INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM NURSYAMIMI AFIQAH BINTI SASTRA BEATRICE MICHAEL NURZAIHAN ISMAWI Volume I Computer Hardware
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM NURSYAMIMI AFIQAH BINTI SASTRA BEATRICE MICHAEL NURZAIHAN ISMAWI Volume I Computer Hardware 1 st Edition 2021
PUBLISHED BY: POLITEKNIK MUKAH KM7.5 JALAN OYA, 96400 MUKAH, SARAWAK. Tel: +6084-874001 Fax: +6084-874005 www.pmu.edu.my Introduction to Computer System Volume I Computer Hardware Authors: 1. Nursyamimi Afiqah binti Sastra 2. Beatrice Michael 3. Nurzaihan bin Ismawi eBook: https://anyflip.com/ymqjb/belo/ COPYRIGHT @ 2021 EDITION All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanic methods, without the prior written permission of the writer, expect in the case of brief quotation embodied review and certain other noncommercial and education uses permitted by Politeknik Mukah. i
PREFACE INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM Volume I introduces students to the computer hardware and foundation of the basic information technology (IT) knowledge and skills necessary for ICT professionals. This book covers the study of personal computer (PC) hardware including PC assembly, installing and connecting peripherals. Student will learn hardware troubleshooting techniques used to identify and rectify computer faults. Student are exposed to the principles and good practices in environmentally sustainable computing and the use of appropriate technologies, methodologies in managing IT environment. ii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR The author of the books are lecturers in Politeknik Mukah 1. Nursyamimi Afiqah binti Sastra 2. Beatrice Michael 3. Nurzaihan bin Ismawi iii 1 23
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv COPYRIGHT PREFACE ABOUT THE AUTHOR i ii iii CLASSIFY BASIC CABLE AND CONNECTOR TYPES, FEATURES, AND THEIR PURPOSES i. What is the computer hardware ii. Identify ports and cables iii. Identify external ports 2 4 7 CLASSIFY POWER SUPPLY TYPES AND FEATURES i. Identify types of power supply ii. Identify features and their functions 8 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS v CHOOSE APPROPRIATE COMPONENTS & DEVICES FOR A CUSTOM PC CONFIGURATION TO MEET CUSTOMER SPECIFICATIONS OR NEEDS i. Identify Internal PC Components ii. Identify Input and Output Devices iii. Demonstrate computer assembly process iv. Identify POST & BIOS v. Configure BIOS 10 24 28 39 40 PREPARE SOHO MULTIFUNCTION DEVICES/PRINTERS AND SETTINGS i. Describe types of printers ii. Install and Update Device Drivers, Firmware, and RAM iii. Configure Options and Default Settings iv. Global and Individual Document Options v. Software Optimization vi. Hardware Optimization 41 49 52 53 54 55 REFERENCES vi
LEARNING OUTCOMES Understand the basic cable and connector types, features and their purposes. 01 Understand power supply types and features. 02 Understand the components of computer hardware 03 Understand devices/printers and settings. 04 1
What is the Computer Hardware? Computer hardware is the components of the computer system. Computer hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers. 2
“Every successful hardware has a software behind.” — THIRU VOONNA 3
Ports and Cables A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. Video ports and connector types: DVI, Displayport, RCA, DB -15, BNC, RJ - 45, MiniHDMI, Din - 6 Display cables transfer video signals from the computer to display devices. Display cable types: High -Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), DVI, Video Graphics Array (VGA), Component/RGB, Composite, S -Video, Coaxial, Ethernet. 4
Ports and Cables Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time. A telephone cable (RJ11) is used to connect a modem to a telephone outlet. USB is a standard interface for connecting hot-swappable peripheral devices to a computer. Some devices can also be powered through the USB port. FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that can support up to 63 devices. Some devices can also be powered through the FireWire port. 5
Ports and Cables A parallel cable is used to connect parallel devices, such as a printer or scanner, and can transmit 8 bits of data at one time. A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320 Mbps and can support up to 15 devices. SCSI devices must be terminated at the endpoints of the SCSI chain. A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port, connects a computer to a network. The maximum length of network cable is 328 feet (100 m). A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to a computer. The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN female connector. An audio port connects audio devices to the computer. A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. 6
External Ports External Internet users who want to access that application, address it using an external port, such as an Audio server. External Ports are the ports that the cable modem listens to from the WAN. Examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc. 7
Computer Power Supplies Types and Features Power supply Converts AC power from the wall socket into DC. Must provide enough power for the installed components and future additions. There are 3 types of power supply in common use: AT Power Supply - used in very old PCs ATX Power Supply - still used in some PCs ATX-2 Power Supply - commonly in use today 8
Computer Power Supplies Types and Features The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are: +3.3 Volts DC (ATX/ATX-2) +5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) -5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) +5 Volts DC Standby (ATX/ATX-2) +12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) -12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) 9
Internal Pc Components Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of: Motherboards CPUs Cooling systems ROM and RAM Memory modules Adapter cards and Expansion Slots Storage devices and RAID 10
