Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Diko – dialect of Gbagyi
Dghwéɗè = Dghweɗe Dim = Adim: see the Agwagwune cluster
Dimmuk = Doemak: see the Pan cluster
91. Dghweɗe Dindiga = Bendeghe: see the Ejagham cluster
1.A Dghwede, Hude, Johode, Dehoxde, Tghuade, Dingai = Lala
Toghwede, Traude Dingi = Dungu
1.B Dghwéɗè Dir – member of the Polci cluster
2.B Azaghvana, Wa’a, Zaghvana 94. Diri
3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA 1.A Diriya, Dirya
4. 19,000 (1963), 7,900 (TR 1970), 30,000 (1980 1.B Sago, Tsagu
UBS) 2.B Diryanci
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara A: Mandara group 2.C Buwane, Diryawa
8. New Testament 1980 3. Bauchi State, Ningi and Darazo LGAs
Source(s) Kosack (2015) 4. 3,750 (LA 1971)
Refs. 5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Bade/Warji group:
Survey: Wolff (1971a) Warji group
Phonology: Frick (1978) Refs.
Ethnographic: Kosack (1996) Wordlist: Skinner (1977)
Dia (Nda Dia) = Dadiya
92. Dibo 95. Dirim
1.B Dibo 1.C Daka
1.C Dibo 3. Taraba State, Bali LGA, Garba Chede area: note
2.B Shitako, Zitako, Zhitako former map location erroneous
2.C Ganagawa, Ganagana 4. 9,000 (CAPRO, 1992)
3. Niger State, Lapai LGA; Federal Capital Territory; 5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: Dakoid
Nasarawa State, Nassarawa LGA 6. Doubts persist as to whether this language is really
4 18,200 (1931 DF); estimate more than 100,000 separate from Samba Daka (q.v.)
(1990) – an unknown number of Dibo living among Refs.
the Gbari no longer speak their own language. Ethnographic: Meek (1931), CAPRO (1992)
Source(s) Blench (1990)
Diir = Dir: see the Polci cluster Diriya = Diri
93. Dijim–Bwilim Dirya = Diri
3. Gombe State, Balanga LGA, Adamawa State, Diryanci = Diri
Lamurde LGA Djerma = Zarma
4. 7,545 (1968). ca. 20 villages Djiri = Rop
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Waja group Djo = Ịjọ
7. Orthography based on Dijim lect. Reading & Dlәge = next
Writing Book (2006) Dlige – dialect of Lamang Central: see the Lamang
8. Gospel of Luke ready for printing cluster
11. Cassettes of Gospel of Luke Doemak – member of the Pan cluster
Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1991) Doka – dialect of Miship
Refs. Jungraithmayr (1968/9) Doka cf. Idon-Doka-Makyali
*Dijim
1.B Dijim 96. Doko–Uyanga
1.C sg Níi Dìjí pl. Dìjím 1.B Dọsanga
2.A Cham, Cam, Kindiyo, 1.C Basanga
4. Cham 3,257. 2.A Iko
7. 3. Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA
*Bwilim 4. Several towns
1.B Bwiləḿ 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
1.C sg Níi Bwilí pl. Bwiləḿ Cross: East–West group
2.A Mwana, Mwona [Hausa name], Fitilai [village Refs.
name] Overview: Cook (1969, 1976), Simmons (1976)
4. 4,282
Dokshi = Lushi: see the Zeem cluster
Ɗolli – dialect of Kwaami
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Doma – dialect of Alago 4. 310 (NAT 1949)
5. no data. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji:
97. Dong Northern Jos group: Kauru subgroup
3. Taraba State, Zing and Mayo Belwa LGAs. At least
six villages Dunjawa = Dungu
4. ca. 20,000 Durlong – Nasarawa State, Lafia LGA, Jungwa,
5. Benue–Congo: Dakoid Namu and Njok. Possibly a dialect of Goemai: Carl
Source(s) Blench (1993) Hoffmann (n.d.); Bergman & Dancy (1966)
Refs. Durr–Baraza – member of the Das cluster
Overview: Shimizu (1979: 18,65) Durop = Kọrọp
Wordlist: Blench (2016) Dutse (Jarawan Dutse) = Izere
Ethnographic: CAPRO (1992:87-89) Duurum = Geruma
Duwai = Ɗuwai
Donga – dialect of Kpan Dwat = Dot: see the Das cluster
Donga – dialect of Jukun of Takum Dwingi = Dungu
Doobe = Ndera: see the Koma cluster Dyarma = next
Dookà – see Guruntum–Mbaaru Dyerma = Zarma
Doome = Ndera: see the Koma cluster
Dòòrî – see the Jar cluster 100. Dza
Dorofi – dialect of Nor 1.A Dza, Ja
Dọsanga = Doko–Uyanga 1.B nnwa’ Dzâ
Doso = Mingang Doso 1.C Èédzá, ídzà
Dosọ = Mingang Doso 2.A Jenjo, Janjo, Jen,
Dot – member of the Das cluster 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA and Adamawa
Dṣ’àràwa = Jar cluster State, Numan LGA. Along the Benue River.
Dṣekiri = Iṣẹkiri 4. 6,100 (1952). N.B. Figures for Dza may include
Du – dialect of Berom other Jen groups such as Joole and Tha (q.v.)
Duguranci – see Jar cluster-Duguri 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Jen group
Dugurawa – see Jar cluster-Duguri Source(s) Blench 1987); Kleinewillinghöfer (1992)
Duguri, Duguranci, Dugurawa – name of several
dialects in the Jar cluster Dzar – member of the Hyam cluster
Dugusa = Tunzu Dzәrŋu (Margi Dzәrŋu) – dialect of Margi
Duka = Hun
Dukanci = Hun 101. Dzodinka
Duku (Wa Duku) – dialect of Bacama: see the Bata 2.A Adiri, Adere
cluster 3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA; also in Cameroon: a
Dukuri = Duguri: the Jar cluster single village on the border
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid:
98. Dulbu Grasslands Bantu: East
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA 8. Mark, 1923, John 1932
4. 80 (LA 1971) Refs.
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan Lábír group Survey: Dieu & Renaud (1983)
Refs. Grammar: Voorhoeve (1980)
Overview: Shimizu (1983)
Dzuuba = next
Dulumi – Population 1000, (Mundu and Dala): Dzuuɓa – dialect of Zaladva: see the Lamang cluster
Gospel Recordings (1971, 1974) Dzuwo – an unclassified Wurkum group of Taraba
Dumawa – Small community Bauchi State: Bauchi State, Karim Lamido LGA
LGA: Dumi village: Temple (1922: 100); Campbell
and Hoskison fieldnotes (1969) 102. Ɗuwai
Dumbulawa = Zumbul; see Das cluster; possibly 1.A Duwai
dialect of Zhar: Jar cluster 1.C vji
Dungerawa = Duguri: see the Jar cluster 2.B Eastern Bade
Dungi = Dungu 3. Borno State, Bade LGA
5. Chadic: West Branch B: Bade/Warji major group:
99. Dungu Bade group
1.A Dungi, Dingi, Dwingi, Dunjawa Source(s)
3. Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA Overview: Schuh (2007)
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 2.A Oron
3. Akwa Ibom State, Mbo and Oron LGAs
East – see: East Boki, Bokyi; East Gwari, Gbagyi; 4. more than 5,000 (1988)
East 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
Ogbah, Ogbah; Mbe East, Mbe Cross:
Eastern – see: Hausa (Kano, Katagum, Hadejiya Refs.
areas); Eastern Olodiama, Ịzọn; Eastern Tarakiri, Overview: Connell (1991)
Ịzọn; Mbube Eastern, Utugwang; Ịjọ Eastern Eche – Echie
Ebәna = Ɓena Echie – dialect of Igbo
Ebe = Asu Èdè = Yoruba
Ebeteng = Ehom: see the Akpet–Ehom cluster Ediba = Kohumono
Ebina = Ɓena Ediro – dialect of Engenni
103. Ebira cluster 105. Ẹdo
1.A Igbirra, Igbira, Egbira, Egbura 1.A Oviedo, Ovioba
3. Kwara State, Okene, Okehi, and Kogi LGAs; 2.A Benin
Nasarawa State, Nassarawa LGA; Edo State, Akoko– 2.B Ẹdo (Binĩ
Edo LGA 3. Edo State, Ovia, Oredo and Orhionmwon LGAs
4. 154,500 (1952 P.Bruns), 500,000 (1980 UBS); 4. 203,000 (1952), 1,000,000 (1987 UBS)
about 1M (1989 Adive) 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Central Edoid i.
5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Ebira cluster 7. Various readers, including set of 1–6, (1987);
Refs. Blench 1989) Dictionaries (1937, 1986); Official Orthography
*Okene 8. Scripture portions from 1914; New Testament
3. Kwara State, Okene, Okehi, and Kogi LGAs 1981; Complete Bible 1996
7. Reading and Writing Book 1972, Pre–primer 1973 Refs.
3 Primers 1972–3, 3 Wordlist: Dennett (1904)
post–Primers 1974; Official Orthography 1985 Dictionaries: Thomas (1910), Melzian (1937),
8. Matthew 1891, John 1960, Christmas story 1972, Agheyisi (1986), Aigbe (1986)
Easter story 1972, John 1970, New Testament 1984, Grammars: Wescott (1962), Dunn (1968), Agheyisi
Complete Bible 2014 (1990)
Refs. Edzu = Abawa: see Gupa–Abawa
Wordlist: Johnson & Christaller (1886); Byng-Hall Èédzá = next
(1908) Èéjá = Dza
Grammar: Scholz (1976); Adive (1989) 106. Efai
Pedagogic: Coomber (1866); Scholz & Scholz (1972); 1.B Efai
Ladefoged (1964) 2.B Effiat (from Efik)
*Etuno 3. Akwa Ibom State, Mbo LGA; Cameroon Republic,
1.A tụnọ Isangele sub–division
2.C Igara 4. >5,000 (1988 est.)
3. Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA, Igara town 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
Refs. Cross:
Wordlist: Ladefoged (1964) Refs.
*Koto Overview: Connell (1991)
2.C Igu (Egu, Ika, Bira, Birĩ, Panda Effiat = Efai
3. Nasarawa State, Nassarawa LGA, Toto and Effium = Ufiom: see the Oring cluster
Umaisha towns, Kogi State, Bassa LGA Effurum = Uvbiẹ
Refs. Effurun = Uvbiẹ
Wordlist: Sterk (1977) Efifa – Yoruba dialect
Ebode = next Efiɔm = Ufiom: see the Oring cluster
Ẹbode – member of the Lala cluster
Eboh = Aboh: see the Ụkwuanị–Aboh–Ndọnị cluster
Eboze = Buji: see the Jere cluster
Èbú – dialect of Igala
104. Ebughu 107. Efik
1.B Ebughu 2.A Calabar
1.C Ebughu 3. Cross River State, Calabar municipality, Odukpani
and Akamkpa LGAs; and in Cameroon
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
4. 26,300 (1950 F&J), 10,000 in Cameroon; 360,000 Egun = Gbe
first language speakers; spoken as a second language Ehom – member of the Akpet–Ehom cluster
by 1.3 million (UN 1960), 3.5 million (1986 UBS)
diminishing 109. Ehuẹun
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower 2.A Ẹkpenmi, Ekpimi, Epimi
Cross: Central group 3. Ondo State, Akoko South LGA
7. Literary language; Official Orthography 4. 5,766 (1963)
8. Scripture portions from 1850, Complete Bible 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Western Edoid ii.
1868, 1952, 1985, Catechism 1956
Source(s) Ejagam = Ejagham: see the Ejagham cluster
Refs.
Comparative: Norris (1841); Wilson (1849); Connell 110. Ejagham cluster
(1991) 2.C Ekoi (Efik name)
Phonology: Cook (1985) 3. Cross River State, Akamkpa, Ikom, Odukpani and
Dictionaries: Goldie (1862), Adams (1952/3 3rd ed. Calabar LGAs, and in Cameroon
1988); 4. 80,000 total: 45,000 in Nigeria, 35,000 in
Grammar: Goldie (1857); Una (1900); Welmers Cameroon (1982 SIL)
(1968); Mensah (2008); 5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Ekoid
Bantu
Efutop = Bakor 6. 5 dialects in Nigeria, 4 in Cameroon
Èg̣ bá – dialect of Yoruba Refs.
