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0 339 abuses of hymn singing, 173–74 in the Lutheran liturgies, 128 in the medieval liturgies, 4–5, 24–26, 193 of music in church, 118–21, 196–204 of the organ, 144, 149 Adlung, Jacob, 138, 142–48, 151, 163, 166 aesthetics of church music, 122–23, 127, 129, 135, 144 affections, musical, 144 agendas, private. See church orders Agnus Dei, 61 Agricola, Martin, 255 n. 36 Alber, Erasmus, 108 Albrecht, Johann Lorenz, 147 All Saints’ Day, Lutheran observance of, 38 Alleluia (of the mass), 51, 57–58 alternation practice between choir and congregation, 76–77, 80–81, 112–16 between choir and organ, 25, 48, 116, 130, 143 in Matins, 5 between organ and congregation, 147, 273 n. 1 in the Sanctus, 61 in the Sequence, 58 in the Te Deum, 15–16, 162 Ameln, Konrad, 102, 170–71 Amerbach, Bonifacius, 14 Amling, Wolfgang, 110 Andreae, Jacob, 109, 196–98 anecdotes battle hymn for battling with neighbor, 174 beggars singing hymns, 256 n. 43 bishop for a day, 39 Calvinist preacher singing Easter hymn during Advent, 156 cantor becoming drunk at Christmas, 256 n. 43 caricature of various kinds of organists, 149 children singing the Magnificat at Christmas, 112–13 choir howling like animals, 256 n. 46 choir members visiting beer houses during the sermon, 121 citizen calls preacher in pulpit a liar, 89–90 clerk inattentive to singing, 73 clerk not to ring bell when farmers want to drink beer, 262 n. 12 cloth maker jailed for selling Luther’s hymns, 89
anecdotes (continued) confusion over alternation practice, 113 confusion over hymn tunes, 138 congregation confused at start of hymn stanzas, 74 congregation not keeping together in hymns, 162, 165 congregation not wanting musical leadership, 73 congregation singing two different hymns at once, 163 congregations slipping in pitch during hymns, 134–35 criticism of organ interludes, 142–43 dances as hymn preludes, 149 dancing on Sunday afternoons, 257 n. 67 disrupting Corpus Christi procession with Luther’s psalms, 90 drowning after shouting “Christ ist erstanden,” 173 exiting the church like cattle, 49 explaining hymns to the congregation each week, 153 farmer bringing a hymnal to church, 105–6 farmers asking for a shorter service, 154 farmers avoiding catechism questions, 253 n. 6 fines and jail for missing church, 49, 262 n. 10 fines for singing secular songs at social gatherings, 83 good water, mead and beer produce good singing, 166 hearing confessions in groups, 263 n. 24 how many gods? “Seven,” 262–63 n. 12 howling of the choir, 199 hymn parody: Now let us bury the bride, 173 hymn preludes a quarter hour long, 144, 150, 203 instructions for conducting a choir, 47–48 jail sentence for rebaptizing a child, 262 n. 12 learn to sing hymns or be punished, 83 letter describing singing at Strassburg, 99 Lutheran mass described by visiting Englishman, 95 making noise during the service, 72, 259 n. 86 moral depravity of church musicians, 200 most of choir dying from plague, 273 n. 2 objections to singing hymns, 105 organist hindering devotion with his playing, 139 pastor cannot say distribution formula, 72–73 pastor preaches too long and chooses unfamiliar hymns, 73–74 pastor’s dogs in church, 262 n. 11 pitching a hymn too low for singing, 134–35, 274 n. 20 play the organ with feet while warming up fingers, 147 pondering inappropriate thoughts, 74 programmatic organ playing, 150–51 pulling out all the stops for the last stanza, 149 Rationalist criticisms of Lutheran liturgy, 127–28 Reformed changes to Lutheran liturgies, 111, 131–32 registering late for communion, 78, 264 n. 38 remaining outside until the sermon, 50, 117, 270–71 n. 45 revolting dullness in hymn singing, 165 rooster, liturgical use of, 258 n. 79 senile man allowed to commune, 263 n. 13 singing all Ten Commandments at once, 263 n. 18 singing is for the tavern, not for church, 82 sleeping in church, 49, 52–53, 120–21, 257–58 n. 71 small choir for funeral processions, 74 soldiers enforcing liturgical changes, 111 straw to drink from the chalice, 263 n. 19 swearing in public, 49 teaching congregation rhythmic form of hymn tune, 172 three postludes: the hoppity, the skippity, the jumpity, 148, 276 n. 79 throwing a child against a rock (as per Psalm 137), 173 throwing apples and carrots at the preacher, 262 n. 9 unbelievably slow hymn singing, 172 unflattering description of polyphony and organ music, 119, 198–200 Unrecognized Sins of the World, 120–21, 200–4 whore’s hymn, 173 Angerstein, Johann Carl, 139 Anhalt-Dessau, principality, 110, 269 n. 19 Aquinas, Thomas, 198, 202 index 340
Aristotle, 198 Arndt, Johann, 202 Arnold, Gottfried, 125 Arnoldi, Philipp, 110 Assumption, Lutheran observance of, 39, 254 n. 9 attendance. See also demeanor at services, sleeping in church at catechism service, 38, 73, 257 n. 67 at mass, 11, 13, 49–50, 81, 259 n. 86, 270–71 n. 45 at offices, 5–6, 48–49 at unspecified services, 72–73 at weekday services, 49–50, 80 Augsburg, 4, 40, 89, 169 Augsburg Confession, 97, 157–60, 277 n. 22 Augustine, 198, 201–2 Ave Maria, 27, 34 Babst, Valentin, 102, 156 Bach, Johann Nicolaus, 142 Bach, Johann Sebastian choral performance practice, 48, 112, 118, 148, 170 Clavierübung, 261 n. 33 liturgy at Leipzig, 52, 177 organ music, 139, 142–43, 145 views on church music, 123 baptism, singing the words of institution, 160 Bautzen, 165 Beer (Bähr), Johann, 120 beggars, required to work, 247–48 n. 2 Beichtpfennig, 253 n. 3 bells church, 42, 49, 78, 