Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Glossary 583

permanent loss of spinal cord reflexes following injury to Stomach (STUM-uk) The sac-like organ of the alimentary
the spinal cord (Chapter 8). tube between the esophagus and the small intestine; is a
Spirillum (spih-RILL-uhm) (Pl.—spirilla) A bacterium reservoir for food and secretes gastric juice to begin pro-
with a spiral shape (Chapter 22). tein digestion (Chapter 16).
Spirochete (SPY-roh-keet) Spiral bacteria of the order
Spirochaetales (Chapter 22). Strabismus (strah-BIZ-mis) An impairment of binocular
Spleen (SPLEEN) An organ located in the upper left vision, the optic axes of the eyes cannot be oriented prop-
abdominal quadrant behind the stomach; consists of lym- erly on an object because of an imbalance in one set of
phatic tissue that produces lymphocytes; also contains extrinsic muscles; the “lazy eye” may drift medially or lat-
macrophages that phagocytize old red blood cells erally (Chapter 9).
(Chapter 14).
Spongy bone (SPUN-jee BOWNE) Bone tissue not organ- Stratified (STRA-ti-fyed) Having two or more layers
ized into haversian systems; forms most of the short, flat, (Chapter 4).
and irregular bones and forms epiphyses of long bones
(Chapter 6). Stratum corneum (STRA-tum KOR-nee-um) The outer-
Spontaneous fracture (spahn-TAY-nee-us) A fracture that most layer of the epidermis, made of many layers of dead,
occurs without apparent trauma; often a consequence of keratinized cells (Chapter 5).
osteoporosis (Syn.—pathologic fracture) (Chapter 6).
Spore (SPOOR) 1. A bacterial form that is dormant and Stratum germinativum (STRA-tum JER-min-ah-TEE-
highly resistant to environmental extremes such as heat. vum) The innermost layer of the epidermis; the cells
2. A unicellular fungal reproductive form (Chapter 22). undergo mitosis to produce new epidermis (Syn.—stra-
Squamous (SKWAY-mus) Flat or scale-like; used especially tum basale) (Chapter 5).
in reference to epithelial tissue (Chapter 4).
Stapes (STAY-peez) The third of the auditory bones in the Streptokinase (STREP-toh-KYE-nase) An enzyme pro-
middle ear; transmits vibrations from the incus to the duced by bacteria of the genus Streptococcus that was used
oval window of the inner ear (Chapter 9). clinically to dissolve abnormal clots, such as those in
Starch (STARCH) A polysaccharide produced by plants; coronary arteries (Chapter 11).
digested to glucose, a source of energy for cell respiration
(Chapter 2). Stretch receptor (STRETCH ree-SEP-ter) A sensory
Starling’s law of the heart (STAR-lingz LAW) The force receptor in a muscle that detects stretching of the muscle
of contraction of cardiac muscle fibers is determined by (Syn.—proprioceptor) (Chapter 7).
the length of the fibers; the more cardiac muscle fibers
are stretched, the more forcefully they contract (Chap- Stretch reflex (STRETCH REE-fleks) A spinal cord reflex
ter 12). in which a muscle that is stretched will contract (Chap-
Stem cell (STEM SELL) 1. An embryonic cell capable of ter 8).
differentiating into any of the specialized cells of an
organism (Chapter 3). 2. The unspecialized cell found in Striated muscle (STRY-ay-ted MUSS-uhl) The muscle
red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that is the precur- tissue that forms the skeletal muscles that move bones
sor cell for all types of blood cells (Chapter 11). 3. Any (Syn.—voluntary, skeletal muscle) (Chapter 4).
unspecialized cell with the potential to differentiate
(Chapter 3). Stroke volume (STROHK VAHL-yoom) The amount of
Stenosis (ste-NOH-sis) An abnormal constriction or nar- blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat; the resting
rowing of an opening or duct (Chapter 12). average is 60–80 mL/beat (Chapter 12).
Sterilization (STIR-ill-i-ZAY-shun) The process of com-
pletely destroying all of the microorganisms on or in a Subarachnoid space (SUB-uh-RAK-noid) The space
substance or object (Chapter 22). between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater;
Sternum (STIR-num) The flat bone that forms part of the contains cerebrospinal fluid (Chapter 8).
anterior rib cage; consists of the manubrium, body, and
xiphoid process (Syn.—breastbone) (Chapter 6). Subclinical infection (sub-KLIN-i-kuhl) An infection in
Steroid (STEER-oyd) An organic compound in the lipid which the person shows no symptoms (Syn.—inapparent,
group; includes cholesterol and the sex hormones asymptomatic) (Chapter 22).
(Chapter 2).
Stimulus (STIM-yoo-lus) A change, especially one that Subcutaneous (SUB-kew-TAY-nee-us) Below the skin; the
affects a sensory receptor or that brings about a response superficial fascia between the dermis and the muscles
in a living organism (Chapter 9). (Chapter 5).

Sublingual glands (sub-LING-gwal) The pair of salivary
glands located below the floor of the mouth (Chap-
ter 16).

Submandibular glands (SUB-man-DIB-yoo-lar) The pair
of salivary glands located at the posterior corners of the
mandible (Chapter 16).

Submucosa (SUB-mew-KOH-sah) The layer of connective
tissue and blood vessels located below the mucosa (lin-
ing) of a mucous membrane (Chapter 16).

Substrates (SUB-strayts) The substances acted upon, as by
enzymes (Chapter 2).

Sucrase (SOO-krays) A digestive enzyme that breaks down

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

584 Glossary

sucrose to glucose and fructose; secreted by the small connective tissue membrane that lines joint cavities and
intestine (Chapter 16). secretes synovial fluid (Chapter 4).
Sucrose (SOO-krohs) A disaccharide made of one glucose Synthesis (SIN-the-siss) The process of forming complex
and one fructose molecule (Syn.—cane sugar, table molecules or compounds from simpler compounds or
sugar) (Chapter 2). elements (Chapter 2).
Sulcus (SUHL-kus) A furrow or groove, as between the gyri Syphilis (SIFF-i-lis) A sexually transmitted disease caused
of the cerebrum (Syn.—fissure) (Chapter 8). by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; may also cause con-
Superficial (soo-per-FISH-uhl) Toward the surface genital syphilis in newborns of infected women (Chap-
(Chapter 1). ter 20).
Superficial fascia (soo-per-FISH-uhl FASH-ee-ah) The Systemic infection (sis-TEM-ik) An infection that has
subcutaneous tissue, between the dermis and the muscles. spread throughout the body from an initial site (Chap-
Consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue ter 22).
(Chapter 4). Systole (SIS-tuh-lee) In the cardiac cycle, the contraction of
Superior (soo-PEER-ee-your) Above, or higher (Chap- the myocardium; ventricular systole pumps blood into
ter 1). the arteries (Chapter 12).
Superior vena cava (VEE-nah KAY-vah) The vein that
returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium —T—
(Chapter 12).
Supination (SOO-pi-NAY-shun) Turning the palm upward, T cells (T SELLS) A subgroup of lymphocytes; include
or lying face up (Chapter 7). helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells, all
Suspensory ligaments (suh-SPEN-suh-ree LIG-uh- of which are involved in adaptive immune responses
ments) The strands of connective tissue that connect the (Chapter 11).
ciliary body to the lens of the eye (Chapter 9).
Sustentacular cells (SUS-ten-TAK-yoo-lar SELLS) The T tubule (TEE TOO-byool) A transverse tubule, a fold of
cells of the testes that secrete inhibin (Chapter 20). the sarcolemma; carries the action potential to the inte-
Suture (SOO-cher) A synarthrosis, an immovable joint rior of a muscle fiber (Chapter 7).
between cranial bones or facial bones (from the Latin
“seam”) (Chapter 6). Tachycardia (TAK-ee-KAR-dee-yah) An abnormally rapid
Sympathetic (SIM-puh-THET-ik) The division of the heart rate; more than 100 beats per minute (Chapter 12).
autonomic nervous system that dominates during stress-
ful situations (Chapter 8). Taenia coli (TAY-nee-uh KOH-lye) The longitudinal
Sympathomimetic (SIM-pah-tho-mi-MET-ik) Having the muscle layer of the colon; three bands of smooth muscle
same effects as sympathetic impulses, as has epinephrine, fibers that extend from the cecum to the sigmoid colon
a hormone of the adrenal medulla (Chapter 10). (Chapter 16).
Symphysis (SIM-fi-sis) An amphiarthrosis in which a disc
of cartilage is found between two bones, as in the verte- Talus (TAL-us) One of the tarsals; articulates with the tibia
bral column (Chapter 6). (Chapter 6).
Symptomatic infection (SIMP-toh-MAT-ik) An infection
in which the patient exhibits the symptoms of the disease Target organ (TAR-get OR-gan) The organ (or tissue) in
(Chapter 22). which a hormone exerts its specific effects (Chapter 10).
Synapse (SIN-aps) The space between the axon of one neu-
ron and the cell body or dendrite of the next neuron or Tarsals (TAR-suhls) The seven short bones in each ankle
between the end of a motor neuron and an effector cell (Chapter 6).
(Chapter 4).
Synaptic knob (si-NAP-tik NAHB) The end of an axon of Taste buds (TAYST BUDS) Structures on the papillae of
a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter (Chapter 8). the tongue that contain the chemoreceptors for the detec-
Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THROH-sis) An immovable joint, tion of chemicals (food) dissolved in saliva (Chapter 9).
such as a suture (Chapter 6).
Synergistic muscles (SIN-er-JIS-tik MUSS-uhls) Muscles Tears (TEERS) The watery secretion of the lacrimal
that have the same function, or a stabilizing function, glands; wash the anterior surface of the eyeball and keep
with respect to the movement of a joint (Chapter 7). it moist (Chapter 9).
Synovial fluid (sin-OH-vee-uhl FLOO-id) A thick slippery
fluid that prevents friction within joint cavities (Chap- Teeth (TEETH) Bony projections in the upper and lower
ter 6). jaws that function in chewing (Chapter 16).
Synovial membrane (sin-OH-vee-uhl MEM-brayn) The
Telophase (TELL-ah-fayz) The fourth stage of mitosis, in
which two nuclei are re-formed (Chapter 3).

Temporal bone (TEM-puh-ruhl) The flat bone that forms
the side of the cranial cavity and contains middle and
inner ear structures (Chapter 6).

Temporal lobes (TEM-puh-ruhl LOWBS) The lateral
parts of the cerebrum; contain the auditory, olfactory,
and taste areas (Chapter 8).

Tendon (TEN-dun) A fibrous connective tissue structure
that connects muscle to bone (Chapter 7).

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Glossary 585

Teratogen (te-RAH-toh-jen) Anything that causes devel- anterior side of the trachea below the larynx; secretes
opmental abnormalities in an embryo; may be a chemical thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin (Chapter 10).
or microorganism to which an embryo is exposed by way Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) A hormone
of the mother (Chapter 21). secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that causes the
thyroid gland to secrete triiodothyronine and thyroxine
Testes (TES-teez) (Sing.—testis) The male gonads that (Chapter 10).
produce sperm cells; also endocrine glands that secrete Thyroxine (T4) (thigh-ROK-sin) A hormone secreted by
the hormone testosterone (Chapter 10). the thyroid gland that increases energy production and
protein synthesis (Chapter 10).
Testosterone (tes-TAHS-ter-ohn) The sex hormone Tibia (TIB-ee-yuh) The larger long bone of the lower leg
secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes; responsible (Syn.—shinbone) (Chapter 6).
for the maturation of sperm, growth of the male repro- Tidal volume (TIGH-duhl VAHL-yoom) The volume of
ductive organs, and the secondary sex characteristics air in one normal inhalation and exhalation; average:
(Chapter 10). 400–600 mL (Chapter 15).
Tissue (TISH-yoo) A group of cells with similar structure
Tetanus (TET-uh-nus) 1. A sustained contraction of a and function (Chapter 1).
muscle fiber in response to rapid nerve impulses; the Tissue fluid (TISH-yoo FLOO-id) The water found in
basis for all useful movements. 2. A disease, characterized intercellular spaces. Also called interstitial fluid (Chap-
by severe muscle spasms, caused by the bacterium ter 2).
Clostridium tetani (Chapter 7). Tissue macrophage system (TISH-yoo MAK-roh-fayj)
The organs or tissues that contain macrophages that
Thalamus (THAL-uh-muss) The part of the brain superior phagocytize old red blood cells: the liver, spleen, and red
to the hypothalamus; regulates subconscious aspects of bone marrow (Chapter 11).
sensation (Chapter 8). Tissue typing (TISH-yoo TIGH-ping) A laboratory pro-
cedure that determines the HLA types of a donated
Theory (THEER-ree) A statement that is the best explana- organ, prior to an organ transplant (Chapter 11).
tion of all the available evidence on a particular process Titin (TIGH-tin) The protein in sarcomeres that anchors
or mechanism. A theory is not a guess (Chapter 3). myosin filaments to the Z lines (Chapter 7).
Tongue (TUHNG) A muscular organ on the floor of the
Thoracic cavity (thaw-RASS-ik KAV-i-tee) Part of the oral cavity; contributes to chewing and swallowing and
ventral cavity, superior to the diaphragm (Chapter 1). contains taste buds (Chapter 16).
Tonsillectomy (TAHN-si-LEK-toh-mee) The surgical
Thoracic duct (thaw-RASS-ik DUKT) The lymph vessel removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoid (Chapter
that empties lymph from the lower half and upper left 14).
quadrant of the body into the left subclavian vein Tonsils (TAHN-sills) The lymph nodules in the mucosa of
(Chapter 14). the pharynx, the palatine tonsils, and the adenoid; also
the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue (Chapter 14).
Thoracic vertebrae (thaw-RASS-ik VER-te-bray) The 12 Toxin (TAHK-sin) A chemical that is poisonous to cells
vertebrae that articulate with the ribs (Chapter 6). (Chapter 22).
Toxoid (TAHK-soyd) An inactivated bacterial toxin that is
Threshold level–renal (THRESH-hold LE-vuhl) The no longer harmful yet is still antigenic; used as a vaccine
concentration at which a substance in the blood not nor- (Chapter 14).
mally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the Trace element (TRAYS EL-uh-ment) Those elements
urine; for several substances, such as glucose, in the renal (minerals) needed in very small amounts by the body for
filtrate, there is a limit to how much the renal tubules can normal functioning (Chapter 2).
reabsorb (Chapter 18). Trachea (TRAY-kee-ah) The organ that is the air passage-
way between the larynx and the primary bronchi (Syn.—
Thrombocyte (THROM-boh-sight) Platelet; a fragment windpipe) (Chapter 15).
of a megakaryocyte (Chapter 11). Transamination (TRANS-am-i-NAY-shun) The transfer
of an amino (NH2) group from an amino acid to a carbon
Thrombocytopenia (THROM-boh-SIGH-toh-PEE- chain to form a non-essential amino acid; takes place in
nee-ah) An abnormally low platelet count (Chapter 11). the liver (Chapter 16).
Transcription (tran-SKRIP-shun) The process by which a
Thrombopoietin (THROM-boh-POY-e-tin) A hormone complementary copy, mRNA, is made of a DNA gene;
produced by the liver that stimulates development of will be followed by translation (Chapter 3).
megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow (Chapter 11).

