22/23 SSF1163 SEM 1 22/23
INTRODUCTION
TO SOCIOLOGY
Submitted by:
1) Nur Elyana binti Sajiman (85060)
2) Ummi Arsyilyea binti Taib (87067)
Dr. Juna Liau
LU1 : Conceptualising Society
Associated
An association is a group organised for the pursuit of an interest or
group of interests in common.” In reality, associations are agencies
whose major task is to promote awareness and solidarity among
members of a collectivity to achieve some goal.(Edward,1953)
Example: The association has water use rights over a well and
distributes the water proportionally to the number of shares each
member owns.
Diversity
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “diversity” is defined as
“the practice or quality of including or involving people from a range
of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders,
sexual orientations, etc.”
Example: The island has more diversity in plant life than other islands
nearby.
Sociological Imagination
The sociological imagination is simply a "quality of mind" that allows
one to grasp "history and biography and the relations between the two
within society.”
(Frank,2013)
Example: When sourcing a product that is ethical, you are
demonstrating a sociological imagination because you’re balancing
individual needs with social good.
Social structure
social structure is a patterned social order in a society that emerges
from and determines individual actions (Coleman, 2004)
Example: We need to understand their language, behaviour and social
structure
Territory
The territory is the formation of an area to achieve optimal privacy that
is sought by developing physical settings,
(Altman 1975).
Example: Neither Democrats nor Republicans have so far ousted an
incumbent or won new ground i
LU2: Theoretical Perspectives:
Functionalism & Conflict theory
Competing Interest
the supporters of environmental policy should be the most influential in
the absence of opposition, while the opposition's importance is
maximized when the supporter coalition is strong. This highlights an
important asymmetry between competing interest groups: supporters are
decisive in the absence of opposition, while the opposition is only
relevant if the supporters are already strong (Cheon & Urpelainen, 2013)
Example: By playing nationalities off one another, the government
ensured the monarchy's central role in holding together competing
interest groups in an era of rapid change.
Social Division
It examines what is eclipsed and who is excluded from feminist
perspectives on caring which are grounded in the experience of giving
care on an unpaid basis within kinship networks based on marriage
(Graham, 1993)
Example: If we create a social division and it will make it worse
generation by generation.
Interdependent
a network of independent, mostly privately-owned, man-made systems
and processes that function collaboratively and synergistically to produce
and distribute a continuous flow of essential goods and services (Ouyang,
2014)
Example: We have good health if our organs interdependently function
well.
Tension
social tension is pressure or stress that is felt in a social situation
Example: The years of his government are remembered for political
tension and conflict
Theory
By definition, theory must have four basic criteria: conceptual definitions,
domain limitations, relationship-building, and predictions (Wacker, 1998)
Example: Modern management theory suggests that happy workers are
more productive workers.
LU3 : Theoretical Perspectives
Dysfunctional
dysfunctional relationship beliefs correlated positively with the number
and frequency of marital conflicts and the level of tension felt related to
such conflicts (Hamamci, 2005)
Example: Marry knew how fortunate he was to have a family that was
not dysfunctional.
Exploitation
consists in the fact that workers to not get the whole pie. They produce
all value and, therefore, deserve to get it all back. I will show that both
of these interpretations are inadequate or simply mistaken. An error
common to both is an overemphasis on distribution (Holmstrom, 1977).
Example: Traditional notions of the king in society, after all, brooked no
possibility of exploitation in the modern sense.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium analysis (together with its derivative, disequilibrium
analysis) has been the foundation upon which economic theory has been
able to build up its not inconsiderable claims to ‘scientific’
status(Milgate, 1991)
Example: For the economy to be in equilibrium, income must equal
expenditure.
Function
Wherein functions that might be useful in solving a problem are
automatically and dynamically defined during a run in terms of dummy
variables (Koza, 1993)
Example: Conservation programs cannot function without local support.
Macrosociology
a relational term to distinguish the broad level of sociological analysis
from the one characterizing micro-sociology, which studies small-scale
units and individual relationships, like social roles, interactions, or
identities (Kourti, 2021)
Example: Macro sociology has the ability to impact those who live in one
area with diversity.
LU4: Methods in sociological
research
Ethical Consideration
A particular resonance due to the in-depth nature of the study
process (Arifin, 2018)
Example: To be a good employee you have to obey all the ethical
considerations at the workplace such as taking responsibility, being
professional and following the rules.
