virtually with friends, colleagues and family far away was once a great luxury and privilege, but now it is fast becoming an oppressive necessity. Every time we are called back to the screen for yet another Zoom session, the space we enter begins to feel like solitary confinement. We experience an expansion of social connection, yet, behind the screen, we remain (and ever more glaringly in this pandemic) isolated and alone. It’s better than nothing, we keep telling ourselves, trying to keep our mounting distress under control and feeling indeed overburdened and exhausted. What is there to do with such a glaring and unbearable paradox? It is truly amazing how Forster’s description of life inside the Machine foretells our digital life today, even its ability to soften the rough edges of loneliness and melancholy, flooding us with its electric blue light. For a moment Vashti felt lonely. Then she generated the light, and the sight of her room, flooded with radiance and studded with electric buttons, revived her. There were buttons and switches everywhere – buttons to call for food, for music, for clothing. There was the hot-bath button, by pressure of which a basin of (imitation) marble rose out of the floor, filled to the brim with a warm deodorized liquid. There was the cold-bath button. There was the button that produced literature. And there were of course the buttons by which she communicated with her friends. (p. 6) In the virtual world, every desire is within immediate reach; instantaneous wish fulfillment becomes the primary mode of digital action and control. But in this way, we are facing the quickly approaching dystopic future of an “Amazoned” world, filled with smart speakers awaiting our every command, and made possible by a workforce of robots, drones, and low-wage workers monitored by digital surveillance. What the pandemic is making painfully clear is how Machiavellian our economic infrastructure has become, unceasingly stimulating us by offering to deliver to our front porches with warp speed all our wishes and fancies. “Though it contained nothing,” writes Forster of Vashti’s room, “it was in touch with all that she cared for in the world” (p. 6). The digital offers us a world that although virtually plenty, is materially depleted. This is what Flusser is alluding to when he says, as we remember, that the digital renders the one-dimensional world of writing to the digital’s own zero dimensionality; though capable of fulfilling all our desires, the virtual world is wholly devoid of dimension. Charlie Brooker imagines that zero dimensionality of the digital in another Black Mirror episode, “White Christmas.” He describes a future world where it becomes possible to digitally clone an individual’s consciousness, reducing it to “a cookie” which is 282 Postscript
simply placed in a virtual limbo. When time bottoms out and space is voided, the zero dimensionality of the digital becomes a petri dish of sadistic manipulation. The virtual clone becomes a slave living in a kind of eternal hellscape where nothing ever happens, and where her sole function is to attend to the menial tasks of life demanded by her original. Yet at the same time that the digital seems to be literally emptying reality of all dimension, something else seems to be taking shape. Universal connectedness becomes a new reality that is not only empowering the individual but also forging a collective mind. This has become poignantly clear in the events surrounding the brutal death of George Floyd in 2020 at the hands of a police officer, which, captured by the smartphone of a 17-year-old high school junior, went viral and set off a firestorm of protest and rage. Digital virtuality has powerfully contributed to a sudden and universal response – unheard of in human history – uncovering the pervasive problem of police brutality in America and racial injustice all over the world. The digital has also made the experience and the struggle against the pandemic a global matter, where we have reacted together, as one single, albeit fractured, world community. Everyone around the planet is made privy to the same information (and misinformation); we simultaneously learn the daily count of infections and deaths in every country; we witness together the virus’s ravaging of everyday communal life and its spread across the surface of the globe, and we suffer as well the various attempts to contain it. The interconnected globe has become, after all, already an extension of our minds, “a virtual world,” as Pierre Lévy (1997) wrote just before the turn of the century, “which is at the same time a society of animated signs, a shared organ of perception, cooperative memory, and space for communication and navigation” (p. 112). He pointed this out when the digital world was still in diapers, and he added that we may “have the opportunity to collectively think through our future and alter its course” (p. xxiv): Faced with the choice of turning back or moving forward […] humanity has a chance to reclaim its future, not by placing its destiny in the hands of some so-called intelligent mechanism, but by systematically producing the tools that will enable it to shape itself into intelligent communities capable of negotiating the stormy seas of change…. even if we manage to achieve a condition of personal immobility, the landscape will continue to flow and tumble around us, infiltrate us, transform us from within. We are no longer in historical time, with its references to writing, the city, the past, but within a moving and paradoxical space that comes to Postscript 283