Thrombus (THROM-bus) A blood clot that obstructs
blood flow through a blood vessel (Chapter 11).

Thymus (THIGH-mus) An organ made of lymphatic tissue
located inferior to the thyroid gland; large in the fetus
and child, and shrinks with age; produces T cells and
hormones necessary for the maturation of the immune
system (Chapter 14).

Thyroid cartilage (THIGH-roid KAR-ti-ledj) The largest
and most anterior cartilage of the larynx; may be felt in
the front of the neck (Chapter 15).

Thyroid gland (THIGH-roid) An endocrine gland on the

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

586 Glossary

Transient flora (TRAN-zee-ent FLOOR-uh) Part of nor- cedure to remove or sever the fallopian tubes; usually
mal flora; those microorganisms that may inhabit specific done as a method of contraception in women (Chap-
sites in the body for short periods of time (Chapter 22). ter 20).
Tubular reabsorption (TOO-byoo-ler REE-ab-SORP-
Transitional (trans-ZI-shun-uhl) Changing from one form shun) The processes by which useful substances in the
to another (Chapter 4). renal filtrate are returned to the blood in the peritubular
capillaries (Chapter 18).
Transitional epithelium (tran-ZI-shun-uhl) A type of Tubular secretion (TOO-byoo-ler se-KREE-shun) The
epithelium in which the surface cells change from processes by which cells of the renal tubules secrete sub-
rounded to flat as the organ changes shape (Chapter 4). stances into the renal filtrate to be excreted in urine
(Chapter 18).
Translation (trans-LAY-shun) The process by which pro- Tunica (TOO-ni-kah) A layer or coat, as in the wall of an
teins are synthesized on the ribosomes of a cell; tRNA artery (Chapter 13).
molecules line up amino acids according to the codons on Tympanic membrane (tim-PAN-ik) The eardrum, the
the mRNA molecule (Chapter 3). membrane that is stretched across the end of the ear
canal; vibrates when sound waves strike it (Chapter 9).
Transporter (trans-POOR-ter) A protein that is part of a Typing and cross matching (TIGH-ping and KROSS-
cell membrane and necessary for the facilitated diffusion match-ing) A laboratory test that determines whether or
of a substance such as glucose (Chapter 3). not donated blood is compatible, with respect to the red
blood cell types (Chapter 11).
Transverse section (trans-VERS SEK-shun) A plane or
cut from front to back, separating upper and lower parts —U—
(Chapter 1).
Ubiquitin (yoo-BIK-wi-tin) An intracellular protein that
Tricuspid valve (try-KUSS-pid VALV) The right AV valve, tags damaged proteins so that they may be destroyed by
which prevents backflow of blood from the right ventri- proteasomes (Chapter 3).
cle to the right atrium when the ventricle contracts
(Chapter 12). Ulna (UHL-nuh) The long bone of the forearm on the lit-
tle finger side (Chapter 6).
Trigeminal nerves (try-JEM-in-uhl) Cranial nerve pair V;
sensory for the face and teeth; motor to chewing muscles Ultrasound (UHL-tra-sownd) 1. Inaudible sound. 2. A tech-
(Chapter 8). nique used in diagnosis in which ultrasound waves
provide outlines of the shapes of organs or tissues (Chap-
Triglyceride (try-GLI-si-ryde) An organic compound, a ter 21).
true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
(Chapter 2). Umbilical arteries (uhm-BILL-i-kull AR-tuh-rees) The
fetal blood vessels contained in the umbilical cord that
Trigone (TRY-gohn) Triangular area on the floor of the carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two (Chapter 13).
ureters and the urethra (Chapter 18).
Umbilical cord (uhm-BILL-i-kull KORD) The structure
Triiodothyronine (T3) (TRY-eye-oh-doh-THIGH-roh- that connects the fetus to the placenta; contains two
neen) A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein (Chapter 13).
increases energy production and protein synthesis
(Chapter 10). Umbilical vein (uhm-BILL-i-kull VAYN) The fetal blood
vessel contained in the umbilical cord that carries oxyge-
Trisomy (TRY-suh-mee) In genetics, having three homol- nated blood from the placenta to the fetus (Chapter 13).
ogous chromosomes instead of the usual two (Chap-
ter 20). Unicellular (YOO-nee-SELL-yoo-lar) Composed of one
cell (Chapter 4).
Trochlear nerves (TROK-lee-ur) Cranial nerve pair IV;
motor to an extrinsic muscle of the eye (Chapter 8). Unsaturated fat (un-SAT-uhr-ay-ted) A true fat that is
often liquid at room temperature and of plant origin; its
Trophoblast (TROH-foh-blast) The outermost layer of fatty acids contain less than the maximum number of
the embryonic blastocyst; will become the chorion, one hydrogens (Chapter 2).
of the embryonic membranes (Chapter 21).
Upper respiratory tract (UH-per RES-pi-rah-TOR-ee
Tropomyosin (TROH-poh-MYE-oh-sin) A protein that TRAKT) The respiratory organs located outside the
inhibits the contraction of sarcomeres in a muscle fiber chest cavity (Chapter 15).
(Chapter 7).
Urea (yoo-REE-ah) A nitrogenous waste product formed in
Troponin (TROH-poh-nin) A protein that inhibits the the liver from the deamination of amino acids or from
contraction of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber (Chap- ammonia (Chapter 5).
ter 7).
Uremia (yoo-REE-me-ah) The condition in which blood
True fat (TROO FAT) An organic compound in the lipid
group that is made of glycerol and fatty acids (Chapter 2).

Trypsin (TRIP-sin) A digestive enzyme that breaks down
proteins into polypeptides; secreted by the pancreas
(Chapter 16).

Tubal ligation (TOO-buhl lye-GAY-shun) A surgical pro-

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Glossary 587

levels of nitrogenous waste products are elevated; caused Vasomotor center (VAY-zoh-MOH-ter) The part of the
by renal insufficiency or failure (Chapter 18). medulla that regulates the diameter of arteries and veins;
Ureter (YOOR-uh-ter) The tubular organ that carries contributes to normal blood pressure (Chapter 8).
urine from the renal pelvis (kidney) to the urinary blad-
der (Chapter 18). Vasopressin (VAY-zoh-PRESS-in) Antidiuretic hormone
Urethra (yoo-REE-thrah) The tubular organ that carries (Chapter 8).
urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
(Chapter 18). Vector (VEK-ter) An arthropod that transmits pathogens
Urinary bladder (YOOR-i-NAR-ee BLA-der) The organ from host to host, usually when it bites to obtain blood
that stores urine temporarily and contracts to eliminate (Chapter 22).
urine by way of the urethra (Chapter 18).
Urinary system (YOOR-i-NAR-ee SIS-tem) The organ Vein (VAYN) A blood vessel that takes blood from capillar-
system that produces and eliminates urine; consists of the ies back to the heart (Chapter 13).
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra (Chap-
ter 18). Venous return (VEE-nus ree-TURN) The amount of
Urine (YOOR-in) The fluid formed by the kidneys from blood returned by the veins to the heart; is directly
blood plasma (Chapter 18). related to cardiac output, which depends on adequate
Uterus (YOO-ter-us) The organ of the female reproductive venous return (Chapter 12).
system in which the placenta is formed to nourish a
developing embryo-fetus (Chapter 20). Ventilation (VEN-ti-LAY-shun) The movement of air into
Utricle (YOO-tri-kuhl) A membranous sac in the vestibule and out of the lungs (Chapter 15).
of the inner ear that contains receptors for static equilib-
rium (Chapter 9). Ventral (VEN-truhl) Toward the front (Syn.—anterior)
(Chapter 1).
—V—
Ventral cavity (VEN-truhl KAV-i-tee) Cavity that consists
Vaccine (vak-SEEN) A preparation of a foreign antigen that of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities (Chap-
is administered by injection or other means in order to ter 1).
stimulate an antibody response to provide immunity to a
particular pathogen (Chapter 14). Ventral root (VEN-truhl ROOT) The motor root of a
spinal nerve (Chapter 8).
Vagina (vuh-JIGH-nah) The muscular tube that extends
from the cervix of the uterus to the vaginal orifice; serves Ventricle (VEN-tri-kul) 1. A cavity, such as the four ventri-
as the birth canal (Chapter 20). cles of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. 2. One
of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood
Vagus nerves (VAY-gus) Cranial nerve pair X; sensory for to the body or to the lungs (Chapter 8).
cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes; motor to larynx,
bronchioles, stomach, and intestines (Chapter 8). Venule (VEN-yool) A small vein (Chapter 13).
Vertebra (VER-te-brah) One of the bones of the spine or
Valence (VAY-lens) The combining power of an atom when
compared to a hydrogen atom; expressed as a positive or backbone (Chapter 6).
negative number (Chapter 2). Vertebral canal (VER-te-brahl ka-NAL) The spinal cavity

Valve (VALVE) A structure in a cavity or tube that closes that contains and protects the spinal cord (Chapter 6).
upon, and thus prevents, backflow of the fluid therein Vertebral column (VER-te-brahl KAH-luhm) The spine
(from the Latin “a leaf of a double door”) (Chapter 12).
or backbone (Chapter 6).
Varicose vein (VAR-i-kohs VAYN) An enlarged, abnor- Vestibule (VES-ti-byool) 1. The bony chamber of the inner
mally dilated vein; most often occurs in the legs (Chap-
ter 13). ear that contains the utricle and saccule (Chapter 9).
2. The female external genital area between the labia
Vasectomy (va-SEK-tuh-me) A surgical procedure to minor that contains the openings of the urethra, vagina,
remove or sever the ductus deferens; usually done as a and Bartholin’s glands (Chapter 20).
method of contraception in men (Chapter 20). Vestigial organ (ves-TIJ-ee-uhl) An organ that is reduced
in size and function when compared with that of evolu-
Vasoconstriction (VAY-zoh-kon-STRIK-shun) A decrease tionary ancestors; includes the appendix, ear muscles that
in the diameter of a blood vessel caused by contraction move the auricle, and wisdom teeth (Chapter 16).
of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel (Chap- Villi (VILL-eye) 1. Folds of the mucosa of the small intes-
ter 5). tine that increase the surface area for absorption; each vil-
lus contains a capillary network and a lacteal (Chapter
Vasodilation (VAY-zoh-dye-LAY-shun) An increase in the 16). 2. Projections of the chorion, an embryonic mem-
diameter of a blood vessel caused by relaxation of the brane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta
smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel (Chapter 5). (Chapter 21).
Virulence (VIR-yoo-lents) The ability of a microorganism
to cause disease; the degree of pathogenicity (Chap-
ter 22).
Virus (VIGH-rus) The simplest type of microorganism,
consisting of either DNA or RNA within a protein shell;
all are obligate intracellular parasites (Chapter 14).

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

588 Glossary

Visceral (VISS-er-uhl) Pertaining to organs within a body —W–X–Y–Z—
cavity, especially thoracic and abdominal organs (Chap-
ter 8). Wart (WART) An elevated, benign skin lesion caused by a
virus (Chapter 5).
Visceral effectors (VISS-er-uhl e-FEK-turs) Smooth mus-
cle, cardiac muscle, and glands; receive motor nerve White blood cells (WIGHT BLUHD SELLS) The cells
fibers of the autonomic nervous system; responses are that destroy pathogens that enter the body and provide
involuntary (Chapter 8). immunity to some diseases; the five kinds are neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
Visceral muscle (VIS-ser-uhl MUSS-uhl) Another name (Syn.—leukocytes) (Chapter 4).
for smooth muscle tissue (Chapter 4).
White matter (WIGHT) Nerve tissue within the central
Vital capacity (VY-tuhl kuh-PASS-i-tee) The volume of air nervous system that consists of myelinated axons and
involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most dendrites of interneurons (Chapter 8).
forceful exhalation; average: 3500–5000 mL (Chap-
ter 15). Worm (WURM) An elongated invertebrate; parasitic
worms include tapeworms and hookworms (Chapter 22).
Vitamin (VY-tah-min) An organic molecule needed in small
amounts by the body for normal metabolism or growth Xiphoid process (ZYE-foyd) The most inferior part of the
(Chapter 17). sternum (from the Greek “sword-like”) (Chapter 6).