Ẹgbado = Yoruba Grammar: Jeffreys (1949-1950); Watters (1981);
Egbe – dialect of Mbe West: see the Mbe cluster Bakume (2002)
Ègbé = Mbe West: see Mbe Ethnographic: Mansfeld (1908)
Egbedna – dialect of Ikwere
Egbema – dialect of Igbo *Bendeghe
Egbema – dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster 1.A Bindege, Bindiga, Dindiga
Egbira = Ebira 2.B Mbuma
Egbura = Ebira 3. Cross River State, Ikom LGA
Egede = Igede *Etung North
Egedde = Igede 2.A Icuatai
Ẹgẹnẹ = Engenni 3. Cross River State, Ikom LGA
4. 13,900 (1963)
108. Eggon 7. Reading and Writing Book 1966, Tortoise Stories
1.A Egon 1969, Folk Stories 1969
1.B onumu Egon 8. Stories of Abraham 1969
1.C Mo Egon Refs
2.B Mada Eggon, Hill Mada Grammar: Edmondson & Edmondson (1977)
3. Nasarawa State, Akwanga, Nassarawa–Eggon and
Lafia LGAs *Etung South
4. 52,000 (Welmers 1971) 3. Cross River State, Ikom and Akamkpa LGAs
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Eggonic 4. 4,200 (1963)
6. 25 dialects are locally recognised although the *Ejagham
status of these is unclear 2.B Ekwe, Ejagam, Akamkpa
7. 2 readers 3. Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA and in Cameroon
8. New Testament 1975, Scripture portions from 7. Primers 1–3 1969, English–Ejagham–French
1935, hymnbook Vocabulary 1970, folktales 1981, 1985 (Cameroon)
Source(s): Blench (1992) 8. New Testament in preparation in Cameroon
Refs: *Ekin
Comparative: Gerhardt (1983) 2.A Qua, Kwa, Aqua
Grammar: Sibomana (1985); Salami & Taiwo 2.B Abakpa
(2012) 3. Cross River State, Odukpani and Calabar LGAs
Dictionary: Blench (2016) 4. 900 active adult males (1944–45): bilingual in Efik
(Cook 1969b)
Eghom = Okom: see Mbembe Refs.
Egnih = East Ogbah: a dialect of Ogbah Overview: Cook (1969b)
Egon = Eggon Ethnographic: Forde and Jones (1950)
Egu = Igu: see Ebira
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 8. Hymnbook c. 1989
Ejar – see the Tinor-Myamya cluster Refs.
Ekajuk – Bakor Dictionary: Blench (2016)
Ekama – dialect of Mbembe Grammar: Clark (1969, 1971b,c, 1972, 1974)
Ekamtulufu = Nde Pedagogic: Clark (1971a)
Eket = Ekit Ethnographic: Ikpe (1972); Picton (1988)
111. Ekhwa Ekpimi = Ehuẹun
1.A [Iku]–Gora–Ankwa Ekumuru – Kohumono
1.B ékhwá Ekuri = Nkukoli
1.C sg. énéjì pl. ánárè Ekwe = Ejagham
2.A Ahua Elele – dialect of Ikwere
2.C Ehwa 115. Eleme
3. Kaduna State, Kachia LGA 3. Rivers State, Gokana–Tai–Eleme LGA
4. Towns; Gora, Ankwa 4. 55,000 (1987 UBS)
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northern group 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Ogoni:
6. [Iku status uncertain], Gora, Ankwa West group
Source: Maikarfi (2007); Hon et al (2011) 7. Rivers Readers Project, reading and writing book
Refs 1973, Reader 1,1972
Wordlists: Blench (2009) 8. Common prayer 1970, Hymnbook 1972, Mark
112. Eki Refs
1.B Eki Survey: Wolff (1964)
3. Cross River State Grammar: Bond (2002, 2006)
4. 5000 plus (1988) 116. Eloyi
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower 2.B Afo, Epe, Aho, Afu, Afao
Cross: (no data) – dialect of Efik? 3. Nasarawa State, Nassarawa and Awe LGAs; Benue
Refs. State, Otukpo LGA
Overview: Connell (1991) 4. 20,000 (Mackay 1964); 25,000 (SIL)
Ekid = Eket 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau or Volta-Niger: Idomoid
Ekin – member of the Ejagham cluster 6. Mbeci (=Mbekyi, Mbejĩ, Mbamu)
113. Ekit 7. Primer
1.A Ekid, Eket 8. Hymnbook
3. Akwa Ibom State, Eket and Uquo Ibeno LGAs Sources: Kato (2006)
4. 22,000 (1952 W&B); estimated 200,000 (1989) Refs.
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower Survey: Temple (1922); Armstrong (1979);
Cross: Central group Wordlists: Rolphs (1867/8 & 1871/72); Mackay
Refs. (1964); Armstrong (1964); Blench (2016)
Overview: Connell (1991) Ethnographic: Tschudi (1956); Armstrong (1955)
Èkìtì – dialect of Yoruba Elu – dialect of Isoko
Ekoi = Ejagham
Ekokoma = Mbembe 117. Emai–Iuleha–Ora cluster
Ekparabong – member of the Ndoe cluster 2.B Kunibum
Ekpari = Yace 2.C Ivbiosakon
Ekpetiama – a north central dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster 3. Edo State, Owan, LGA
Ẹkpenmi – name used for both Ehuẹun and Ukue 4. estimated 100,000 plus (1987 Schaefer)
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North Central Edoid
114. Ẹkpẹyẹ 6. Ivhimion. NB Spurious languages Ihievbe and
2.B Ekpeye, Ekpabya (by Abua), Ekkpahia, Ekpaffia Uokha are listed in the Ethnologue (2009)
3. Rivers State, Ahoada LGA 8. Four gospels 1908–10
4. 20,000 (1953); 50,000 (1969 Clark) *Emai
5. Benue–Congo: Igboid: Southern: Lowland: Delta 4. estimated 20–25,000 (1987 Schaefer)
6. According to clan names: Ako, Upata, Ubye, Refs.
Igbuduya Dictionary: Schaefer & Egbokhare (2007)
7. Rivers Readers Project, Dictionary of Proper Orthography: Schaefer (1987)
Names, Reading and Writing book *Iuleha
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
1.C Aoma Enna = Erei: see the Agwagwune cluster
4. estimated 50,000 (1987 Schaefer) Enwan = Sasaru–Enwan–Igwẹ
*Ora
4. estimated 30,000 (1987 Schaefer) 122. Enwang
1.B Enwang
118. Emane 1.C Enwang
1.A Amana 2.A Oron (incorrectly)
3. Cross River State, Obudu LGA; and in Cameroon 3. Akwa Ibom State, Mbo LGA
4. No proof of permanent communities in Nigeria 4. estimated 50,000 plus (1988)
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Tivoid 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
Cross
Emede – dialect of Isoko Refs.
Overview: Connell (1991)
119. Ẹmhalhẹ
2.A Somorika (Semolika) Ẹnwẹ – dialect of Isoko
3. Edo State, Akoko–Edo LGA Enyong – dialect of Ibibio
4. 249 in Semolina town (Temple 1922) Epe = Eloyi
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Western Edoid:
Southern 123. Epie
2.B Epie–Atissa, Epie–Atiṣa
Emoro = Lemoro 3. Rivers State, Yenagoa LGA
Emọhua – dialect of Ikwere 4. 12,000 (SIL)
Emu – dialect of Ụkwuanị: see Ụkwuanị–Aboh– 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: Delta–Edoid
Ndọnị 6. two clans Epie and Atiṣa in at least three towns:
Ẹmughan – dialect of Abuan Agudiama, Akẹnfai, Yẹneguẹ
Eneeme = Nama: see the Mbembe (Tigong) cluster 7. Primer. Rivers Readers Project, Reader 1, Reading
Enezhe – member of the Kadara cluster and Writing book
Refs.
120. Engenni Overviews: Elugbe (1973, 1983, 1989)
1.A Ngene, Ẹgẹnẹ Wordlist: Thomas and Williamson (1967);
1.B Ẹgẹnẹ
3. Rivers State, Yenagoa and Ahoada LGAs Epimi = Ehuẹun
4. 10,000 (1963); 20,000 (1980 UBS) Erakwa = Ẹrụwa
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: Delta–Edoid Eregba – dialect of Kpan
6. Ediro, Inedua, and Ogua; Zarama in Yenagoa LGA Erei – member of the Agwagwune cluster
7. Reading and Writing book 1966, 3 Primers 1971 to Erohwa = Ẹrụwa
1975, 2 post–primers, poems 1975 Eruṣu – member of the Akoko cluster
8. New Testament 1979, Scripture portions from 1968
Source(s) 124. Ẹrụwa
Refs. 1.A Erohwa, Erakwa, Arokwa
Survey: Thomas and Williamson (1967); 3. Bendel State, Isoko LGA
Grammar: Thomas (1978) 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: Southwestern Edoid
Refs.
121. English Overview: Elugbe (1989)
4. An official language widely used in media and as a
first language by an increasing proportion of Nigerian 125. Esan
urban populations. 1.A Ishan
5. Indo–European: Germanic 1.B Awain
10. Main second language of all urban populations, 3. Bendel State, Agbazilo, Okpebho, Owan and
except in Hausa cities of the far north Etsako LGAs
12. Main language of television, radio and 4 183,000 (1952); 500,000 estimated in 1963: Okojie
newspapers & Ejele (1987)
Refs 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North Central Edoid
Grammars: Alo & Mesthrie (2004) 6. Many dialects
Dictionaries: Blench (2016); Igboanusi (200x) 7. Primer 1951, readers 1952, 1980
8. Luke 1974, New Testament in press (1987),
Enhwe – dialect of Isoko Catholic catechism c. 1930
Eni – see the Ọkọ–Eni–Ọsanyẹn cluster Refs.
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Grammar: Areghan (1983); Osiruemu (1984, 2005); 4. 2,900 (1952 RGA); more than 10,000 (Shain, p.c.
Okojie and Ejele (1987); Ejele (1982, 1986); 1988)
Imhankon (1991); Klomp (1993); Rolle (2010, 2012) 5. Benue–Congo: Idomoid: group b
Ethnographic: Ughulu (1950) 7. Etulo/English diglot of Etulo customs
Refs.
Esuku – member of Akpes cluster Wordlist: Armstrong (1964)
Etche = Echie: see Igbo
Etung North – member of the Ejagham cluster
126. Etebi Etung South – member of the Ejagham cluster
1.B Etebi Etuno = Etono II: see the Agwagwune cluster
2.A Oron (incorrectly); Ekit (incorrectly) Etuno = next
3. Akwa Ibom State, Uquo Ibeno LGA Ẹtụnọ – member of the Ebira cluster
4. estimate 15,000 (1989) Eturo = Etulo
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower Evadi – a dialect of Kambari
Cross: Central
Refs. 130. Evant
Overview: Connell (1991) 1.A Avande, Evand, Ovande
2.B Balagete, Belegete
Ethun = Hun 3. Cross River State, Obudu LGA and in Cameroon
Etien = Aten 5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Tivoid
Etkye = Kentu: see Kpan Source(s)
Refs.
127. Etkywan Overview: Breton et Dieu (1984); Regnier (1990)
1.A Icen, Ichen, Itchen
1.B Kentu, Kyat) õ, Kyanton, Nyidu Evrie = Uvbiẹ
3. Taraba State, Takum and Sardauna LGAs Evhro = Uvbiẹ
4. 6,330 in Donga district (1952 W&B); more than Ewumbonga = Ofombonga: see Mbembe
7,000 (1973 SIL) Eyagi = Yoruba
5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid: Ẹyẹ – dialect of Ọkpamheri
Kpan–Icen group Eza = Ẹzaa
Source(s) Blench 1991) Ezei = Erei: see the Agwagwune cluster
Ezekwe = Uzekwe
Etono I – member of the Ubaghara cluster Ẹzaa – a member of the Izi–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster
Etono II – member of the Agwagwune cluster Ezelle = Jere
Ezọn = next
128. Etsako Ẹzọn = Ịzọn
1.B Yẹkhee: not all speakers of the language Ezopong = Osopong: see Mbembe
recognise this as the name of the language. Ẹzza = Ẹzaa: see the Izi–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster
2.A Etsakọ Ẹkakumọ = Ukaan
2.B Iyẹkhee, Afenmai, Kukuruku (not recommended) shinginai – a dialect group of the Kambari I cluster
3. Edo State, Etsako, Agbako and Okpebho LGAs vji = Ɗuwai
4. 73,500 (1952), 150,000 (UBS 1987) Fa’awa = Pa’a
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Central Edoid Fachara = Cara
6. Auchi, Uzairue, South Ivbie, Uwepa–Uwano, Fadan Wate = Ninzam
(Weppa–Wano), Avbianwu (Fugar), Avbiele, Fadawa – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
Ivbiadaobi Faishang – dialect of Izere
8. New Testament in progress, translation of Psalms Faka = next
in progress (UBS 1989) Fakai = next
Refs. Fakanci = Kag: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–
Overview: Elugbe (1989) Us–Zuksun cluster
Grammar: Elimelech (1976) Fakara = Cara
Sociolinguistics: Ezejideaku & Louis (2011) Fakawa = next
Fakkanci = Kag: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–
129. Etulo Ror–Us–Zuksun cluster
1.A Utur, Eturo Fali – Bana (in error)
2.C Turumawa Fali of Baissa – nearly extinct
3. Benue State, Gboko LGA, Taraba State, Wukari, Fali of Fali Plateau – unknown classification 5–6
LGA speakers only remaining (per K. van Wyk (1984))
29
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Fier = Fyer
Fali of Jilbu = next Fika = Bole
Fali of Jilvu = Zizilivakan Fikyu – dialect of Kuteb
Fali of Kiria – Kirya-Konzәl Filane – Filani = Fulfulde
Fali of Mijilu – Kirya-Konzәl Filatanci = Fulfulde
Fali of Mubi – Fali cluster Filiya = Pero
Fali of Mucella = next Fillanci = Fulfulde
Fali of Muchella – Fali cluster
131. Fali cluster 133. Fɨran
2.A Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella 1.A Faran, Forom
2.C Vimtim, Yimtim 1.B Fɨràn
3. Adamawa State, Mubi LGA 1.C yes Fɨràn sg. yes Bèfɨràn pl.
4. Four principal villages. Estimate more than 20,000 2.A Kwakwi
(1990) 3. Plateau State, Barakin Ladi LGA, at Kwakwi
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bata group station, south of Jos
Source(s) Blench (1992) 4. less than 1500 (1991)
*Vin 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Central group: South–
1.B Uroovin Central subgroup: Izeric
1.C Uvin Source(s); Blench (2004)
2.A Vimtim Refs.