105, 262 n. 12 Sanctus, 195 benediction at end of sermon, 59 at end of service, 8, 128 Benedictus, 65–67 Berthold of Regensburg, 28 Beuttner, Nicolaus, 34 Beyreuther, Erich, 125 Beza, Theodore, 109, 124, 157, 160, 196–98 Bible, music of the, 122 Bitterfeld, 169 Blow, John, 139 Blume, Friedrich, 21, 87, 178–79, 249 n. 31, 274 n. 28 Boës, Adolf, 11 Bokemeyer, Heinrich, 123 Botsack, Johann, 157–60 Brandaw, Johann Georg, 137 Braunschweig, 40 Brecht, Martin, 9 Breithaupt, Joachim Justus, 125, 272 n. 75 Bremen, 148, 172 Brenz, Johann, 28 Breslau, 40, 250 n. 40 broadsheets, 88–91, 265 n. 11 Brown, Christopher, 68, 85–86 Bucer, Martin, 96–98, 108 Bugenhagen, Johann as author of church orders, 16, 28, 58, 61–62, 249 n. 23 as ecclesiastical visitor, 77 views on translating Latin chants, 248 n. 7 Burney, Charles, 172 Buszin, Walter, 17–18, 21, 250 n. 51 Butler, Bartlett, 91–92, 94, 179 Buttstedt, Johann Heinrich, 131 Buxtehude, Dietrich, 142–43, 145 calendar, 37–39 Calvin, John, 96, 107–9 Calvinist churches. See Reformed churches canon of the mass, 3 cantata. See Kirchenmusik cantional style; cantionale, 113–17, 119, 129, 137, 270 n. 36 cantor, 43, 47–48, 71–74, 77, 162. See also clerk, parish; schoolmaster catechism. See Luther, Martin: Der kleine Katechismus catechism examination, 38, 253 nn. 3, 6 catechism hymns, 64, 153, 261 nn. 32–33 catechism service, 37–39, 64–65, 257 n. 67 Catholic churches, singing in, 33–34 chants, Latin. See Latin liturgies Chemnitz, Martin, 18 choirs. See also choral mass, Kirchenmusik, polyphony, schoolboys conducting instructions, 47–48 distribution of parts, 112 liturgical leadership, 15–16, 54–68, 71–83, 86, 162 multiple, 116 341 index
choirs (continued) placement in the church, 15, 46–48, 76, 79, 162 purpose in the service, 123, 126–27, 129–30, 175–76 size, 46, 71, 74 types of ensembles, 43–45, 255 n. 34, 256 n. 39 choral mass, 22, 39, 177 chorale books, 137–38. See also hymnals and service books choraliter, defined, 44, 255–56 n. 36 church music. See choral mass, hymns, Kirchenmusik, musical style: debates over, organ, polyphony, theology of church music church officials, titles, 41–43 church orders (general) description and use, 36–40 distinguished from agendas, 37 later editions, defined, 206, 281–82 schedule of services, 37–39 statistics, 54, 259 n. 1 terms used in, 40–46, 254 nn. 16–17 church orders (specific, including private agendas and visitation instructions and edicts) Allstedt 1524b, 28, 217 Altenburg 1705, 237, 253 n. 7 Amberg 1544, 60, 223 Amberg 1555–57, 226 Amberg 1576, 231 Andorff 1567, 153–54, 229 Anhalt 1548, 224 Anhalt 1551, 154 Anhalt 1568, 229 Anhalt 1579, 270 n. 27 Annaberg 1579, 112, 273 n. 1 Annaberg 1579, 154, 163, 232, 256 n. 54 Aschersleben 1575, 231, 253 n. 7, 273 n. 1 Augsburg 1537, 220 Augsburg [1545], 220 Bergedorf 1544, 223 Bischofswerda [ca. 1620], 235 Brandenburg 1540, 221, 254 n. 9 Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach 1548, 63, 224, 254 n. 9, 261 n. 28 Brandenburg-Nuremberg 1528, 218, 249 n. 31 Brandenburg-Nuremberg 1533, 56, 219, 249 n. 31 Braunschweig 1528, 16–17, 62, 113, 153, 218, 257 n. 70, 260 n. 27 Braunschweig [ca. 1550], 61, 225 Braunschweig-Lüneburg [1555], 226 Braunschweig-Lüneburg 1564, 228, 258 n. 74, 273 n. 1 Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel 1543, 60–61, 222, 248 n. 7 Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel 1569, 229, 258 n. 74, 273 n. 1 Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel 1615, 234, 258 n. 74, 273 n. 1 Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel 1657, 236, 253 n. 7, 258 n. 74, 261 n. 33 Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel 1709, 59, 237, 253 nn. 7–8, 256 n. 54, 273 n. 1 Buxtehude 1552, 62, 225, 260 n. 26 Calenberg-Göttingen 1542, 113, 162, 221 Coburg 1524, 217 Colberg 1586, 155 Cologne 1543, 61, 222, 253 n. 8, 257 n. 70 Danzig (Marienkirche) 1612, 47 Dessau 1532, 254 n. 9 Dresden (Kreuzkirche) 1574, 231 East Frisia 1535, 65, 219, 257 n. 70 East Frisia 1583, 273 n. 1 East Frisia 1593, 233, 253 n. 8, 273 n. 1 East Frisia 1631, 235 East Frisia 1716, 155, 255 n. 19, 273 n. 1 Eisfeld 1554, 226 Feuchtwangen 1563, 227, 273 n. 1 Frankfurt/Main 1530, 218 Gnandstein 1539, 220 Gotha 1645, 82–83 Hadeln [ca. 1542], 221 Halberstadt 1591, 57, 233, 273 n. 1 Hamburg 1529, 28, 113, 218 Hamburg 1556, 226 Hanau 1573, 59, 152–53, 230 Hanau 1659, 162, 236 Harlingerland 1574, 47 Hatzkerode [1534?], 59, 219 Henneberg 1582, 232, 258 n. 74 Henneberg 1713, 238 Hesse 1566, 228, 258 n. 74 Hesse 1574, 39, 231, 257 n. 70, 258 n. 74 Hildesheim 1544, 223 Hohenlohe 1553, 69, 225, 254 n. 9 Hohenlohe 1558, 69 Hohenlohe 1571, 69, 230 index 342