Motherboards The motherboard is the main printed circuit board. Contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses allow data to travel among the various components. Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components. 11
Motherboard Form Factors ▪ The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. ▪ It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard. ▪ Various form factors exist for motherboards. 12
Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is known as the brain of the computer. It is also referred to as the processor. The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of stored instructions. Two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) 13
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Some CPUs incorporate hyperthreading or hypertransport to enhance the performance of the CPU . The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on the size of the processor data bus . Speed of the CPU is measured in cycles per second -megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) . Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification . 14
Central Processing Unit (CPU) The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding ways to incorporate more than one CPU core onto a single chip. Dual Core CPU - Two cores inside a single CPU Triple Core CPU - Three cores inside a single CPU Quad Core CPU - Four cores inside a single CPU Hexa-Core CPU - Six cores inside a single CPU Octa-Core CPU - Eight cores inside a single CPU 15
Cooling System A heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU. A fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU. Fans can be dedicated to cool the Graphics-processing unit (GPU). Electronic components generate heat. Too much heat can damage components. A case fan makes the cooling process more efficient Case Fan CPU Fan 16
ROM and RAM Read-only memory (ROM) •Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM. •ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered down. Random-access memory (RAM) •RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. •RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. •More RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance. 17
Memory Modules Memory modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a special circuit board for easy installation and removal. Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip. Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds several memory chips. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips. RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips. Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which provides random access data storage that is ideal for use in laptops, printers, and other devices where conserving space is desirable. The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase. 18
Cache and Error Checking Cache SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data. SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory. Error Checking Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the RAM chips. The computer uses different methods to detect and correct data errors in memory Nonparity Parity ECC 19
Adapter Cards Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports. Examples of adapter cards: ▪ Sound adapter and video adapter ▪ USB, parallel, and serial ports ▪ Network Interface Card (NIC), ▪ wireless NIC, and modem adapter Types of expansion slots: ▪ Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) ▪ Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) ▪ PCI-Express ▪ Mini PCI (laptops) 20
Storage Devices Storage drives read or write information to magnetic storage media. They may be fixed or removable. The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB) Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the drive heads. Solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, reduced power usage. A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device that uses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can store up to 1.44 MB of data. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 21
Optical Drives, Flash Drives and Drive Interfaces An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. The three types are CD, DVD, and BD (Blu-ray). A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. A flash drive uses a type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data. Common drive interfaces are: Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), Parallel ATA (PATA), Serial ATA (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA), Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) 22
RAID Levels RAID provides a way to store data across multiple hard disks for redundancy RAID Level Min # of Drives Description 0 2 Data striping without redundancy 1 2 Disk mirroring 2 2 Error-Correcting Coding 3 3 Byte-level data striping with dedicated parity 4 3 Block-level data striping with dedicated parity 5 3 Block-level data striping with distributed parity 6 4 Independent Data Disks with Double Parity 0/1 4 Combination of data striping and mirroring 10 4 Mirrored set in a striped set 23
Input Devices Input devices are used to enter data or instructions into a computer: Mouse and Keyboard KVM switch Gamepad and joystick Digital camera and digital video camera Biometric authentication device Touch screen Scanner 24
Output Devices Monitors and Projectors: Cathode-ray tube (CRT) has three electron beams . Each beam directs colored phosphor on the screen that glows either red, blue, or green . Liquid crystal display (LCD) is commonly used in laptops and some projectors . LCD comes in two forms, active matrix and passive matrix . A light -emitting diode (LED) display is an LCD display that uses LED backlighting to light the display . An Organic LED (OLED) display uses a layer of organic material that responds to electrical stimulus to emit light . 25
Output Devices Printers and fax machines are output devices that create hard copies of computer files. Scanners create electronic file versions of paper documents. Speakers and headphones are output devices for reproducing audio signals. 26