us from the future. … Time is not now anymore a succession of events … Time now is errant, oblique, plural, indeterminate, like that which precedes all origins. (p. xxv) Lévy’s description astoundingly corresponds to the transformation of time during the pandemic. Days run into nights, as weeks and months seem to pass without the rhythm and structure of familiar experience that once anchored life to predictable routines. The temporality marked by the virtual world has nearly overtaken the internal human sense of time, transmuting it into something errant, plural, and indeterminate, impossible to keep track of. Something is coming at us fiercely, propelling us into the future, and we are struggling to hold on. Forster’s story offers a more dystopic vision of this future. In the last remaining book in Vashti’s world, she has the means to eradicate unpredictability: By her side, on the little reading-desk, was a survival from the ages of litter – one book. This was the Book of the Machine. In it were instructions against every possible contingency. If she was hot or cold or dyspeptic or at a loss for a word, she went to the book, and it told her which button to press. The Central Committee published it. In accordance with a growing habit, it was richly bound. (p. 8) In our pandemic times, where we have only limited access to experts to help us deal with the small material breakdowns of everyday life, we increasingly depend on the infinity of the Youtube archive for instruction. Analogous to rule 34: “if you can imagine it, there’s porn of it,” we might add a rule 35: “if you run into a problem with any of the many objects that surround you, there is a video for it.” If Lévy is correct, and there truly is a collective mind emerging, a shared organ of perception, we can almost sense its haunting manifestations as Youtube mesmerizes us into thinking and feeling, over and over again, that perhaps there is really nothing unique about us or any particularity in our life, that individuality may in fact be an illusion. Someone else, somewhere else, has run into the very same problem, and goes to the same source that prescribes the very same actions to all. Just as Vashti’s book, Youtube tells us precisely what button to press. “The Machine” makes up for the losses of our confinement and the imposition of social distancing, actualizing our desire with every possible material satisfaction and the luxury and comfort possible in our technological age. We no longer need a singular book, a set of books, or even a whole library, for today the Internet is our shield against contingency. And if, as we have been claiming, contingency underwrites 284 Postscript
the human virtual, then the attempt to digitize the physical world, and thus make everything controllable, is tantamount to its repression. For Stiegler, moreover, because of our increasing dependence on the Machine, there is nowadays, in advanced contemporary capitalism, a growing numbing or “proletarization” of the individual. The digital network has become a black box that hides from all but the specialists what goes on inside it, or how its algorithms work. The common man is clueless about how things that happen happen. He slowly sinks into stupidity. We have witnessed in the advent of the digital a sort of Copernican Revolution, like the one Kant claimed he had effected with his philosophy. Kant had said that we could not possibly hope to have certain knowledge of the world if the subject had to conform to the object, for there was always uncertainty in our encounter with things when it was on their own terms, with the many opacities inherent to matter that makes certain knowledge impossible. But if we conceived of knowledge not as the result of our minds conforming to the world, but rather of the world, of things, conforming to our minds, then just an introspective look would suffice for us to discover the mental structures that render knowledge certain.1 Forster seems to be echoing Kant when Vashti claims that the civilization before her had “mistaken the functions of the system, and had used it for bringing people to things, instead of for bringing things to people” (p. 9). We can now see that the Internet of Things indeed brings the whole world to us so that we don’t need anymore to reach out to it. This is of course something invaluable for us now, as we can find refuge from the viral infection in the safe areas of a virtualized world. But in so effortlessly replacing reality with its nearly perfect simulation – the experience of cycling through the French countryside, for instance, with the Peloton bike that brings that experience into our living room – we may be seduced by the comfort and clarity of the VR screen so that we begin to value better the constructed world rather than the natural, and eventually not even notice the difference. So satisfied are we with its virtual replacement that we could, as Vashti did, start to wonder about “those funny old days, when men went for change of air instead of changing the air in their rooms!” (p. 9): Few travelled in these days, for, thanks to the advance of science, the earth was exactly alike all over. Rapid intercourse, from which the previous civilization had hoped so much, had ended by defeating itself. What was the good of going to Peking when it was just like Shrewsbury? Why return to Shrewsbury when it would all be like Peking? Men seldom moved their bodies; all unrest was concentrated in the soul. (p. 11) Postscript 285