Vitreous humor (VIT-ree-us HYOO-mer) The semi- Yellow bone marrow (YELL-oh BOWN MAR-roh)
solid, gelatinous substance in the posterior cavity of the Primarily adipose tissue, found in the marrow cavities of
eyeball; helps keep the retina in place (Chapter 9). the diaphyses of long bones and in the spongy bone of
the epiphyses of adult bones (Chapter 6).
Vocal cords (VOH-kul KORDS) The pair of folds with-
in the larynx that are vibrated by the passage of air, Yolk sac (YOHK SAK) An embryonic membrane that forms
producing sounds that may be turned into speech the first blood cells for the developing embryo (Chap-
(Chapter 15). ter 21).

Voluntary muscle (VAHL-un-tary MUSS-uhl) Another Z line (ZEE LYEN) The lateral boundary of a sarcomere in
name for striated or skeletal muscle tissue (Chapter 4). muscle tissue; anchors myosin and actin filaments
(Chapter 7).
Vomer (VOH-mer) The flat bone that forms the lower,
posterior portion of the nasal septum (from the Latin Zoonoses (ZOH-oh-NOH-seez) (Sing.—zoonosis) Dis-
“plowshare”) (Chapter 6). eases of animals that may be transmitted to people under
certain conditions (Chapter 22).
Vomiting (VAH-mi-ting) Ejection through the mouth of
stomach and intestinal contents (Chapter 16). Zygote (ZYE-goht) A fertilized egg, formed by the union of
the nuclei of egg and sperm; the diploid number of chro-
Vulva (VUHL-vah) The female external genital organs mosomes (46 for people) is restored (Chapter 20).
(Chapter 20).

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Index

Page numbers followed by a “t,” “f,” or “b” indicate tables, figures, or boxed material, respectively.

A Adrenal cortex, 226f, 237–242 Alkalosis, 361
disorders of, 242b Alleles, 487
Abdomen hormones of, 242t Allergen, 336b
areas, 16, 17f Allergies, 334, 336b
transverse section, 16f Adrenal gland, 190f, 191t, 224f, 236–242, Alpha cells, 235, 237t, 382f
420f Alveolar
Abdominal aorta, 297f
Abdominal cavity, 15 Adrenal medulla, 236–237 duct, 348f
Abducens nerve, 188f, 189t hormones of, 237t glands, 467
Abduction, 150f, 150t sacs, 71f
Abductor pollicis, 156f Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), structure, 350f
ABO blood types, 252, 259, 259t, 260f, 226f, 230, 231t, 242 ventilation, 353–354
Alveoli, 347, 348f, 350f, 356f
490t Aerobic, 51 Alzheimer’s disease, 183b
Absorption (digestion), 383–384 Afferent arteriole, 421, 423f, 426f Amblyopia, 210
Absorptive cell, 383f Afferent lymphatic vessel, 326f AMD. See Age-related macular degen-
Accelerator center, 284, 285f Afferent neurons, 170 eration
Accessory nerve, 188f, 189t After-image (sensations), 199 Amenorrhea, 468
Accessory organs (digestion), 370 Afterbirth, 480 Amines, 225
Acetabulum, 123–125, 126f, 127f Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Amino acids, 37, 57f, 403, 406–407
Acetylcholine (ACh), 142, 143f, 169, 191 metabolism, 388
204–206 non-essential, 388, 406, 407f
receptors, 143f, 145, 148b Agglutination, 261, 334 structure, 38f
Achilles tendon, 152f Aging Amniocentesis, 481b
Acid-base balance, 360–361, 446–450 Amnion, 477, 479f
Acidity. See pH cells, 63 Amniotic fluid, 477, 485f
Acidosis, 30, 361 digestive system, 389–390 Ampulla, 212f, 215f
Acids, 31–33 endocrine system, 245 Ampulla of vater, 382f
Acini, 382f fluid regulation, 450–451 Amylase, 379
Acoustic nerve, 188f, 189t heart, 286 Anabolic steroids, 141b
Acquired immunity, 336 integumentary system, 101 Anabolism, 400
Acromegaly, 230b lymphatic system, 337 Anal canal, 371f, 385f, 387f
Acromial end (clavicle), 124f metabolism, 413 Anaphase, 60
Acromian process, 124f muscular system, 149 Anastomoses, 292–293
Acrosome, 459, 476 nervous system, 191 Anatomic dead space, 354
Actin, 142, 144f pH regulation, 450–451 Anatomy, 4
Active immunity, 336 reproductive system, 470 Anconius, 156f
Active site theory, 38, 40f respiratory system, 361 Anemia, 59b, 257b
Active transport, 54, 425 senses, 216 Aneurysm, 181b, 294b
Adaptation (sensations), 198–199 skeletal system, 128–131 Angiotensin I, 312f
Adaptive immunity, 330–334, 331f tissue, 84 Angiotensin II, 240, 311, 312f, 429
Addison’s disease, 242b urinary system, 433–435 Angiotensinogen, 312f
Adduction, 150f, 150t vascular system, 314 Anions, 26, 445
Adductor group, 157t AIDS, 48, 332b, 504 Anococcygeal ligament, 159f
Adductor longus, 153f, 158f Albumin, 252, 253f, 388 Antagonistic muscles, 138–139, 139f
Adductor magnus, 152f, 158f Aldosterone, 240, 242t, 309, 310f, 312f, Antagonistic pair, 225
Adenohypophysis, 226 Anterior cavity (eye), 207
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 402 428t, 429f
Adipose tissue, 76–77, 408, 467f functions of, 240f 589
reabsorption of water, 427
Alimentary tube, 370
structure, 373–376, 375f
Alkalinity. See pH

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Arthritis, 103b Axis (vertebrae), 119, 120f
Arthropods, 499, 514–515, 515f Axon, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f
590 Index
vectors, 524t presynaptic neuron, 169f
Anterior cerebral artery, 303f Articular cartilage, 106, 110f Axon terminal, 142, 143f, 167f
Anterior communicating artery, 303f Ascaris, 514 Azygos vein, 302t
Anterior crest, 127f Ascending colon, 371f, 385f
Anterior facial vein, 298f Ascending tracts, 172 B
Anterior fontanel, 109f Association areas (brain), 182–183
Anterior interventricular branch, 278f Asthma, 349b B cell (blood), 255f, 262, 330
Anterior pituitary, 226f, 228–231 Astigmatism, 208b B12, 409t
Astrocyte, 167f, 168t Bacteremia, 502
hormones, 231t Atherosclerosis, 35, 280b, 294b Bacteria, 498, 508–511
Anterior tibial artery, 297f, 301t Atlas (vertebrae), 119, 120f
Anterior tibial vein, 298f, 302t Atomic number, 24 diseases caused, 516–519t
Antibiotics, 510–511 Atomic weight, 24 shapes, 509f
Antibodies, 332, 333f Atoms, 24–25 Bactericides, 505
Bacteriostatic chemicals, 505
classes, 333t carbon, 25f Bacteriuria, 434t
Antibody-mediated immunity, 330, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 29, 30, 34, Bacteroides fragilis, 500
Ball-and-socket joint, 122, 123, 129f
330–334 229f, 232f, 245f Band cell, 255f, 262
Antibody responses, 334, 335f active transport, 145, 425–427 Baroreceptors, 359f
Antibody titer, 334b cell respiration, 42, 42t, 401, 401f Barrier methods (of contraception), 461b
Anticodon, 57f, 58 glucose, 54 Barriers (immunity), 327–328
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 179, 226f, liver cells, 388 Bartholin’s gland, 463f, 464f, 466
mitochondria, 51 Basal ganglia (brain), 177f, 183
227–228, 228t, 309, 310f, 427, 428t, mitosis, 60 Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 408
429f, 444 muscle fibers, 140–142 Bases, 31–33
Antigens, 34, 48, 326f, 327 reproductive system, 459 Basilar artery, 299f, 303f
Antipyretic, 400 Atretic follicles, 464 Basilar layer
Antiseptic, 505 Atria, 275 Basilar membrane, 213f
Antithrombin, 268 Atrial diastole, 279f Basilic vein, 298f, 302t
Anus, 159f, 385f, 387f, 459f, 463f, 467f Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), 275, Basophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 329f
Aorta, 275, 276f, 278f, 305f, 356f, 420f 428t Benign tumors, 61b
Aortic arch, 216, 276f, 285f, 297f, 305f Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 275, 309, Beta cells, 235, 237t, 382f
Aortic body, 285f, 360 Bicarbonate buffer system, 446–448, 447t
Aortic semilunar valve, 275, 276f, 277f, 310f, 429f Bicarbonate juice, 379–381
277t reabsorption of water, 427 Bicep, 139f, 156f
Aortic sinus, 285f Atrial systole, 279f brachii, 152f, 153f, 157t
Apex (heart), 276f Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, 281, 281f femoris, 152f, 158f
Apgar score, 486b Atrioventricular (AV) node, 279, 281f, Bicuspid valve. See Mitral valve
Aphasia, 182b 285f Bile, 379
Apical pulse, 304b Atrium, left and right, 275 Bile duct, 371f, 380f, 382f
Aplastic anemia, 257b Atrophy (muscle), 147 Bile salts, 379
Apneustic center, 358, 359f Auditory area (brain), 180f, 182 Bilirubin, 258–259, 258f
Apocrine glands, 98 Auditory bones, 119 formation, 388
Aponeurosis, 138 Auditory tube, 201f Binocular vision, 209
Appendectomy, 385 Auerbach’s plexus, 375f, 376 Binomial nomenclature, 499–500
Appendicitis, 385 Auricle, 210, 211f Biopsy, 94b
Appendicular skeleton, 112 Autoclave, 505 Biotin, 409t
Appendix, 385, 385f Autoimmune arthritis, 130b Bipolar neurons, 206f
Aqueous humor, 207 Autoimmune disorder, 148b, 168b Birth canal, 483
Aqueous (water) solution, 26 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Bitter (taste area), 201f
Arachnoid membrane, 184, 185f, 186f Bladder, 375f
Arachnoid villi, 184, 185f, 186f 187–191, 190f trigone, 420f
Arcuate artery, 422f functions, 191t Blastocoele, 478f
Areola, 467f Autonomic pathways, 187 Blastocyst, 476, 478f
Areolar connective tissue, 75–76 Autosomes, 476 Blister, 91
Arm, 122–123 Avian influenza A (H5N1), 507, 507b Blood, 74–75, 251–268
Arrhythmias (heart), 282, 282b Axial skeleton, 112 capillaries, 323f
Arterial receptors, 216 Axillary artery, 297f, 300t
Arteries, 292, 293f, 356f Axillary lymph nodes, 323, 325f
disorders of, 294b Axillary vein, 298f, 302t
head and neck, 299f
Arteriole, 98, 99t, 292, 293f, 348f, 375f
Arteriosclerosis, 294b

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Index 591

cells, 254–268, 256f Brachioradialis, 152f, 153f, 156f, 157t Canal of Schlemm, 207
life span, 256–259 Bradycardia, 283 Canaliculi, 106
Brain, 176–184; see also specific regions Cancer, 61b
characteristics, 252 Candida albicans, 512
components, 253f association areas, 182–183 Capacitation, 476
count, complete, 262t basal ganglia, 183 Capillaries, 293–296, 293f, 295f, 383f, 384
flow cerebellum, 178
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 184–186, anterior pituitary, 227f
distribution, 309–310 exchanges, 295–296, 295f
velocity of, 306–307 186f hypothalamus, 227f
gases, 30b cerebrum, 179–184 Capitate, 124f
pressure, 54–56, 307–310 corpus callosum, 183–184 Capitulum, 124f
diastolic, 307 frontal lobes, 180–181 Capsule (lymph node), 326f
maintenance, 307–309 hypothalamus, 178–179 Carbohydrate, 35t
regulation, 310–314 left cerebral hemisphere, 180f metabolism, 386
systolic, 307 medulla, 176 Carbon monoxide, 357b
stroke volume, 283, 284t meninges, 184–186 Carbonic anhydrase, 358
test Carcinogens, 61b
kidney function, 434b structure, 185f Cardiac
types, 259–261 midbrain, 176–178 conduction pathway, 279–283
inheritance, 491f midsagittal section, 177f cycles, 278–279, 279f
typing and cross-matching, 261 motor areas, 140 muscle, 81
vessels, 98, 191t occipital lobe, 182 notch, 348f
structure, 293f parietal lobes, 181 output, 283–284, 284t
Blood-brain barrier, 167f pons, 176 reserve, 284, 284t
Body role of in muscle motion, 139–140 Cardiogenic shock, 314b
cavities, 14f temporal lobes, 181–182 Carotid
metabolism, 395–413 thalamus, 179 arteries, 216
structures, from primary germ layers, ventricles, 176 body, 285f, 360
480t Brain stem, 176 sinus, 285f
temperature, 396–400 Breasts, 226f Carpals, 114f, 123, 124f, 125t
effects of changes, 402f Breathing mechanisms, 347–351 Carrier enzyme, 54
regulation, 398–399 Broad ligament, 464f Cartilage, 79, 110f
Body Mass Index, 412b Broca’s motor speech, 181 Catabolism, 401
Bone(s), 78–79, 226f; see also Skeletal Bronchial artery, 300t Catalysts, 38
system; Skeleton Bronchial tree, 346 Cataracts, 205b
arm and shoulder girdle, 124f Bronchioles, 190f, 191t, 346, 348f Catecholamines, 238
classification, 106–108 BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopa- Cations, 26, 445
collar, 110f thy Cauda equina, 172, 173f
compact, 106, 110f Buccal cavity, 370–373; see also Oral cavity Caval veins, 275
cranial, 112 Buccinator, 154f, 154t Cavernous tissue (penis), 432f
fractures and repair, 111b Buffer systems, 32–33, 446–448 Cavernous urethra, 432f, 459f
growth and maintenance Bulbospongiosus, 159f, 159t Cecum, 371f, 385, 385f
hormones, 112t Bulbourethral gland, 459f, 462 Celiac artery, 297f, 300t
factors affecting, 108–112 Bundle branches, 281 Celiac ganglion, 190f
hip and leg, 128b Bundle of His, 285f; see also Cell(s), 4, 48–63, 245f
leg, 127f Atrioventricular (AV) bundle aging, 63
shoulder and arm, 125t Burns, 92b, 93b body, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f
tissue, 107f Bursae, 128 division, 60–63
Bony labyrinth (ear), 210 interstitial, 450, 460f
Botulism, 146b C membranes, 35, 48–49, 49f, 50f
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), nucleus, 57f, 245f
39b Calcaneus, 125 organelles, 50–52
Bowman’s capsule, 423f, 424, 426f Calcaneus tarsal, 127f
Brachial artery, 297f, 300t Calcitonin, 231, 233–234, 233t, 234f functions, 52t
Brachial plexus, 173f respiration, 30, 401, 404f
Brachial vein, 298f, 302t bone growth, 112t
Brachialis, 152f, 153f, 156f functions, 234f summary, 405t
Brachiocephalic artery, 276f, 297f, 299f, Calcitriol, 430 stem, 60, 254, 255f, 476, 480
300t Calcium, 410t, 447t structure, 48–52
Brachiocephalic vein, 298f, 302t Callus, 91 transport mechanisms, 52–56, 54t, 55f
Calories, 405 Cell-mediated immunity, 330
Calyces, 421, 422f