Hohenlohe 1578, 69, 232, 276 n. 2 Hohenlohe 1582, 48–49, 82–83, 258 n. 74 Holstein-Plön 1732, 50, 163, 238 Hoya 1573, 47 Hoya 1581, 47, 162, 232, 256 n. 54 Kurland 1572, 58–59, 230 Leipzig 1694, 155, 237 Leipzig 1710, 237 Liegnitz and Brieg 1535, 220 Liegnitz and Brieg 1592, 233 Lippe [before 1533?], 219 Lippe 1539, 220 London 1718, 42, 153, 162, 238 Lübeck 1531, 62, 256 n. 54, 219, 260 n. 27 Lüneburg [1575], 231, 258 n. 74, 273 n. 1 Magdeburg 1663, 155, 236, 261 n. 32–33 Magdeburg 1667, 236, 273 n. 1 Magdeburg 1685, 50, 67 Magdeburg (Han) 1615, 234, 254 n. 16 Magdeburg (Schrader) 1621, 235 Magdeburg, Halberstadt 1632, 155, 235 Mansfeld 1580, 67, 107, 155 Mecklenburg 1545, 224, 257 n. 70, 273 n. 1 Mecklenburg 1552, 225, 258 n. 74 Mecklenburg 1602, 155, 233, 256 n. 54, 258 n. 74 Mecklenburg 1708, 233 Naumburg (Wenzelkirche) 1527, 218 Naumburg (Wenzelkirche) [1538], 113, 154, 164, 220, 273 n. 1 Niederlausitz 1592, 233 Nordheim 1539, 113, 220 Nördlingen 1538, 254 n. 9 Nördlingen 1544, 57, 113, 224 Nördlingen 1579, 67, 113, 155, 232, 260 n. 8 Nördlingen 1676, 155, 237, 253 n. 7 Nördlingen (Georgenkirche) 1555, 113, 164, 226, 273 n. 1 Nuremberg 1524b, 217 Nuremberg 1525a, 217, 249 n. 31 Nuremberg 1525b, 217 Nuremberg 1639, 235 Nuremberg (Dietrich) 1543, 56–57, 63, 78–81, 222, 254 n. 9 Nuremberg (St. Sebald) 1664, 236 Oldenburg 1573, 39, 113, 162, 230 Osnabrück 1543a, 222 Osnabrück 1543b, 223 Osnabrück 1652, 235 Palatinate 1546a, 257 n. 70 Palatinate 1546b, 224 Palatinate 1554, 226 Palatinate-Neuburg 1543, 56, 223, 249 n. 31, 254 n. 9 Palatinate-Zweibrücken 1563, 228, 258 n. 74 Pirna [before 1569], 154 Plauen 1552, 225 Pomerania 1535a, 61–62, 220, 249 n. 23, 256 n. 54, 258 n. 74, 260 n. 26 Pomerania 1542, 62, 221, 249 n. 31, 257 n. 70, 260–61 nn. 26–27 Pomerania 1569, 39, 113, 230, 258 n. 74 Prussia 1525, 51, 58, 217 Prussia 1558, 227, 260 n. 8 Prussia 1568, 229, 273 n. 1 Regensburg 1542, 221 Regensburg 1553, 225, 273 n. 1 Regensburg (Neue Kirche) [1567?], 67, 229 Riga 1530, 51, 67–68, 218 Ritzebüttel [after 1570], Rostock [ca. 1560–76], 229, 256 n. 54 Rothenberg 1618, 59, 234 Rothenburg ob der Tauber 1559, 57, 227 Saxe-Coburg 1626, 39, 52, 67, 235, 254 n. 16 Saxe-Lauenburg 1585, 53, 59, 232–33, 254 n. 18, 256 n. 54 Saxe-Weimar 1664, 236, 253 n. 7 Saxony (Albertine) 1539a, 70, 75, 221 Saxony (Albertine) 1540, 17, 37, 221 Saxony (Albertine) 1545, 224 Saxony (Ernestine) 1528, 16, 253 n. 8 Saxony (Ernestine) 1533, 219 Saxony (Ernestine) 1685, 237 Schleswig-Holstein 1542, 62, 221 Schönburg 1542, 222, 273 n. 1 Schwäbisch Hall 1526, 28, 218 Schwäbisch Hall 1543, 223, 254 n. 9 Schwäbisch Hall 1615, 234 Schwarzburg 1549, 224, 257 n. 70 Schwarzburg 1574, 231, 273 n. 1 Schwarzburg 1675, 155, 237 Schweinfurt 1543, 223 Schweinfurt 1576, 47, 232 Stettin 1573, 82–83 Steuerwald/Peine 1561, 49, 227 Stralsund 1555, 113, 226 Strassburg 1524, 217 Strassburg 1525a, 97 343 index
church orders (continued) Strassburg 1525b, 97 Strassburg 1530, 97, 219 Strassburg 1598, 233 Teschen 1584, 232 Thorn 1575, 231 Thüngen 1564, 228 Transylvania 1547, 63, 224 Ulm 1747, 50, 238, 253 n. 7 Upper Austria 1617, 234 Verden 1606, 234, 258 n. 74 Waldeck 1557, 226 Waldeck 1640, 226 Weissenburg 1528, 254 n. 9 Wittenberg 1533, 9–10, 15, 29, 51, 62, 162, 219, 260 n. 26 Wittenberg 1559, 227 Wittenberg [1570?], 258 n. 74 Wittenberg (Luther) 1523a, 6–7, 21, 28–29, 51, 217 Wittenberg (Luther) 1523b, 4–6, 51, 193–95 Wittenberg (Luther) 1526, 8–16, 21–22, 28–29, 56, 58, 61, 218 Wolfstein 1574, 231 Württemberg 1536, 220 Württemberg 1553, 225 Württemberg 1565, 228, 258 n. 74 Württemberg 1657, 236 Wurzen 1542, 222 Zwickau 1529, 164 churches, types of, 40–41 clergy titles, 41, 254 n. 16 clerk, parish. See also cantor, schoolmaster duties, 41–42, 153, 254–55, n. 18 musical leadership, 71–76, 80, 86, 147, 162 collect, congregation speaking with pastor, 80 Cologne, 40 commentary on the Epistle and Gospel, 270 n. 22 communion. See communion, frequency of; communion distribution; exhortation to communicants; mass communion, frequency of, 26, 37, 72, 253 n. 4 communion distribution hymns, 61–62 according to Karlstadt, 4, 108 length, 51, 78 location of communicants, 59–60 in Luther’s Deutsche Messe, 13 confession and absolution, private group confessions, 263 n. 24 in Lutheran churches, 37, 48, 53, 74, 128, 253 n. 3 in the medieval church, 13 monetary gift for, 253 n. 3 confession and absolution, public, 27 congregational singing. See also alternation practice, hymns accompaniment with brass instruments, 115–16, 148–49 accompaniment with organ, 131–43, 146–51 of the Agnus Dei, 16 of Amens, 9, 16, 250 n. 45 assisting the choir, 75, 79, 81 in Catholic churches, 33–34 versus choral singing, 54–68, 78, 107–29 during the communion, 16–17 conducting of, 162 of the Creed, 9, 11–13, 15–17 effect of schools, 82 extraliturgical singing, 68 of the Gradual, 13, 17 in harmony, 142, 166–67 hymnal use, 52, 76, 87–106, 126 of the Introit, 17 leadership of, 162 of the Litany, 15 as liturgical song, 30–32 of the Magnificat, 15, 248 n. 7 during the mass, 3, 39, 112–16, 126, 129 objections answered, 105 performance practice, 152–72 quality of, 14–16, 67–68, 70–83, 164–66, 177 before the Reformation, 27–28, 58 rehearsals, 105, 156 before or after the sermon, 17 size of hymn repertoire, 152–53 slipping in pitch, 134–35 as substitute for choral singing, 67–68, 79 of the Te Deum, 15, 17 tempo, 72, 83, 167–72 theology of, 17–21, 86, 99–100, 123, 133, 156–60, 177 consecration (of the Lord’s Supper), 8, 40, 51, 128, 131. See also Elevation Corner, David Gregor, 155 Corpus Christi, Lutheran observance of, 39, 254 n. 9 index 344
