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Greywater Characterization at Anisa Asri 3 Residence, Kota Jambi
and Potential of Ozone Bubbles Application for Waste Water
Treatment

Sigit Kurniawan1

1Department of Electronic Engineering, Politeknik Jambi
[email protected]

Novarini2

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Jambi
[email protected]

Erna Yuliwati3

3Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadyah Palembang
[email protected]

Eko Ariyanto4

4Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadyah Palembang
[email protected]

ABSTRACT. Greywater is the wastewater produced by household activity, it is generated from
the kitchen, bathroom, laundry and without any contribution from Toilet (WC). Greywater
treatment required to decrease groundwater pollution. The purpose of this study are: (1) to
characterize Greywater contaminants from household at Anisa Asri 3 Residence, Kota Jambi
as the parameter of quality wastewater that generated by urban households, (2) analyze the
influence of the ozone bubbles treatment in pH and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) levels
of that greywater. The results of this research show that pH and COD level of the greywater
is lower limit Indonesian’s standard for water pollution, whereas the influence of ozone bubbles
treatment for greywater is it can reduce pH scale close to 16% and COD level close to 40%.

KEYWORDS: urban residence waste water; grey water; wastewater treatment; ozone bubbles; pH;
COD

1 INTRODUCTION

Water quality can be observed chemically based on pH and COD (Chemical Oxigen Demand)
levels. The pH scale ranges of clean water from 6.5 to 9, while the permissible level COD in clean water
is 300 mg / L (Isyuniarto and A. Purwadi , 2006)(PP No.26,2001). Commonly, the household wastewater
has pH and COD levels above the level of clean water so the purification process is required before the
wastewater returns to be groundwater. One of type water treatments is the ozone bubbles technology
that can decomposes the pollutants in wastewater become neutral conditions (Shibata, et al.,2016).

Ozone bubbles is widely used for removing pollutants in wastewater treatment, such as: Shibata
et al. explain the decolourization process of metyhlen blue solution with activated air bubbles and UV
radiation (Shibata, et.al.,2016). They research is good for looking the effect of UV rays to help reduction
pH and colour level of wastewater. However, there are some differences due to an absence of activated
bubbles flow variation. Quyen et al. summary that the reactive gas is the most potential for water
treatment without additional physical and chemical treatments (N.T.Quyen, et al., 2017). From their
results, there are some problems that they do not study for wastewater content and measure radical
gas that be dominant effect to increase / decrease pH and COD level. Isyuniarto and Purwadi (Isyuniarto
and A. Purwadi , 2006) stated that high pH of wastewater and ozone dosage can reduces can reduce
COD level of wastewater, however the problem is how to decrease both pH and COD simultaneously.

This research is preliminary study about the change of greywater characteristics before and after
the ozone bubbles treatment. It was expected to develop the activated-air bubbles technology for
wastewater treatment. Methods were used in this research are the measure pH and COD level of
greywater with and without the activated-air bubbles with flow and time variations. The results were

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expected are the change pH and COD of greywater and type of the greywater treatment technology
that required.
2 METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1 Experimental Facilities
2.1.1 Ozone Generator

Ozone gas was generated by Plasma DBD (Dielectric Barrier Dischargers), it was produced by
cylinder reactor through corona discharge with O2 feed gas. Ozone productivity was controlled by
Oxygen flow meter in operation range from 1 L/min to 10 L/min. Optimum condition for ozone generator
in 75 watt power and 1 L/min oxygen flow rate with ability the dissolved ozone in water up to 1,2 mg/L.
2.1.2 Dissolved Ozone Meter

The dissolved ozone in greywater was measured by Hanna 38054, which it uses the colorimetric
test method to measure ozone concentration in water and works with the concentration determination
by colour balance. Hanna 38054 has sensitivity 0.1 mg/L and measurement range from 0.0 to 2.3 mg/L.
2.1.3 pH Meter

pH scale of greywater was measured by Hanna 98107, it uses the amperometric sensor to detect
pH scale. It has measurement range from 0.0 to 14.0 pH.
2.1.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand

COD level of greywater uses APHA 5220 D-2012 test method. Before measure, the greywater
samples were added by acid liquid HCL with 0.1 M concentration until pH samples reach pH 2 scale.
2.1.5 Ozone Bubbles Reactor

All treatments were done in the box glass with dimension 30 cm x 18 cm x 23 cm, the volume of
sample that treatment are 4 L and were treatment in room temperature conditions. The schematic
experimental was done as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: The Schematic treatment of greywater with ozone bubbles

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2.2 Experimental Setup

2.2.1 The Collective of urban household greywater data

Greywater samples from the Anisa Asri 3 Residence were taken in 6 points, each point taken 3
samples to get variations. Total of sample has been taken 32 samples with time sampling in the morning
day. Samples placed in the cooling box with average temperature 50 C.