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

592 Index

Cellulose, 34 Ciliary body, 204 Conduction deafness, 214b
Cementum, 372f Ciliary ganglion, 190f Condyles, 113
Central body (sternum), 122 Ciliated epithelium, 116 Condyloid joint, 116
Central canal (of spinal cord), 170f, 172, Circle of Willis, 296–299, 303f Condyloid process, 115f
Circular muscle, 387f Cones (retina), 204, 206f
178f, 185f, 186f Circulation Congenital fetal infections, 483b
Central deafness, 214b Conjunctiva, 203, 203f
Central nervous system (CNS), 81, 166, fetal, 301–306 Conjunctivitis, 203
hepatic portal, 301 Connective tissue, 6, 74–79, 75f, 76f
174, 184 hepatic portion, 304f
Central tendon, 159f pathways, 296–306 membranes, 84, 84t
Centrioles, 50f, 51, 52t pulmonary, 296 types, 77t
Cephalic vein, 298f, 302t systemic, 296–301 Contraception, 461b
Cerebellum, 177f, 178, 178f, 186f, 303f Circulatory shock, 92b, 314b Contraction (muscle), 140
Cerebral aqueduct, 176, 178f, 186f Circumcision, 462 concentric, 140
Cerebral cortex, 177f, 179, 185f, 358, 359f Circumflex artery, 276f eccentric, 140
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 172, 176–178, Cisterna chyli, 322, 325f Contrast (sensations), 198
CJD. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Convolutions (brain), 180; see also Gyri
184–186, 186f Classification (white blood cells), 262 Copper, 410t
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), 181b Clavicle, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t Coracoid process, 124f
Cerebrum, 139, 179–184, 185f, 186f, 303f Cleavage (human development), 476 Cornea, 204
Cerumen, 97 Clinical infection, 501 Corona radiata, 478f
Ceruminous glands, 97–98, 99t Clitoris, 159f, 463f, 466, 467f Coronal suture, 115f
Cervical lymph nodes, 323, 325f Clot Coronary arteries, 277, 277f, 300t
Cervical plexus, 173f dissolving, 268b disease, 280b
Cervical vertebrae, 114f, 119, 120f factors, 388 Coronary sinus, 278f
Cervix, 463f, 464f, 465, 483f preventing abnormal, 268 Coronary vessels, 277–278, 278f
Cesarean section, 484 retraction, 266 Coronoid process, 115f
Chaperones (proteins), 63 CNS. See Central nervous system Corpus albicans, 469f, 478f
Chemical, 4 Cobalt, 410t Corpus callosum (brain), 177f, 179,
Coccygeus, 159f, 159t 183–184, 186f
bonds, 25–28 Coccyx, 114f, 119, 120f, 126f, 159f Corpus cavernosum, 459f
clotting, 265, 266t, 267f Cochlea, 210–214, 211f, 212f, 213f Corpus luteum, 243, 464, 464f, 469f, 478f
defenses (immunity), 328 Cochlear, 211f, 212f, 213f Corpus spongiosum, 459f
digestion, 370 Codon, 57f, 58 Cortex (lymph node), 326f
reactions, 28 Coenzymes, 408 Corticospinal tract, 170f
regulation of respiration, 359–360 Cold-related disorders, 400b Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH),
Chemistry, 24–42 Collagen, 75, 95 230, 242
Chemokines, 328 cosmetic, 78b Cortisol, 240–242, 242t, 406t
Chemoreceptors, 200, 216, 284, 359–360, and vitamin C, 78b Costal cartilages, 123f
360 Collecting tubule (nephron), 423f, 426f Covalent bonds, 26–27
Chemotherapy, 61b Colloid osmotic pressure (COP), 295 Cranial nerves, 186–187, 188f, 189t
Chief cells, 377, 377f Colon, 190f, 385; see also Large intestine Cranial venous sinuses, 184, 186f, 302t
Chlamydias, 509–510 Color blindness, 209b, 429f Creatine, 141
infection, 466b Columnar cells, 70f Cretinism, 235b
Chloride, 447t Common bile duct, 379, 380f Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 39b
Chlorine, 410t Common carotid arteries, 285f, 297f Cribriform plate, 117f
Cholecystokinin, 379–381, 381 Common iliac artery, 301t Cricoid cartilage, 345f, 346f
Cholesterol, 37, 37t, 407f, 408 Common iliac vein, 298f, 302t Crista, 215f
Cholinesterase, 142, 143f, 169, 191 Communicable disease, 504 Crista galli, 117f
Chondrocytes, 79, 110f Compact bone, 106, 110f Cryptococcus, 513
Chordae tendineae, 275, 276f, 277t Compensated shock, 314b Cryptorchidism, 457
Chorion, 476, 479, 479f Complement, 328, 329f Crypts of Lieberkühn, 381
Chorionic villi, 479 Complement fixation test, 334b CT. See Computed tomography
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 481b Compliance (lungs), 354 Cubital nodes, 325f
Choroid, 206f Computed tomography (CT) scanning, Cuboid tarsal, 127f
Choroid layer, 204 18b Cuboidal cells, 70f
Choroid plexus, 176–178, 177f, 186f Concentration gradient, 52 Cuneiforms, 127f
Chromatin, 49, 50f Concentric contraction (muscle), 140 Cushing’s syndrome, 242b
Chromosomes, 49, 487 Conchae, 116, 344, 345f Cutaneous senses, 199–200
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Conduction (heat loss), 397 Cyanosis, 357b
(COPD), 352b
Chylomicrons, 384
Cilia, 50f, 51, 52t, 73

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Index 593

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 244, 245f Diglyceride, 34 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 282b
Cystic duct, 379, 380f, 382f Diploid number, 60 Electrolyte imbalances, 447b
Cystic fibrosis, 74b, 490t Discs (intervertebral), 120, 120f, 121b Electrolytes, 253f, 445–446
Cystitis, 435b Disease, 4 Electron, 24
Cytochrome transport system, 403, 405t Elements, 24–42
Cytokines, 328 diagnosis of, 4 Embolism, 268
Cytoplasm, 50–52, 50f self-limiting, 502 Embryo, 477–480, 479f
Cytosol, 50 sexually transmitted, 466b Embryo-fetus growth, 482t
Cytotoxic T cells, 330 vectors, 499 Embryonic development, 478f, 479f
Disinfectant, 505 Embryonic disc, 477
D Dissociation, 26; see also Ionization Embryonic membranes, 477, 477–480
Distal convoluted tubule (nephron), 423f, Emphysema, 352b
Dead-end lymph capillaries, 324f 424, 426f Enamel, 372, 372f
Deafness, 214b Disulfide bonds, 27–28 Encapsulated nerve endings, 199
Deamination, 388, 405, 407f Diverticula, 384b Endemic, 503
Deciduous teeth, 371 DNA, 40f, 41–42, 42t, 56–60, 245f Endocardium, 274, 277t
Decubitus ulcer, 98 Dominant allele, 487 Endocrine system, 222–245, 224f
Deep fascia, 84t Dorsal arch (vein), 298f Endocytosis, 56
Deep femoral artery, 297f Dorsal cavity, 13 Endoderm, 477, 480t
Deep palmar artery, 297f Dorsal column (spinal cord), 170f Endolymph, 212f, 213f
Defecation reflex, 386 Dorsal root ganglion, 170f, 172, 185f Endometrium, 464f, 465, 479f
Defensins, 90, 327, 329f Dorsalis pedis, 301t Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 51, 52t, 245f
Defensive cells (immunity), 328 Dorsiflexion, 150t Endothelial cells, 293f
Dehydration, 98 Double helix, 56 Endothelium, 268, 292, 293f
Delta cells, 237t, 382f Down syndrome, 458b Endotoxin, 509
Deltoid muscle, 149b, 152f, 153f, 155f, Drew, Charles, 252 Entamoeba histolytica, 513
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 148b, Enteric nervous system, 376
156f, 157t 490t Enteroendocrine cell, 383f
Deltoid tubercle, 124f Ducts (exocrine glands), 73 Enzymes, 38–41, 40
Dendrites, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f Ductus arteriosus, 305, 305f Eosinophils, 253f, 255f, 262
Ductus deferens, 459f, 460f, 461 Ependyma, 168t
postsynaptic neuron, 169f Ductus venosus, 304, 305f, 486 Epicardium, 82, 274, 277t
Dendritic cells. See Langerhans cells Duodenal ulcers, 384b Epicranial aponeurosis, 154f
Dentin, 372, 372f Duodenum, 371f, 375f, 377f, 378, 382f Epidemic, 503
Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Dura mater, 184, 185f, 186f Epidemiology, 503–504
Depolarization, 171, 172t Dyspnea, 357b Epidermal growth factor receptor
Dermis, 95–99 Dystrophin, 148b
(EGFR), 61b
functions, 99t E Epidermis, 90–93, 92f, 95t
Descending colon, 371f, 385f Epididymis, 459–461, 459f, 460f
Descending tracts (nervous system), 172 Ear, 210–215 Epiglottis, 345f, 346, 346f, 347f, 348f
Detached retina, 207 Eardrum, 210, 211f Epinephrine, 237, 237t, 239f, 310f, 396,
Detoxification (by liver), 389 Ear wax. See Cerumen
Detrusor muscle, 431, 432f Eccentric contraction (muscle), 140 397t, 406t
Diabetes mellitus, 236, 238b Eccrine glands, 98, 99t, 397 Epiphyseal discs, 108, 110f
Diagnosis, fetal, 481b ECF. See Extracellular fluid Epiphyses, 106
Diagnostic tests, 334b Ectoderm, 477, 480t Epithelial membranes, 82, 83f
Diaphragm, 155t, 348, 348f, 351f, 359f, Ectopic focus, 282b Epithelial tissue, 4–6, 70–74, 375f
Ectopic pregnancy, 465 Epithelium. See Epithelial tissue
375f, 420f Edema, 443 Equilibrium, 210
Diaphysis, 106 Effector, 170, 174
Diastole, 278 Effector muscle, 170f physiology, 215f
Diastolic blood pressure, 307 Efferent arteriole, 421, 423f, 426f ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum, 51
Diffusion, 52 Efferent lymphatic vessel, 326f Erythroblastosis fetalis. See Rh disease
Digestion Efferent neuron, 167f, 170 Erythrocytes, 253f, 254, 255f
EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor Erythropoietin, 254, 430, 431b
chemical, 370 Escherichia Coli, 499–500
completion, 381–385 receptor Esophageal artery, 300t
end products, 370 Ejaculatory duct, 459f, 461 Esophagus, 345f, 371f, 373, 377f
mechanical, 370 Ejection fraction, 284, 284t Essential amino acids, 388
organs, 371f Elastic connective tissue, 78 Essential fatty acids, 408
process, 374t Elastin, 75, 95 Estrogen, 243, 468, 468t, 470t, 481
regulation of secretions, 381t
types, 370 bone growth, 112t
Digestive system, 369–389