The Tragedy of the Virtual in a Pandemic Age is summed up very well at the end of the story by Kuno’s admonitory words: Cannot you see […] that it is we that are dying, and that down here the only thing that really lives is the Machine? We created the Machine to do our will, but we cannot make it do our will now. It has robbed us of the sense of space and of the sense of touch, it has blurred every human relation and narrowed down love to a carnal act, it has paralysed our bodies and our wills, and now it compels us to worship it. The Machine develops – but not on our lines. The Machine proceeds – but not to our goal. We only exist as the blood corpuscles that course through its arteries, and if it could work without us, it would let us die. (p. 26) Oliver Sacks (2019), at the end of his life, also saw this story as a prophetic fable for our own world, in which our digital devices have made us lose an important part of who we are and how we behave with one another. As he lamented, “This is how I feel increasingly often about our bewitched, besotted society, too.” The great loss in Kant’s Copernican turn was that the world as it is in itself becomes unreachable outside the structures imposed on it by the mind. The Romantics argued that what had been sacrificed for the sake of certainty was what was most important to human being, which happens to always lie beyond the confines of intellectual or representational understanding. Are we too, in bringing the world closer to us by digitization, not also losing what is most valuable in human life? In so rapidly replacing a world that required a body to enter it with the disembodied world of the screen, aren’t we in danger of disregarding the imponderable aspects of physical existence that are irreducible to any representation? Or are we not also gaining something that we may be yet unable to discern in the rarified experience of the virtual screen? Note 1 Of course we are over-simplifying here. That introspective look is a complex rational task of what Kant calls “a transcendental deduction”, where we uncover the necessary conditions for the possibility of our knowledge of things. References Forster, E.M. (2009) Kindle Edition, Copyright © 2009 by IAP. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Lévy, P. (1997) Collective Intelligence. Mankind’s Emerging World in Cyberspace. Cambridge, USA: Perseus Books. Sacks, O. (2019) The Machine Stops. The New Yorker, Feb 11, 2019. 286 Postscript
Index absence 10, 28, 32, 48, 81, 93, 130, 137, 149, 157, 183–84, 195, 246, 248, 251–2, 256–8, 269, 277; absent body 182 abstraction 29, 30, 33, 44, 46–7, 206 acting out (psychoanalysis): 173, 260, 261–3 actuality of time 28–9 actualization, actualized: 8–9; event 6, 33; fact 3; life 2; realities 36; virtuality 10; world 5 aesthetic: 25, 33, 63, 74, 130, 227, 247, 258; expression 42; space of perception 48 Agamben, G. 203, 209, 232, 242 Aleisa, N. 73–4 Alexa (artificial intelligence) 66, 180, 185, 188 Alphabet 24, 48; alphabetical: reasoning 38; writing 23 alternative facts 51, 218 Amazon 17, 185, 197, 253, 282 amputation 24, 68, 274 analog 31–7, 46–7, 78, 80; analogic: object 33; image 36–7, 47; analogical: counterpart 78; spatio–temporality 78; experience 209; structuring 134; world 79 animal 21–3, 31, 41–3, 83, 183, 203, 210, 236–7, 241, 252; symbolic animal 31 anthropocentrism, anthropocentric 238–9, 242 anti-technologist 88, 247, see also pro-technologist anxiety 87, 113, 159, 175, 250, 255, 271 Aphrodite 15, 203 arboreous 98, 205 Aristotle 4, 71 Arsic, B. 167 associative thought 24, 105, 211, 214; free–associative 266 atemporality 213 aura 33–4, 36, 66, 125, 148, 154, 207–11, 213, 272, 274, 281; digital 271 Baldwin, J. 100, 212 Banville, J. 167, 257 Baricco, A. 217 Barthes, R. 27–9, 76 Baudrillard, J. 75–7 Bazin, A. 29–31, 41 Bearn, G. 268 Beckett, S. 206 becoming 10, 23, 29, 86, 91–2, 94, 97, 109, 204–5 Beebe, B. 182 Bennett, J. 95 Benjamin, J. 181, 187–8, 193 Benjamin, W. 9, 16–17, 25, 27, 33–4, 43, 46, 66, 106, 148, 154, 181, 204, 206–12, 214, 217, 274 Bersani, L. 123, 133 Bion, W. 81, 114, 128, 134, 140, 172 bionic sexuality 134 biotechnology 241 Black Mirror (series) 56, 64, 74, 100, 136, 192, 223, 228, 233; Be Right Back 64, 69, 178, 233; The Entire History of You 74, 136; San Junipero 56–8, 223–4, 226; Striking Vipers 228; USS Callister 192–3, 254, 263; White Christmas, 282 Blossom, D. 99 Bluemink, M. 97 body 6, 13, 22, 25, 27–8, 31, 34, 42–5,