3. Vimtim town, north of Mubi Overview: Shimizu (1975); Regnier (1991)
*Huli Wordlist: Blench (2016)
1.A Bahuli
1.B Urahuli Fire = Tsobo
1.C Huli, Hul Fiti = Surubu
3. Bahuli town, northeast of Mubi Fitilai = Bwilim: Dijim–Bwilim
*Madzarin Fiyankayen = Fika: a dialect of Bole
1.B Ura Madzarin Fizere = Izere
1.C Madzarin Fobur – dialect of Izere
2.A Muchella Foni = Pa’a
3. Muchella town, northeast of Mubi Forom = Firan
*Ɓween Foron with Fan–Foron–Heikpang – dialect group of
1.B Uramɓween Berom
1.C Cumɓween Ftour = Xedi
2.A Bagira FuCaka = Pa’a
3. Bagira town, northeast of Mubi FuCiki = Pa’a
Fugar = Avianwu: see Etsakọ = Yẹkhee
132. Fam Fula = next
1.B Fam Fulani = next
1.C Fam Fulɓe = Fulfulde
2.C Kɔŋa, Konga
3. Taraba State, Bali LGA, 17km east of Kungana 134. Fulfulde
4. less than 1,000 (1984); <500 (2016) 1.B Fulfulde
5. Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: Mambiloid: Fam 1.C Pullo pl. Fulɓe
Source(s) Blench (1984) 2.B Fillanci, Filatanci, Fula
Refs 2.C Fulani, Filani, Rumada
Wordlist: Blench (2011); Tope (2016) 3. Scattered throughout the country; also in other
countries of West-Central Africa
Fan – dialect of Berom 4. 3,000,000 (1952)
Fantuan = Kafancan: see the Katab cluster 5. Atlantic–Congo: Atlantic: Northern Branch:
Faran = Firan Senegal group
Fedare – next 6. Main dialects in Nigeria: Central: Kano–Katsina–
Federe – dialect of Izere Bauchi–Borno; East: Adamawa; West: Sokoto
Feserek = Izere 7. Newspaper; Official Orthography
Fem = Fyam 8. New Testament 1964 [Benin Republic], New
Fer – see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us– Testament 1968, Complete Bible 1983 [Cameroon]
Zuksun cluster Refs.
Fezere = Izere
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Overviews: Arnott (1967); Fagerberg (1979), Arnott 4. 1,500 (1970); 10,000 (Blench 1999)
(1986), Blench 1990), Boutrais (1994), Harper 5. Chadic: West branch A: Ron group
(1997, 1997), Harrison & Tucker (2003); Girei Source(s) Blench & Seibert (1999)
(2007) Refs.
Wordlists: Seetzen (1811) Overview: Jungraithmayr (1970)
Dictionaries: Taylor (1932/1953), Bonifaci (1949), Wordlist: Blench (2016)
Eguchi (1986), Noye (1989), De Wolf, Paul
Polydoor (1995), Niang (1997), Seydou (1998), 138. Gaa
Tourneux & Yaya (1999), Mukoshy (2014) 2.A Tiba, Tәbaya
Grammars: Krause (1884); Westermann (1909); 3. Adamawa State: Ganye LGA: Tiba Plateau;
Taylor (1921), Leith-Ross (1922), Dauzats (1950), 4. <5000 (1987 Blench)
Klingenheben (1963), Arnott (1966, 1970, 1974), 5. Benue–Congo: North Bantoid: Dakoid
Stennes (1961, 1967), Labatut (1973, 1994), Source(s) Blench (1987);
Anderson (1976), Macintosh (1984); Grammar: Boyd (1999); Djouonzo (2005)
Sociolingustics: Bickoe (2000); Fakuade, Gambo &
Bashir (2003) Ga–tiyal = Tiyal: see Cinda-Regi-Rogo-Kuki cluster
Pedagogical texts: Noye (1965, 1974), Pelletier &
Skinner (1989); Jungraithmayr & Abu-Manga 139. Ga’anda cluster
(1989); 1.C Kaɓәn
Ethnographic: Adamu & Kirke-Green (1986), 2.B Mokar [name of the place where the rolling pot
stopped]
3. Adamawa State, Gombi LGA
135. Fungwa 4. 7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL)
1.B Tufungwa 5. Chadic: Biu Mandara branch A: Tera group:
1.C Afungwa 136a. Ga’anda
2.A Ura, Ula 1.B Tlәka’andata pl. Ka’andәca
3. Niger State, Rafi LGA, at Gulbe, Gabi Tukurbe, 4. Six villages
Urenciki, Renge and Utana 136b. Kaɓәn
4. 900 (1949 H.D. Gunn) 1.A Gabin
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Kamuku– 1.B Tlәkaɓәnɗa pl. Kaɓәnca
Basa group 4. Twelve villages
Source(s) Blench (1987) 136c. Fәrtata
1.B Tlәfәrtata pl. Fәrtaca
Fursum – dialect of Izere 4. Five villages
Fụrụpagha – a south–western dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ Source(s)
cluster Refs.
Funtu (Koro Funtu of Minna) = Jijili Grammar: R.M. Newman (1971a,b)
Futu – dialect of Kamwe
140. Boga
136. Fyandigeri 1.A Boka
1.B Fyandigere 3. Adamawa State, Gombi LGA
1.C sg. laa Fyandigeri, pl. Fyandigeri 4. 5 villages
2.C Gerawa, Gere, Gera 5. Chadic: Biu Mandara branch A: Tera group:
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi and Darazo LGAs Source(s)
4. 13,300 (LA 1971); at least 30 villages. N.B. many Refs.
Gera villages no longer speak the language. 2018
survey suggested there are only four villages where Gabin = Ga’anda
the language is being transmitted to children Gabu – dialect of Igede
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
group: Bole group 141. Gade
Refs. Bulkaam & Blench (2018) 1.A Gede
Wordlist: Schuh (1978) 1.B Gade
1.C Gade
Fyandigere = Gera 3. Federal Capital Territory; Nasarawa State,
Nassarawa LGA
137. Fyer 4. 60,000 (Sterk 1977);
1.A Fier 5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid
3. Plateau State, Mangu LGA Refs.
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Grammar: Sterk (1978a,b) Gana – member of the Mboi cluster
Dictionary: Sterk (1994) Ganawa = Gana: see the Lere cluster
Ganagana = next
Gaejawa = Geji: see the Geji cluster Ganagawa = Dibo
Gala – dialect of Warji Ganang – dialect of Izere
Galambe = Galambu Ganawuri = Aten
Gar – dialect of Baɗa: see Jar cluster
142. Galambu Gar (Duguri of Gar) – see the Jar cluster
1.A Galembi, Galambe Gàr – see Guruntum–Mbaaru
1.B Galambu Garaka = Baɗa: see the Jar cluster
1.C Galambu Garbabi – dialect of Jibu: see the Jukun cluster
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, at least 15 villages Garoua – dialect (outside Nigeria) of Bata
4. 8505 (Temple 1922); 2020 (Meek 1925); 1000 Gasi – dialect of Dera
(SIL) Gashish – dialect of Berom
5. Chadic: West branch A: Bole–Ngas major group: Gaticɛp = Sagamuk
Bole group Gau – language extinct Bauchi State: Toro LGA: Gau
Refs. village: Temple (1922: 116,428); Shimizu (1982: 123)
Wordlist: Gowers (1907); Schuh (1978) Gauawa = Gau
Gava – dialect of Guduf
Galamkya – dialect of Baɗa: Jar cluster Gayam – dialect of Jibu: see the Jukun cluster
Galavda = Glavda Gayàr – see Guruntum–Mbaaru
Galambe = Galambu Gayegi – dialect of Gbari Yamma
Galembi = Galambu Gayi = Bisu: see the Obanliku cluster
Gamergou – member of the Wandala cluster Gayi – dialect of Kpan
Gamergu – member of the Wandala cluster Gbagye = Gbagyi
Gambar Leere = next
Gambar Lere – dialect of Zaar: see the Guus-Zaar 144. Gbagyi
cluster 1.C Ibagyi, Gbagye
Gamargu = Malgwa: see the Wandala cluster 2.A East Gwari, Gwari Matai
Gambiwa – 285 in Bauchi Emirate: Temple (1922: 2.B Gwari
113,428) 3. Niger State, Rafi, Chanchaga, Shiroro and Suleija
Gamishawa = Gamshi: Offset of Geruma LGAs; Federal Capital Territory; Kaduna State,
Gamo = Ngamo Kachia LGA; Nasarawa State, Keffi and Nasarawa
LGAs
143. Gamo–Ningi cluster 4. 200,000 (1952 G&C) including Gbari; 250,000
3. Bauchi State, Ningi LGA (1985 UBS)
4. 15,000 but most speak Hausa. 5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Gwari
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos 6. A spread of lects not clearly defined but the
group: Gamo–Ningi cluster variation represented here by town names: Vwezhi,
Source(s) Maddieson (1988) Ngenge (Genge, Gyange), or Tawari, Kuta, Diko,
*Gamo Karu, Louome, Kaduna
1.B tì-Gamo 7. Some literature produced
1.C dòò-Gamo pl. à-ndi-Gamo 8. Kuta: Scripture portions from 1912, New
2.B Butancii Testament 1956, Pilgrim’s Progress (s.d.), 16 Old
2.C Buta, Butawa, Butu Testament stories 1956, new translation in progress
4. There are some thirty-two settlements of Gamo, but 9.
of these only Kurmi still spoke the language in 1974 Refs.
(Shimizu 1982). Overview: James (1990)
Refs. Dictionary: Edgar (1909);
Wordlist: Shimizu (1982) Grammars: Edgar (1909), Hyman & Magaji (1970),
*Ningi Rosendall (1998)
Refs
Wordlist: BCCW
145. Gbagyi Nkwa
Gamsawa = next 1.B Gbagyi
Gamshi = Gamishawa: Offset of Geruma: Temple 1.C Gbagyi
(1922: 113,428) 3. Niger State, Rafi LGA
Gana – member of the Lere cluster 4. more than 50,000 (1989 est.)
32
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 *Asento
Source(s) Blench 1989) 1.A Aséntó
*Gbekon
Gbang = Berom *Gun
Gbanraịn – north–central dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster 1.A Gũ, Egun
Gbaranmatu = Oporoza: see the Ịzọn cluster: Ịjọ 4. 300,000 (Atinwore 1986)
cluster 8. New Testament (1892, 1919); Bible (1923, 1972)
Refs.
146. Gbari Grammar: Westermann (1952); Feyer (1955);
2.A Gwari Yamma, West Gwari Asiwaju (1979); Hazoume (1979); Akplogan (1996);
3. Niger State, Chanchaga, Suleija, Agaie and Lapai Aboh (1998)
LGAs; Federal Capital Territory; Kaduna State, Sociolinguistics: Capo (1987)
Kachia LGA; Nasarawa State, Nassarawa LGA Ethnographic: Manoukian (1952)
4. 200,000 (1952 G&C) including Gbagyi *Phela
5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Gwari 1.A Phelá
6. A spread of lects listed in the previous edition *Savi
according to town names: Botai, Jezhu, Konge, *Weme
Kwange (Agbawi, Wake, Wĩ Wahe, or Kwali, Paiko, 1.A Wéme
Izom, Gayegi, Yamma (Gwari Gamma). Speakers Gbékon – dialect of Gbe
attest a division of lects based on river locations: Gbèḍ è ̣– dialect of Yoruba
Shigokpna, Zubakpna, Abokpna, Sumwakpna 149. Gbǝtsu
7. 2.A Katanza
8. John in Paiko 1926, Mark in Gayegi 1925 3. Kaduna State, Jema’a LGA. About six villages east
Source(s) Blench (1979-99); Rosendall & Rosendall of the road north of Akwanga
(1999) 4. 5000 (2008 est.)