Corvinus, Anton, 77 councils and synods Augsburg, Synod of (1527), 25 Bamberg, Synod of (1491), 252 n. 10 Basel, Council of (1435), 24 Cologne, Council of (1536), 24 Eichstätt, Synod of (1447), 252 n. 10 Eichstätt, Synod of (1466), 24 Gotha, Synod of (1645), 50 Schwerin, Synod of (1492), 24 Seville, Council of (1512), 25 Trent, Council of (1545–63), 57, 110 Trier, Synod of (1549), 25 Creed, 46, 58–59, 66–67, 249–50 n. 34, 260 n. 16 Creed, Athanasian. See Quicunque vult Creutziger, Caspar, 17 Crichton, Wilhelm, 127–28 Crüger, Johann, 161 Curike, Reinhold, 158–60 Danzig new hymns, 156 organ accompaniment of singing, 131–33, 142, 167 placement of choir, 47 population, 40 de festo, defined, 155 de tempore. See hymns (general): de tempore Dean, Jeffrey, 175–76 Decius, Nicolaus, 57, 61 Decker, Joachim, 114, 132 demeanor at services, 52–53, 117. See also attendance, sleeping in church Deutsche Kirchenlied, Das, 88, 181, 264 n. 6 Diehl, Wilhelm, 81–82 Dieterich, Cunrad, 50, 52, 104–5, 117, 164–65 Dietrich, Sixtus, 14, 101 Dietrich, Veit, 56–57, 63, 78–81, 254 n. 9, 270 n. 22 Dietz, Ludwig, 100 Döber, Andreas, 93 Dortmund, 40 Dresden, 112, 156, 169, 250 n. 40 Eccard, Johann, 162, 167 Edition des deutschen Kirchenlieds. See Deutsche Kirchenlied, Das Edler, Johann Andreas, 153 Elbing, 156 Eler, Franz, 104 Elevation, 8, 26, 51, 97. See also consecration Eliot, Sir Thomas, 95 ember days, 39 Enchiridion, defined, 95 England, hymn singing in, 170–71 Enlightenment, 76, 176 Erasmus, Desiderius, 109–10, 202 Erfurt, 40, 95–96, 163 Et in terra, 46, 57, 66. See also Gloria in excelsis Etwas von der Liturgie (1778), 50, 254 n. 13 exhortation to communicants, 8, 49, 51, 258 n. 83 exorcism, baptismal, 110, 269 n. 17 figuraliter, defined, 44, 255–56 n. 36 Fischer, Christoffer, 79 Forster, Johann, 79 fraction (communion), 110 Francke, August Hermann, 125 Francke, Mattheus, 89 Frankfurt am Main, 40, 134, 163, 250 n. 40 Frederick, Elector of Saxony, 262 n. 5 Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius, 126, 272 n. 89 Frick, Christoph, 118 Friderici, Daniel, 47–48 Fritsch, Ahasver, 257–58 n. 71 Gabrieli, Giovanni, 116 Garbe, Daniela. See Wissemann-Garbe, Daniela Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, 129 Geneva, 163 Georg, Duke of Saxony, 17 Georg Ernst, Count of Henneberg, 79 Gerber, Christian criticisms of church music, 120–23, 149–50, 200–4 descriptions of liturgies, 50, 126, 134– 35, 153 Gerhard, Johann, 18 Gerhardt, Paul, 161 German liturgies, 4, 8–16, 40 Gesius, Bartholomäus, 114 Gesualdo, Carlo, 116 girls, music instruction for, 255 n. 21 girls’ choirs, 113, 164 Gloria in excelsis, 28–29, 46, 57 345 index
Göz, C. G., 165 Gradual, 57–58 Graff, Paul, 125, 177–78 Groschuff, Friedrich, 52, 59 Gross, Konrad, 92 Grossgebauer, Theophilus comments on liturgy and church music, 50, 270 n. 45 Wächterstimme auß dem verwüsteten Zion, 118–19, 121, 123–25, 151, 202–3 Gutknecht, Friderich, 89 Gutknecht, Jobst, 91–92, 94 Halle, 124–26 Hamburg accompaniment of hymn singing, 132–33 figural music, frequency of, 118, 250 n. 40 hymnal of 1604, 114–15, 132–33 population, 40 women in the cathedral choir, 164 Hamischer, Johann Jacob, 131 Hammerschmidt, Andreas, 200 Han, Philip, 254 n. 16 Harms, Claus, 129 Harnoncourt, Philipp, 31–32 Hartknoch, Christoph, 131 Hassler, Hans Leo, 134, 251 n. 66 Hausmann, Nicolaus, 248 n. 7 Heinrich, Duke of Saxony, 17 Heinrich [the Younger], Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 77 Hergott, Hans, 92 Herman, Nicolaus, 68, 261 n. 33 Hertel, Matthäus, 113, 166 Hill, Rowland, 21, 251 n. 61 Hiller, Johann Adam, 118 Hingelberg, Johann Gottfried, 142, 167 Hof, 164 holy days and festivals, 38–39, 97, 254 n. 9 hours, liturgy of the, 4, 26, 30, 48–53. See also Matins, Vespers houseling cloth, 111, 128 Husduvius, Gabriel, 114, 132 hymn boards, 145–46, 163 hymn of the day, 155 hymnals and service books (general). See also chorale books arrangement other than de tempore, 156, 277 n. 14 Catholic, 33–34 congregational use, 52, 76, 87–106, 126, 176 introduction into churches, 104–6 prefaces expressing concern for youth, 7, 94, 100, 103–4, 268 n. 96 publication statistics, 88–89, 114, 138, 252 n. 25 hymnals and service books (specific) Cantica sacra (Hamburg, 1588), 104 Cantiones ecclesiasticae/Kirchengesenge Deudsch (Magdeburg, 1545), 104 Christliche Geseng. . .zum Begrebnis (Wittenberg, 1542), 102 Christliche Psalmen, Lieder und Kirchengesenge (Leipzig, 1587), 104 Enchiridion geystlicher Gesenge (Erfurt and Nuremberg, 1525), 77, 92–93, 96, 262 n. 15 Eyn Enchiridion oder Handbüchlein (Erfurt, 1524), 95, 262 n. 15 Enchyridion geistlicher gesenge vnd psalmen (Wittenberg, 1526), 100–1 Etlich Christlich lider [“Achtliederbuch”] (Nuremberg, 1524), 91–92 Etlich gesang (Königsberg, 1527), 103 Etliche Christliche Gesenge vnd Psalmen (Erfurt, 1525), 96 Etliche newe. . .Christliche Hymnus vn geseng (Königsberg, 1527), 103 Gantz newe geystliche teütsche Hymnus (Nuremberg, 1527), 94 Eyn gantz schone vnde seer nutte gesangk boek (Rostock, 1525), 100, 264 n. 5 Geistliche lieder auffs new gebessert (Erfurt, 1531 and Wittenberg, 1533), 101–2, 268 n. 83 Geistreiches Gesangbuch (Halle, 1704, 1709), 126, 160–61, 272 n. 89 Eyn gesang Buchleyn (Zwickau, 1525), 96 Gesangbuch (Strassburg, 1541), 98 Gesangbuch zum gottesdienstlichen Gebrauch in den Königlich-Preußischen Landen (Berlin, 1780), 128–29 Geystliche Gesangk Buchleyn (Wittenberg, 1524), 7, 14, 100 Geystliche Lieder (the “Babst” hymnal, Leipzig, 1545), 88, 102–3, 156 Gsangbüchlein Geistlicher Psalme[n] (Bonn, 1550), 104 KirchenGesenge Latinisch vnd Deudsch (Wittenberg, 1573), 104 index 346