47, 56–7, 64, 67–8, 73, 81, 96, 111, 115, 124–5, 135–6, 147, 150, 160–1, 169, 175, 177, 180–4, 189, 194, 201, 208, 212, 223–9, 233, 246–7, 269–270, 275; bodily: copresence 182, 184, 280; encounter with other 24, 66, 176, 182, 184; experience 84, 207, 208, 225, 233; imagination 31, 44; interaction, 24, 281; memory 102; phenomenon 27 Bolsonaro, J. 219 Bosco, R.L. 134 Bostrom, N. 237, 239, 242 bourgeois 25, 207–9, 231 Braidotti, R. 237, 241 Brahnam, S. 34 Bridle, J. 50, 224 Brooker, C. 56, 58, 224, 282 Brooks, D. 271 Bromberg, P. 168–9 Buck-Morss, S. 206–7, 214 Burnham, B. 190 Cambridge Analytica 219 capitalism 242, 279, 285 Carr, N. 70, 217, 228–9 Cavell, S. 97 centaur 201, 240, 243, 254–5; ontological 240, 243, 254–5 chat, chatting 1, 7, 131, 225–6, 259–60 Chatroulette 225–6 Clarke, D. 14, 52, 63–4, 68, 71, 91, 93–5, 214 collective 2, 31, 44, 47–8, 54–6, 66, 72, 78, 113–14, 116, 118, 159–60, 162, 165, 167–8, 182, 195, 204–5, 214, 219, 231, 234, 248–9, 253, 257–9, 265, 272; consciousness 47, 253; exteriority 113; imagination 31, 195; life 2, 66, 72, 78, 258–9; losses, 257; psyche 116; recognition 118; virtuality 165 communication 2, 3, 4, 8, 15–16, 23–5, 38, 51, 53–4, 76, 128, 151, 159, 186, 208–9, 219, 231, 259 computer 11, 32, 36, 52, 69, 75, 80, 87, 104, 111, 119, 192, 250 concepts 5, 8, 9, 15–16, 23, 25–7, 36, 44–5, 58, 77–8, 96, 118, 180, 183, 207, 210, 213, 220, 225, 232 consciousness 1, 7, 17, 21–2, 26–7, 30–1, 38, 41, 43–4, 47–8, 69, 72, 85, 94–5, 97–8, 103, 106, 113, 121, 151, 168, 175, 177, 180–1, 185, 188, 193, 205–7, 219–20, 223, 229, 235–7, 242–3, 253, 268; collective 47, 205, 253, 279; cultural 44; cybernetic 180; false 188; human 17, 22, 26, 38, 41, 43, 85, 94, 106, 219; personal 31; scribal 22 consumerism 14, 126, 241 contingency 2, 11, 15, 25, 28–9, 67, 137, 163, 178, 181, 251, 276, 277, 284 Copernicus, Copernican 236, 285–6 copy 10, 32–3, 36, 52, 58, 63–5, 68, 70, 75, 79, 88, 92–3, 96, 99, 101, 201, 214, 230, 247 Cortázar, J. 206 COVID-19 279 creativity 45, 74, 82, 115, 124, 143, 155, 174, 178, 191, 210, 215, 238, 250 crisis 61, 76, 177, 216, 220, 240–1 cryogenics 241 culture 1–3, 12, 15, 17, 23–4, 26, 31, 34, 44–5, 48, 51, 53–4, 62, 72, 75, 77, 82, 86, 106, 119, 128, 134, 140, 151, 161, 176, 203–4, 207–8, 210, 217–18, 230–1, 235–6, 242, 250, 253–4, 265, 272 cybernetic/cybernetics 15, 180; cyber–bullying 264; cyberdynamics 118; cyber-realization of desire 136; cyber-register 78; cyberspace 3, 49, 106, 135, 182, 183, 187, 249, 266 Danaher, J. 134 data 33, 35–6, 73, 224, 271, 281 datacentrism 223 dataism (Harari) 223, 241 Dawkins, R. 23 day residues (Freud) 193, see also Tagesreste Debord, G. 51 Deleuze, G. 9, 30–1, 37, 91–5, 97–8, 100–1, 106, 109, 178, 204–7, 212–16, 223, 232, 234–5, 243, 277 depression 188, 271 Descartes, R. 76, 98, 236 desire 2, 5, 7, 52–3, 57, 64, 67, 70, 72, 76, 82–3, 85–6, 92, 95, 109, 115, 121, 123,126, 128–131, 133–7, 288 Index
145–51, 153, 159–161, 163, 167, 174, 176–182, 184, 189–190, 209, 217, 220, 227–8, 231, 234, 240, 254–5, 257, 260–2, 265–6, 270, 272, 275, 276, 282; actualization of 260; detector 272; hyperrealization of 133; liberating 133; primitive 134; unconscious 276; unsatisfiable 83; voyeuristic 86 Dewey, J. 76 dialectic, dialectical 13, 26, 84, 111, 123, 161, 176; process in narcissism 84 digital: addiction 81–4, 145, 275; afterlife 56–7; age 7, 11, 13, 70, 76, 83–4, 101, 106, 112, 115–16, 118, 126, 129, 132, 141, 190, 233, 243, 255, 261; avatar 65, 94, 134, 145, 177, 265; capture 32–3, 36, 55, 86; devices 1, 7, 131, 168, 280; digitization 33–5, 37, 46, 68, 175, 217, 249, 273–4; disavowal (Freud) 168, 173; discretization 37; engagement 7; eros 174, 178; flow 7; image 22, 26, 32–3, 35–7, 41, 46–7, 53, 117, 195, 209, 215, 227, 230, 233, 274; life 9, 11, 15, 55, 62, 69, 87, 106, 109, 115, 117–18, 122, 130, 153, 164–5, 174, 187, 191, 227, 246, 248, 250, 253, 257–8, 266, 273–5; mind 116; modulation 4, 6, 21, 34, 103, 201; narcissism 86, 118, 121–2, 256; digital now 2, 148, 187; openness 118; Panopticon 116; photograph 37, 145; representation 52, 130, 133, 229; revolution 16, 17, 71, 75, 77, 114, 119, 140, 207, 215, 217, 251, 254; sensibility 2; technology 2–3, 5, 13, 26, 34–5, 58, 68, 92, 140, 180, 184, 224, 237–9, 242, 254–5, 271; unconscious 122; virtual 5–6, 51, 78, 95, 104, 111, 125, 130, 132, 193, 196, 210, 215–16, 218, 247, 250, 255, 261–2, 280; virtuality 51, 61, 75, 103, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114–16, 123, 129, 142–3, 149, 153, 161, 168, 193, 247–8, 250, 253, 255–6, 263, 265–6, 274, 283; voyeurism 176; world, 3, 8, 12, 58, 103, 135, 150, 159, 182, 183, 207, 213, 247, 248, 250, 283; youth 258 dimension/dimensional 4–5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 25, 29, 37, 44, 49, 53, 54, 56, 61–2, 64, 71, 75, 81, 84, 88, 92, 95, 98–9, 102, 104, 111–12, 116, 121, 125–6, 129, 132, 134–6, 140–1, 144, 149, 151, 157, 159, 163–4, 172, 183, 208, 217, 226, 228, 235, 248–9, 253, 255, 257, 260–1, 265, 270, 272, 275, 277; four-dimensional 41; multidimensional 3, 227; onedimensional 44, 47, 119, 196, 210, 212, 216, 217; two-dimensional 26, 42–4, 280; three-dimensional 41, 43, 73, 134, 268; zerodimensionality 47, 95, 217, 227 disavowal 67–8, 83, 88, 126, 155, 168–70, 172–4, 181, 208, 241, 251, 255, 262 discontinuity/discontinuous 30–1, 33, 36 dissociation 7, 81, 168, 169, 170, 171, 229, 259, 269; adaptive