2.2.2 The Collective of the greywater treatment data

Greywater samples from household is treatment by ozone bubbles with time treatment variation
from 20 min, 40 min and 60 min. After treatment, pH and COD of the sample were measured as sample
treatment.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 The urban household greywater characterization

Based on pH and COD measurements as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, pH of greywater were
measured in range from 6 to 8. The conditions due to mostly urban household waste water generated
from food washing, laundry, shower that dominantly from detergent or soap. Water with the detergent
contaminant will be alkaline because the OH- can increase water pH. Whereas, pH of greywater from
sampling locations is lower pH limit Indonesia’s standard for water pollutants. It means that the
detergent concentration in water was produced by household activity in the safe category.

10.0 pH
9.0
8.0

7.0 pH Standard

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

0123456
Titik Sampling

Figure 2: pH of the urban household greywater due to the point sampling location.

The COD concentration was influenced by amount of organic content in water that dissolved by
bacteria, these organic contents come from food waste or residue. The COD concentration in water that
permitted is 100 mg/L. The measurement result for COD level of urban household greywater still lower
than permissible level of COD for wastewater (Figure 3), it means that these COD levels of greywater
still safe for the environment. This condition caused by the organic contents in the wastewater is low,
if the organic content in the wastewater to high then bacteria grown is high so oxygen demand in the
water will be increase. Other factor due to urban household wastewater system flow to the wastewater
drainage directly without the wastewater container that impossible to the bacteria grown, otherwise
alkaline conditions of wastewater too influence to the bacteria grown small possibility.

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200COD (mg/L)
180

COD
160
140
120
100

80
60
40
20

0
0123456
Titik Sampling

Figure 3: COD level of the urban household greywater due to the point sampling location.

3.2 Ozone bubble treatment effect in greywater pH

Figure 4 and 5 shows the change pH of greywater before and after treatment with air bubbles or
ozone bubbles combination. The change pH of greywater while treatment with air bubbles caused by
pressure and temperature of air buffer decomposed water molecules H2O into H+ ions and O2- ions
then the presence of H+ ion causes pH of greywater decreasing, whereas the decreasing pH factor
about 6 %. Affecting the ozone treatment for the change pH of the urban household greywater is not
significant as shown in Fig 5, this condition caused by volume of greywater too much. With 5 L volume
sample so with ozone productivity, it is required long time for pH decreasing.

pH 10
9.8
9.6 pH
9.4
9.2 20 40 60 80
Waktu (menit)
9
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2

8
0

Figure 4: pH of the urban household greywater due to ozon buble treatment with time variation

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pH 10 pH
COD (mg/L)9.8
9.6 20 40 60 80
9.4 Waktu
9.2

9
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2

8
0

Figure 5: pH of the urban household greywater due to only ozon treatment with time variation

Due to JICA research (1990), the consumption of clean water every person per day in city like
Jakarta is average 130-150 litters with wastewater average 118 litters person per day and were
estimated will increase 2 % per year. If it was assumed that ozone dosage was required to decompose
wastewater minimum 2.0 mg/L so minimum ozone productivity that required as the water purification in
110 litters volume is 220 mg/day.

3.3 Ozone bubble treatment effect in greywater COD level

COD concentration in the greywater influenced by bacteria as decomposer organic content,
where these bacteria used Oxygen can be decomposed organic. Figure 6 shows that air bubbles have
ability to decrease COD level of greywater up to 12%. This condition exist because air bubbles in the
decomposing process of H2O into H+ and –OH also produced OH radicals. OH radical kills bacteria
and caused Oxygen Demand in the greywater decreasing.

Microbuble COD

330 10 20 30 40 50 60
310 Waktu
290
270
250
230
210
190
170
150

0

Figure 6: COD level of the urban household greywater in air treatment with time variation

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Ozone bubbles with 2.1 mg/L concentration is significant too in the change COD level of
greywater, with ozone present causes to form OH* radical more rapid and high. Its results bacteria in
greywater decrease as same as the time treatment. Figure 7 is the graph of the change COD level of
greywater that decrease from 12 % with air bubbles to 40 % with ozone bubles combination.

Microbuble+Ozon COD

pH 310
290
270 10 20 30 40 50 60
250 Waktu
230
210
190
170
150

0

Figure 7: COD level of the urban household greywater due to ozone buble treatment with time
variation

4 CONCLUSION

The study on the characterization of urban household greywater was reported. The present study
urban household greywater shows that its pH and COD level is low above Indonesian’s standard for
water pollutants. Due to the use air bubbles and ozone bubbles treatment is significant to reduce pH
and COD level in urban household greywater. The effect of ozone only for reducing pH of greywater is
not significant because the sample volume too high compares ozone productivity. Finally, due to the
ozone bubble has ability to remove pollutants or chemical content in the greywater, the present results
are promising for designing the household greywater treatment with ozone bubbles technology.

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research has been co-financed by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
Education (RISTEKDIKTI) Indonesia through the program “Hibah Penelitian Kompetitif Nasional:
Penelitian Kerjasama Antar Perguruan Tinggi Tahun 2019” of the contract
Number:003/K10/KM/KONTRAK-PENELITIAN-J/2019.

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