Refs. 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Ninzic: Mada cluster
Survey: James (1990); Source: Blench & Kato (2008)
Dictionary: Blench & Doma (1992) Wordlist: Blench (2016)
Grammar: Low (1908); Edgar (1909); Hyman &
Magaji (1970); Rosendall (1998)
Ethnographic: Na’ibi & Hassan (1965)
Gbari Yamma = Gbari Gbhu = Ninzo
Gbinna = Ɓena
147. Gbaya
1.A Baya 150. Gbiri–Niragu cluster
1.B Gbaya 3. Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA
1.C Gbaya 4. 5,000 (1952 W&B)
3. Taraba State, Bali LGA, near confluence of Benue 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos
and Taraba Rivers; but mainly in Cameroon and group: Kauru subgroup
Central African Republic *Gbiri
4. 200 (LA 1965) 1.B Igbiri, Agari, Agbiri
5. Niger-Congo: Gbaya 2.A Gura, Gure, Guri
8. Scripture Portions from 1938, New Testament, 7. Literacy programme under way
1951, 1983 in Yaayuwee dialect of Central African Sources: Wenger (2014)
Republic Refs
Refs. Wordlist: BCCW
Dictionary: Blanchard & Noss (1982)
Historical: Burnham (1982) *Niragu
1.B Anirago, Aniragu
2.A Kafugu, Kagu, Kahugu, Kapugu
148. Gbe cluster Refs
2.A Aja Wordlist: BCCW
3. Lagos State, Badagry LGA; and mainly in the
Republics of Benin and Togo Gbo = Legbo
5. Volta–Congo: Kwa: Left Bank Gboare = Bacama: the Bata cluster
*Alada Gbuhwe = Guduf: see Guduf–Gava
8. Bible 1923, Scripture portions from 1886, Gbwata = Bata
Catechism 1885 Gede = Gade
33
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Gerka = Yiwom
Gedegede – member of Akpes cluster Germa = Geruma
Geeri–Ni = Jiir: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor– 152. Geruma
Ror–Zuksun cluster 1.A Gerema, Germa
Geerum = Geruma 1.B Geerum (Duurum dialect); Gyeermu (Sum dial.)
151. Geji cluster 1.C Geerum (Duurum dialect); sg. na Gyeermu, pl.
2.A Kayauri, Kaiyorawa Gyeermu (Sum dial.)
2.C Ɓarawa 3. Bauchi State, Toro and Darazo LGAs. At least 10
3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA villages
5. Chadic: West branch B: Zaar group 4. 4,700 (LA 1971)
Refs. 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
Survey: Campbell and Hoskison (1969) group: Bole group
Ethnographic: Gunn (1953); 6. Sum, Duurum, possibly Gamsawa/Gamshi
*Mәgang (Temple)
1.A Bolu, Buli Refs.
1.B Mәg̣ àŋ Wordlist: Schuh (1978);
4. 1,250 (LA 1971), ‘a few hundred’ (Caron 2005) Ethnographic: Temple (1922)
*Pyaalu Gezawa = Geji
1.A Pelu, Belu Gәlәvdә = Glavda
1.B Pyààlù Gә̀mà Sákwún = Sakun
Refs: Gәna – member of the Mboi cluster
Grammar: Caron (2013) Gәvoko = Gvoko
*Geji Ghboko – dialect of Glavda?
1.B Gyaazә Ghәna = Pidlimdi: see the Tera cluster
2.A Bagba 153. Ghotuọ
2.C Gezawa, Gaejawa 2.A Otwa, Otuọ
3. Toro, Bauchi LGAs, Bauchi State 3. Edo State, Owan and Akoko–Edo LGAs
4. 650 (LA 1971), 1000 (Caron 2005). 20 villages 4. 9,000 (1952)
(2007) 5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Central Edoid
7. Reading and Writing Book (2006) Refs.
8. NT extracts (2007) Grammar: Elugbe (1985)
Refs. Ethnographic: Thomas (1910);
Grammar: Caron (2009a, 2013)
*Buu Ghudavan = next
1.A Zaranda Ghudeven = next
1.B Bùù Ghudәvәn – member of the Lamang cluster
4. 750 (LA 1971), ‘a few hundred’ (Caron 2002) Ghumbagha – member of the Lamang cluster
Refs. Ghye = Ghye (Za) – dialect of Kamwe
Grammar: Caron (2008) Gidgid = Bade
Ethnographic: Gunn (1953)
154. Giiwo
Gela = next 1.A Kirifi
Gelanci (Gelanci Serim) = next 1.B Bu Giiwo
Gelawa = Jiir: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror– 1.C sg. Ba Giiwo, pl. Ma Giiwo
Us–Zuksun cluster 3. Bauchi State, Alkaleri, Bauchi and Darazo LGAs,
Gelebda = Glavda 24 villages
Gema = Gyem 4. 3,620 (1922 Temple); 14,000 (SIL)
Gemasakun = Sukur 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
Gembu – a dialect of Nor group: Bole group
Genge = Gbagyi Refs.
Gera - Fyandigeri Survey: Schuh (1978)
Gerawa = Gera
Gere = Gera Gili – dialect of Bana
Gerema = Geruma Gimbe = Gọmnọme: see the Koma cluster
Gerembe – dialect of Longuda Gingwak – member of the Jar cluster
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Gitata – dialect of Gwandara 158. Gokana
Giverom = Gworam: see Roba 3. Rivers State, Gokana–Tai–Eleme LGA
Glanda = Glavda 4. 54,000 (1973 SIL)
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Ogoni:
155. Glavda Kegboid
1.A Galavda, Glanda, Gelebda, Gәlәvdә 7. Rivers Reader, Orthography (1991)
2.C Wakura 8. Catholic catechism, Hymnbook
3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; also in Cameroon Refs.
4. 20,000 (1963); 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) Wordlist: Brosnahan (1964, 1967); Vopnu (1991)
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Mandara–
Mafa–Sukur major group: Mandara group Golawa – 230 in Bauchi Emirate: Temple (1922:
6. Ngoshe (Ngweshe) 116,428)
8. Mark 1967, Bible Stories 1966, Hymns and Psalms Gombe – dialect of Fulfulde
1966 Gombi = Ngwaba
Refs. Gong = Kagoma
Survey: Wolff (1971); Hamm (2004) Gomla = next
Grammar: Rapp (1966); Buba & Owens (2007); Gomu = MoÚ`
Nghagyiya (2011); Gongla = Gnoore – dialect of Mumuye
Dictionary: Rapp and Benzing (1968) Gora = Iku–Gora–Ankwa
Goram = Gworam: see the Pan cluster
Gnoore – dialect of Mumuye Gori = Ọkọ: see Ọkọ–Eni–Ọsanyẹn
Goba = Ngwaba Goudé = Guɗe
Gobirawa – dialect of Hausa Gu) = Gbe
Guba = next
156. Goemai Gubawa = next
2.B Ankwai, Ankwe Gubi = Shiki
3. Nasarawa State, Shendam, Awe and Lafia LGAs Gubu = next
4. 13,507 in Shendam (1934 Ames); 80,000 (1973 Gubuwa = Shiki
SIL) Gude = Guɗe
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major Gudi – dialect of Nungu
group: A3 : Goemaic Gudo = Gudu
Refs.
Dictionary: Sirlinger (1937) 159. Gudu
Grammar: Sirlinger (1942); Hellwig (2003, 2004, 1.A Gutu, Gudo
2006a,b, 2007a,b, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2017) 3. Adamawa State, Song LGA, 120 km. west of Song.
Approximately 5 villages.
157. Goji 4. 1,200 (LA 1971)
1.B Fo Goji 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bata group
1.C Nya Goji pl. Memme Goji Source(s)
2.B Chong’e Refs.
2.A Kushe, Kushi Ethnographic: Meek (1931: I.124)
3. Gombe State, Shongom LGA
4. 4000 (1973 SIL); 5000 (1990). ca. 20 villages 160. Guduf–Cikide cluster
(2007) 2.C Afkabiye (Lamang)
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in
group: Bole–Tangale group the mountains. Six main villages.
7. Reading and Writing Book (2006) 4. 21,300 (1963)
8. NT extracts (2007) 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A:
Sources: Blench (2007) Mandara/Mafa/Sukur major group: Mandara group
*Guduf
Goi = Baan 1.C Kәdupaxa
2.C Ɓuxe, Gbuwhe, Latәghwa (Lamang), Lipedeke
(Lamang). Also applied to Dghwede.
6. Guduf, Cikide (Chikide)
8. 47 hymns and psalms 1966
Source(s)
Refs.
Survey: Wolff (1971a:70); Hamm (2000)
35
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Grammar: Kim (2001) 3. Niger State, Shiroro LGA. Gurmana town and
*Gava nearby hamlets
1.A Gawa 4. estimated more than 3,000 (1989)
1.C Kәdupaxa 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Eastern
2.C Linggava, Ney Laxaya, Yaghwatadaxa, group
Yawotataxa, Yawotatacha, Yaxmare, Wakura Source(s) Blench (1989)
Source(s)
Refs. Gurrum – dialect of Ribina: see the Jera cluster
Grammar: Büchner (1964); Scheytt (1966/1967);
Tchikoua (2006) 164. Guruntum–Mbaaru
*Cikide 1.A Gurutum
1.A Cikide 1.B Gùrduŋ
1.C Cikide 3. Bauchi State, Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs
Refs. 4. 10,000 (1988 Jaggar)
5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Zaar group: Guruntum
Gudupe = Guduf subgroup
6. By settlements Dookà, Gàr, Gayàr, Kàràkara,
161. Guɗe Kuukù, and Mbaarù
1.A Gude, Goudé Refs.
2.A Mubi Grammar: Jaggar (1988); Haruna (2003)
2.B Cheke, Tcheke, Mapuda, Shede, Tchade, Mapodi,
Mudaye, Mocigin, Motchekin Gurutum = Guruntum–Mbaaru
3. Adamawa State, Mubi LGA; Borno State, Askira– Gusu – member of the Jera cluster
Uba LGA; and in Cameroon Gussum = Gusu: see the Jera cluster
4. 28,000 (1952), est. 20,000 in Cameroon Gutu = Gudu
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bata group
7. 3 Primers 1974, Folk tales 1973, literacy 165. Guus
programme in progress, 2.B Ɓarawa
8. Mark 1974, Bible translation in progress 2.C Sayanci
Source(s) 3. Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. West of
Refs. Tafawa Balewa town.
Survey: Dieu & Renaud (1983); Brye (2009) 4. 50,000 (1971 Schneeberg); 50,000 (1973 SIL)
Grammar: Hoskison (1975, 1983) 5. Chadic: West branch B: Zaar group
Refs:
Gulak – dialect of Margi Central Grammar: Schneeberg (1971, 1974)
Gumar – unknown affiliation: referred to by Kraft *Guus
Gun – dialect of Gbe 1.B mur gúús (one person); Gùùs (people)
Gunganci = Reshe 1.C vìì kә gúús (mouth of Guus)
Gungawa = Reshe 2.A Sigidi, Sugudi, Sigdi, Segiddi
4. 775 (1950 HDG). 17 villages (Caron 2002)
162. Gupa–Abawa Refs.
3. Niger State, Lapai LGA around Gupa and Edzu Grammar: Caron (2002)
villages
4. estimated more than 10,000 Gupa and 5,000 Abawa Guvja – a dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
(1989) Guyak – dialect of Longuda
5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Nupe Guyuwa (nya Guyuwa) – dialect of Longuda
6. Gupa, Abawa Guzubo – dialect of Tsobo
Source(s) Blench (1989)
166. Gvoko
Gura – member of the Lame cluster 1.A Gәvoko
Gura = next 2.A Ngoshe Ndaghang, Ngweshe Ndhang, Nggweshe
Gùrduŋ = Guruntum–Mbaaru 2.C Ngoshe Sama
Gure = next 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State,
Guri = Gbiri–Niragu Michika LGA
Gurka = Yiwom 4. 2,500 (1963); 4,300 (1973 SIL); estimated more
than 20,000 (1990)
163. Gurmana 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A:
Mandara/Mafa/Sukur major group: Mandara group
36
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Gwari Yamma = Gbari
Source(s) Gwom = next
167. Gwa Gwomo = next
3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA Gwomu = Mõ ̣
4. Less than 1,000 (LA 1971) Gwong = Kagoma
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan Gworam – member of the Pan cluster
Refs. Gworam = Roba
Survey: Shimizu (1983a) Gwózà Wakane = next
Gwak = Gingwak: see the Jar cluster Gwozo – dialect of Zaladva: see the Lamang cluster
Gwali = Gbari and Gbagyi Gwozum – Adamawa State: Michika LGA: people of
Gwamfi = Gwamhi–Wuri the Gwoza hills including Lamang, Mafa etc.: Temple
Gwanda (nya Gwanda) – dialect of Longuda (1922)
Gwandaba – dialect of Longuda Gwune = Agwagwune
Gwandara–Basa = Nimbia: a dialect of Gwandara Gya)az) i = Geji: see the Geji cluster
168. Gwandara Gyang–gyang – part of the Jar: Temple (1922: 170)
1.B Gwàndara Gyange = Ngenge: dialect of Gbagyi
3. Niger State, Suleija LGA; Federal Capital Gyeermu = Geruma
Territory; Nasarawa State, Nassarawa, Keffi, Lafia Gyell – a dialect of Berom
and Akwanga LGAs; Kaduna State, Kachia LGA 170. Gyem
4. 12,000 (1952); 30,000 (1973 SIL) 1.A Gema
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Hausa group 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA, Lame district
6. Central: Gwandara Karashi, Western: Gwandara 4. 2000 (est. 2015)
Koro, Southern: Kyan Kyar, Eastern: Toni; Gwandara 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos
Gitata, Nimbia (Gwandara–Basa) group: Lame cluster
Source(s) Source(s)
Refs. Refs
Wordlists: Matsushita (1974a); Wordlist: Blench et al (2015)
Grammar: Matsushita (1972, 1973);
Texts: Matsushita (1974b) 171. Gyong
Ethnographic: Na’Ibi and Hassan (1969) 1.A Agoma, Kagoma
Gwanje – Dialect of Wandala similar to Malgwa: 1.B Gyong
Westermann and Bryan (1952) 1.C Gong
Gwanto = next 2.B Gwong, Gyong
Gwantu – member of the Numana–Nunku–Gwantu– 3. Kaduna State, Jema’a LGA
Numbu cluster 4. 6,250 (1934 HDG)
169. Gwara 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Western group: Gyongic
1.B iGwara Source(s) Blench 1981)
1.C uŋGwara sg. aGwara pl. Refs.