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

594 Index

Ethmoid bone, 113, 115f, 117f, 201f, 345f Fiber, 34, 387b Fungi, 499, 512–513, 513f
Ethmoid sinus, 119f Fibrillation, 282–283 diseases caused, 522t
Eustachian tube, 211f, 345f Fibrin, 266, 267f
Exercise, 140–141 Fibrinogen, 252, 253f, 267f G
Fibrinolysis, 266
responses, 147–149, 148f Fibroblasts. See Connective tissue G cell, 377f
Exhalation, 349–351, 351f Fibrous connective tissue, 77–78 Gallbladder, 371f, 379, 380f
Exocytosis, 51 Fibrous pericardium, 84t, 274 Gallstones, 381b
Expiration center, 358, 359f Fibrous skeleton (heart), 277f, 277t Gametes, 61, 456
Expiration. See Exhalation Fibula, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b Gamma globulins, 332
Expiratory reserve, 353 Filtration, 54–56 Ganglion, 172
Extension, 150f, 150t Ganglion neurons, 206, 206f, 209
External anal sphincter, 159f, 159t, 386, capillaries, 295 Gases
Fimbriae, 463f, 464–465, 464f
387f Fingernail, structure, 96f diffusion of, 354–355
External auditory meatus, 115f, 116f, 210, Fissures (brain), 180; see also Sulci exchange of, 354–355
Flagella, 51, 52t, 459 transport of in blood, 355–358
211f Flexion, 150f, 150t Gastric pits, 376
External carotid artery, 297f, 300t, 303f Flexor carpi radialis, 156f Gastrin, 378
External elastic lamina, 293f Flexor digitorum longus, 158f Gastrocnemius, 152f, 153f, 157t, 158f
External iliac artery, 297f, 301t Flexor reflexes, 175; see also Withdrawal Gender, inheritance of, 477f
External iliac vein, 298f, 302t Gene, 49–50, 58, 487
External intercostals, 155t, 348, 351f, 359f reflexes General sensory area (brain), 180f, 181
External jugular vein, 298f, 302t Floating kidney, 421b Genetic code, 42, 56–59
External muscle layer (digestion), 376 Floating ribs, 122 Genetic disease, 58, 59b
External oblique, 152f, 153f, 155f, 155t Fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance, Genetic immunity, 334–335
External respiration, 354, 356f Genetics, 486–493
External urethral sphincter, 431, 432f 441–451 Genital herpes, 466b
Extracellular fluid (ECF), 29, 442 Fluid regulation, aging, 450–451 Genome, 56
Extrinsic factor, 256 Fluorescent antibody test, 334b Genotype, 487
Extrinsic muscles, 203 Folacin. See Folic acid Giantism, 230b
Eye(s), 190f, 202–210 Foliate papillae, 201f Giardia lamblia, 513
Folic acid, 408, 409t Gingiva, 372, 372f
F Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 226f, Glands, 73–74, 96–98
apocrine, 98
Facial artery, 297f, 299f 230, 231, 231t, 243, 450, 460t, 467, ceruminous, 97–98
Facial bones, 116 470t eccrine, 98
Facial nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f Follicles, 95–96 endocrine, 74
Facilitated diffusion, 54 Follicular phase, 468 epithelial, 70
Fallopian tube, 463f, 464–465, 464f, 478f Fomites, 504 exocrine, 73–74
False ribs, 122 Fontanels, 108 multicellular, 73
Farsightedness (Hyperopia), 208b Food, 405–408, 407f sebaceous, 96–97
Fascia, 138, 144f Food and Drug Administration (FDA), sweat, 98
Fats, as energy sources, 403–405 78b unicellular, 73
Fatty acids, 408 Foramen magnum, 116f, 117f Glandular epithelium, 72
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Foramen ovale, 305, 305f, 486 Glans penis, 459f
Feces, elimination of, 386 Fovea, 204 Glaucoma, 207b
Feedback mechanisms, 11f Free nerve endings, 199 Glenoid fossa, 124f
Female reproduction hormones, 470t Free radicals, 408 Glial cells, 166
Femoral artery, 297f, 301t Frontal bone, 109f, 112, 115f, 117f Gliding joints, 123, 129f
Femoral nerve, 173f, 174t Frontal lobes, 139, 177f, 180f, 303f Globulins, 252, 253f, 388
Femoral vein, 298f, 302t Frontal sinus, 119f, 345f, 348f Glomerular filtration, 424–425
Femur, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b, 149b Frontalis, 154f, 154t representation, 426f
Fertilization, 62, 476, 478f Frostbite, 400b Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 424–425
Fetus Functional dendrite, 167f Glomerulus, 421, 426f
Functional layer Glossopharyngeal nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f,
alcohol syndrome, 484b uterus, 465 285f
circulation, 301–306, 305f Functions Glottis, 346, 347f
development, 483f platelets, 263–268 Glucagon, 235, 236f, 237t, 406t
diagnosis, 481b white blood cells, 262–263 Glucocorticoids, 240
full term, 485f Fundus
infections, congenital, 483b stomach, 377f
Fever, 397, 399–400, 401f, 402f uterus, 464f, 465

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Gluconeogenesis, 235 murmur, 279, 281b Index 595
Glucose, 142, 406 nervous regulation, 285f
Gluteus maximus, 157t, 158f, 159f physiology, 284t chemistry of, 225
Gluteus medius muscle, 149b, 152f, 157t rate, 283, 284t effects on kidneys, 428t, 429f
Glycerol, 408 female reproduction, 470t
Glycogen, 34, 142, 406, 407f regulation, 284–285 male reproduction, 460t
Glycogenesis, 236 sounds, 278–279 metabolism regulation, 406t
Glycogenolysis, 235 valves, superior view, 277f other, 243–244
Glycolysis, 403, 405t Heat conservation, 399 placental, 480–481
Glycosuria, 434t Heat exhaustion, 398b reabsorption of water, 427
Goblet cell, 73, 383f Heat loss, 397–399, 399t secretion regulation, 225
Goiter, 235b Heat production, 396 steroid, 244–245
Golgi apparatus, 50f, 51, 52t, 58 factors affecting, 397t Human body, 4–17
Gonadal artery, 297f Heat-related disorders, 398b, 402f abdominal cavity, 15
Gonadal vein, 298f Helper T cells, 330 cavities, 14f
Gonadotropin releasing hormone Hematocrit (Hct), 254 cavities and membranes, 12–15
Hematuria, 434t dorsal cavity, 13
(GnRH), 230, 231, 243 Hemiazygos vein, 298f general plan, 12–17
Gonorrhea, 466b Hemocytoblasts, 254 levels of organization, 4–7, 5f
Graafian follicle, 463, 469f Hemodialysis, 425b location and position, terms, 14t
Gracilis, 152f, 153f, 158f Hemoglobin, 4, 142, 254, 355 parts and areas, 12, 13f
Gram stain, 508 Hemoglobin A (HbA), 59b pelvic cavity, 15
Graves’ disease, 235b Hemolysis, 261 planes and sections, 15–16, 15f
Gray matter, 170f, 172, 179, 185f Hemolytic anemia, 257b terminology, 12–17
Great cardiac vein, 278f Hemolytic jaundice, 259b terms of location and position, 12t
Great saphenous vein, 298f, 302t Hemophilia, 266b, 490t thoracic cavity, 15
Greater curvature (stomach), 377f Hemopoietic tissue, 74, 254 ventral cavity, 13
Greater omentum, 375f Hemorrhoids, 294b visualizing the interior, 18b
Greater sciatic notch, 126f Hemostasis, 263, 265f Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),
Greater trochanter, 127f Heparin, 262 480–481
Greater wing, 117f Hepatic Human development and genetics,
Growth hormone (GH), 112t, 226f, artery, 297f, 300t, 380f 475–495
duct, 379, 380f, 382f Human genetic diseases, 490t
228–230, 229, 231t, 406t fixture, 385f Human genetic traits, 491t
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone jaundice, 259b Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), 263
portal, 298f Humerus, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f,
(GHIH), 229 portal circulation, 301 149b
Growth hormone releasing hormone vein, 298f, 302t, 304f Hunger and thirst, 202
Hepatitis, 389b Huntington’s disease, 490t
(GHRH), 179, 225, 229 Hepatocytes, 380f Hyaline membrane disease, 351
Gluteus maximus, 155f Herniated disc, 121b Hydrogen bonds, 27–28
Gyri, 180 Herpes simplex virus, 97b Hymen, 465, 467f
Heterozygous, 487 Hyoid bone, 345f, 346f
H High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 36b Hypercalcemia, 233, 447b
Hilus, 326f, 347, 421 Hypercapnia, 360
Hair cells (ear), 213f, 215f Hinge joint, 122, 123, 125, 129f Hyperglycemia, 236
Hair follicles, 95–96, 95f, 99t Hip, 123 Hyperkalemia, 447b
Hamate, 124f Hip bones, 123, 126f Hypernatremia, 447b
Hamstring, 157t Hippocampus, 177f, 183 Hypertension, 307, 308b
Haploid number, 62 Histamine, 92b, 241, 262 Hypocalcemia, 233–234, 447b
Hard palate, 201f, 345f HIV, 48, 504 Hypoglossal nerve, 188f, 189t
Haustra, 385, 385f circumcision, 462 Hypoglycemia, 235
Haversian systems, 79, 106 Hodgkin’s disease, 327b Hypokalemia, 447b
HDL. See High-density lipoproteins Homeostasis, 7–12, 10, 11, 48 Hyponatremia, 447b
Hearing, 210 Homologous pairs, 487 Hypophyseal portal, 228
Heart, 190f, 191t, 273–285, 323f Homozygous, 487 Hypotension, 307
Hormone, 74, 224 Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, 227f
aging, 286 action, 244–245, 245f Hypothalamus, 10, 177f, 178–179, 186f,
anatomy, 277t anterior pituitary, 227f
anterior view, 276f blood pressure, 309, 310f 224f, 226f, 227f, 231, 358, 359f
chambers, vessels and valves, 274–277 body temperature, 398, 402f
conduction pathway, 281f pituitary gland relationship, 227f
location and pericardial membranes,

274

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Inhibin, 243, 459, 460t, 468, 470t Isometric exercise, 140
Inhibitory center, 284, 285f Isotonic exercise, 140
596 Index Injection sites, 149b
Innate immunity, 327–329, 329f J
Hypothermia, 400b, 402f Inner ear, 210–215
Hypovolemic shock, 314b Inorganic chemicals, 4 Jaundice, 259b
Hypoxia, 30b, 59b, 254 Inorganic compounds (of importance), Jejunum, 378
Joints, 128
I 28–33
Inspiration center, 358, 359f types, 129f, 129t
ICF. See Intracellular fluid Inspiratory reserve, 353 Juxtaglomerular cells, 423f, 429
Ileocecal valve, 385, 385f Insulin, 235–236, 237t, 406t
Ileum, 378, 385f K
Iliac crest, 126f, 149b bone growth, 112t
Iliac lymph nodes, 325f functions, 236f Kaposi’s sarcoma, 332b
Iliacus muscle, 420f Integumentary system, 90–101, 329f Keratin, 90
Iliopsoas, 153f, 157t, 158f Intensity (sensations), 198 Keratinocytes, 90
Ilium, 114f, 123, 126f Interatrial septum, 275 Ketoacidosis, 238b, 406b
Immune globulins (Ig), 332 Intercalated discs, cardiac muscle, 81 Ketones, 405
Immunity, 262, 327–337 Intercostal artery, 297f, 300t Ketonuria, 434t
Intercostal muscle, 467f Ketosis, 405, 406b
acquired, 336 Intercostal nerve, 173f, 174t, 349 Kidney, 190f, 226f, 420f, 421–424
active, 336 Intercostal vein, 298f
adaptive, 330–334 Interferons, 328, 329f acid-base balance, 428–429, 430f
barriers, 327–328 Interior nasal concha, 115f blood vessels, 424
chemical defenses, 328 Interlobar artery, 422f floating, 421b
defensive cells, 328 Internal anal sphincter, 191t, 386, 387f frontal section, 422f
genetic, 334–335 Internal carotid artery, 297f, 300t, 303f hormones, 428t, 429f
innate, 327–329 Internal elastic lamina, 293f internal structure, 421
passive, 336 Internal iliac artery, 297f, 301t, 305f other functions of, 429–431
types of, 334–337, 337t Internal iliac vein, 298f, 302t stones, 433b
Implantation, 476 Internal intercostal muscles, 348 Kilocalories, 405
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 465b Internal intercostals, 155t Krebs citric acid cycle, 402–403, 405t
Inactivator (chemical), 168t, 169f Internal jugular vein, 298f, 302t Kyphosis, 122b
Incubation period, 501 Internal oblique, 155f
for some infectious diseases, 502t Internal respiration, 354, 356f L
Incus, 119, 210, 211f Internal urethral sphincter, 191t, 431,
Infant at birth, 486 432f Labia 463f, 466, 467f
Infant botulism, 386b Interneurons, 170f, 171 Lacrimal apparatus, 203, 203f
Infantile Krabbe’s disease, 480 Interphase, 60 Lacrimal bone, 115f, 116
Infections Interstitial cells, 459, 460f Lacrimal canal, 115f, 203f
reservoirs, 504 Interventricular septum, 275, 276f Lacrimal duct, 203f
spread, 504 Intestinal gland, 383f Lacrimal glands, 203, 203f
types, 502–503 Intestines, 191t Lacrimal sac, 203, 203f
urinary tract, 435b disorders, 384b Lactase, 382
Infectious disease, 500–503 Intracellular fluid (ICF), 29, 30, 442 Lacteals, 322, 375f, 383f, 384
Inferior hypophyseal artery, 227f Intrinsic factor, 256 Lactic acid, 142
Inferior lobe (lung), 348f Involuntary muscle, 79 Lactiferous duct, 467f
Inferior mesenteric artery, 297f, 300t Iodine, 410t Lactiferous gland, 467f
Inferior mesenteric ganglion, 190f Ion, 25 Lactose intolerance, 384b
Inferior mesenteric vein, 298f, 304f Ionic bonds, 25–26 Lambdoidal suture, 115f, 117f
Inferior phrenic artery, 300t formation, 26f Landsteiner, Karl, 252
Inferior sagittal sinus, 298f, 299f Ionization, 26 Langerhans cells, 93, 95t, 328, 329f
Inferior vena cava, 275, 276f, 298f, 302t, Iris, 191t, 204 Large intestine, 190f, 385–386, 385f
304f, 305f, 380f, 420f Iron, 410t Laryngopharynx, 345f, 346
Inflammation, 51, 241, 328, 329f Iron-deficiency anemia, 4, 257b Larynx, 235f, 345f, 346, 346f, 348f
Infraspinatus, 152f, 155f Irregular bones, 106 Lateral condyle, 127f
Inguinal canal, 461 Irreversible shock, 314b Lateral hypophyseal vein, 227f
Inguinal lymph nodes, 323, 325f Ischiocavernosus, 159f, 159t Lateral malleolus, 127f
Inhalation, 349, 351f Ischium, 114f, 123, 126f, 127f, 159f Lateral ventricle, 177f, 186f
Inheritance Islets of Langerhans, 74, 233–235, 238b, Latissimus dorsi, 152f, 155f, 157t
dominant-recessive, 487–489 382f Lazy eye. See Strabismus
eye color, 488f
multiple alleles, 489
sex-linked traits, 489–492

