants to communicate
with the master station at the fire control room on the spot.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 239 - Voice communication system

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice
communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a
public address system between the central control station and the following areas:
(a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;
(b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 metres in area;
(c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combined with the public address system.

Figure 4.3.1.2.1 Telephone Handset

In Setia City Mall, the telephone handset as shown in figure 4.3.1.2.1 links to the
intercom master telephone as well as the digital alarm communicator. It is located at
every floor of fire staircases and also car parks.

4.3.1.2.2 Fire Alarm System
4.3.1.2.2.1 Manual Call Point/ Break Glass

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 225 - Detecting and extinguishing fire

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and
with alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

Figure 4.3.1.2.2.1 Manual Call Point / Break Glass in indoor and car park of Setia City Mall

Manual call point/ break glass is installed in Setia City Mall as shown in figure
4.3.1.2.2.1, is located at the escape route, near staircases, lift lobbies, corridors leading
to the toilet and other accessible places. It is a device which enables personnel to raise
an alarm in a fire incident by pressing a frangible element to activate the alarm system.
The installation of the fire alarm call point is at a height of 1.4 meters above floor level
and placed 30 meters apart from the nearby call points.
4.3.1.2.2.2 Fire Alarm Buzzer and Strobe

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 241 - Special requirements for fire alarm systems
In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the occupancy
audible alarm systems is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals shall be
incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

Figure 4.3.1.2.2.2 Fire Alarm Buzzer and Strobe

The fire buzzer will be activated and the strobe will flash signal lights after the break
glass has been broken. With that, the person in charge in the control room will activate
the other buzzers once the signal is verified. This can be found on the walls where the
places are very accessible in Setia City Mall, which is shown in figure 4.3.1.2.2.2 to
audibly and visually alert occupants about an emergency.

4.3.1.3 Fire Control Room & Equipment
The fire control room is the nerve center for the building where the building’s fire
protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply, can be monitored and
controlled. When a signal is sent from the fire detection system, the fire panel in the fire
control room will be able to identify the location so that immediate action will be taken.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 238 - Command and control centre

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with
a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a
panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water-flow
detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to
the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Figure 4.3.1.3 Control Room (Setia City Mall, 2021)

The fire control room in Setia City Mall is located at the back of the mall at ground floor
which is shown in figure 4.3.1.3 and is not accessible by the public. It is monitored 24
hours by guards who are equipped with knowledge of all building management systems
in the mall. In addition, there is also a direct telephone connecting to the fire station
which allows contact with the fire brigade.

4.3.1.4 Water Based System
Water-based systems use readily available medium of water to discharge onto flames
through a normally fixed piping system. It helps to protect fire scenarios where the main
hazard is fire spread caused primarily by thermal radiation.

4.3.1.4.1 External Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrant is a water supply with sufficient pressure and flow from underground, which
is then delivered through pipes throughout a building to a strategically located network
of valves for fire-fighting purposes.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 225 - Detecting and extinguishing fire

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than
91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

Figure 4.3.1.4.1 (a) Double Outlet Pillar Type Fire Hydrant (Setia City Mall,2020)

Figure 4.3.1.4.1 (b) Water Supply Pump Figure 4.3.1.4.1 (c) Fire Hydrant

Setia City Mall has its own water for fire fighting which is red in colour in figure 4.3.1.4.1
(a). The water is supplied directly from the water supplying department with its own
group. The water supply pump is shown in figure 4.3.1.4.1 (b). The fire hydrants are
placed at strategic locations of the building along with fire hose next to it for effective
use when there’s fire, as shown in 4.3.1.4.1 (c). As a result, it helps in the control of fires
at every stage using the most corrective and effective solution.