2.C Gora Grammars: De Wolf (1977), Hagen (1988)
3. Kaduna State, Kagarko, Jaba LGAs Haanda – member of the Mboi cluster
4. Five villages [2012] Habe (Lao Habe) = Laka
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Koro; Idun cluster Haɓe = Hausa
10. Hausa, Idũ, Nyankpa Hadejiya – dialect or subgroup of Hausa
11. According to adults, Hausa is taking over among Hainare = next
younger people, although the extent of this is hard to Hainari – dialect of Nor
gauge. Ham = Hyam
Sources: Duhnya (2012) Handa – member of the Mboi cluster
Wordlist: Blench (2009)
Gwàrà – dialect of Margi
Gwari = Gbari – Gbagyi
Gwari Gamma = Gbari
Gwari Matai = Gbagyi
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
172. Hasha Dictionaries: Schön (1876); Robinson (1899–1900);
1.A Iyashi, Yashi Taylor (1927); Abraham (1946, 1962); Olderogge
3. Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA (1954); Skinner (1959, 1966); Laptukhin (1987);
4. 400 (SIL); 3000 (Blench est. 1999) Matsushita (1991); Ma Newman (1990).
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Alumic Grammars: Schön (1843); Schön (1862); Robinson
Source: Blench (1999) (1897a); Westermann (1911); Migeod (1914);
Refs Vycichl (1932); Hodge (1947); Abrahams (1959b);
Wordlist: Blench (2016) Smirnova (1960, 1982, 1985); Parons (1960a,b,
1981); Osnitskaia (1961, 1962, 1963); Shcheglov
Hátè – dialect of Ninzo (1970); Lobben (1991); Wolff (1993); Newman
(2000); Abdoulaye (1992); Jagger (2001)
173. Hausa Dialects: Pawlak (2002, 2003, 2006);
1.A Haussa, Haoussa Sign language: Olofson (1974); Schmaling (1996,
1.B Háusá 1998, 2000, 2001, 2013)
1.C sg. m. Bàháushèe sg. f. Bàháushìyáa pl. Script: Taylor (1929); Piłaszewicz (2000)
Hàusàawáa plus names by areas or towns e.g. Texts: Richardson (1853); Schön (1857); Schön
Adarawa, Agalawa, Arewa (1877, 1885); Prietze (1907); Abraham (1959a)
2.B Abakwariga, Mgbakpa, Haɓe, Kaɗo Pedagogic: Schön (1848); Seidel (1906, 1907);
3. Spoken as a first language in large areas of Sokoto, Mischlich 1902, 1911); Parsons (1915); Miller
Zamfara, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, Gombe and (1922); Weydling (1942); Brauner & Ashiwaju
Bauchi States, and in the Republic of Niger; also (1965); Zima (1973); Kraft & Kraft (1973); Kraft &
spoken as a regional language in extensive areas Kirk-Greene (1973); Pawlak (1998)
where it is not spoken as a first language, e.g. in the Ethnoscience: Vischer (1936); Pawlak (1991); Zima
Middle Belt of Nigeria, in northern Ghana and in (1997)
Benin Republic Pseudoscience: Stopa (1968)
4. 5,700,000 (1952); 20 million (UBS 1984); 25 Bibliography: Baldi (1977); Powe (1983); Newman
million first and second language speakers including (1996, 2016)
some 3.5 million speakers in other countries (1973 Ethnographic: Temple (1922: 4); Smith (1965);
SIL) Matsushita (1980)
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Hausa group
6. Eastern: Kano, Katagum, Hadejiya; Western: Hawul (Bura Hyil Hawul) – dialect of Bura–Pabir
Sokoto, Gobirawa, Adarawa, Kebbawa, Zamfarawa, Heikpang – with Fan–Foron–Heikpang – a dialect
Northern: Katsina, Arewa. Harris (1930:321) group of Berom
mentions a ‘secret dialect’ called Zauranchi and Hәba = Huba
Toganchi and ‘inverted and abbreviated’ speech- Hә̀ɗkàlà – dialect of Ghumbagha: see the Lamang
forms used to deceive outsiders. cluster
7. Large amount of literature in circulation and being
produced; Official Orthography 174. Hdi
8. Scripture portions from 1853. Bible 1932, 1957, 1.A Hidé, Hide, Xide, Xedi
1979, 2004, New Testament (Linjila) 1965 and 1972, 1.B Xәdi
Some Scripture portions in Ajami (Arabic) script, 2.A Gra, Tur, Turu, Tourou, Ftour
Moslem literature in Ajami (àjàmí) (Arabic) script. 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State,
14. Many internet sites. Google offered in Hausa. Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
15. Text-messaging now common, but vowel-length 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Mandara–
and hooked letters omitted Mafa–Sukur major group: Mandara Group
16. Indigenous Hausa sign language (Schmaling Source(s)
2001). Ongoing dictionary of Hausa Sign Language, Refs.
several volumes published Survey: Wolff (1971, 1974); Dieu & Renaud
17. Two indigenous scripts of 20th century origin. (1983:88);
Refs. Dictionary: Eguchi (1971); Bramlett (1996)
Wordlists: Staudinger (1889) Grammar: Langermann (1991, 1994); Frajzyngnier
Comparative: Krause (1884); Lippert (1906); Vycichl (2002)
(1934, 1966); Cohen (1934/1937); Pilszczikowa
(1958, 1960); Olderogge (1953, 1960); Rössler Hidé = Xedi
(1969); Parsons (1970); Zima (1982); Schuh (1982, Hidkala = Xәdkala: see Ghumbagha: Lamang cluster
2006); Mukarovsky (1988); Bross (1996); Panke Higi = Kamwe
(1999); Jagger (2001); Kossmann (2005) Hiji = Kamwe
Hildi – dialect of Margi South
38
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 7. Literacy programme in progress
Hima – dialect of Ebira 8. Bible translation in progress, Mark 1976
Hina = Pidlimdi: see Tera Source(s) Blench (1992)
Hinna = Pidlimdi: see Tera Refs
Hitkala = Xәdkala: see Ghumbagha: Lamang cluster Grammars: Schuh (1983); Mu’azu (2003, 2009)
Texts: Sharndama (2008)
175. Hɨpɨna Dialects: Mu’azu (2009)
1.A Supana Hude = Dghweɗe
1.B Tihɨpɨna Hul = next
1.C Vihɨpɨna pl. Ahɨpɨna Huli – member of the Fali cluster
3. Niger State, Rafi LGA, Supana town Hum = Ham
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: West: Baushi cluster
Source(s) Blench (2010)
Hoai Petel = Tita 179. Hun–Saare
176. Holma 1.A Ethun
1.A Holma 1.B tHun, sSaare
1.B Da Holmaci 1.C Hunnɛ
1.C Bali Holma 2.A Duka
3. Adamawa State. Spoken north of Sorau on the 2.B Dukanci
Cameroon border 3. Kebbi State, Sakaba LGA; Niger State, Rijau LGA
4. 4 speakers (Blench, 1987). The language has 4. 19,700 (1949 Gunn and Conant); 30,000 (1980
almost vanished and been replaced by Fulfulde UBS)
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bata group 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Northern
11. Probably extinct (1987) group
Source(s) Blench (1987) 6. Western (sSaare) (around Dukku), Eastern (tHun)
Refs. (around Rijau), Tungan Bunu
Ethnographic: Meek (1931a) 7. Primers 1–3 1976, Proverbs (s.d.)
Hona = Hwana 8. Hymnbook, 1976, New Testament nearly complete
Hoode – dialect of Nzanyi (2003)
177. Horom Source(s); Heath (2005)
1.B Barom Refs.
1.C Barom Survey: Dettweiler & Dettweiler (2003)
2.B Kaleri (erroneous) Wordlist: Cressmann & Skitch in Kropp–Dakubu
3. Plateau State, Mangu LGA. One village and one (1980)
hamlet Grammar: Bendor–Samuel, Cressman and Skitch
4. 500 (1973 SIL); 1000 (Blench 1998) 1973);
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Southeastern group Dictionary: unpublished draft (Heath p.c.)
Source(s) Blench 1998); LDF (2012)
Refs
Wordlist: Blench (2016)
Comparative: Nettle (1998)
Hoss – dialect of Berom
178. Huba
1.A Hәba
1.B Huba
1.C Huba
2.A Chobba Kilba
3. Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Mubi and Gombi
LGAs
4. 32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS)
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bura–Higi
major group: Bura group
6. Luwa
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
180. Hùngwә̀ryə̀ *Saik
1.B Cәhungwә̀ryə,̀ Tʷəh̀ ungwә̀ryə̀ [ʨəh̀ ungwә̀ryə]̀ *Dzar
1.C Bùhùngwər̀ yə̀ sg., əh̀ ùngwər̀ yə̀ pl. *Hyam of Nok
2.C Ngwoi, Ngwe, Ungwe, Ingwe, Nkwoi, Ngwai, Sources: Blench (2012)
Ungwai, Hungworo Refs
3. Niger State, Rafi, Kusheriki LGA, around Kagara Wordlists: Gerhardt (1988, 1992); Blench (2012,
and Maikujeri towns 2014)
4. 1000 (1949 HDG), 5000 (2007 est.) Grammars: Jockers (1982)
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Kamuku–
Basa group Hyil (Bura Hyil Hawul) – dialect of Bura–Pabir
6. Dialects: Bitbit (Kwabitu), Lәklәk (Karaku), Jinjin
(Makangara), Wũswũs (Karaiya), Tәmbәrjә
(Tambere) I.
7. Alphabet booklet (2004); Simple sentences (2007);
Calendar (2008) Ịbaa – dialect of Ikwere
9. Phonology (2007), Grammar (2007) Ịbáalí = Bali
10. Hausa is principal second language Ibagyi = Gbagyi
11. Language maintenance good in 2007 Ìbàjí – dialect of Igala
12. Gospel recordings tape (2001) Ibami = Agọi
Source(s) Blench 1987);
Refs. 183. Ịḅanị
Wordlist: Rowlands (1962), Regnier (1992) 1.A Ụḅanị (Igbo form), Bonny (anglicized), Obani
Phonology: Davey (2007) (Cust 1883)
Temple (1922: 206); 2.A Okuloma, Okoloḅa (indigenous name of Bonny
town)
Hunnɛ = Hun 3. Rivers State, Bonny LGA; Bonny town and 35
Huve = next towns and villages. Some old people at Opobo are
Huviya = Bura also said to speak it, but this has not been confirmed.