[“Klug” hymnal] (Wittenberg, 1529), 101, 268 n. 82 Kurtz Ordnung des Kirchendiensts (Rostock [for use in Riga], 1530), 103 Missale (Wittenberg, 1589), 104 Praxis pietatis melica (Berlin, 1647), 161 Psalme[n] gebett, vnd Kirchen übu[n]g (Strassburg, 1526), 97–98 Psalmen, geistliche gesenge, Kirchen-Ordenung (Frankfurt/Main, 1565), 104 Psalme[n] vnd geystliche Lieder (Strassburg, 1536 or 1537), 98 Psalmodia, hoc est cantica (Nuremberg [for use in Lüneburg], 1553), 104 Psalter. Das seindt alle Psalmen Dauids (Strassburg, 1538), 98 Der Psalter dess Königlichen Propheten Dauids (Lobwasser Psalter, Leipzig, 1573), 156– 60 Psalter mit aller Kirchenübung (Strassburg, 1539), 98, 264 n. 5 Straßburger kirchenampt (Strassburg, 1525), 97 Das Teutsch gesang so in der Meß gesungen wirdt (Nuremberg, 1525–28), 94, 264 n. 5 Teütsch Kirchen ampt (Strassburg, 1524), 97 Vesperale et matutinale (Wittenberg, 1589), 104 [“Weiss” hymnal] (Wittenberg, 1528), 268 n. 81 hymns (general). See also alternation practice, congregational singing abuse of, 173–74 accompaniments, 131–43, 146–51 for the Agnus Dei, 61 alternation practice, 76–77, 80–81, 112–16 after the Benediction, 62 for the Benedictus, 65–67 for the catechism, 64, 153, 261 nn. 32–33 during the communion, 61–62, 97 for the Creed, 58–59, 67 de tempore, 60, 154–56, 249 n. 25 for the Gradual, 9–10, 57–58, 97 harmonizations, 136–38 in the home, 83, 94–96 for the Introit, 56, 97 isometric forms, 170–72 for the Lord’s Prayer, 66–67 for the Magnificat, 63, 66 most popular, 66–67 musical leadership of, 162 new, acceptance of, 156–61 number of stanzas sung, 154 office, 63 protest singing, 89–90 responsibility for selecting, 78 rhythmic forms, restoration of, 172 for the Sanctus, 60–61 selection for services, 153–54 inserted into the Sequence, 10, 58 before and after the sermon, 9 size of a congregation’s repertoire, 152–53 for the Te deum laudamus, 65–67 teaching and learning of, 15, 71–72, 76–78, 83, 90, 156 tempo of singing, 72, 83, 167–72 hymns, German. For modern sources of German hymns, see appendix 1, pages 181–92. See also songs, secular Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, 90, 265 n. 21, 276 n. 3 Ach Herr, mich armen Sünder, 146 Ach Herr, mit deiner Hilf, 74 All Ehr und Lob soll Gottes sein, 57 Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr, 57, 66, 76, 80, 115, 126, 133, 146, 172, 240, 274 n. 38 Allein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, 64, 265 n. 19 Also heilig ist der Tag, 161 An Wasserflüssen Babylon, 173 Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, 56, 67, 89– 90, 93, 97, 239, 261 n. 33, 265 n. 21 Christ, der du bist der helle Tag, 63 Christ ist erstanden, 22, 27–28, 58, 60, 66, 102, 156, 161, 173, 252 n. 15 Christ lag in Todesbanden, 58, 161 Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, 64, 159, 288 Christe, der du bist Tag und Licht, 63, 102–3 Christe,du Lamm Gottes, 8, 16, 61–62, 66, 80 Christum,wir sollen loben schon, 103, 249 n. 34 Danksagen wir alle Gott, 67 Der du bist drei in Einigkeit, 63 Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot, 22, 64, 93 Dir, dir, Jehova, will ich singen, 272 n. 89 Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt, 64 Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, v, 67, 72, 90, 138–41, 170 Ein Kindelein so löbelich, 6, 15, 20, 60, 66 Einen gute Kampff hab ich auf der Welt gekämpfet, 174 Eins ist not, ach Herr, dies eine, 272 n. 89 Erbarm dich mein, o Herre Gott, 56, 64, 67, 146, 150, 173, 261 n. 33 347 index
hymns, German (continued) Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort, 60, 62, 64, 66–67, 242, 260 n. 19, 276 n. 3 Es ist das Heil uns kommen her, 64, 93, 265 n. 21 Es spricht der unweisen Mund wohl, 265 n. 21, 276 n. 3 Es woll uns Gott genädig sein, 60, 66–67, 89–90, 93, 97, 239 Fahre fort, fahre fort, 272 n. 89 Freu dich sehr, o meine Seele, 169–70 Gelobet sei der Herr,der Gott Israel, 65–66, 243 Gelobet seist du, Christe, 74 Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, 22, 58, 274 n. 38 Gott der Vater wohn uns bei, 11, 22, 66–67, 72, 90, 195 Gott sei dank in aller Welt, 272 n. 89 Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet, 6–9, 11, 13, 16–17, 22, 61–62, 64, 66, 80, 132, 196, 203, 243 Heilig ist Gott der Vater, 61 Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, 265 n. 19 Herr Gott, dich loben wir, 65–67, 150, 182, 243 Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend, 244–45, 274 n. 38, 276 n. 3 Herr Jesu Christ, wahr Mensch und Gott, 265 n. 19 Herzlich tut mich verlangen, 251 n. 66 Hilf, Gott, dass mir gelinge, 161, 265 n. 19 Hilf, Gott, wie ist der Menschennot, 265 n. 21 Ich dank dem Herrn vom ganzem Herzen (Psalm 111), 62, 64, 66, 102 Ich dank dir, lieber Herre, 265 n. 19 Ich glaub an einen Gott allein, 59 Ich gläub an Gott Vater allmächtigen, 59 Ich glaub in Gott Vater, 59, 261 n. 31 Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, 265 n. 19, 276 n. 3 In dulci jubilo, 274 n. 38 In Gott gelaub ich, dass er hat, 265 n. 21 In Jesu Namen heben wir an, 92, 265 n. 21 Jesaia dem Propheten, das geschah, 8, 61–62, 66, 80 Jesu, meine Freude, 125, 163 Jesu, meine Liebe, 163 Jesus, meine Freude, 163 Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der den Tod, 22, 260 n. 8 Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns, 8, 11, 16–17, 61–62, 64, 66, 78, 80, 132, 161, 196, 243, 260 n. 8 Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist, 249 n. 34 Komm, Heiliger Geist (unspecified continuation), 60, 66–67, 239, 243–44 Komm, Heiliger Geist, erfüll die Herzen, 161 Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott, 56, 60, 80 Kommt her zu mir, spricht Gottes Sohn, 89 Kyrie, Gott Vater in Ewigkeit, 80 Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, 245 Lobt Gott, ihr Christen, allzugleich, 275 n. 38 Macht hoch die Tür, 272 n. 89 Mag ich Unglück nicht widerstahn, 159 Mein Seel erhebt den Herren mein, 63 Mein Seel, o Herr, soll