4.3.1.4.2 Hose Reel System
The hose reel system is a readily accessible product and a water source for dealing with
Class A fire risk. It consists of hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipework
and valves which are easy accessibility to help people minimize damage. Hose reels

are usually placed near lift lobbies, escape routes, access points and major fire risk
areas.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 231 - Installation and testing of wet rising system

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Figure 4.3.1.4.2 (a) Hose Reel Tank Figure 4.3.1.4.2 (b) Hose Reel Pump

In Setia City Mall, the hose reel tank is located in the fire tank room at the back of the
wall on the ground floor as shown in figure 4.3.1.4.2 (a), equipped with hose reel
pumps, as shown in figure 4.3.1.4.2 (b). The hose reel tank has a normal capacity of
14.5m2 and an effective capacity of 9.5m2 which serves as water storage for the hose
reel. Water is pumped to each hose reels by two sets of pumps at a running pressure of
120 litres per minute on average.

Figure 4.3.1.4.2 (c) Location of Hose Figure 4.3.1.4.2 (d) Hose Reel System
Reel System at Level P3/UG

The hose reel in Setia City Mall is placed 30 metres away from each other, as shown in
Figure 4.3.1.4.2 (c). The Hose Reel System is shown in figure 4.3.1.4.2 (d). The Hose
SRI hose reels that have been approved by SIRIM are used to discharge water at a
maximum working pressure of 1.2MPa in a 30 meter length rubber hose.

4.3.1.4.3 Dry Riser
The dry riser system consists of a network of pipes and valves, which allows water to be
easily delivered to the upper floors of a building. It comprises a vertical pipe with an inlet
at ground level for the fire services to pressurise the main from their appliances.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 230 - Installation and testing of dry rising system

(1) Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is
more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

Figure 4.3.1.4.3 Dry Riser and Landing Valve

To fulfill UBBL requirements, dry riser systems are used in Setia City Mall, as shown in
figure 4.3.1.4.3. It can be seen at escape routes of each floor so that water can be
distributed to all levels of the building when there is a fire incident. The pipe is usually
maintained to be empty of water under normal circumstances.

4.3.1.4.4 Automatic Sprinkler System
An automatic sprinkler system is intended to detect control and extinguish a fire and
warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire. This system consists of pipework, water
supply, sprinklers head, pump, valves and sprinkler tank.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 228 - Sprinkler valves

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall
and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. (2) All sprinkler systems shall be
electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic
relay of the alarm when activated.

Setia City Mall uses the most common type of fire sprinkler system which is a wet pipe
system. It consists of automatic sprinklers that are attached to a piping system
containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately
from sprinklers when heat is detected from a fire. The sprinkler tank and pump is
located in the fire tank room. The location of the Fire Tank Room & Fire Pump Room is
shown in figure 4.1.3.4.4 (a). The water from the reinforced concrete tank is pumped by
2 sets of electric motor driven pumps. Moreover, a jockey pump is used to maintain and
monitor the pressure in the piping system at a high level.

Figure 4.3.1.4.4 (a) Location of the Fire Tank Room & Fire Pump Room

Figure 4.3.1.4.4 (b) Sprinkler Head Figure 4.3.1.4.4 (c) Concealed Sprinkler Head

The sprinkler heads in Setia City Mall are made of galvanised iron to prevent corrosion
and painted in red gloss according to the UBBL requirement. The sprinkler heads are
normally found in less public spaces, as shown in figure 4.1.3.4.4 (b), whereas
concealed sprinkler heads can easily be seen in the public areas of the mall, as shown
in figure 4.1.3.4.4 (c). These sprinkler heads are placed 2 to 2.5 meter apart from each
other so that every 12m2 there is a sprinkler. Sprinkler heads detect heat with a red,
heat-detecting liquid filled glass bulb if heat is detected, the bulb acts as a valve burst

which allows water to be released. However, the cover on the concealed sprinkler head
will automatically drop when heat is detected to allow the sprinkler to function.