Output Devices Monitors and Projectors : Plasma - Plasma displays are another type of flat panel monitor Digital light processing (DLP) is a technology used in projectors . Monitor Resolution refers to the level of image detail that can be reproduced . Higher resolution settings produce better image quality . Several factors are involved in Monitor Resolution –Pixel, Dot Pitch, Contrast Ratio, Refresh rate, Interlace/Non - Interlace, Horizontal vertical color, Aspect ratio, Native resolution 27
Computer Assembly Process: Open the Case ➢ Computer assembly is a large part of a technician's job. ➢ Prepare the workspace before opening the computer case. ➢ There are different methods for opening cases. Consult the user manual or manufacturer's website. 28
Install The Power Supply Insert the power supply into the case. 01 Align the holes in the power supply with the holes in the case. 02 Secure the power supply to the case using the proper screws. 03 29
Attach Components to The Motherboard CPU on Motherboard The CPU and motherboard are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. The CPU is secured to the socket on the motherboard with a locking assembly. CAUTION: When handling a CPU, do not touch the CPU contacts. Thermal compound Helps keep the CPU cool. To install a used CPU, clean it and the base of the heat sink with isopropyl alcohol to remove the old thermal compound. 30
Attach Components To The Motherboard Heat Sink/Fan Assembly The Heat Sink/Fan Assembly is a two-part cooling device. The heat sink draws heat away from the CPU . Install RAM RAM provides temporary data storage for the CPU and should be installed in the motherboard before the motherboard is placed in the computer case . 31
Install The Motherboard • After installing the previous components, the motherboard is now ready to install in the computer case. • Plastic and metal standoffs are used to mount the motherboard and to prevent it from touching the metal portions of the case. 32
Install Internal Drives 1 Position the HDD so that it aligns with the 3.5 -inch drive bay. 2 Insert the HDD into the drive bay so that the screw holes in the drive line up with the screw holes in the case. 3 Secure the HDD to the case using the proper screws. ➢ Drive that are installed in internal bays are called internal drives . ➢ A hard disk drives is an example of an internal drive . 33
Install Drives In External Bays Drives in external bays allow access to the media without opening the case. Some devices that are installed in this type of drive are: An optical drive is a storage device that reads and writes information to CDs, DVDs, or BDs. A floppy disk drive (FDD) is a storage device that reads and writes information to a floppy disk. 34
Install Adapter Cards Adapter cards are installed to add functionality to a computer. Some examples of these adapters are: A Network Interface Card (NIC) which enables a computer to connect to a network. It uses PCI and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard. A wireless NIC enables a computer to connect to a wireless network. Wireless NICs use PCI and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard. Some wireless NICs are installed externally with a USB connector. A video adapter card is the interface between a computer and a display monitor. An upgraded video adapter card can provide better graphic capabilities for games and graphic programs. Video adapter cards use PCI, AGP, and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard. 35
Connect Internal Cables ATX AUX BERG MOLEX ➢ Power cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the motherboard and other components. SATA 36
Connect Internal Cables Data cables transmit data between the motherboard and storage devices, such as hard drives. Some of examples of this type of cables are: PATA cable SATA cable Floppy drive data cable Additional cables connect the buttons and link lights on the front of the computer case to the motherboard. 37
Complete Physical Installation Now that all the internal components and the power supply have been installed and connected to the motherboard, the following tasks should be completed: Re-Attach the side panels: Most computer cases have two panels, one on each side. Some computer cases have one three- sided cover that slides down over the case frame. Connect the External Cables: These cables are normally connected to the back of the computer. Here are some common external cable connections: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, USB, Ethernet, Power. 38
POST & BIOS POST - Power-On Self-Test POST is a process performed by firmware or software routines immediately after a computer or other digital electronic device is powered on. The purpose of the POST to determine if the computer keyboard, random access memory, disk drives, and other hardware are working correctly.BIOS - Basic Input/Output System BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. 39
BIOS Configuration Bios Built -in Hardware Monitoring Temperatures Fan Speeds Voltages Clock and Bus Speeds Intrusion Detection Built-in Diagnostics Start test, Hard drive test, Memory test 40
Inkjet Printers Use ink-filled cartridges that spray ink onto a page through tiny holes, or nozzles. The ink is sprayed in a pattern on the page. Two types of inkjet nozzles: Thermal Piezoelectric They produce high quality prints, are easy to use, and are less expensive than laser printers. However, the nozzles are prone to clogging and the ink is wet after printing. A feeding mechanism draws paper in and the paper passes by the print head where ink is sprayed onto it. 41
Inkjet Printers • Initial low cost • High resolution • Quick to warm up Advantages • Nozzles are prone to clogging • Ink cartridges are expensive • Ink is wet after printing Disadvantages 42
Laser Printers A laser printer is a high - quality, fast printer that uses a laser beam to create an image . It uses the following process : Processing Charging Exposing Developing Transferring Fusing Cleaning 43