loben dich, 63 Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, 63, 160 Meinen Jesum lass ich nicht, 125 Meinen Jesus lass ich nicht, 163 Mensch, willst du leben seliglich, 22, 64, 146 Mitten wir im Leben sind, 22, 149 Morgenglanz der Ewigkeit, 272 n. 89 Nimm von uns, Herr [Gott], 67, 242 Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist, 6, 8, 13, 15, 22, 56, 58, 60, 66–67, 80, 93, 150, 154, 242, 244 Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gemein, 72, 265 n. 21 Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, 156, 249 n. 34 Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben, 173 Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren, 133, 265 n. 19 O Durchbrecher aller Bande, 272 n. 89 O Herre Gott, dein göttlich Wort, 133, 276 n. 3 O Lamm Gottes unschuldig, 61–62, 66, 204, 256 n. 43 O Welt, ich muss dich lassen, 251 n. 66 Sei Lob und Ehr mit hohem Preis, 64 So wahr ich leb, spricht Gott der Herr, 261 n. 33 Unser grosse Sünde und schwere Missetat, 22 Vater unser im Himmelreich, 57, 64, 66–67, 154, 276 n. 2 Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich, 60, 62, 64, 66–67, 80, 243, 245, 260–61 nn. 26–27 Vom Himmel hoch da komm ich her, 21, 168, 275 n. 38 Von Gott will ich nicht lassen, 276 n. 3 Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, 159 Wir glauben all an einen Gott, 8, 10–13, 16, 58–59, 64, 66–67, 80, 83, 93, 127, 146, 195, 242 index 348
Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, 161, 276 n. 3 hymns and other chants, Latin Alma redemptoris mater, 239 Ave vivens hostia, 34 Christe, qui lux es et dies, 63 Christus factus est pro nobis, 57 Da pacem, domine, 10, 60, 62, 195, 260–61 nn. 26–27, 30 Dies est laetitiae, 102 Domine, non secundum peccata nostra, 242 Grates nunc omnes, 58 Haec est dies, 57 In dulci jubilo, 102 Jesu, redemptor seculi, 261 n. 27 O lux beata trinitas, 63 Veni sancte spiritus, 56, 58, 80, 239, 241, 243–44 Victimae paschali laudes, 28, 58 images in churches, 4, 97, 108, 111 instrumental music, 48, 108–11, 115–16, 148–49, 196–204. See also aesthetics of church music, Kirchenmusik, musical style, organ, polyphony, theology of church music interludes, organ. See organ: hymn interludes interludes, vocal, 143, 275 n. 50 Introit, 56, 97, 249 n. 31 Irwin, Joyce, 120, 122, 125, 271 n. 57 Isaac, Heinrich, 251 n. 66 Italian musical influence, 116–18, 129, 131, 176 Italians in Lutheran churches, 120–21 Janota, Johannes, 31–33 Jena, 142, 147 Jenny, Markus, 249–50, n. 34 Joachim Ernst, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, 110 Joachimsthal, 68, 164 Johann Georg, Margrave of Jägerndorf, 111 Johann Georg, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, 110 Johnson, Cleveland, 136 Jonas, Justus, 17, 32, 71 jubilus, 51 Kalb, Friedrich, 125 Kantorei. See choirs: types of ensembles Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 4, 107–8 Kaufmann, Georg Friedrich, 138–41 Keuchenthal, Johannes, 57, 104, 155 Kirchenmusik. See also musical style, polyphony criticism of, 112–23, 127–29, 198–204, 271 n. 65 defined, 45–46 instrumental tuning for, 146 introduction into Lutheran churches, 118 organ preludes to, 146 performing forces, 112 texts printed, 52 in Vespers, 64 Kirchenordnungen. See church orders Kittelson, James, 84–85 Klug, Joseph, 101–3 Knoll, Christoph, 251 n. 66 Königsberg, 49, 94, 103 Köppfel, Wolff, 97–98 Korth, Hans-Otto, 179 Krebs, Johann Ludwig, 143 Kuhnau, Johann, 177 Kurrende. See choirs: types of ensembles Kyrie, 57 Latin chants. See chants, Latin Latin liturgies criticism of, 77, 81, 108, 269 n. 2 in Lutheran churches, 40, 56–67, 107, 254 n. 13 reasons for retaining, 10 in Strassburg, 97 and traditional chants, 5–6, 107, 248 n. 7 in Wittenberg, 6–7, 10–14 Lauterbach, Christoph [pseudonym], 271 n. 60 Layriz, Friedrich, 172 Leaver, Robin, 5, 87, 89, 264 n. 6 Leibniz, Johann Friedrich, 50, 52 Leipzig, 48, 52–53, 118, 134, 137 Leisen (singular, Leise), 22, 32, 58 Leisentrit, Johann, 33 length of services, 30, 50–51 Liliencron, Rochus von, 155 Lipphardt, Walther, 31–32 Litany frequency of use, 66–67 in place of the Gradual, 57 in place of the Magnificat, 260 n. 26 read rather than sung, 78 during weekday services, 38, 66 liturgical revision, 125, 127–29 liturgical terms, 45–46 349 index
Lobwasser, Ambrosius, 156–60 Locke, John, 127 Loersfelt, Johannes, 95–96 Lord’s Prayer in place of the Gradual, 57, 260 n. 26 as a hymn, 64, 66–68 at the sermon, 27, 34 Lord’s Supper. See communion, frequency of; communion distribution; consecration; Elevation; exhortation to communicants; mass Lossius, Lucas, 104, 268 n. 101 Lübeck, 40, 163, 250 n. 40 Ludecus, Matthäus, 104 Lüneburg, 48, 134 Luther, Martin Von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft der Kirche (The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520), 18 Auf das ... Buch Bock Emsers zu Leipzig Antwort (Answer to . . . the Goat Emser, 1521), 18–19 call for German poets, 6–7 cautious approach to liturgical reform, 4, 8, 28–30, 34–35, 108 changes to the medieval liturgies, 28–30 An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, 1520), 18 concern for children, 10 concern over the length of services, 51 Deutsche Messe und Ordnung Gottesdiensts (German Mass and Order of Divine Service, 1526), 8–16, 21–22, 28–29, 56, 58, 61, 218 and the devil having all the good tunes, 21 Einweihung eines neuen Hauses zum Predigtamt ... zu Torgau (Dedication of a New House for the Preaching Office . . . in Torgau, 