Experiment
A research study in which one or more independent variables are
systematically varied by the researcher to determine the effects of
variation (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012).
Example: A group of people make an experiment about social
phenomena.
Hypothesis
A tentative, reasonable, testable assertion regarding the occurrence
of certain behaviours, phenomena, or events; a prediction of study
outcomes (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012).
Example: If the number of unemployed getting increases, so the
number of murder cases will increase.
Participant Observation
Observation is when the observer actually becomes a participant In the
situation to be observed (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012).
Example: A group of students make an observation about their
experiment.
Survey
A method of collecting information is asking a sample of participants
questions to find out information about a population (Fraenkel &
Wallen, 2012).
Example: a sociologist conducting a survey of 100 students for their
research.
Unobtrusive Measures
Measure obtained without subjects being aware that they are being
observed or measured, or by examining inanimate objects (such as
school suspension lists) that can be used in order to obtain desired
information (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012).
Example: Researchers also can use the unobtrusive measures method in
their research to simplify that do not interfere with the subjects under the
study.
LU5 + LU6 : Identities, meanings &
differences
Agent of socialization
The agent that plays a key role in the lives of an individual and these
agents of socialization exert their influences in different ways and at
different times (Brown & Gary, 1951)
Example: Family are one of the important agents of socialization to
take a role in our lives and guide us.
Cultural Diversity
to accept and respect other nations’ cultures. means that people need to
understand and recognize others` similarities and differences. The
variety of differences and similarities might be race, political
implications of ethnicity, gender, economic status, nations, physical
abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or any other ideologies
(Erbas, 2013)
Example: In sociology, we have to understand that we have cultural
diversity around us such as different beliefs, ethnicity and gender.
Development
All changes human beings undergo during their lifetime but not every
change should necessarily be seen as development (Louw, 1998)
Example: Good surrounding or circles is important for positive human
development.
Humanness
illuminates a wide and fascinating variety of psychological phenomena
(Haslam, et., 2013)
Example:
Identities
Refer to very different categories of conceptual entities to which
different principles of psychological and scientific inquiry apply
(Waterman, 1999)
Example: We have a lot of communities in this world with different
identities, beliefs and so on.
Imitation
Recognizes the behaviour of the demonstrator as goal-directed and has
some particular interest in or concern for replicating the precise
technique performed by the author of the observed action (Fridland &
Moore, 2015)
Example: There is a group of a girl whispering to each other doing an
imitation towards a girl that walks in front of them.
Self-concept
With the physical and intellectual growth of youth, personal and social
growth must be nurtured as well (King, 1997).
Example: Children with realistic self-concepts and higher levels of self-
concept engage in fewer negative health behaviour and express less
intention to do so in the future.
Socialization
The relations of individuals with their social environment (Berry, 1997)
Example: Schools have to do socialization with other schools so that the
students can have a good social life. Such as sports day or anything else.
Social Interaction
Some kind of system within which each interaction take place, involves
different types of entities, individuals or actors (Magnusson, 2005).
Example: Good social interaction can be trained by their parents since
they are kids.
Social Mirror
The social mirror was established to integrate human long-distance
movement and daily visits to fixed locations (Huang, et., 2005)
Example: You can be a positive vibe among your friends by being nice to
people and not judging people because they will look at you like a social
mirror in their mind.
SOCIAL MIRROR
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
LU7: Health, Illness and
Ambiguity
offered, emphasizing unpredictability, rather than information
deficiency (Pearce, 1981)
Example: To remove any kind of ambiguity, we have to confirm that
the information that we get is accurate.
Health
Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Callahan, 1973).
Example: It is important to take good care of our health by not eating a
lot of fat, sweets and so on.
Mental health
Mental health is an individual and personal matter. It involves a living
human organism or, more precisely, the condition of an individual
human mind (Jahoda, 1958)
Example: Many teenagers have a problem with their mental health.
Sociologists
A man who studies the facts of society in a certain way (Small, 1903)
Example: Learn about humanity also called a sociologist.
Spiritual
a vital component of human wellness has led to an increased interest
in spirituality education, yet very little progress has been made in
identifying possible intervention methods for enhancing spirituality
(Hawks, et.al., 1995)
Example: Consult with a doctor once a month about our spiritual
matters is important.
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