4. 60,000 (1987, UBS)
181. Hwana 5. Niger-Congo: Ijoid: KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika–
1.A Hona, Hwona Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ)
3. Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, Guyuk and thirty 7. 2 primers 1870, Ịḅanị reader 1947, 1975 readers
other villages 1947, 1969, vocabulary 1903, Rivers Readers Project
4. 6,604 (1952 W&B); 20,000 (1973 SIL), estimate book 1 1971, reading and Writing book 1971
more than 20,000 (Blench 1987) 8. Scripture portions 1870, prayer and hymnbook
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Tera group 1954, Mark (1985)
Source(s) Blench (1987) Refs
Wordlist: Kraft (1981); Wordlist: Köler (1848); Latham (1848)
Dictionaries: Johnson (1903); Blench (2016)
Hwaso = Kpan
Hwaye = Kpan Ibara = Nupe Tako: see the Nupe cluster
Hwona = Hwana Ibaram – member of Akpes cluster
Hyabe = Kakanda Ibeno = Ibinọ
Ibeto – dialect area Kambari I
182. Hyam cluster
1.A Ham, Hum 184. Ibibio
1.B Jaba 1.A Ibibyo
3. Kaduna State, Kachia and Jama’a LGAs 3. Akwa–Ibom State, Ikono, Itu, Uyo, Etinan, Ekpe–
4. 43,000 Atai, Uruan, Nsit–Ubium, Onna, Mkpat Enin and
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Hyamic Abasi LGAs
6. Kwak (=Nkwak) appears as a Hyamic language in 4. 800,000 (1952) (may include Efik); 283,000 (1945
Ethnologue (2009) and some earlier versions of this F&J); 2 million (1973 census); estimated 2.5 million
document, but it is now know to be spurious and (Ibibio proper 1990)
simply a Hyam town name 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
7. Alphabet chart (1999) Cross: Central group
8. Matthew, Mark 1923, Acts (n.d.) 6. Nkari, Enyong, Central, Itak, Nsit etc. roughly
*Kwyeny according to clans
*Yaat
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
7. Efik decreasingly used as the literary language. 1.B Iceve
Primers (1987) Official Orthography 1.C Baceve
8. Bible translation in progress 2.C Ochebe, Ocheve (names of founding ancestor)
Refs. 3. Cross River State, Obudu LGA and mainly in
Overview: Connell (1991) adjacent Cameroon
Wordlist: Oldendorp (1777) Source(s)
Grammars: Boys (1979); Kaufmann (1968), Essien Refs
(1990); Urua (1990) Grammar: Cox (2014)
Dictionary: Kaufmann (1985)
Ethnographic: Forde & Jones (1950) *187.b Maci
1.A Matchi
Ibibyo = Ibibio 1.B Maci
Ibibyo = Ibibio 2.A Kwaya, Olit, Oliti
Ibie (South) – dialect of Etsakọ = Yẹkhee 3. Cross River State, Obudu LGA
Ibie North = Ivbie North: see the Ivbie North–
Okpela–Arhe cluster Ichen = Etkywan
Ibiede – dialect of Isoko Ichèn – dialect of Izere
Icheve = Baceve: member of the Iceve cluster
185. Ibinọ Icuatai = Etung North: see the Ejagham cluster
1.A Ibuno, Ibeno Ìdáh – dialect of Igala
3. Akwa–Ibom State, Uquo–Ibeno LGA
4. 10,000 (Faraclas (1989) 188. Idere
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower 1.B Idere
Cross: West group 3. Akwa Ibom State, Itu LGA
Refs. 4. more than 5,000 (1988)
Overview: Westermann and Bryan (1952); Connell 5. no data. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross:
(1991) Lower Cross
Refs.
Ibo = Igbo Overview: Connell (1991)
Ibot Obolo – dialect of Obolo
Ibukwo = Kpan Idesa = Ọkpẹ–Idesa–Akuku
Ibuno = Ibinọ Idjo = Ịjọ
Ìbunu = Ribina: see the Jera cluster Ido = Udo
Idoani = Iyayu
186. Ibuoro
1.B Ibuoro 189. Idoma cluster
3. Akwa Ibom State, Itu and Ikono LGAs 3. Benue State, Otukpo and Okpokwu LGAs;
4. 5,000 plus (1988) Nassarawa State, Nassarawa and Awe LGAs
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower 5. Benue–Congo: Idomoid
Cross: Central group Refs.
Refs. Overview: Armstrong (1979, 1981, 1983, 1989); Isa
Overview: Connell (1991) (2015)
Grammars: Abraham (1967)
Ibut = Jidda–Abu Ethnographic: Armstrong (1955, 1964)
Iɓo = Igbo
Icèn – dialect of Izere *189.a Agatu
Icen = Etkywan 2.A Idoma North
3. Benue State, Otukpo LGA; Nasarawa State,
187. Iceve cluster Nassarawa and Awe LGAs
2.B Banagere, Iyon, Utse, Utser, Utseu 4. 56,000 (1952 RGA); 70,000 (1987 UBS)
3. Cross River State, Obudu LGA and in adjacent 6. Agatu, Ochekwu
Cameroon 7. Primer 1, Reader 1
4. 5,000 in Nigeria, 7,000 in Cameroon (1990 est.) 8. New Testament in print 1984 in Agatu, Scripture
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Tivoid portions from 1951, hymnbook, 4 Christian books, 4
Source(s) Regnier (1990) Bible correspondence courses, various tracts and
booklets, Old Testament translation in progress
*187.a Ceve Source(s)
1.A Icheve, Becheve, Bacheve, Bechere,
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
*189.b Idoma Central 191. Igala
2.A Oturkpo, Otukpo 2.C Igara
2.B Akpoto 3. Benue State, Ankpa, Dekina, Idah and Bassa
3. Benue State, Otukpo and Okpokwu LGAs LGAs; Edo State, Oshimili LGA; Anambra State,
4. 66,000 (1952 RGA) Anambra LGA
7. Primer; Official Orthograpy 4. 295,000 (1952), 800,000 (1987 UBS)
8. New Testament 1970, Complete Bible 2014, 5. East Benue–Congo: Yoruboid
Scripture portions from 1927, Methodist catechism, 6. Ánkpa and Ògùgù in Ankpa LGA; Ìfè in Ankpa
Methodist hymnbook and Dekina LGAs; Ànyìgbá in Dekina LGA; ‘Idáh
Refs. and Ìbàjì in Idah and Anambra(?) LGAs; and Èbú in
Grammar: Abraham (1951) Oshimili LGA
7. Grammar (out of print), Primers 1 – 6, 2 readers,
*189.c Idoma West literacy programme in progress; Official Orthography
3. Benue State, Okpokwu LGA 8. Bible 1970, gospels revised, New Testament
4. 60,000 (1952 RGA) 1935/1948/1966, Scripture portions from 1924, New
*Okpogu Testament concordance, 8 Sunday School Teachers’
*Idoma South Manuals, 12 Bible Correspondence courses,
2.A Igumale, Igwaale, Ijigbam hymnbook, other Christian books, tracts and booklets
3. Benue State, Okpokwu LGA Refs.
4. 13,500 (1952 RGA) Overview: Akinkugbe (1976)
8. John, Acts (n.d.), Mark Grammar: Philpot (1935); Silverstein (1973);
Akinkugbe (1978); Musa (1987)
Idoma Nokwu = Alago Bibliography: Amali (1990)
Idon = Ajiya Pedagogic: Coomber (1867)
Idong = Ajiya
Idso = Ịjọ Igara = Igala
Idu) = Idun Igara = Etuno: a member of the Ebira cluster
Idua = Ilue Igashi – member of Akoko cluster
Idum = Mbe West: see the Mbe cluster Igbeeku (Yala Igbeeku) – dialect of Yala Ogoja
Igbena – dialect of Yoruba
190. Idun Igbide – dialect of Isoko
1.B Idṹ Igbira = Ebira
1.C Udṹ sg. Adun, Adṹ pl. Igbiri = Gura: see Gure–Kahugu
2.A Dũya [‘language of home’] Igbirra = Ebira
2.B Adong
2.C Jaba Lungu, Ungu, Jaba Gengere [‘Jaba of the 192. Igbo
slopes’] 1.A Ibo, Iɓo, Ebo
3. Kaduna State, Jema’a, Jaba LGAs; Nasarawa State, 2.C Unege
Karu LGA 3. Anambra State; Imo State; Abia State; Rivers State,
4. 1,500 (NAT 1949). Twenty-one villages [2008] Etche, Bonny and Ahoada LGAs; Edo State,
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Koro: Nyankpa-Idun Oshimili, Aniocha, Ika and Ndokwa LGAs
cluster 4. 5,500,000 (1952); over 8 million (Emenanjo); est.
7. Active literacy programme 12 million (1987 UBS)
8. Scripture portions; New Testament in progress 5. Benue–Congo: Igboid
Sources: Blench (2008); Duhnya (2011) 6. A large number of dialects, e.g. Afikpo, AniÚc` ha,
Grammar: Hoffmann (2019) Ọka (Awka), Bonny–Opobo, Mbaisne
Orthography: (Mbaise),Ngwa, Nsụka (Nsukka), Oguta, Ọhụhu,
Ọnịcha (Onitsha), Ọlụ (Orlu), Owere (Owerrĩ,
Iduwini – a south–western dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster Unwana, etc., varying in mutual intelligibility. (A few
Ìdzà = Dza outlying dialects are listed separately, see below). In:
Idzo = Ịjọ the development of a common form, a name used in
Ifaki – a dialect of Yoruba some earlier literature was Isuama. It is a directional
Ìfè – dialect of Igala name rather than a true dialect. It was replaced by
Ìfè ̣– dialect of Yoruba Union Igbo, an artificial form based on four dialects.
Ifira – a dialect of Yoruba This gave way to Central Igbo, based chiefly on a
Ifunubwa = Mbembe simplification of the dialects of the Owerri and
Igabo = Isoko Umuahia areas. Standard Igbo is today accepted for
written Igbo, replacing the earlier Central Igbo. The
42
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
following belong to the same language cluster as 8. Scripture portions from 1937, hymnbook, Catholic
Igbo, but are listed separately in the index: Ụkwuanị– Catechism, New Testament 1981, Complete Bible
Aboh–Ndọnị; Ịka; Ogbah and Ikwere; Izi–Ẹzaa– 2013
Ikwo–Mgbo. Echie and Egbema, though regarded as Source(s)
languages of Rivers State, are outlying Igbo dialects Refs.
and are not listed separately. Grammars: Bergman (1967, 1968, 1981), Oboh et al
7. A large amount of old and current literature, (1987)
including novels, poetry and drama. In: Echie and
Egbema, under the Rivers Readers Project, a Reading Igu – dialect of Ebira
and Writing book and Reader 1 exist in each dialect; Igumale = Idoma South
Grammars and dictionaries; newspaper and cultural
magazines; Official Othography 194. Iguta
8. Isuama dialect: Scripture portions 1860–66 1.C Anaguta
Bonny dialect: Scripture portions 1892–1900 2.A Naraguta
Unwana dialect: Scripture portions 1899–1907 3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA
Ọnịca dialect: Scripture portions 1893–1906, New 4. 2,580 (HDG); 3,000 (1973 SIL)
Testament 1900, and 1906 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos
Union Igbo: Bible 1913, 1952, 1960, 2009, New group: group c
Testament 1908, 1913, and Scripture portions. First Source(s)
draft of a New translation of the whole Bible and Refs.
Apocrypha complete Wordlist: Shimizu (1982)
Refs
Surveys: Ward (1935 1936, 1941), Green (1936), Igwaale = Idoma South
Manfredi (1989), Williamson (2000), Nwaozuzu Igwẹ – member of the Sasaru–Enwan–Igwẹ cluster
(2008), Igwuruta – dialect of Ikwere
Dictionaries: Thomas (1913), [Ọnịca]; Echeruo iGyang – dialect of Tarok
(1997) [Not stated]; Igwe (1999); Green (1999) Ihievbe – listed in Ethnologue (2009) as a distinct
[based on Ohuhu], Mu’azu & Enendu (2015), North-Central Edoid language, but simply a section of
Williamson & Blench (2015) Emai-Iuleha-Ora
Phonology: Ladefoged et al. (1976) Ihima = Hima: see Ebira
Grammars: Schön (1861), Spencer (1901), Ijaw = Ịjọ
Westermann (1926), Adams (1932); Green & Igwe Ijẹbu – dialect of Yoruba
(1963), Igwe & Green (1964), Carrell (1970); Ìjèshà = next
Williamson (1970, 1986); Fixman (1975), Lord Ìjèṣ̣ à – dialect of Yoruba
(1977), Clark (1978); Eke (1985) [Ohaffia], Emenanjo Ijiegu – dialect of Yace
(1978, 1985, 2015), Anyanwu (1998); Ndimele (2000, Ijigbam = Idoma South
2003) [Echie], Ìjò` Àkpòì` – a dialect of Yoruba
Dialects: Ikekeonwu (1985) Ijo = next
Historical: Fulford (2002) Ịjọ = Ịzọn
Ethnographic: Thomas (1913), Uchendu (1965),
Ottenberg (1968), Henderson (1972) 195. Ịjọ
1.A Djo, Idjo, Idso, Idzo, Ijaw, Ijoh, Jos, Udzo, Udsọ,
Igbo Imaban = Legbo Ujo
Igbuduya – dialect of Ẹkpeye 3. Rivers State; Delta State, Bomadi, Burutu, and
Igedde = Igede Warri LGAs; Ondo State,
4. Estimated total number of Ịjọ speakers is 2,000,000
193. Igede (1990).
1.A Igedde, Egede, Egedde 5. Atlantic–Congo: Volta–Congo: Ijoid
3. Benue State, Oju, Otukpo and Okpokwu LGAs 6. Ịjọ is a common name for a language cluster
Cross River State, Ogoja LGA comprising two subgroups:
4. 70,000 (1952 RGA), 120,000 (1982 UBS) I East: consisting of KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika–
5. Benue–Congo: Idomoid Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ), and Nembe–Akaha; and
6. Three dialects: Òjù (Central), Ìtóò (Ito), Ùẉ ọòk` wù ̣ II West: consisting of Inland Ịjọ (Oruma, Ọkọdia,
(Worku); also Gabu (Ogoja LGA) and Bisenĩ and Ịzọn.