1544), 20–21 encouragement of congregational singing, 14–15 Formula missae et communionis (Form of Mass and Communion, 1523), 6–7, 21, 28–29, 51, 217 Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen (The Freedom of a Christian, 1520), 18 and German hymns, 6–7, 13–15, 21–22, 107, 157–59 and a German mass, 6–7, 10, 28–29 hymn writing and editing, 58, 66–67, 91, 249–50 n. 34 Invocavit sermons (1522), 4 Der kleine Katechismus (The Small Catechism, 1529), 38, 253 n. 5 Von den Konziliis und Kirchen (On the Councils and the Church, 1539), 51 and Latin chants, 6, 10, 19–20, 248 n. 7 letter to Georg Spalatin, 7, 20 letter to Wilhelm Pravest, 10 and the liturgy in Wittenberg, 3–22 Vom Mißbrauch der Messe (The Abuse of the Mass, 1521), 3, 18 Von Ordnung Gottesdiensts in der Gemeine (Order of Divine Service in the Congregation, 1523), 4–6, 51, 193–95 and polyphony, 7, 100, 108 and popular song, 15, 21–22, 100 Preface to the Geystliche Gesangk Buchleyn (Spiritual Songbook, 1524), 7, 100 theology of liturgy, 17–22, 178 and the universal priesthood, 17–21 Vermahnung an die Geistlichen (Exhortation to All Clergy, 1530), 10 Vermahnung zum Sakrament (Admonition Concerning the Sacrament, 1530), 19– 21 Wider die himmlischen Propheten (Against the Heavenly Prophets, 1525), 248 n. 7 Lütkens, Nicolaus, 135 Magdeburg, 11, 40 Magnificat, 63–66, 260 n. 26 Maler, Mathes, 95–96 Marbach, Christian, 153, 173–74 Marburg, 148 Marot, Clément, 157, 160 Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 147–48 mass. See also Agnus Dei; Alleluia; attendance: at mass; bells; benediction; canon of the mass; collect; commentary on the Epistle and Gospel; communion, frequency of; communion distribution; consecration; Creed; demeanor at services; Elevation; exhortation to communicants; fraction (communion); German liturgies; Gradual; hymns (general); Introit; jubilus; Kirchenmusik; Kyrie; Latin liturgies; Preface, omission of; sermon; sleeping index 350
in church; thanksgiving collect; vestments attendance at, 11, 13, 49–50, 81, 259 n. 86, 270–71 n. 45 changes by Luther, 28–29 demeanor at, 52–53 in the late Middle Ages, 24–26 length, 50–51 in Lutheran churches, 37, 126–29, 195–96 Luther’s theological objections, 3–5 post-Reformation Catholic, 34 private devotions during, 52, 74, 117, 119, 259 n. 87 Rationalist criticism of, 127–29 Mathesius, Johann, 68 Matins, 5, 37–38, 65. See also hours, liturgy of the Mattheson, Johann, 123, 144–45, 162, 164 Mayer, Johann Friedrich, 124–25 Meissen, 107, 148–49 Melanchthon, Philipp, 4, 11, 14, 16, 33, 277 n. 22 Merseburg, 107 Meyer, Hans Bernhard, 26–27 Meyer, Joachim, 125 Mithobius, Hector, 119–20, 139, 166 Mizler, Lorenz Christoph, 144, 146, 150 Mömpelgard (Montbéliard) Colloquium, 109, 196–98 Monteverdi, Claudio, 116 Motz, Georg, 120–22, 150, 165 Mühlhausen, 147, 276 n. 73 Müntzer, Thomas, 28 Muscovius, Johannes, 119–20 Musculus, Wolfgang, 11, 13, 101, 195–96 music instruction books, 255–56 n. 36 music instruction in schools, 43, 255 nn. 21 and 24 musical style, debates over, 109–10, 119, 122–23, 157–60, 175. See also Kirchenmusik, polyphony musical terms, 45–46 musicians, religious beliefs and moral character of, 118, 120–21, 131 musiciren, defined, 116 Neumeister, Erdmann, 122 Neuss, Heinrich Georg, 168 Newber, Valentin, 89 Niedt, Friedrich Erhardt, 148–49 Nordhausen, 163 Nunc dimittis, 63, 260–61 n. 26–27 Nuremberg, 40, 89–95, 153, 163 Nuremberg, territory surrounding, 77–78 office, daily. See hours, liturgy of the; Matins; Vespers opera and church music, 122–23 Opitz, Martin, 159 organ alternating with or substituting for the choir, 25, 48, 116, 130, 273 n. 2 alternating with the congregation, 147, 273 n. 1 criticism by Lutherans, 119–21, 139, 142–44, 149–50, 198–204 figured bass, 117, 131, 137–38, 143 at funerals, 134 hymn accompaniments, 131–43, 146–51, 162, 176, 273 n. 6 hymn interludes, 138–43, 171–72 hymn preludes, 115–16, 131, 137, 143–46, 149–50 intabulations, 130 introduction into Lutheran churches, 118, 130 postludes, 148, 276 n. 73 preludes, kinds of, 146 preludes, length, 144, 150, 275 n. 52 purposes of organ accompaniment, 134–36 registration, 146–47, 150 rejection by Reformed churches, 109–11, 196–98 tablature, 136–37 use during Lent, 147, 276 n. 73 uses in the liturgy, 130–31 organist criticism of, 119, 127, 133, 142–44, 149–50 duties, 80, 131, 143 musical leadership, 162 office described, 43 orthodoxy, Lutheran, 122, 125, 178, 272 n. 87 Osiander, Andreas, 93 Osiander, Lucas, 113–14 Our Father. See Lord’s Prayer Ozment, Stephen, 84–85 Pachelbel, Johann, 143, 275 n. 38 paintings in churches. See images in churches Pallas, Karl, 70–71, 75, 262 n. 8 351 index