and defensive 168; as pathological 7 Doel, M. 14, 52, 63–4, 68, 71, 73, 91, 93–5, 214 dream 5–6, 28, 31, 57, 93, 98, 112, 114, 125, 132–3, 143–5, 147–9, 155, 160, 188, 193–4, 197, 209, 227, 232–3, 248, 252–4, 260–3, 265–71; dream onward (Jung) 261, 266; dreaming I/self 132, 268, 269; dreaming life 112, 147, 268 dualism 76, 91–2, 111, 124, 162, 224; cartesian 224; foundational dualism of psychology 124 dysphoria 258 dystopia 64, 262, 280 eco-engineering 216 ecology, ecological 101, 106, 216 Edinger, E. 276 ego 82, 128, 130, 133, 137, 149–50, 155, 168–70, 179, 181, 188, 195–6, 253, 268, 272 Eigen, M. 187 Einstein, A. 82, 216 Eliot, T.S. 91 embodied encounter 183; experience 30; life 13; presence 182, 256; self 6, 181, 225, 229 Emerson, R.W. 220 empathy 69, 264, 272 enantiodromia 62, 70, 235 Index 289
Endymion 230, 232; endymionic syndrome 230, 275 Enlightenment 211 ephemerality 15, 86, 97, 247, 251 erasure 136, 170, 172 Eros 7, 57, 131–4, 136–7, 153, 174, 176, 178–9, 181; erotic 7, 56, 128, 130–6, 153, 156, 161, 163–4, 176, 178–9, 181–2, 192, 228, 262, 265–6; eroticized omnipotence of the self 131; sphere 130 ethics 17, 79, 193, 195, 240–1 Everett, A. 38 exhibitionism 119, 234 externality 142–3, 158, 161–2, 177, 186, 253 Facebook 54, 86, 103–4, 117–18, 149, 157, 189, 219, 233, 253, 255, 262 FaceTime 35, 114, 182 fantasy 5–6, 52, 55, 57–8, 62, 67, 80, 87, 92, 104, 109, 112, 115, 122, 124–6, 128–131, 133, 135–7, 140–3, 146–8, 158, 179–80, 186–7, 193–5, 219, 224–5, 237–8, 252–3, 255, 260–3, 265–6, 268, 276 Ferro, A. 128 Fetishism/fetishistic 55, 80, 88, 155, 157 film 8, 26, 28–9, 30–2, 36, 44, 48–9, 78, 127, 133, 135, 175, 180, 187, 215, 228, 242, 264, 268, 270; classical 30, 78; neo-realistic 30–1 finitude 82, 248 fixation, fixed 7, 9–10, 24, 33, 41, 61, 78, 84, 88, 103–5, 109, 141, 154, 157, 188, 206, 213–14, 218, 233, 241, 276 Floridi, L. 247, 266 Flusser, V. 23–4, 27, 33, 36, 41, 43–7, 49, 216, 282 Forster, E.M. 280–2, 285 Foucault, M. 76, 238, 270 Frankel, R. 66, 129, 210 Frazer, J. 211 freeze–frame baroque (Sontag) 206 Freud, S. 7, 81, 114, 120–1, 123–4, 126–7, 130, 133–4, 140, 145–6, 150, 168–9, 176–8, 181, 188, 193–4, 236, 249, 255, 266, 269, 272 friending, unfriending 170 genetics 15, 241 Gertz, N. 257 ghosting 8, 170, 262 Gide, A. 160 Giegerich, W. 78, 114 glitch 29 global village (McLuhan) 204, 256 Google 1, 50, 104–5, 117, 253 grammar 48, 132, 225, 254 Guattari, F. 71, 95, 99, 205–6, 223, 234–5 Han, Byung Chul 148, 179, 188 Harari, Y. 23, 223 Haraway, D. 241 Havelock, E. 24, 45 Hayles, K. 224–5 Heidegger, M. 66, 122, 136, 149, 231, 236, 239, 273, 277 Heraclitus 48, 92, 205 Hermes, hermetic 2, 10, 15, 17, 130, 194, 196 hierarchy 206, 236 Hillman, J. 93, 98, 112, 120–1, 129 human: consciousness 17, 22, 26, 38, 41, 43, 85, 94, 106, 219; existence 10, 63, 180, 201, 208, 220, 224, 243, 271, 276; homo sapiens 21, 31, 237; homo videns 31; rights 236; psyche 7, 204, 270 humanism 223, 236, 241–2, see also posthumanism, see also transhumanism Hume, D. 76, 234 Huxley, A. 179 hybrid 45, 49, 52, 106, 218, 241, 275, 276 hybris 12, 231, 270 hyperrealism 247; hyper-presence 49; hyperreal/hyperreality 52, 76–86, 132–3, 136, 144–5, 154, 190, 252; hyperrealization 79, 133; hypertexts 22 ideology/ideological 15, 49, 223 illusion 9, 11, 15, 25, 28, 64, 83, 87, 94, 123–9, 141–3, 146, 148, 155, 158, 161, 181, 188–9, 209, 231, 233–5, 248, 251, 253, 267 imagination 5, 6, 26–7, 31, 38, 43–6, 49, 58, 63, 67, 73, 92–3, 98, 111–13, 115, 121, 125, 127–9, 132–3, 135–6, 140, 142, 146–8, 168, 176, 180–1, 195, 204, 219, 228, 231, 234, 238, 254–5, 261–2, 290 Index
265–6, 270, 274, 276, 280; active (Jung) 261; bodily 31, 44; collective 31, 195; erotic 132, 133, 135; human 26; sexual 136, 176, 181 immediacy 2, 22–3, 25, 44, 72, 76–8, 80, 82, 113, 128, 144, 163, 178, 184, 187, 219, 259, 260, 266, 269; absolute 78; emerging 82 impoverishment 25, 33, 65, 179, 204, 207–8, 210, 269 incorporation (Hayles) 224 indexicality, indexical 28, 97; character 36 , connection 36–7 individualistic subjectivity 113–14 infant 64, 120, 130, 142–3, 145–51, 153–5, 158–9, 172, 182–3, 185–7, 190, 267 information 1, 15–16, 22, 24–6, 32–6, 45–7, 65, 73–4, 76, 85, 99, 116, 130–1, 183, 208–9, 217–9, 224, 233, 238, 257, 264 inscription (Hayles) 224 Instagram 2, 53, 80, 86, 103, 117–18, 135, 157, 159, 185, 189, 235, 255 interaction 1, 2, 24–5, 38, 45, 54, 66–7, 77, 80, 93, 99, 102–4, 111, 133, 170, 174–5, 182, 192, 195, 219, 225, 231, 235, 259–60, 271; social 77, 104, 231; verbal 25, 102; virtual 133, 175, 192 Internet 6–7, 14, 24, 38, 55, 73, 75, 81, 84–5, 100, 116, 130–4, 173, 176, 182, 188, 190, 223, 226, 235, 247, 263, 280, 284–5 intersubjective life 123, 182, 259 intuition 31, 55, 112, 204, 248 Jaar, N. 96–8 James, W. 76 Jodorowski, A. 242 Jonze, S. 180 Joyce, J. 206 Jung, C.G./Jungian 116, 168, 173, 178, 249, 261, 265, 266, 269, 272, 276 Kalsched, D. 124 Kant, I. 63, 285 Khan, M. 263 Klein, M. 140 Knafo, D. 134 knowledge 3, 8–9, 22, 62, 73, 75–6, 82, 94, 97–8, 205, 208, 211, 225, 228, 239, 241, 267, 274; arboreous 98; coherentist 76; Descartes’ tree of 98; intellectual 94; positive 62; preknowledge 267; scientific 9; self–knowledge 55 Koch, C. 237 Kohut, H. 119, 188–9 Krebs, V.J 15 Kriegman, D. 120 Kurzweil, R. 