4.3.1.5 Non-Water Based System
Non-water based system is used to protect a variety of fire hazards such as electrical
transformers, flammable liquids, restaurant equipment and fuel truck loading racks. It is
electrically non-conductive so it is best for surface fire however not effective on
deep-seated fires.

4.3.1.5.1 Fire Extinguisher
A portable or movable fire extinguisher that cools the burning material, deprives the
flame of oxygen, or interferes with the chemical reactions occurring in the flame in order
to extinguish or control small fires.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE
FIGHTING ACCESS
Section 227- Portable extinguishers

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all
direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of
operation.

Figure 4.3.1.5.1 (a) Dry Powder Extinguisher at Level P3/UG (Setia City Mall, 2021)

Figure 4.3.1.5.1 (b) Dry Powder Extinguisher Figure 4.3.1.5.1 (c) Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

In Setia City Mall, many prominent places such as entrances, lift lobbies, exits and other
places have allocated fire extinguishers. The most common type of fire extinguishers
that can be found in Setia City Mall is dry powder extinguisher, as shown in figure
4.3.1.5.1 (b). Dry powder extinguisher, also known as ABC powder is a dry chemical
extinguishing agent used on class A, class B and class C fires. Moreover, carbon
dioxide extinguishers also can be seen in Setia City Mall, as shown in figure 4.3.1.5.1
(c) at places near to the source of fire risk such as kitchens or even near fire exits. This
type of fire extinguisher is suitable for class B and class E fires which are liquids and
electrical equipment.
4.3.2 Passive Fire Protection System (PFP)
Passive fire protection system in Setia City Mall is separated into 3 categories which are
zoning and compartmentation, structural fire protection and means of escape as shown
in figure 4.3.2.

Figure 4.3.2 Overview of Passive Fire Protection Chart in Setia City Mall

4.3.2.1 Zoning and Compartmentalisation
One of the fundamentals of passive fire protection is fire compartmentalisation. Fire
compartmentalisation is to limit the spread of fire and smoke within a building where
spaces are divided into several smaller sections in order to confine the fire in the only
space it was declared, during the time necessary for evacuation.

Figure 4.3.2.1 Zoning of areas in Setia City Mall (Setia City Mall, 2018)

Setia City Mall is a huge building that comprises a mix of large stores, little retail outlets
and mixed public areas such as a recreation center. All these areas have differences in
the degree of potential fire hazards. Since the most dangerous part is usually where the
fireplace starts, it is crucial to zone and compartmentalize the indoor regions to stop the
fireplace from spreading.

The shopping center is separated into three zones which are the green zone, the blue
zone and the red zone, each with access to the vehicle parking areas and entrances, as
shown in figure 4.3.2.1. The zoning of the spaces permits the fire control room
supervisor to perceive the area of the space with fire detected without any problem.

Another fire safety design is fire compartmentalisation. Compartmentalisation refers to
several compartments, such as firewalls (and floors); fire partitions; secured
corridors/stairs and so on. It is fundamentally the division of a structure into cells,
utilizing development materials that will keep the section of fire starting with one cell
then onto the next for a given timeframe. The most well-known element of
compartmentalisation that can be seen daily is a fire door.

4.3.2.2 Structural Fire Protection
4.3.2.2.1 Fireproofing
Fireproofing is one of the basic measures of passive fire protection. To guarantee the
structure can withstand heat during excavation, these safety measures should be
contemplated in beginning phases of plan and development, particularly the use of
materials. The insulation in Setia City Mall is shown in figure 4.3.2.2.1.

Figure 4.3.2.2.1 Insulation in Setia City Mall

In Setia City Mall, the primary fire protection incorporates the use of gypsum based
mortar spray as fireproofing of steel beams and other structural components. By
applying endothermic material like this mortar to the structure, it will cause the design to
have imperviousness to fire rating. While for the wall, ceilings and floor, cementitious
items are utilized to give insulating. Other than that, ventilation works appended to the
ceiling are likewise ensured by flame resistant lightweight conduit wrap.
4.3.2.2.2 Fire Wall & Fire Rated Floor

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VII - FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Section 222 - Fire resistance for walls
(1) Any structure, other than an external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if each
side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, have fire resistance for not less
than the minimum period required by this Part.