7. Writing book 1966, Primer 1975, Folk–tales, 1976, There is partial intelligibility between the groups in
literacy programme in progress each main branch and also between Nembe–Akaha
and the southern dialects of Ịzọn.
Refs.
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Overview: Jenewari (1989) 8. Ḅụmọ and Oporoma: Bible passages 1969, Prayers
*Ịzọn 1967, Easter Story c. 1989, Christmas Story 1990
1.A Ijo, Ịjọ, Ijaw, (these forms are used both in a Kabowei: Gospels 1924
general sense to refer to the whole language cluster Kolokuma: Mark 1912/15, Gospels 1951, Bible
and more specifically to refer to Ịzọn; Ịzọ (Freemann translation in progress, catechism, prayer and
1976), Ezọn (Onduku 1960), Ijọn (Tarebigha 1956 – hymnbook 1954–1970;
Primer), Izọn (Book of Common Prayer, 1954), Izọn, Mein: Catholic Prayer Book 1967, Catholic
Ezọn (Agbegha 1961), other forms attested in various Catechism 1959;
dialects are Ẹz’ọn, Ụjọ Refs.
1.B According to dialect: Ẹzọn (Kumboweĩ; Ezọn Historical: Williamson (1966, 1970)
(Mein); Ịj’ọ (Iduwini, Oporoza); Ịjọ (Egbema); Ịz’ọ Comparative: Lee & Williamson (1990),
(Ḅụmọ, Apọị, Basan, East Olodiama, Iduwinĩ; Ịzọn Grammars: Williamson (1963, 1965, 1978, 1979a,b,
(Oporoma, East Tarakiri, Ogboin, Tungbo, 1987, 1989, 1991);
Ekpetiama, Ikibiri, Kolokuma, Gbanraịn, Kabowei, Dictionaries: Williamson and Timitimi (1983)
West Tarakirĩ; Ịzọn (Oiyakiri, Ogbe Ịjọ, Mein); Ụjọ [Kolokuma], Abegha (2007) [Mein],
or Ụzọ (Ogulagha, Egbema, West Fụrụpagha); Texts: Freemann & Williamson (1967), Williamson
3. Rivers and Bayelsa State, Yenagoa, and Sagbama (1975, 1979),
LGAs; Delta State, Burutu, Warri and Bomadi LGAs; Ethnoscience: Williamson (1971, 1993)
Ondo State, Ikale and Ilaje Ese–Odo LGAs Pedagogic: Taylor (1862)
4. estimated 1,000,000 (Williamson 1989)
5. Niger-Congo: Ijoid Ijùmú – dialect of Yoruba
6. A large number of generally mutually intelligible Ika = Igu: see Ebira
dialects named after the ibe or ‘clan’ (except that Ìkà) = Ukaan
town names are used when a town speaks differently
from the rest of the clan), and grouped as follows: 196. Ịka
I. Central: 1.A Ìḳ á
a. South–Central: subdivided into 2.A Agbor
(ĩ South–East: Ḅụmọ (Boma), (Eastern) Tarakiri, 3. Delta State, Ika and Orhionmwon LGAs
and Oporoma in Yenagoa LGA; Oiakiri (Oiyakirĩ 5. Benue–Congo: Igboid
in Sagbama LGA 6. ‘The dialect spoken around Agbor, the
(iĩ South–West: (Eastern) Olodiama, Basan administrative and commercial headquarters, appears
(Bassan), Koluama, and Apọị in Yenagoa LGA to be developing into a standard form. Further east
b. North–Central: subdivided into and south from this centre, the similarity between Ịka
(ĩ North–East: Kolokuma with Opokuma, and Igbo gets closer.’ (Report of the Committee on
Ekpetiama and Gbanraịn in Yenagoa LGA Languages of Midwestern State: 12)
(iĩ North–West: Ikibiri, Ogboin, and Tungbo (?) 7. 4 primers, proverbs 1959
in Yenagoa LGA; (Western) Tarakiri, Kabowei Refs
(Kabou, Kabo, Patanĩ, Kumbowei (Kumbo), Grammars: Williamson (1968), Maho (1998),
Seimbiri, Operemọ (Operemor), in Sabgama Onyeche (2002)
LGA; Mein in Bomadi LGA; Tuomọ and Ọbọtẹbẹ Dictionaries: Zappa & Nwaokobia (1907)
(?), in Burutu LGA
II. Western Delta: Ikalẹ – a dialect of Yoruba
Iduwini in Sagbama and Burutu LGAs, (Oporoza) Ikan = next
Gbanranmatu and Ogbe Ịjọ in Warri LGA, Ìkàn = next
Ogulagha in Burutu LGA, Egbema in Warri and Ikani = Ukaan
Ovia LGAs, (Western) Olodiama, (Western) Ikaram = next
Fụrụpagha and Arogbo. Ikaramu = next
7. An attempt to develop a standard form of Ịzọn is in Ikeram = Ikorom: a member of Akpes cluster
progress and a primer has been produced (1988) Ikiran = Ẹyẹ: see Ọkpamheri
Kolokuma: Primers 1948, Folktales 1968, Rivers Ikibiri – a north–western dialect of Ịzọn: see Ịjọ
Reader 1 1969, Reading and Writing Book 1969, cluster
Signs and Omens (diglot) 1971, Dictionary 1983, in Iko = Doko–Uyanga
progress; Iko – dialect of Agoi
Mein: vocabulary 1961, adult primer 1956,
orthography 1961, storybook 1958, Ozidi Saga
(diglot) 1977, Dictionary
Olodiama: Primers 1956, 1972, Traditional
proverbs 1967, Poems 1972
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
197. Iko Sociolinguistics: Ihemere (2006)
1.B Iko Azunda (1987);
2.A Obolo (incorrectly included within Obolo) Brown (1989);
3. Akwa Ibom State, Ikot Abasi LGA
4. Three villages: 5,000+ (1988) Ikwerre = Ikwere
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower Ikwo – member of the Izi–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster
Cross Ila – dialect of Yoruba
Refs. Ilaje = Ilajẹ
Overview: Connell (1991) Ilajẹ – dialect of Yoruba
Ileme = Unẹmẹ
Ikolu = Ikulu
Ikom (Yala Ikom) – dialect of Yala 201. Ilue
Ikọm – member of the Olulumọ–Ikọm cluster 1.A Idua
Ikorom – member of the Akpes cluster 1.B Ilue
Ikot Ekpene – dialect of Anaang 3. Akwa Ibom State, Oron LGA
Ikpan = Kpan 4. 5,000 (1988); diminishing
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
198. Ikpeshi Cross
3. Bendel State, Etsako LGA Refs. Connell (1991)
4. 1,826 (Bradbury 1957)
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North Central Edoid Imaban (Igbo Imaban) = Legbo
Imiv – dialect of Isoko
Ikpesi = Ipesi: a dialect of Yoruba Închà – dialect of Ninzam
Inchazi = Rukuba
199. Ikryo Inedua – dialect of Engenni
1.B sg. à-kró pl. ā-kró Ineme = Unẹmẹ
1.C ìkryó Ingwe = Hungwǝryǝ
2.B West Kuturmi Inidem = Nindem: see the Kanufi–Kaningkon–
3. Kaduna State, Kachia LGA Nindem cluster
4. Two villages
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northwestern group 202. *Inland Ịjọ
3. Rivers State, Yenagoa and Brass LGAs
Iku – see the Iku–Gora–Ankwa cluster 5. Atlantic–Congo: Ijoid: Ijo Inland cluster
Ìkúmórò = Kohumono
Ikúmtale = Mbe West: see the Mbe cluster *Biseni
Ìkúmúrù = Kohumono Ikun – member of the 1.A Buseni
Ubaghara cluster 1.B Biseni
1.C Biseni
200. Ikwere 2.B Amegi
1.A Ikwerre 3. Rivers State, Yenagoa LGA, Akpeịdẹ, Egbebiri,
1.C Ìwhnuruò`hnà Kalama,Tẹịn and Tụbụrụ towns
3. Rivers State, Ikwerre, Port Harcourt and Obio– 4. Community consisting of five sections
Akpor LGAs
4. 54,600 (1940 F&J); possibly 200,000 (SIL) *Akịta
5. Benue–Congo: Igboid 1.A Okordia, Ọkọdi‡
6. Northern dialects: Elele, Apanị, Ọmerelu, Ubima, 1.B Akịta
Isiokpo, Ọmagwna (Ọmuegwna), Ipo, Ọmudioga, 1.C Akịta
Ọmuanwa, Igwuruta, Egbedna, Alụu, Ịbaa 3. Rivers State, Yenagoa LGA
Southern dialects: Akpọ–Mgbu–Tolu, Ọbio, Ọgbakiri, 4. Community consisting of six sections, six towns
Rụmuji, Ndele, Emọhua
7. Rivers Readers Project: Reader #1 1970, Reading *Oruma
and Writing book, Primer (other than R.R.P.), 1.B Tugbeni
traditional proverbs 1975, Folktales 1985 1.C Tugbeni Kạạmạ
8. Hymnbook 1969, 1971, prayers 1970 3. Rivers State, Brass LGA
Refs. 4. A single town surrounded by Central Delta
Phonology: Clements & Osu (2005) languages
Grammars: Clark (1971), Osu (1995a,b, 2000),
Williamson (2003), Inyima = Lenyima
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Ipesi – a dialect of Yoruba Grammars: Mafeni (1969)
Ipo – dialect of Ikwere Donwa–Ifode (1983, 1985, 1986)
Irhobo = Iṣẹkiri
Iri – dialect of Isoko Isua = Uhami
Iri – dialect of Kadara Isuama – dialect of Igbo
Irigwe = Rigwe Itak – a dialect of Ibibio
Irri – dialect of Isoko iTarok = Tarok
Irruan – dialect of Bokyi iTarok Oga aSa = Tarok
Ịsan = Esan Itchen = Etkywan
Isanga = Gusu: see the Jera cluster Itebiegẹ – dialect of Isoko
Isangele = Usakade Itebu = Nembe: Nembe–Akaha cluster: see Ịjọ cluster
Iteeji = Mtezi–Iteeji – dialect of Kukele
203. Iṣẹkiri Itigidi = Legbo
1.A Itsekiri, Ishekiri, Shekiri, Chekiri, Jekri, Izekíri, Itsekiri = Iṣẹkiri
Tshekeri, Dsekiri Ito = next
2.B Iwere, Irhobo, Warri Ìtóò – dialect of Igede
2.C Iselema–Otu (Ịjọ name for Warri/Itsekiri people),
Selemo 205. Ito
3. Delta State, Warri, Bomadi and Ethiope LGAs 1.B Ito
4. 33,000 (1952); over 100,000 (1963 Omamor); 3. Akwa Ibom State, Akamkpa LGA
500,000 (1987 UBS) 4. 5,000 plus (1988)
5. Benue–Congo: Defoid: Yoruboid: Edekiri: 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
Itsɛkiri/South East Èdè Cross: (no data)
7. Primers (1907, 1956, 1975, 1989, 1990) Source(s) Connell (1991)
8. Scripture portions from 1945, New Testament and
Psalms (1985), Complete Bible 2010, hymnbook, 206. Itu Mbon Uzo
prayer book 1909/1974, Catholic catechism 1.A Itu Mbuzo
Refs. 1.B Itu Mbon Uzo
Phonology: Omamor (1979) 3. Akwa Ibom State, Ikono LGA
Grammar: Opubor (1969), Omamor (1982) 4. 5,000 plus (1988)
Ethnographic: Lloyd, (1957) 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Lower
Cross: Central
Iselema–Otu = Iṣẹkiri Source(s) Connell (1991)
Ishan = Esan
Ishe – dialect of Ukaan Itu Mbuzo = Itu Mbon Uzo
Ìshɛ̀ = Ukaan Iuleha – member of the Emai–Iuleha–Ora cluster
Ishekiri = Iṣẹkiri
Ishibori = Nkem: see the Bakor cluster 207. Ivbie North–Okpela–Arhẹ cluster
Ishua = Uhami 3. Edo State, Etsako and Akoko–Ẹdo LGAs
Isiokpo – dialect of Ikwere 4. 14,500 (1952); possibly 20,000 (1973 SIL)
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Central Edoid
204. Isoko Refs.
2.B Igabo, Sobo (see also under Urhobo) *Ivbie North
2.C Biotu (not recommended) *Okpela
3. Delta State, Isoko and Ndokwa LGAs 1.A Okpella, Ukpilla
4. At least 74,000 (1952 REB); 300,000 (1980 UBS) *Arhẹ
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: South–Western Edoid 1.A Atẹ, Ate, Atte
6. West Central: Ozoro (Ọzọrọ), Ofagbe, Emede, Owe Refs:
(Owhe), Elu; Standard: Aviara; Western: Iyede, Imiv, Elugbe (1989)
Enhwe (Ẹnwẹ), Ume, Iwire (Igbide); East Central: Grammars: Emuekpere-Masagbor (1997)
Olomoro, Iyede–ami, Unọgbọkọ, Itebiegẹ, Uti,
Iyọwo, Ibiede, Oyede; Standard: Uzere; West Central: Ivbiosakon = Emai–Iuleha–Ora, Ghotuọ, Ihiebe?