238 Kūki Ningyō (Koreeda’s film) 135 Lacan, J. 64, 76, 132, 140, 150 Lachmann, F. 182 language 2, 4, 9, 12–13, 16, 19, 23–6, 29, 38, 42, 44, 47, 74, 97, 119, 132, 195, 206, 208–9, 220, 231–2, 242–3, 247, 254; bourgeois 25, 231; cinematographic 29; as first technology 23; mediation of 42; as mode of expression 25, 42; non–representational dimension of 270; oral 23, 25, 44; ordinary 206, 208; representational 209; as tool 25; written 25 Laplanche, J. 62 Lars and the Real Girl (Guillespie’s film) 135 Lemma, A. 182 Lévy, P. 73, 135, 272, 283–4 Li, O. 113 Lifton, R. 252 libido 85, 131, 133, 178, 262 life drawing (Bearn) 268 liking 170, 190 linear/linearity 8, 24, 26–7, 30–1, 44, 47, 79, 98, 105, 206, 211, 215, 217, 247; logic 24; one–dimensionality 44; text 26; writing 30, 47 living matter 34, 233 Living with Yourself (Netflix Series) 225 Livingstone, A. 121 Locke, J. 76 logic 13–14, 24, 27, 31, 37, 48, 50, 77, 82, 97–8, 160, 174, 204–8, 211, 214–16, 218, 229, 247; structures of writing 31; transparency (Baudrillard) 229; of the visual 27 López–Pedraza, R. 129, 230 loss 26, 15–16, 22, 24, 28, 33–5, 46, 64–8, 78, 81–3, 87, 106, 112, 114, 116, 122, 128, 130–1, 137, 144–5, Index 291
148–9, 151, 154–8, 161, 180, 204, 207, 210, 217, 220, 246–8, 250–2, 257, 265–6, 268–9, 274–6; communal 248; existential 248; of reality 246; relational 248 love doll 134–5 Lynch, P. 73 machine, 66, 130–1, 238–9, 272, 280–1, 284–6 macroperceptions 94, 98 Manovich, L. 35–6 mass-production 208 Massumi, B. 4, 9–10, 93, 95, 141, 147, 265 Matrix 32 Maureen, N. 167 Mazis, G. 227 McArthur, N. 134 McBurney, S. 43, 83 McEwan, I. 84–5 McLane, M. 167 McLuhan, M. 2, 24–5, 204, 206, 274 meaning 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 22–3, 27, 54, 61, 72–3, 76–7, 79–82, 98–9, 100, 106, 117, 141, 143, 150, 161, 163, 177, 210, 218, 229, 232, 237, 239, 242, 256, 261, 266, 276 mechanical 27, 33–4, 45–6, 148, 151, 153, 201, 207, 209, 217, 225, 227, 240, 249, 274; reproduction 33–4, 208–9, 217, 274 media 2–4, 6, 9, 14, 19, 23–4, 26, 32, 37, 51, 58, 61, 64, 74, 76, 82, 104, 111, 116, 126, 132, 175, 189–191, 204, 206–7, 215, 218–9, 219–220, 246–7, 255, 262, 264–5, 272–3 mediation 1, 42, 68, 111, 175, 250; of language 42; mediating 143, 151, 155, 158, 161, 163–4; mediating presence 1; of technological devices 68, 175, 250 memory 1, 6, 14, 22–4, 26, 30, 50, 54, 67–9, 72, 74, 86–7, 97, 102, 136, 148, 170, 212, 224–5, 233, 260, 276; bodily 102; historical 69; proxy 86; representational 24, 225; sexual 136; structures of 30 Merleau-Ponty, M. 42, 226, 230, 232 messianic 240 metaphysics 7, 9, 94, 106, 115, 204–5, 213, 215, 231; of presence (Heidegger) 9, 94, 204, 213, 231 microperceptions 94–6, 98, 229 millennials 84 Milner, M. 191 mimetic faculty (Benjamin) 43, 66, 106, 210, 214–15 mirror/mirroring 64, 76, 100, 119, 121, 187–191, 195, 233, 247, 252 Mitchell, J.TW. 32, 50, 54, 124 modulation (Deleuzian) 101 Morss, B. 206–7, 214 mortal/mortality 3, 15–16, 87–8, 116, 169, 201, 203–4, 210, 224, 241, 247, 276 Mulvey, L. 36 Murphie, A. 44, 95, 101–4, 106, 207, 227, 228 muting 104, 170 Nancy, J–L. 176–8, 216, 227, 249, 267 narcissism 84–6, 115, 118–22, 125–6, 137, 181–2, 187–8, 191, 231, 236–7, 253, 256–7; digital narcissism 85, 118, 121, 256, 262; narcissistic 14, 84–6, 118–22, 130–1, 186, 188–9, 191, 195, 235, 253, 256, 262; primary narcissism (Freud) 120 Narcissus 120–1, 188 nature 2, 3, 11, 15–17, 21–2, 28, 42–3, 53, 61–2, 64, 66–7, 71–2, 77, 82, 99, 106, 109, 118, 121, 127, 134, 146–7, 153, 156, 162, 169–170, 172, 174, 177, 179, 193, 201, 203, 207–9, 213, 218, 231, 236–241, 243, 254–5, 258, 263, 271, 275, 277, 279 need for recognition 189–190 negative capability 113 Nietzsche, F. 21, 26, 53, 97, 220 non-representational 145, 201, 270 Nusselder, A. 10–11 Nyíri, K. 206 O’Gorman, M. 85, 272 objectile (Deleuze) 97–8 objectivity 3, 50, 66, 79, 219; object: relating (Winnicot) 186–7, 191; usage (Winnicott) 186, 189, 191–2; objectification 264; objectified world 213 Oculus Rift 227 Ogden, T. 62, 112 on-life (Floridi) 247, 266 292 Index
ontology 8–10, 92, 94, 101, 109, 124, 177, 214, 216, 227, 232; of change 92, 232; of the virtual 10 , ontological 8, 11, 32–3, 63–4, 88, 102, 122, 124, 127, 144, 176, 201, 240, 243, 254–5, 265, 271; centaur 240, 243, 254–5 orality 9, 12, 23, 204, 228 , oral: 4, 8, 22–5, 31, 44–5, 84, 99, 102, 105, 206–7, 247; culture 24, 31; medium 22; tradition 4, 24 Ortega y Gasset, J. 17, 53, 201, 204, 242–3, 276 other: digital 187; real 67, 131, 135–7, 146, 179, 181–2, 185, 187–8, 192, 195, 265–6 otherness 10, 85, 109, 116, 142, 144, 149, 151, 156, 168, 172–4, 178, 187, 196, 225, 243, 269 pandemic 279, 280, 282–5 paradox 4, 6, 10, 14–5, 28, 49, 82, 87, 116, 118, 120, 129, 131, 136, 142, 150, 152, 161–2, 164, 170, 172, 175–6, 184, 191, 197, 201, 233, 236, 239, 241–3, 248, 254–5, 258, 261, 267–8, 274–5, 277, 282 paranoid 70, 247, 258 Parmenides 92, 205 Peirce, C. S. 28 perception 8, 9, 10, 24, 27, 30–1, 34, 45, 48–9, 52, 54, 66, 67, 73, 75, 95, 96–8, 100, 102, 104, 148, 169, 183, 209, 210–12, 214, 215, 217, 219, 234, 270, 272, 276, 277 perceptual: experience 96; field 183 pharmacological 14–15, 22, 61, 106, 127, 129, 153, 155–6, 162, 184, 193, 197, 201, 210, 239, 253, 279; method 