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Index 597

LDL. See Low-density lipoproteins Luteinizing hormone (LH), 226f, Melanocytes, 93–95, 95t
Left anterior descending artery, 276f 230–231, 231t, 243, 450, 460t, 468, 470t Melatonin, 243
Left atrium, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 305f Membranous labyrinth, 210
Left bundle branch, 281f Lymph, 322 Membranes, 70, 82–84
Left colic vein, 304f capillaries, 322, 323f Membranous urethra, 432f, 459f
Left common carotid artery, 276f, 300t, nodes, 322–324, 323f, 326f Memory B cells, 330–331
nodules, 322–324, 375f Memory T cells, 330
303f vessels, 322 Meninges, 13, 84t, 184–186
Left common iliac artery, 420f vessels and nodes, 325f
Left common iliac vein, 420f structure, 185f
Left coronary artery, 276f, 278f Lymphatic system, 320–338 Meningitis, 187b
Left coronary vein, 276f Lymphatic tissue, 254, 322–327 Menopause, 456
Left gastric artery, 297f, 300t Lymphatic vessels, 323f, 375f Menstrual cycle, 467–470, 469f
Left gastric vein, 298f, 304f Lymphoblast, 255f Mental foramen, 115f
Left gastroepiploic vein, 304f Lymphocytes, 253f, 262, 326f Mentalis, 154f
Left hepatic vein, 380f Lysosome, 50f, 51, 52t Merkel cells, 90, 95t, 96
Left internal jugular vein, 276f Lysozyme, 203, 328, 329f Mesenteric lymph nodes, 325f
Left pulmonary artery, 276f Mesentery, 15, 82, 83f, 375f, 376
Left pulmonary vein, 276f M Mesoderm, 477, 480t
Left subclavian artery, 276f, 300t Messenger RNA. See mRNA
Left subclavian vein, 325f Macrophage, 255f, 262, 323, 326f, 350f Metabolic acidosis, 361, 449, 450t
Left ventricle, 275–277, 276f, 277t, 281f Macula lutea, 204 Metabolic alkalosis, 361, 450, 450t
Left ventricular hypertrophy, 308b Magnesium, 410t, 447t Metabolic rate, 7, 408, 408–412, 411b
Leg, 123 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18b Metabolism, 7–12, 400–413
Lens, 204 Malignant, 61b Metacarpals, 114f, 123, 124f
Leptin, 76, 412b Malleus, 119, 210, 211f Metaphase, 60
Lesser trochanter, 127f Maltase, 382 Metastasis, 61b
Leukemia, 263, 263b Mammary plexus, 325f Metastasize, 94b
Leukocytes, 253f, 261 Mammary glands, 467, 467f, 468t Metatarsals, 114f, 125, 127f
Leukocytosis, 263 Mammography, 468b Microbes, control, 504–507
Leukopenia, 263 Mandible, 109f, 114f, 115f, 116, 201f Microbiology
Levator ani, 159f, 159t Mandibular fossa, 115f
Levator ani muscle, 387f Manganese, 410t golden age, 498b
Levator labii superioris, 154f Manubrium, 122 human disease, 497–524
Life span (blood cells), 256–259 Marrow canal, 106, 108 twentieth century, 499b
Lind, James, 78b Masseter, 153f, 154f, 154t twenty-first century, 507b
Lingual tonsil, 201f, 345f Mast cells, 75, 99, 328, 329f Microglia, 166, 168t
Lipase, 379 Mastoid fontanel, 109f Micrometers, 48
Lipid metabolism, 388 Mastoid process, 115f, 116f Microorganisms, classification, 498–500
Lipids, 34–37, 36f, 37t Mastoid sinus, 119, 211f Microvilli, 50f, 51–52, 52t, 72, 383–384,
Mastoiditis, 119 383f, 425
metabolism, 388 Maternal blood tests, 481b Micturition (of urine), 431
Lithotripsy, 381b Maturing follicles, 478f Midbrain, 176–178, 177f, 190f
Liver, 191t, 371f, 374t, 375f, 379, 380f, Maxilla, 109f, 114f, 115f, 116, 345f Middle cerebral artery, 303f
Maxillary artery, 297f, 299f Middle ear, 210
386–389, 397t Maxillary sinus, 119f Middle lobe (lung), 348f
Liver lobule, 379 mDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA Middle nasal concha, 115f
Long bones, 106 Mechanical digestion, 370 Middle sacral artery, 300t
Longitudinal fissure, 177f Medial condyle, 127f Mineralocorticoids, 240
Longitudinal muscle, 387f Medial malleolus, 127f Minerals, 410t
Longitudinal muscle layer (stomach), 377f Median nerve, 173f, 174t Minute respiratory volume (MRV), 353
Loop of Henle, 423f, 424, 426f Mediastinum, 348f Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA), 51
Lordosis, 122b Medication, administering, 100b Mitochondrion, 50f, 51, 52t, 143f, 169f
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 36b Medulla, 176, 177f, 178f, 186f, 190f, 303f, Mitosis, 60–61, 62f, 90
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 373 Mitral valve, 275, 276f, 277t
Lumbar artery, 300t 360 Mixed nerves, 171
Lumbar plexus, 173f heart, 284, 285f Molecules, 25
Lumbar puncture, 187b respiration, 358 Monocytes, 253f, 255f, 262
Lumbar vertebrae, 114f, 119, 120f, 420f Medullary cavity, 110f Monoglyceride, 34
Lumen, 460f Megakaryocyte, 255f, 263 Mons pubis, 467f
Lunate, 124f Meiosis, 61–63, 450–457 Morula, 476, 478f
Lungs, 346–347, 351f Meissner’s plexus, 375f, 376 Motility, 51
Luteal phase, 468 Melanin, 94, 95t

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

598 Index

Motion sickness, 216b Necrotizing fasciitis, 99 Obturator foramen, 126f
Motor areas (brain), 140, 180, 180f Negative feedback mechanism, 10–11, 11f, Occipital artery, 297f
Motor nerves, 171 Occipital bone, 109f, 113, 115f, 116f, 117f
Motor neuron, 143f, 174 225 Occipital condyles, 116f
Motor speech area (brain), 180f Neonatal herpes, 466b Occipital lobe, 177f, 178f, 180f, 182, 209
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging Nephritis, 435b Oculomotor nerve, 188f, 189t
mRNA, 56t, 57f, 58 Nephron, 421–424, 422f, 423f Olecranon process, 124f
Mucosa, 82 Nerve, 171 Olfaction., 202
Mucosa (alimentary tube), 373–376, 375f Olfactory areas, 181
Mucous cells, 377, 377f deafness, 214b Olfactory bulb and tract, 201f
Mucous membranes, 82–84, 83f, 324, 329f fibers, 166 Olfactory foramina, 117f
Mucus, 73, 84 functions, 81t Olfactory nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 168b impulse, 171, 172t Olfactory receptors, 201f, 202, 344, 345f
Muscle tissue, 6, 81–82, 166–169 Oligodendrocytes, 166, 168t
tracts, 171 Oligosaccharide antigens, 49f
actions, 150f, 150t major peripheral, 174t Oogenesis, 62, 456–457, 458f
arrangements, 138–139 Nervous regulation, respiration, 358–359, Ophthalmic artery, 300t
cardiac, 80t, 81 359f Opsonization, 333
cells, 144f Nervous system, 165–192 Optic chiasma, 209, 227f
contraction Neural plasticity, 182 Optic disc, 206
Neuroglia, 81t, 166, 168t Optic nerve, 177f, 188f, 189t, 206, 206f,
energy sources, 141–142 Neurohypophysis, 226
sliding filament mechanism, 146–147 Neurolemma, 166, 167f 209
fatigue, 142 Neuromuscular junction, 142, 143f Optic nerve fibers, 206f
fibers, 138, 144f Neuron structure, 167f Oral cavity, 370–373
microscopic structure, 142–145 Neurons, 81, 81t, 166 Oral contraceptives, 461b
filaments, 144f structure, 167f Orbicularis oculi, 154f, 154t
head and neck, 150, 154f, 154t types, 170–171 Orbicularis oris, 154f, 154t
hip and leg, 151, 157t, 158f Neuropathy, 200 Orbit (bones), 203
major of the body, 149–159, 152f, 153f Neurotoxin, 146b, 509 Orbitofrontal cortex, 180f, 181
pelvic floor, 159f, 159t Neurotransmitters, 81, 81t, 168t, 169f, Organ of Corti, 212, 213f
sense, 141, 200 189–191 Organ systems, 6–7, 7t, 8–9f
shoulder and arm, 151, 156f, 157t Neutral fats. See True fats Organic chemicals, 4
structure, 138–140 Neutron, 24 Organic compounds, of importance,
tissue, 6, 79–81, 80f, 80t Neutrophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 326f
tone, 140–141 Niacin, 403, 409t 33–42
trunk, 151, 155f, 155t Night blindness, 209b Organs, 6, 226f
Muscular dystrophy, 148b, 490t Nitric oxide, 31b Oropharynx, 345, 345f
Muscular system, 137–159 Nodal artery, 326f Osmolarity, 444
Mutation (genetic change), 61b Nodal vein, 326f Osmoreceptors, 227, 443
Myasthenia gravis, 148b Nodes of Ranvier, 166, 167f Osmosis, 52–53
Myelin, 35–37 Non-essential amino acids, 388, 406, Ossification, 108, 110f
Myelin sheath, 166, 167f 407f Osteoarthritis, 130b
Myocardium, 81, 274, 277t Noncommunicable disease, 504 Osteoblasts, 108, 110f
Myofibrils, 142, 144f Norepinephrine, 191, 237, 237t, 239f, Osteoclasts, 108
Myoglobin, 142 310f Osteocytes, 78
Myometrium, 464f, 465 Normal flora, 386b, 500, 501t Osteons, 79, 106
Myosin, 142, 144f Normoblast, 254, 255f Osteoporosis, 113b
Myxedema, 235b Nose, 344 Otic ganglion, 190f
Nosocomial infection, 502 Otitis media, 210
N Nostril, 345f Otoliths, 214, 215f
Nuclear membrane, 49, 50f, 57f Outer ear, 210
Nails, 96, 99t Nuclear pore, 57f, 245f Oval window (ear), 210, 212f, 213f
Nasal bone, 115f, 116 Nucleic acids, 41–42, 42t Ovarian artery, 301t
Nasal cavity, 201f, 203f, 344, 348f Nucleolus, 49, 50f Ovarian follicles, 456
Nasal mucosa, 344 Nucleotide, 41 Ovarian ligament, 464f
Nasal septum, 344 Nucleus, 167f Ovarian vein, 302t
Nasolacrimal duct, 203, 203f Ovaries, 224f, 226f, 242–243, 462–464,
Nasopharynx, 344, 345f, 348f O
Natural killer cells, 262, 328, 329f 463f, 464f, 478f
Navicular (bone), 127f Oblique muscle layer (stomach), 377f Ovulation, 478f
Nearsightedness (Myopia), 208b Obstructive jaundice, 259b Ovum, 478f
Oxygen debt, 142