Figure 4.3.2.2.2 (a) Components of a Fire Wall (Continuing Education Center, 2020)

Figure 4.3.2.2.2 (b) Components of a Fire Rated Floor (Imperial Building Products, n.d.)

Fire wall is a partition made of flame resistant material to keep the spread of a fire
starting with one piece of a structure then onto the next or to segregate a significant
space compartment. Fire-evaluated floor and ceiling in Setia City Mall are intended to
oppose fire for up to roughly 2 hours before failure. The components of a Fire Wall are
shown in figure 4.3.2.2.2 (a) while components of a Fire Rated Floor are shown in figure
4.3.2.2.2 (b).

4.3.2.2.3 Fire Door
A fire door is an entryway with a fire-resistance rating used to diminish the spread of fire
and smoke between independent compartments of a construction and to enable safe
departure from a structure. All fire doors should be introduced with the suitable heat
proof fittings, like the edge and entryway equipment, for it to completely consent to any
fire guidelines.

Structures are compartmentalized to defer the spread of fire starting with one territory
then onto the next. These compartments are typically connected by fire ways to permit
the progression of traffic around the structure. Fundamentally, fire doors have two
principal functions in a fire. When shut, they form a barrier to stop the spread of fire and
when open, they form a path to escape. These doors are likewise intended to give
protection for a duration of 2 hours. The fire doors in Setia City Mall are shown in figure
4.3.2.2.3 (a).

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VII - FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Section 164 - Door closers for fire doors

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case
of sliding doors.

Figure 4.3.2.2.3 (a) Fire Doors in Setia City Mall Figure 4.3.2.2.3 (b) Automatic Door Closer
(source by: AliExpress,2020)

Automatic door closers are used in Setia City Mall, as shown in figure 4.3.2.2.3 (b) to
ensure that in an event of evacuation, the door will remain shut when nobody is
entering. This is to ensure when the occupants are escaping through the escape route
that is protected and separated from the fire incident.

4.3.2.3 Means of Escape
A “ means of escape” can be defined as the structural means whereby a safe route is
provided for people to travel from any location in a building or structure to a place of
safety without the need of outside assistance. It is essential that means of escape are
considered at the earliest stage of a project.

4.3.2.3.1 Horizontal Escape
A horizontal escape is the use of the relative distance between exits as an alternative
approach to the maximum travel distance.

Laws of Malaysia
Uniform Building By-laws 1984
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 [ACT 133]
PART VII - FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Section 171 - Horizontal exits

(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be
of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building
discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to
less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

(3) For institutional occupancies the total exit capacity other than horizontal exits shall
not be reduced by more than one-third that would otherwise be required for the entire
area of the building.

Figure 4.3.2.3.1 Distribution of Fire Escape Stairs

Setia City Mall consists of various horizontal escapes at each floor with the connection
to the staircases. The distribution for Fire Escape Stairs is shown in figure 4.3.2.3.1.
The exits and fire escape stairs are located at most 45 metres from each other as
required by UBBL in order to allow users able to escape within a short time.

4.3.2.3.2 Vertical Escape
Fire escape is the main component of the emergency exit course. This will prevent fire
from entering when occupants run from the upper levels to the protected outdoors on
the ground floor. The design of pitch lines, riser and tread measurements has to be
consistent and predictable to ensure safety purposes.

These are the requirements of an escape staircase:

● Flights of of stairs have more than 3 risers
● Treads -not less than 255mm ; Risers -not more than 180mm
● Depth of landing cannot be less than the width
● Tread and riser dimensions must be constant to prevent users from tripping and

falling in the event of a fire
● Width of staircase cannot reduce alone its path
● Winders are not used in fire staircases