14; nature 22, 61, 106, 153, 193, 239 pharmakon 12, 14, 28, 62, 77, 82, 154, 156, 158, 191–2, 261, 277 Phillips, A. 133, 150, 254–5 photography 8, 26–8, 31, 35, 41, 45, 48, 50, 175, 235 , photographic 21, 26, 28–9, 32, 35–7, 45–8, 102, 205; camera 26, 205; image 29, 35, 37, 47, 48 , photoshopping 274 phubbing 8, 171 pictogram 48 pixels 32, 34–5, 69, 275 platform 56, 72, 119, 164, 219, 233, 260–2, 266 Plato/platonic 14, 22, 25, 69–70, 75, 92–4, 101, 106, 123, 131, 214–5, 219–220, 230–1, 247, 270 pleasure principle 129–130, 145, 178, see also reality principle pornography 7, 14, 81–2, 131, 133–4, 137, 176 pornographic 137, 170; pictures 105, 133 posthumanism/posthuman 12, 106, 135, 241, 236 post-modern 75–6 post-truth 3, 38, 49, 51–3, 218, 220 potentiality, potential 3–5, 10, 29, 48–50, 56, 61, 67, 80–1, 87, 92, 102, 104–5, 114–5, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, 135, 141–2, 144–5, 147, 150–3, 155–7, 160, 162, 164, 171, 173, 176, 193–4, 210, 214, 233, 246, 250, 254–6, 262, 265–8, 274; space (Winnicott) 156, 210, 262, 267–8 pre-digital 1, 4, 5, 71–2, 114, 162, 218, 250 pre-scribal 26, 206 presence 1, 4, 10, 14, 17, 28, 34, 48–9, 64, 66, 70, 73, 77, 80–1, 86, 88, 93–5, 97, 113, 126, 130, 132, 137, 146–8, 172, 174–6, 179, 182–5, 193, 203–5, 211, 213, 226, 231, 252, 256–9, 270 presentism 79, 81 primary process (Freud) 126, 130 privacy/private 2, 25, 54, 56, 58, 74, 86, 102, 111, 113–14, 116–18, 136, 143, 158–60, 162–4, 193, 249, 257–60, 264, 273 projection 55, 130, 187–8, 240, 262, 269 Prometheus, promethean 15, 21, 224, 231, 270 pro-technologist 88, 247, see also anti-technologist Psyche (myth) 178 , psyche 2, 5–6, 13, 26, 84, 94, 109, 112, 114–16, 118, 120, 123–4, 126, 128, 142–4, 147, 154, 160–2, 165, 168, 178, 193–4, 204, 249–251, 253, 263, 265–6, 270–1, 274, 276 psychic virtuality 262, see also digital virtual psychoanalysis: 3, 5, 10, 13, 27, 62, 116, 119–20, 122–4, 140, 172, 182, 225, 231, 236–7, 260 Index 293
psychoanalytic 10, 62, 118, 123, 140, 174, 186 psychology: 8, 84, 112–18, 120, 123, 129, 168, 174, 274; depth 84, 109, 112–18, 120, 123, 168; , psychic 3, 5–6, 12, 26, 53, 55, 62, 65, 81–2, 84, 100, 111–15, 118, 121, 123–4, 126, 128, 130–1, 135, 140, 143–6, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161, 170, 172, 176, 178, 187, 193, 194, 196, 219, 224, 229, 233, 248–9, 251–3, 258, 260–2, 265–6, 269, 270; destructiveness 124; emergence 124; interiority 113; life 5, 113–15, 118, 121, 123, 126, 128, 140, 143–4, 151, 164, 229, 248, 253; psychodynamics 118 , psychological: metaphysics 115; processing of experience 114; tradition 111; psychotherapy 6, 116–18, 157, 170–1, 182; puer psychology 129 public spaces 257, 273 puer 57, 129; aeternus 129; dimensions of digitality 129; puer-senex 129 pulsion (Freud) 177, see Trieb punctum 28–9 Pygmalion/pygmalionic 15, 201, 204–5, 231, 234, 276 reality: downgrade of 94; external 76, 111, 153, 158, 194, 247; principle ( see also pleasure principle ) 134, 150; psychic 5–6, 123, 126, 144, 146, 158, 164, 261, 266; upgrade of 94; virtual 3, 5–6, 10, 12, 14, 21, 48, 56–8, 65, 67, 92, 106, 111, 115, 128, 134, 137, 141, 145, 164, 168, 193, 196–7, 224, 229, 238, 243, 247, 257–8, 261–2, 266–9, 273 re-evolution 242 relationality 126, 187 Renaud, K. 73–4 repetition 152, 213, 215, 217, 225–7, 234–5 replication, replica 3, 10, 31, 33, 37, 42, 53, 65, 109, 225, 261 representation 2, 21, 28–9, 31–3, 37–8, 42, 45–6, 51–2, 58, 63, 65, 67–8, 75, 92–3, 98–9, 101, 109, 130, 133, 145, 163, 201, 206, 208–210, 213–15, 217, 232–5, 242, 250–1, 270, 273 representational 10, 24, 36, 48, 75–6, 99–101, 123, 131, 143–5, 162, 187, 194, 201, 205, 208–9, 211–213, 215, 220, 225, 229, 233, 235, 270, 272–3; barriers 187; impulse 272; knowing 143–4; language 209; memory 24, 225; model 76 repression 106, 133–4, 172, 176, 266 reproduction 24, 26, 32–5, 53, 63, 100, 148, 208–9, 217, 274; digital 209, 217; mechanical 33–4, 148, 208–9, 217, 274 resemblance 43, 93–4, 100, 213 rhizomatic 53, 98–101, 106, 109, 205–7, 213, 215, 247, 250, 277 rhizome (Deleuze) 99, 205 Rilke, R. M. 236, 240 robot, robotic 14, 134–5, 176–7, 179, 264; sex 176 Rosch, E. 235 Rushkoff, D. 69, 79, 81 Russell, J. 14, 82, 151–4, 273 Sacks, O. 125, 286 sadism 194–5, 283 Salomé, L-A. 121 sameness 77, 92–4, 99, 101, 106, 188, 213, 215, 231, 235, 241 Sartori, G. 31 Scharff, J.S 182 scientism 241 Scott, C. 82, 112, 127–8, 160, 268, 273 screen-mediated relations 183, 281 scribality 4, 26, 206, 211, 215, 217 , scribal: consciousness 22; culture 12, 31, 45, 204; model 30; rationalism 29; sequence 44; structures 30 scrolling 190, 226 Second Life (PC Game) 149, 254, 265 seeing aspects 210–11 self 6, 14, 55, 58, 72, 74, 76, 80–2, 84–6, 99, 104–6, 111–126, 130–6, 142–9, 151, 155, 158–64, 167–170, 172–3, 176–9, 181–2, 185–92, 194–6, 204, 212, 223, 225, 227, 234–5, 237, 241, 249–50, 252–3, 256–7, 259, 262–3, 265, 269–72; libidinized 86; narcissistic 188; self/ 294 Index