pamphlets, hymn, 88–91 Parrott, Andrew, 112 Patrem, 46, 260 n. 16. See also Creed penitential days, 38–39 Peterle, Michael, 34 pews, 52–53 Pezel, Christoph, 109, 124 Pietism, 18, 124–26, 176, 178, 272 n. 79 polyphony. See also Kirchenmusik, musical style during the communion, 118 criticism of, 108–9, 112–23, 127–29, 131–32, 196–204, 269 n. 2 ensembles and terminology, 44 frequency of, 112, 250 n. 40 location of choir and instruments, 48 performing forces, 71, 112 placement in the liturgy, 118–19, 126–27 versus unison singing, 16th century, 14, 67, 81 versus unison singing, 17th–18th centuries, 112–16, 255–56 n. 36 in Vespers, 64 population statistics, 40 Praetorius, Hieronymus, 114, 132 Praetorius, Jacob, 114, 132 Praetorius, Michael, 115–17, 148, 167–68, 170, 177 Pravest, Wilhelm, 10 prayer service, 38, 66, 253 n. 7 precentor, 42 Preface, omission of, 51, 60, 258 n. 83 Preus, Georg, 134 priesthood, universal (priesthood of all believers), 18–21, 124–26, 129–30, 176 printing and publishing, 87–106, 114 Printz, Wolfgang Caspar, 122 Pröhle, Heinrich Andreas, 147, 171–72 Purcell, Daniel, 139 Quedlinburg, 148 Quicunque vult, 65 Quistorp, Johann, 270 n. 45 Rationalism, 127–29, 178 Rau, Johann Wilhelm, 128 Raupach, Christoph, 123, 145 Rautenstrauch, Johannes, 87 rector, 43 Reed, Luther, 125, 128, 178 Reformation anniversary observance, 39, 133 Reformed churches dismissal hymn, 62 hymn accompaniment book, 137 Lobwasser Psalter, 156–60 opposition to Lutheran liturgy, 97, 108–11, 124, 131–32 theology of congregational singing, 99–10, 108–10, 177 Regensburg, 40 Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, 127, 172 Rietschel, Georg, 136 Rifkin, Joshua, 112 Riga, 103–4 Rist, Johann, 161 Rostock, 100, 133, 163 Roussel, Gérard, 99 Routley, Erik, 13 Ruetz, Caspar, 135, 169 Rügen, 168–69 saints, invocation of, 3 saints’ days, 5, 38–39 Sanctus, 51, 60–61 Saxony: Albertine, Ernestine and the Electorate, 262 n. 5 schedule of services, 37–39, 81–82 Scheibe, Johann Adolph, 123, 139, 143–44 Scheibel, Gottfried Ephraim, 123, 135, 164 Scheidemann, David, 114, 132 Scheidemann, Heinrich, 119 Scheidt, Samuel, 117, 137 Schein, Johann Hermann, 114, 117, 137, 274 n. 27 Schiecke, Johann, 120 Schier, Volker, 93 Schleupner, Dominicus, 93 Schmid, Thomas, 173 Schmidt, Eberhard, 156 scholars, providing for own support, 248 n. 2 school choirs. See choirs school officials, 42–43 schoolboys, 6, 10, 44, 112. See also choirs schoolmaster, 42, 74–78, 80–82, 134–35, 153. See also cantor; clerk, parish Schott, Johann Georg, 114 Schröder, Laurence, 117 Schütz, Heinrich, 117 Sehling, Emil, 251, n. 1 Seiler, Georg Friedrich, 142–43, 169 Selneccer, Nicolaus, 104, 155 index 352
Sequence, 10, 29, 57–58 sermon arriving just in time for, 50, 117, 270–71 n. 45 disruption, 89–90, 262 n. 9 hymns before and after, 59–60 length, 30, 50 in Lutheran churches, 29, 37, 59 in the Middle Ages, 26–27, 59, 252 n. 10 Rationalist proposals, 128 sleeping during, 52–53, 121 terminology, 46 textual basis, 26–27, 37, 64 weekday, 66 sermon hymn, 156 services. See catechism service; hours, liturgy of the; mass; Matins; prayer service; sermon; Vespers; weekday services Siefert, Paul, 133, 137, 156 singing. See choirs, congregational singing sleeping in church, 49, 52–53, 120–21, 257– 58 n. 71. See also attendance, demeanor at services Slüter, Joachim, 100, 264 n. 5 Sondershausen, 47 songs, secular Ich kumm aus frembden landen her, 21 Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen, 251 n. 66 Mein G’müth ist mir verwirret, 251 n. 66 Rule, Britannia, 251 n. 61 Sancta Maria ste uns bei, 22 Sanctus petrus won uns pey, 22 Sonnenkalb, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, 135, 144, 161–62 sources used, types of, vi, 37 Spalatin, Georg, 7, 17, 20, 250 n. 54 Spangenberg, Johann, 104, 155 Speer, Daniel, 137, 166, 171 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 124 Speratus, Paul, 49, 91, 253 n. 6 Stade, Siegmund Theophilus, 134 statues in churches. See images in churches Stein, Simon, 109, 124 Steinberg, Christian Gottlieb, 126–27, 272 n. 92 Stettin, 165 Strassburg (Strasbourg), 4, 40, 96–100, 164, 264 n. 46 Strauss, Gerald, 83–85, 264 n. 46 Stryk, Samuel, 124 tablature, organ, 136–37 tardiness for services. See attendance Te deum laudamus, 65–67, 162 Telemann, Georg Philipp, 146 Temperley, Nicholas, 170–71 tempo of hymn singing, 72, 83, 167–72 Ten Commandments, hymn on the, 64, 67 thanksgiving collect, 8 theology of church music according to Bucer, 99–100 in the eighteenth century, 122–23, 127, 129 and Lobwasser’s psalms, 156–60 according to Luther, 17–22 summary, 175–76 according to the Swiss reformers, 108–10, 196–98 Thuring, Balthasar, 11 Torgau, 107, 112 translations of Latin chants, Lutheran views of, 6, 248 n. 7 Türk, Daniel Gottlob, 142–44, 147, 149–51, 161, 169 Ulm congregational singing, 117, 165 frequency of communion, 26 hymnal use, 104–5 population, 40 street singing at Christmas, 256 n. 43 Vehe, Michael, 33 Verden, 148 Vespers, 37–38, 62–65. See also hours, liturgy of the vestments, 4, 97, 110–11 visitation instructions and edicts. See church orders visitation reports Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 50, 76–77, 113 Calenberg-Göttingen, 76–77 Grubenhagen, 81 Guttenberg, 78–79 Henneberg, 79–81 Hesse, 81–82, 163, 253 n. 7 Saxony (Electorate), 49, 70–76, 153, 262 n. 5 Saxony (entire), 81 visitations, ecclesiastical, 69–86 Vockerodt, Gottfried, 120 353 index
Voigt, Johann Carl, 147–48, 163, 169 votum, 59 Wagner, Conrad Ludwig, 124 Waldeck, 160 Walter, Johann, 7, 14, 100–2 Weber, Georg, 45 weekday services, 38, 49, 66 Weimar, 163 Weinrich, H., 103 Werckmeister, Andreas, 120, 146, 148, 162 Werner, Arno, 143, 154, 163, 273 n. 6 Wernigerode, 168 Wilhelm IV, Count of Henneberg, 79 Winger, Thomas, 18–19 Wissemann-Garbe, Daniela, 87, 102, 167, 179 Wittenberg, 3–16, 91, 100–3, 160, 195–96 Wolff, Christian, 127 women and girls, 76–77, 82, 99, 113, 163–64 words of institution (of the Lord’s Supper). See consecration worship wars, v–vi, 67, 107–29, 156–61, 175–77 youth, concern in hymnal prefaces for, 7, 94, 100, 103–4, 268 n. 96 Zeitz, 256 n. 43 Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig von, 127, 260 n. 19 Zobel, Enoch, 202 Zwickau, 249 n. 34 Zwingli, Ulrich, 96, 107–9 index 354