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Index 599

Oxygen saturation, partial pressures, 355t Perichondrium, 84t Plasmodium, 513
Oxytocin, 179, 226f, 228, 228t, 467, 468t, Perilymph, 210 Platelets, 75, 263–268
Perineum, 465 Platysma, 154f
483 Periodontal membrane, 372f Pleural membranes, 15, 82, 346–347,
Periosteum, 84t, 106–108, 138
P Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 81, 166 348f
Peristalsis, 34, 376 Pleural space, 348f
Palatine bone, 116, 116f, 345f Peritoneum, 15, 82, 83f, 376 Plica circulares, 383, 383f
Palatine process (maxilla), 116f Peritonitis, 378b Pneumocystis carinii, 332b
Palatine tonsil, 201f, 345f Peritubular capillaries, 423f, 424, 426f Pneumocystis jiroveci, 332b, 513
Palpitations, 282 Pernicious anemia, 256, 257b Pneumonia, 332b, 357b
Pancreas, 190f, 191t, 224f, 233–236, 237t, Peroneal artery, 301t Pneumotaxic center, 358, 359f
Peroneus brevis, 158f Pneumothorax, 352b
304f, 371f, 374t, 375f, 382f Peroneus longus, 158f PNS. See Peripheral nervous system
Pancreatic duct, 379 Perpendicular plate, 115f Podocyte, 423f, 424
Pandemic, 503 PET. See Positron emission tomography Polarization, 171, 172t
Pantothenic acid, 409t Peyer’s patches, 324 Polypeptide, 37
Parotid gland, 371f pH, 31–33, 32f, 252 Pons, 176, 177f, 178f, 186f, 190f, 303f,
Papilla of pyramid, 422f
Papillae, 372 aging, 450–451 358
Papillary duct, 422f effects of changes, 450, 450t Popliteal artery, 297f, 301t
Papillary layer, 95, 99t urine, 433, 434t Popliteal lymph nodes, 325f
Papillary muscles, 275, 276f, 277t Phagocyte, 329f Popliteal vein, 298f, 302t
Paralytic ileus, 384b Phagocytosis, 56, 262 Portal of entry (of pathogen), 503–504,
Paranasal sinuses, 116, 119f, 344 Kupffer cells, 388
Parasympathetic ANS, 187, 189, 190f Phalanges, 114f, 123, 124f, 125, 127f 503f
Parathyroid gland, 224f, 233, 235f Phantom pain, 198 Portal of exit (of pathogen), 503–504, 503f
Pharyngeal tonsil, 345f Portal vein, 304f, 380f
hormones, 234t Pharynx, 344–346, 371f, 373 Positive feedback mechanism, 10, 11f
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 112t, 233, Phenotype, 487 Positron emission tomography (PET),
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 490t
234f, 234t, 428t, 429f Phlebitis, 294b 18b
Parietal bone, 109f, 112, 115f, 117f Phosphate, 447t Posterior cavity, 207
Parietal cells, 377, 377f Phosphate buffer system, 448 Posterior cerebral artery, 303f
Parietal lobes, 141, 177f, 180f, 181 Phospholipids, 35, 37t, 49f, 407f, 408 Posterior communicating artery, 303f
Parietal pericardium, 274 Phosphorus, 410t Posterior lobe vein, 227f
Parietal peritoneum, 375f, 432f Phrenic nerve, 173f, 174t, 349 Posterior pituitary, 226f, 227–228, 227f
Parietal pleura, 83f, 347 Physiologic dead space, 354
Parkinson’s disease, 184b Physiology, 4 hormones, 226f, 228t
Parotid glands, 372 Pia mater, 184, 185f, 186f Posterior tibial artery, 297f, 301t
Partial pressures, oxygen saturation, 355t Pigment cells, 206f Posterior tibial vein, 302t
Parturition and labor, 481–486 Pilomotor muscle, 95–96 Postganglionic neuron, 187, 190f
Passive immunity, 336 Pineal gland, 224f, 243 Posthepatic jaundice, 259b
Pasteurize, 505 Pinna (ear), 210 Potassium, 410t, 447t
Patella, 114f, 125, 127f Pinocytosis, 56 Potassium pump, 143–145
Patellar reflex, 174–175, 175f Pisiform, 124f Precapillary sphincter, 293f, 294, 295f
Pathogens, 507–515 Pituitary dwarfism, 230b Prefrontal cortex. See Orbitofrontal cortex
Pathophysiology, 4 Pituitary gland, 10, 177f, 224f, 225–231 Preganglionic neuron, 187, 190f
Pectineus, 153f, 158f hormones, organs affected, 226f Pregnancy, maternal changes, 482t
Pectoralis major, 153f, 155f, 157t, 467f Pivot joint, 119, 122, 129f Prehepatic jaundice, 259b
Pelvic bones, 128b Placenta, 303, 305f, 479f, 480, 483f, 484f, Premature birth, 485b
Pelvic cavity, 15 485f Premotor areas (brain), 180, 180f
Pelvic inlet, 126f Placental hormones, 480–481 Prepuce, 459f
Pelvis, 420f Plantar arches (arteries), 301t Presbyopia, 208b
Plantar flexion, 150t Pressoreceptors, 216, 284
brim, 126f Plantaris, 158f Primary bronchi, 346, 350f
Pentose sugars, 406 Plasma, 74, 252–253 Primary follicles, 463, 469f, 478f
Pepsin, 377 cell, 255f, 323, 332 Progesterone, 243, 468, 468t, 470t, 481
Pepsinogen, 377 membrane, 48 Progressive shock, 314b
Peptidases, 382 proteins, 252 Projection, 198
Peptide bond, 37, 57f, 58 Prolactin, 226f, 230, 231t, 467, 468t
Peptides, 225 synthesis, 388 Pronation, 150t
Pericardial artery, 300t Prophase, 60
Pericardial membranes, 15, 274 Propagation of impulse, 172t
Pericardium, 82 Proprioception. See Muscle sense

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Radius, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). See
Range-of-motion (ROM), 139 Hyaline membrane disease
600 Index Reabsorption (of renal filtrate)
Respiratory mechanisms, acid-base bal-
Prostaglandins (PGs), 244 mechanisms, 425–427 ance, 448–450
Prostate gland, 432f, 459f, 461–462 Receptor, 170f, 174, 198, 244–245, 245f
Prostatic hypertrophy, 462b Respiratory muscles
Prostatic urethra, 432f sites, 48, 49f, 99t, 169f, 170, 245f actions, 351f
Proteasome, 50f, 51, 52t skin, 96, 167f
Proteins, 37–40, 225, 406, 407f Recessive allele, 487 Respiratory pump, 308, 322
Recovery oxygen uptake, 142 Respiratory system, 343–362, 348f
buffer system, 448 Rectal fold, 387f
energy sources, 403–405 Rectum, 190f, 371f, 375f, 385f, 387f, 459f, aging, 361
functions, 39t 463f divisions, 344–347
hormones, 244 Rectus abdominis, 153f, 155f, 155t Respiratory tract
prions, 39b Rectus femoris, 153f, 158f heat loss, 398
structure, 38f Red blood cells (RBC), 75, 254–259 upper, 345f
synthesis, 56t, 57f, 245, 245f Red bone marrow (RBM), 106, 254, Rete testis, 460f
Proteinuria, 434t 254–256 Reticulocyte, 254, 255f
Prothrombin, 252, 267f Referred pain, 200 Reticulocytes, 255f
Proton, 24 Reflex, 172 Retina, 204
Proton pumps, 377 Reflex arc, 174–175 detached, 207
Protozoa, 499, 513–514, 514f Refraction (of light), 207 microscopic structure, 206f
diseases caused, 523t errors, 208b Reuptake, 169
Proximal convoluted tubule (nephron), Regulation, body temperature, 398–399 Rh disease, 261b
423f, 424, 426f Relaxin, 468, 470t Rh factor, 259, 261
Psoas major muscle, 420f Releasing hormones, 225, 227f, 228 Rheumatoid arthritis, 130b
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 190f Renal-angiotensin mechanism, 430t Rhodospin, 207
Puberty, 450 Renal artery, 300t, 420f, 422f, 424 RhoGAM, 261b
Pubic arch, 126f Renal corpuscle, 421–424, 422f Rhomboideus major, 155f
Pubic symphysis, 123, 126f Renal cortex, 421, 422f, 423f Rib cage, 122, 123f
Pubis, 114f, 123, 126f, 127f Renal failure, 425b Riboflavin, 409t
Pulmonary Renal fascia, 421 Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
artery, 297f, 305f, 356f Renal filtrate, 424 Ribosomal RNA, 49
bronchus, 348f Renal mechanisms Ribosomes, 50f, 51, 52t, 56t, 57f, 245f
capillaries, 348f, 356f acid-base balance, 450 Ribs, 114f, 122
circulation, 296 Renal medulla, 421, 422f, 423f Rickettsias, 509–510
edema, 357b Renal pelvis, 421, 422f Right atrioventricular (AV) valve, 275
semilunar valve, 275, 276f, 277f, 277t Renal pyramids, 421 Right atrium, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 305f
surfactant, 347 Renal tubule, 422f, 424 Right axillary artery, 299f
veins, 275, 298f, 356f Renal vein, 298f, 302t, 420f, 422f, 424 Right axillary vein, 299f
volumes, 351–354 Renin, 311, 312f, 429 Right bundle branch, 281f
Pulp cavity, 372, 372f Renin-angiotensin mechanism, 240, 311, Right colic vein, 304f
Pulse, 304b; see also Heart rate 312f, 312t Right common carotid artery, 299f, 300t,
Punnett square, 487 Repolarization, 171, 172t 303f
Pupil, 204 Reproductive organs, 190f Right common iliac artery, 297f
Purkinje fibers, 281f, 282 Reproductive system, 455–470, 463f, 464f, Right coronary artery, 276f, 278f
Pyloric sphincter, 376, 382f 459f Right coronary vein, 278f
Pyloric stenosis, 378b Resident flora, 500 Right external carotid artery, 299f
Pylorus, 377f Residual air, 353 Right external jugular, 299f
Pyridoxine, 409t Resistance, host, 500 Right gastric vein, 304f
Pyrogens, 399 Resorption, 108 Right hepatic vein, 380f
Respiration, 350f Right internal carotid artery, 299f
Q acid-base balance, 360–361 Right internal jugular, 299f
chemical regulation, 359–360 Right lymphatic duct, 325f
Quadriceps femoris, 157t nervous regulation, 358–359 Right pulmonary artery, 276f
regulation, 358–360 Right pulmonary veins, 276f
R Respiratory acidosis, 361, 449, 450t Right subclavian artery, 299f, 300t
Respiratory alkalosis, 361, 449, 450t Right subclavian vein, 299f
Radial artery, 297f, 300t Respiratory compensation, 361 Right transverse sinus, 299f
Radial nerve, 173f, 174t metabolic pH changes, 449–450 Right ventricle, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 285f
Radial tuberosity, 124f Right vertebral artery, 299f
Radial vein, 302t Right vertebral vein, 299f
Radiation, heat loss, 397

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

Index 601

RNA, 40f, 41–42, 42t, 58–59 Senses, 197–216 Spermatozoa (sperm cells), 460f
Rods (retina), 204, 206f Sensory areas, 198 Sphenoid bone, 109f, 113, 115f, 117f,
Rotation, 150t Sensory association area (brain), 180f
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 50f Sensory nerves, 171 201f
Round ligament, 464f Sensory neurons, 174, 198 Sphenoid fontanel, 109f
Round window (ear), 212f, 213f, 214 Sensory pathway, 198 Sphenoid sinus, 119f, 345f, 348f
Rubrospinal tract, 170f Sensory tracts, 198 Spinal cord, 171–176, 173f, 177f, 186f
Rugae, 376, 377f, 431, 432f, 464f Septic shock, 314b
Ruptured disc, 121b Septicemia, 92b, 502 cross-section, 170f
Serosa, 375f, 376 injuries, 176b
S Serous fluid, 82, 274 nerves, 173f
Serous membranes, 82 reflexes, 172–176, 174
Saccule, 214–215, 215f Serratus anterior, 155f Spinal nerve, 172, 185f
Sacral plexus, 173f Sex chromosomes, 476 Spine curves, abnormalities, 122b
Sacroiliac joints, 119, 126f Sex-linked trait, 266b Spinothalamic tract, 170f
Sacrospinalis group, 155t Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Spinous process (of axis), 120f
Sacrum, 114f, 119, 120f, 126f, 420f, 459f, Spleen, 304f, 324, 325f, 371f
466b Splenic artery, 297f, 300t
463f Shingles, 174b Splenic flexure, 385f
Saddle joint, 123, 129f Short bones, 106 Splenic vein, 298f, 304f
Saliva, 328, 372 Shoulder, 122–123 Splenius capitis, 154t, 155f
Salivary glands, 190f, 191t, 372, 372–373, Sickle-cell anemia, 257b, 490t Spongy bone, 106, 110f
Sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS), 59b Squamosal suture, 115f, 117f
374t Sigmoid colon, 375f, 385f Squamous cell, 70f
Salmonella food poisoning, 384b Sinoatrial (SA) node, 279, 281f, 285f carcinoma, 94b
Salt, 26 Sinusoids, 294, 380f Stapes, 119, 210, 211f
Skeletal muscle, 138 Staphylococcus aureus, 499
taste area, 201f Staphylococcus epidermidis, 499–500
Saltatory conduction, 171 pump, 308, 322 Starling’s law of the heart, 283, 307, 311
Sarcolemma, 142, 143f, 144f structure, 144f Stem cell, 60, 254, 255f
tissue, 79 implantation, 476
depolarization, 145 Skeletal system, 105–131 placenta, 480
electrical changes, 145t Skeleton, 112–128, 114f Stenosis, 281b
polarization, 143–145 Skin, 90–99; see also Integumentary system Sterilization, 461b, 505
Sarcomeres, 142, 143f, 144f Skull, 112–119, 109f, 114f, 115f Sternal end (clavicle), 124f
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 142, 144f bones, 118t Sternocleidomastoid, 153f, 154f, 154t,
Sartorius, 153f, 157t, 158f Sliding filament mechanism, 142 155f
Scala tympani, 212f Small cardiac vein, 278f Sternohyoid, 154f
Scala vestibuli, 212f Small intestine, 190f, 371f, 374t, 375f, Sternum, 114f, 122, 123f, 351f
Scaphoid, 124f Steroids, 37, 37t, 225
Scapula, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f, 149b 378–379, 381–383, 383f hormones, 244–245, 245f, 408
Schwann cells, 81, 81t, 166, 167f sections, 15f Stimuli, 198
Sciatic nerve, 149b, 173f, 174t Small saphenous vein, 298f, 302t Stomach, 190f, 191t, 304f, 371f, 374t,
Sclera, 204, 206f Smell
Scoliosis, 122b sense of, 202 375f, 376–378, 377f
Scrotum, 457, 459f structures concerned with, 201f disorders, 378b
Sebaceous glands, 96–97, 99t Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 50f Strabismus, 210
Sebum, 96 Smooth muscle tissue, 79–80, 293f Straight sinus, 298f, 299f
Secondary follicles, 469f Sodium, 410t, 447t Stratum corneum, 90–93, 95t
Secondary sex characteristics, 243 pump, 143 Stratum germinativum, 90, 95t
Secretin, 379, 381 Soft palate, 201f, 344, 345f, 348f Streptococcus pneumoniae, 500
Selective permeability, 48 Soleus, 152f, 153f, 157t, 158f Streptokinase, 268b
Sella turcica, 113, 117f Solutions, 53b Stretch receptors, 141
Semen, 462 Somatostatin, 229, 237t Stretch reflex, 175
Semicircular canals, 211f, 212f, 213f, 215 Somatotropin. See Growth hormone (GH) Striated muscle, 79
Semilunar notch, 124f Sour (taste area), 201f Stroke (cerebrovascular accident),
Semimembranosus, 152f, 158f Sperm, 478f 146–147, 181b
Seminal vesicle, 459f, 461 Spermatic cord, 460f, 461 Stroke volume, 283, 284t
Seminiferous tubules, 450, 459, 460f Spermatids, 460f Styloid process, 116f
Semitendinosus, 152f Spermatocytes, 460f Subarachnoid space, 184, 185f, 186f
Semispinalis capitis, 154t Spermatogenesis, 62, 450, 457f, 464f Subclavian artery, 297f
Semitendinosus, 158f Spermatogonia, 460f Subclavian vein, 298f, 302t, 323f
Sensations, characteristics, 198–199