other dynamic 172, 174, 263, 271; self’s desire for enhancement and expansion 85; self-absorption 120, 125; self-awareness 118; selfdeception 123, 125; self-esteem 189; self-expansive omnipotence 189; self-expression 84, 234; selfhood 72, 84, 114, 118, 146; selfie 85, 233–5 , self-knowledge 55; self-object (Kohut) 159, 187, 189–190, 252–3; self-referentiality 191; self-worth 189 sentience 183 sex/sexual 5–6, 8, 66–7, 77, 105, 123, 126, 128, 130–7, 156, 160–1, 163, 171, 176, 178–82, 190, 194–5, 226, 228, 236, 250, 252, 262, 264, 266 sexbots 179 sexting 176 Shepard, S. 28 Sherman, C. 235 signs 23–5, 48, 64, 183, 220, 237 simulacrum 75, 77, 92–4, 96–7, 99–101, 105–6, 109, 123, 178, 201, 215, 234 singularity (Bostrom) 34, 37, 168, 179, 210, 225, 233, 236, 238, 267, 269 Siri (artificial intelligence) 66, 120, 131, 180, 184, 188, 189 skepticism 57 Skype 35, 184 Slavin, M. 120 smartphones 1, 8, 14, 22, 53–5, 73, 79, 87, 113, 116–17, 119, 125, 156–7, 169–70, 172, 183–4, 188, 190, 252, 258, 273, 283 Smith, Z. 189 Snapchat 53, 118, 159, 264, 281 social: distancing 281, 284; media 3, 14, 64, 104, 111, 116, 132, 175, 189–91, 219–20, 246, 255, 262, 264–5, 272; networking 7, 51–2, 72, 156, 164, 184, 204; web 72; world 46, 280 society 53, 73–4, 76–7, 134, 148, 207, 219–20, 227, 254 solipsism 130, 146 Solnit, R. 1, 24, 26 soma 179, 182 Sontag, S. 206 space 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 24, 28, 30, 33, 36, 38, 41, 43–4, 47, 54, 58, 64, 67, 71–4, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 93, 95, 100, 102–4, 111, 115–6, 118, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 141–2, 144–5, 147–8, 150–2, 154–7, 160–4, 168, 170, 181–4, 188, 204, 209–11, 214, 216–8, 226–7, 229, 242, 249, 254–6, 258–60, 262–4, 267, 279–80, 282–3, 286 spatio-temporality 27, 54, 78 spectacularization 218 splitting 7, 92, 124, 129, 153, 169, 193, 197 spontaneity 6, 17, 24–5, 31, 64, 82, 105–6, 115, 128, 178, 204, 215, 220, 224, 233, 243, 248–50, 253, 259, 275 Stern, D. 182 Stiegler, B. 35–7, 49, 51, 97, 151–4, 157, 162, 218, 219, 239, 257 subjectivity 3, 5–6, 31, 46, 53, 55, 72, 79, 114, 127, 130–2, 144, 150–1, 177, 192, 195, 219, 227, 241, 248–9, 265; subject 11, 16, 25, 41, 43, 52, 74, 105, 109, 124, 144, 154–5, 175, 177, 183, 186–7, 206, 209–10, 228, 231, 241, 243, 249, 256 Sunyata 235 surveillance 73, 87, 231, 264 synchronicity/synchronistic 23, 219, 273 Tagesreste (Freud) 193 Tarkovski, A. 29, 205 technology 2–5, 8, 11–17, 21–6, 29–30, 34–5, 38, 44, 48, 58, 61–2, 66, 68, 71, 73, 77, 79, 85, 92, 97, 118–20, 140, 151, 162, 175, 180, 184, 201, 203–5, 207–9, 216–7, 223–4, 231, 237–43, 251, 254–5, 270–5; as communication 2, 3, 15, 16; as an extension of human being 25; as instrument of domination over nature 16; as mode of being in the world 16; techno–scientific culture 216 telepowers (Derrida) 257 textual promiscuity (Murphie) 207 theory of drive (Freud) 133, 176–8, 249 theory of relativity 243 therapy 6, 56–7, 113, 116–18, 124, 157, 170–1, 182 Thompson, E. 235 temporality 2, 9, 16, 27–9, 54, 72, 78, Index 295
80, 96–7, 102, 105, 116, 203–5, 213, 275, 284 time 94, 96, 116, 121, 129, 194, 201, 204–5, 249–51 Tinder 132, 226 Tollman, V. 188 transcendence 109, 223, 231 transhuman/transhumanism 11, 179–80, 236, 238–40 transvaluation of values (Nietzsche) 242 trauma 55, 112, 122, 124, 128, 135, 140, 143, 145, 169–70, 173, 176, 197, 208, 214, 228, 253, 276 Trieb (Freud) 176–7 trolling 69, 262, 264 Turkle, S. 66, 70 Twitter 2, 53, 79, 86, 118, 257, 262–3 Überhebung 91 umbilical cord 1, 35 unconscious/unconsciousness 3, 5–7, 9–10, 14, 16, 27, 62, 65, 67, 70, 81–2, 84, 87, 94, 100, 103, 109, 111, 113, 115–18, 122–3, 125, 127–8, 130, 144, 172, 175, 186, 190–3, 206, 212, 214, 220, 227, 252, 256, 258, 260–1, 263, 276 unfriending 170 unknowability 271 unsayable 10, 231 utopia 88, 91, 238, 266 Varela, F. 235 Vargas Llosa, M. 217 Virilio, P. 183 virtual: dimension 16, 49, 61, 92, 136, 140, 149; enlargement of reality 27; entities 237; games 14, 85, 121, 128, 156, 163, 265, 275; inside ourselves 116, 251, 254, 270; life 54, 70, 83, 117, 122, 124, 137, 174, 184, 196, 255, 267, 274, 276, 279; possibilities 23; reality 3, 5–6, 10, 12, 14, 21, 48, 56–8, 65, 67, 92, 106, 111, 115, 127–8, 134, 137, 141, 145, 164, 168, 193, 196–7, 224, 229, 238, 243, 247, 257–8, 261–2, 266–9, 273; screen 52, 68, 104, 218, 275, 286; sex 67, 176, 178, 180, 228; space 2, 4–5, 8, 30, 43, 53, 74, 78, 102–3, 115, 118, 130, 133–4, 148, 162, 181, 188, 194–6, 204, 226, 262, 264, 268, 275, 280; technology 201; virtual-within 5, 6, 112, 123, 128, 168, 191, 248, 260–1, 266; world 2, 5–6, 10, 12–13, 49, 51–2, 54–6, 58, 64, 70, 76, 82, 84, 86–7, 104–5, 109, 130, 134, 161–4, 178–9, 184, 193, 195–6, 210, 214–5, 218–9, 223, 229, 231, 233, 246, 248, 250–4, 256–9, 261–6, 269, 279–80, 282–4 visual image 27, 45, 65 VR (virtual reality device) 102–3, 128, 145, 228, 263, 285 Vulnerable/vulnerability 7, 15, 28, 70, 84, 119–21, 125, 132, 141, 143, 156, 172, 176, 178, 181, 187, 268, 273 webcams 55, 113 websites 64, 113, 225 Weinberger, D. 8, 218 West (the), western 7, 15, 23, 26, 44, 48, 55, 75, 204–5, 207, 231, 236 Williams, A. 55 Winnicott, D. 86, 140–55, 158–9, 161, 163, 172, 184–6, 189, 191, 194, 252–3, 262, 267, 272, 276 Witt, E. 55 Wittgenstein, L. 9, 22, 66, 96, 204, 206–8, 210–12, 232, 239, 242 writing 4, 8, 10, 13–14, 22–31, 37–8, 43–8, 50, 67, 123, 140, 151, 159, 173, 204–7, 211, 215, 228, 243, 268 Youtube 148, 219, 284 Žižek, S. 12, 65, 135, 191, 271 Zoom 35, 103, 182–3, 256, 273, 280, 282 Zuboff, S. 111 296 Index