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

602 Index

Sub-clinical infection, 501 Systemic veins, 298f, 302t Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH),
Subcutaneous tissue, 99–101 Systole, 278 230
Systolic blood pressure, 307
functions, 100t Thyroxine (T4), 230, 231, 231–233, 233t,
Sublingual gland, 371f, 372 T 396, 397t, 406t
Submandibular ganglion, 190f
Submandibular gland, 371f, 372 T cell (blood), 255f, 262, 326, 330 bone growth, 112t
Submaxillary lymph nodes, 325f T tubule, 143f, 145 disorders, 235b
Submucosa, 375f, 376 Tachycardia, 283 functions, 232f
Substrates, 38 Taeniae coli, 385, 385f Tibia, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b
Sucrase, 382 Talus, 125, 127f Tibial tuberosity, 127f
Sulci, 180 Tarsals, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b Tibialis anterior, 153f, 157t, 158f
Sulfate, 447t Taste Tissue, 4–6, 70–82
Sulfur, 410t subcutaneous, 99–101
Superficial fascia, 84t areas (brain), 181 Tissue and aging, 84
Superficial fascia. See Subcutaneous tissue buds, 200 Tissue macrophage system, 256
Superficial palmar arch, 297f sense, 200–202 Titin, 142
Superficial temporal artery, 300t structures concerned with, 201f Titin filament, 144f
Superior gluteal Tay-Sachs disease, 490t Tongue, 201f, 371f, 372
Tears (Lacrimal glands), 203 Tonsillectomy, 324
artery and vein, 149b Tectorial membrane, 213f Tonsils, 324
Superior hypophyseal artery, 227f Teeth, 370–372, 371f Tooth structure, 372f
Superior iliac spine, anterior, 126f Telomeres, 63 Toxoid, 335b
Superior iliac spine, posterior, 126f Telophase, 60 Trace elements, 30–31, 31t
Superior lobe (lung), 348f Temporal bone, 109f, 112–113, 115f, 116f, Trachea, 190f, 235f, 345f, 346, 347f, 348f,
Superior mesenteric artery, 297f, 300t, 117f, 211f 351f
Temporal lobe, 177f, 178f, 180f, 181–182, Tracheal cartilage, 346f
382f, 420f 212, 303f Trans fats, 35
Superior mesenteric ganglion, 190f Temporalis, 154f Transamination, 388, 407f
Superior mesenteric vein, 298f, 304f, 382f, Tendons, 138 Transcription (in genes), 58
Teres major, 152f, 155f, 157t Transfer RNA. See tRNA
420f Testes, 224f, 226f, 243, 457–459, 459f, Transient flora, 500
Superior phrenic artery, 300t 460f Transitional epithelium, 431
Superior sagittal sinus, 185f, 298f, 299f Testicular artery, 301t, 460f Translation (in genes), 58
Superior vena cava, 275, 276f, 298f, 302t Testicular vein, 302t, 460f Transverse abdominis, 155f
Supination, 150t Testosterone, 141b, 243, 459, 460t Transverse colon, 371f, 375f, 385f
Supporting cells (ear), 213f bone growth, 112t Transverse perineus, 159f, 159t
Suprarenal artery, 300t Tetanus, 146b Transverse process, 120f
Suprarenal gland. See Adrenal gland Tetanus (sustained muscle contraction), Transverse sinus, 298f
Suspensory ligaments, 204 146 Transverse tubule, 144f
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, 459, 460f Thalamus, 177f, 179 Trapezius, 124f, 152f, 154f, 155f, 155t
Sutures, bone joints, 113–114 Thiamine, 409t Trapezoid, 124f
Sweat glands, 98, 191t Thoracic cavity, 15 Tricep, 139f, 156f
Sweet (taste area), 201f Thoracic duct , 322 Triceps brachii, 152f, 153f, 157t
Sympathetic ganglion, 190f Thoracic lymph duct, 325f Trichinella, 515
Sympathetic nerves, 285f Thoracic spinal cord, 285f Tricuspid valve, 275, 276f, 277f, 277t
Sympathetic nervous system, 396 Thoracic vertebrae, 114f, 119, 123f Trigeminal nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f
Sympathomimetic, 238 Thrombin, 267f Triglyceride, 34
Symphysis joints, 120, 129f Thrombocytes, 253f, 255f, 263 Trigone, 431, 432f
Symphysis pubis, 420f, 459f, 463f Thrombocytopenia, 263 Triiodothyronine (T3), 231, 231–233, 233t
Synapse, 81, 81t, 142, 168–169, 170f Thrombopoietin, 263 functions, 232f
Thrombus, 181b, 268 Triplet (DNA), 58
impulse transmission, 169f Thymus, 224f, 324–327 Triquetrum, 124f
Synaptic cleft, 143f location in child, 327f Trisomy
Synaptic knobs, 170f Thyroid cartilage, 345f, 346, 346f Down syndrome, 458b
Synergistic muscles, 139 Thyroid gland, 224f, 226f, 231–233, 232f, tRNA, 56t, 57f, 58
Synovial fluid, 28 Trochlea, 124f
Synovial joints, 128, 130f 234f, 235f Trochlear nerve, 188f, 189t
Synovial tissue, 84t hormones, 233t Trophoblast, 476, 478f, 479f
Synthesis, 26 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Tropomyosin, 142, 144f
Syphilis, 466b 226f, 230, 231t, 232 Troponin, 142
Systemic arteries, 297f True fats, 34, 37t, 76, 407f

major, 300–301t
Systemic capillaries, 356f
Systemic circulation, 296–301

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

True ribs, 122 Vallate papillae, 201f Index 603
Trypsin, 379 Valve, 293f
Tubal ligation, 461b Varicose veins, 294b Vital capacity, 353
Tubular reabsorption (urinary system), Vas deferens, 461 Vitamin A, 409t
Vascular spasm, 264 Vitamin C, 409t
425–427 Vascular system, 291–314 Vitamin D, 409t, 430
Tubular secretion (urinary system), 427 Vasoconstriction, 98, 397 Vitamin E, 409t
Tunica externa, 292, 293f Vasodilation, 92b, 98, 397 Vitamin K, 409t
Tunica intima, 292, 293f Vasomotor center, 312t Vitamins, 408, 409t
Tunica media, 292, 293f Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone Vitamins and minerals, 408
Twins, 478b Vitreous humor, 207
Tympanic canal, 213f (ADH) Vocal cords, 346, 346f, 347f
Tympanic membrane. See Eardrum Vastus lateralis, 149b, 152f, 153f, 158f Vocal folds, 348f
Type I cell, 350f Vastus medialis, 153f, 158f Voiding (urine), 431
Veins, 292–293, 293f, 356f Volar arch, 300t
U Volar digital vein, 298f
disorders, 294b Voluntary muscle, 79
Ubiquitin, 51 head and neck, 299f Vomer, 115f, 116, 116f
Ulna, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f Vena cavae, 356f Vulva, 466
Ulnar artery, 297f, 300t Venous return, 283, 307–308
Ulnar nerve, 173f, 174t Ventilation, 347 W
Ulnar vein, 302t Ventral cavity, 13
Ultrasound, 481b Ventral root, 170f, 172 Water compartments, 29, 29f, 442–443,
Umbilical arteries, 303–304, 305f Ventricle (brain), 176, 177f, 178f, 186f 442f
Umbilical cord, 305f, 480, 483f, 485f Ventricle (heart), 275–277
Umbilical vein, 304, 305f Ventricular diastole, 279f Water intake and output, 443–445, 443t,
Upper respiratory tract, 345f Ventricular systole, 279f 444f
Urea, 98 Venules, 292–293, 293f, 348f, 375f
Ureter, 420f, 422f, 431, 432f Vermiform appendix, 371f Weight loss, 411b
Urethra, 159f, 420f, 431, 432f, 463f Vertebrae, 119 White blood cells (WBC), 75, 261–263;
Vertebral artery, 297f, 300t, 303f
penis, 462 Vertebral body, 120f see also leukocytes
Urethral opening, 467f Vertebral canal, 120, 120f functions, 262–263
Urethral orifice, 432f Vertebral column, 119–122, 120f types, 264b
Urinary bladder, 190f, 191t, 420f, 431, Vertebral vein, 298f White matter, 170f, 171, 172, 179, 185f
Vestibular branch, 211f Withdrawal reflexes, 175; see also Flexor
432f, 459f, 463f Vestibular canal, 213f reflexes
Urinary system, 5f, 419–435, 420f Vestibular membrane, 213f Word blindness, 182b
Vestibular nerve, 212f Word deafness, 182b
aging, 433–435 Vestibule (ear), 211f, 214 Worms (Helminths), 499, 514, 515f
Urinary tract infections, 435b Vestibulocochlear nerve, 212f infestations caused, 523t
Urination reflex, 431 Vestigial organ, 385
Urine Villi, 383 X
Virulence, 500
abnormal constituents, 434t Virus, 498–499, 511–512 Xiphoid process, 122, 123f
characteristics, 432–433 diseases caused, 520–522t
characteristics of normal, 434t shapes, 511f Y
elimination, 431 Visceral effectors, 187
formation, 424–425, 427–428 Visceral motor neurons, 187 Yellow bone marrow, 106
Urobilin, 258f Visceral muscle, 79 Yolk sac, 477, 479f
Uterus, 226f, 375f, 463f, 464f, 465, 483f Visceral pericardium, 274
Utricle, 212f, 214–215, 215f Visceral pleura, 83f, 347 Z
Uvula, 345f Visceral sensations, 202
Visceral sensory neurons, 170 Z line, 142, 144f
V Vision, physiology, 207–210 Zinc, 410t
Visual area (brain), 180f, 182 Zona pellucida, 478f
Vaccines, 334, 335b, 337b Visual association area (brain), 180f Zygomatic arch, 114f
Vagina, 159f, 463f, 464f, 465–466, 467f, Zygomatic bone, 109f, 115f, 116, 116f
Zygomatic process, 115f, 116f
483f Zygomaticus, 154f
Vagus nerve, 188f, 189t, 190f, 285f Zygote, 457

Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

12-2 Heart Murmur, 281
12-3 Electrocardiogram, 282
12-4 Arrhythmias, 282
13-1 Disorders of Arteries, 294
13-2 Disorders of Veins, 294
13-3 Pulse Sites, 304
13-4 Hypertension, 308
13-5 Circulatory Shock, 314
14-1 Hodgkin’s Disease, 327
14-2 Aids, 332
14-3 Diagnostic Tests, 334
14-4 Vaccines, 335
14-5 Allergies, 336
14-6 Vaccines That Have Changed Our Lives, 337
15-1 Asthma, 349
15-2 Hyaline Membrane Disease, 351
15-3 Pneumothorax, 352
15-4 Emphysema, 352
15-5 The Heimlich Maneuver, 353
15-6 Pulmonary Edema, 357
15-7 Pneumonia, 357
15-8 Carbon Monoxide, 357
16-1 Disorders of the Stomach, 378
16-2 Gallstones, 381
16-3 Disorders of the Intestines, 384
16-4 Infant Botulism, 386
16-5 Fiber, 387
16-6 Hepatitis, 389
17-1 Heat-Related Disorders, 398
17-2 Cold-Related Disorders, 400
17-3 Ketosis, 406
17-4 Metabolic Rate, 411
17-5 Weight Loss, 411
17-6 Leptin and Body-Mass Index, 412
18-1 Floating Kidney, 421
18-2 Renal Failure and Hemodialysis, 425
18-3 Erythropoietin, 431
18-4 Kidney Stones, 433
18-5 Blood Tests and Kidney Function, 434
18-6 Urinary Tract Infections, 435
19-1 Edema, 443
19-2 Electrolyte Imbalances, 447
20-1 Trisomy and Down Syndrome, 458
20-2 Contraception, 461
20-3 Prostatic Hypertrophy, 462
20-4 In Vitro Fertilization, 465
20-5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 466
20-6 Mammography, 468
21-1 Twins, 478
21-2 Fetal Diagnosis, 481
21-3 Congenital Fetal Infections, 483
21-4 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 484
21-5 Premature Births, 485
21-6 Apgar Score, 486
21-7 Solution to Genetics Question, 492
22-1 The Golden age of Microbiology, 498
22-2 Microbiology in the 20th Century, 499
22-3 Microbiology in the 21st Century, 507