Irri (Irĩ, Ole (Oleh) Ivhiadaobi – dialect of Etsakọ = Yẹkhee
7. Readers 1954–58, Adult Education pamphlets; Ivhimion – dialect of Emai–Iuleha–Ora
Official Orthography Iwere = Iṣẹkiri
8. NT and Psalms 1970, hymnbook 1930, Scripture Ìwhnuruò`hnà = Ikwere
portions from 1920, Complete Bible 1977 Iwire – dialect of Isoko
Refs. Iyace = Yace
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Iyala = Yala Grammars: Lukas & Willms (1961), Meyer-Bahlburg
Iyani – member of Akpes cluster (1979), Gerhardt (1984), Blench (2000)
Iyashi = Yashi Ethnographic: Nyam (1988)
*Northeastern
208. Iyayu 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA; Plateau State, Jos LGA;
2.C Idoani 6. Federe=Fedare, Zendi, Fursum, Jarawan Kogi
3. Ondo State, one quarter of Idoani town *Southern
4. 9,979 (1963) 1.A Forom
5. Benue–Congo: Edoid: North–Western Edoid: Osse 3. Plateau State, Barkin Ladi LGA at Forom and
Gashish villages
Iyede – dialect of Isoko 4. less than 4,000 (1991)
Iyede–ami – dialect of Isoko *Ichèn
Iyẹkhee = Etsakọ = Yẹkhee 8. New Testament transaltion under way
*Faishang
209. Iyive *Ganang
1.A Uive Source: Blench (2006)
1.B Yiive
1.C Ndir 211. Izii–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster
2.B Asumbo (Cover term used in Cameroon) 4. 593,000 (1973 SIL)
3. Benue State, Kwande LGA, near Turan; and in 5. Benue–Congo: Igboid
Cameroon (several villages in Manyu Département) *Izi
4. 2,000 1.A Ezzi, Izzi
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Tivoid 3. Anambra State, Abakaliki and Ishielu LGAs;
Source(s) Gray wordlist Benue State, Okpokwu LGA
Refs. Dieu & Renaud (1983) 4. 84,000 (1940 F&J); 200,000 (1973 SIL)
7. Reading and Writing book 1967, primer 1975, 4
Iyongiyong = Bakpinka post–primers 1972–74
Iyọwo – dialect of Isoko 8. Scripture portions from 1971, New Testament
Izarek = Izere 1979, Complete Bible 2014, hymnbooks 1972 and
Izekíri = Iṣẹkiri 1975
9. Extended wordlist (199x)
210. Izere cluster Source(s) De Blois (n.d.); Blench (2000)
1.A Izarek, Zarek Refs.
1.C Afizere: other spellings – Fizere, Feserek, Grammar: Meier, Meier and Bendor–Samuel (1975),
Afizarek, Afusare, Fezere Agara (2001)
2.B Jarawa *Ẹzaa
2.C Jarawan Dutse 1.A Eza
3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA; Plateau State, Jos South 3. Anambra State, Ezza and Ishielu LGAs; Abia State,
and Barkin Ladi LGAs; Kaduna State, Jema’` a LGA Ohaozara LGA;
probably migrants only Benue State, Okpokwu LGA
4. 22,000 (LA 1971); 30,000 (1977 Voegelin & 4. 93,800 (1940 F&J); 180,000 (1973 SIL)
Voegelin) 7. Trial Primer 1973, 2 post–primers 1974–5
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Central 8. New Testament 1980, Scripture portions from
Source(s) Gardiner (p.c.) 1973, hymnbook 1972
Refs. Source(s) IL/NBTT
Survey: Shimizu (1975); Regnier (1991) *Ikwo
Ethnographic: Bristow (1953) 3. Anambra State, Ikwo and Abakaliki LGAs
*Fobur 4. 38,500 (1940 F&J); 150,000 (1973 SIL)
1.A Fobor 7. Reading and Writing book 1973, trial Primer 1973,
2.C Northwestern Jarawa 3 post–primers 1974–75
3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA; Plateau State, Jos LGA; 8. New Testament 1980, Complete Bible 2014,
4. less than 15,000 (1991) Scripture portions from 1973, hymnbook 1972
6. Fobur, Shere, Jos Zarazon Source(s)
7. Alphabet Chart 1978, Alphabet Booklet 1984, I Fa *Mgbo
Yir Izere (Let’s Read Izere) 1985 1.A Ngbo
8. Mark’s gospel 1940 3. Anambra State, Ishielu LGA
Refs 4. 19,600 (1940 F&J); 63,000 (1973 SIL)
Dictionaries: Blench & Kaze (2016)
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iZini – a dialect of Tarok 2.B Bankalanci, Baranci
Ịzọ = Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster 2.C Bankalawa
Izom – dialect of Gbari 3. Dass town and northward to Bauchi town, west of
Ịzọn – member of the Ịjọ cluster the Gongola River, in Dass, Bauchi, and Toro LGAs,
Izzi = Izi: see the Izi–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster Bauchi State
Ja (Tsure Ja) = Reshe 4. 20,000 (LA 1971)
Ja = Dza 6. Dumbulawa (Sutumi village) may speak a dialect
Jaabɛ = Cen Tuum of Ɓankal
Jaaku = Láb r̀ 7. Reading and Writing Book (2006)
Jaalingo – dialect of South–Western Mumuye 8. NT extracts (2007)
Jaba = Hyam Refs
Jajuru = Kajuru: see Kadara Ethnographic: CAPRO (1995a)
Jakanci = next *Ligri
Jaku = Láb r̀ 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA
Jal = Aten 4. 800 speakers (Ayuba est. 2008).
Jalaa = Cen Tuum *Kantana
Jalabɛ = Cen Tuum 3. Plateau State, Kanam LGA
Jalalum – dialect of Karekare 11. The language is rapidly yielding to Hausa; it is
still used by middle-aged speakers but young speakers
212. Jan Awei not longer make active use of it.
1.B Jan Awei *Bobar [?]
3. Gombe State, West of Muri mountains, North of 3. Bauchi State, precise location unknown. May not
the Benue (precise location unknown) exist as survey in 2007 failed to find such a language
4. 12 ? (1997) *Gwak
5. Benue–Congo: Central Jukunoid 1.A Gingwak
Source(s) Storch (p.c.) 2.B Jaranci
2.C Jarawan Bununu, Jaracin Kasa
Jangani (Samba Janganĩ – a dialect of Samba Daka 3. Dass town and southward to Tafawa Balewa, west
Jama = Samba Daka of the Gongola River, in Dass and Tafawa Balewa
LGAs, Bauchi State
213. Janji 4. 19,000 (LA 1971)
1.A Jenji *Doori
1.B Tìjánjí 1.B Dõõri
1.C Ajanji 2.B Duguranci
2.C Anafejanzi 2.C Dugurawa
3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA 3. Bauchi State, Alkaleri,Tafawa Balewa LGA;
4. 360 (NAT 1950) Plateau State, Kanam LGA
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos 6. Previous sources (e.g. Maddieson & Williamson
group: group c 1975) divided Duguri into a number of regional
Refs dialects. There appears to be no basis for these
Wordlist: Shimizu (1975) 14; (1980) 253 distinctions and all Doori essentally speak
intercomprehensible lects
Janjo = Dza 11. The language is gradually yielding to Hausa; it is
still used by middle-aged speakers but young speakers
214. Jar cluster no longer make active use of it.
1.A Dṣ’arawa (Koelle 1854), Jarawa * Mbat
2.B Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Jarawan Kasa, Jaracin 1.A Mbada, Bat, Bada, Baɗa
Kogi/Kasa 2.B Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Garaka
3. Plateau, Bauchi and Adamawa States 2.A Kanna
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan 2.C Badawa, Mbadawa
Refs. Maddieson and Williamson (1975); Shimizu 3. North-central part of Kanam LGA, Plateau State,
(1983) – Shimizu treats Kantana as co-ordinate centered at Gagdi-Gum
language. Also he refers to Zungur (possibly Gwak or 4. 10,000 (SIL)
Baɗa), Ndangshi, Dòòrî, Mùùn, Dàmùl. It is not clear * Mbat-Galamkya
how these relate to the languages below. 1.A Mbada, Bat, Bada, Baɗa
*Zhar 2.B Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Garaka
1.B Zhar 2.A Kanna
2.A Ɓankal, Bankal, Bankala 2.C Badawa, Mbadawa
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3. North-western Kanam LGA, southwest of Mbat, 1.A Anabeze
including Gyangyang 2 and Gidgid 1.B eBoze
4. 10,000 (SIL) 1.C unaBoze pl. anaBoze
10. Hausa, Fulfulde 2.A Buji
Source(s) Blench (2007); 3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA. Both sides of the Jos-
Refs. Zaria road, directly north of Jos.
Survey: Rueck et al 2009) 4. εGorong (2500?), εKɔkɔŋ (3000) εFiru (1500?)
Comparative: Shimizu (1983) (Blench est, 2003). Due to language loss, especially in
Ethnographic: Temple (1922: 217); CAPRO (1995a) road settlements, there are considerably more ethnic
Boze. The figures in the Ethnologue are total district
215. Jara populations, not speakers.
1.A Jera 6. Boze is divided into three dialects, εGorong,
3. Borno State, Biu LGA; Bauchi State, Ako LGA εKɔkɔŋ as well as a third rather divergent speech
4. 4,000 (SIL) form, εFiru
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Tera group 8. Reading & Writing Book (2019)
Source(s) Blench & Nengel (2012)
Jaracin Kasa = Jar cluster Dictionary: Blench & BLB (2019)
Jaracin Kogi – see the Jar cluster
Jaranci = Gingwak: see the Jar cluster *Gusu
Jarawa – a Hausa name used to refer to many 1.A Gussum
language groups: Izere, Ribina, Lame cluster, Ɓarawa 1.B i–Sanga
(Das, Geji, Polci, Saya, Zari and Zeem clusters) and 1.C sg. o–Sanga, pl. a–Sanga
the languages of the Jarawan Bantu group including: 2.B Anibau, Anosangobari
the Jarawa cluster, Mbárù, Gùra, Rúhû, Gubi, Dulbu, 3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Láb r̀ , Kulung, and Gwa 4. 2,350 (1936 HDG)
Jarawan Bununu = Gingwak Source(s) IL/NBTT wordlist
Jarawan Dutse = Izere *Jere
Jarawan Kogi = Baɗa: see the Jar cluster 1.B Ezelle
Jarawan Kogi – a dialect of Izere 1.C Anazele, Azelle
Jareng = Gnoore – dialect of North–Eastern Mumuye 2.A Jengre
Jasikit = Nteng – possible dialect of Kwagallak: see 3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Kaduna State, Saminaka
the Pan cluster LGA
Jeba = Hyam 4. 4,500 (1936 HDG)
Jega – dialect of Panseng Source(s) IL/NBTT wordlist
Jeere = Jera *Ibunu-Lɔrɔ
Jekri = Iṣẹkiri 1.A Bunu
Jelaselem = next 1.B Ìbunu
Jelaselum – dialect of Karekare 1.C Ànarubùnu, (Anorubuna, Narabuna)
Jen = Dza 2.A Rebina, Ribina, Rubunu
Jeng – dialect of Mumuye 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Jeng = next 4. 2,000 (LA 1971)
Jenge = Nzanyi Source(s)
Jengre = Jere: the Jere cluster Refs:
Jenji = Janji Grammar: Shimizu (1968)
Jenjo = Dza 1.B iLɔrɔ
Jenuwa – dialect of Kuteb 1.C ɔnɔLɔrɔ pl. AnoLɔrɔ
Jepal = next 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Jepel = Jipal: see the Pan cluster 4. 1500 (Blench 2003) in four villages
Jera = Jara or the Jere cluster Source(s) Blench & Nengel (2003)
*Panawa
216. Jere cluster 1.B iPanawa
1.A Jera, Jeere 1.C unuPanawa pl. anaPanawa
3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Bauchi State, Toro LGA 2.A Bujiyel
4. 23,000 (1972 SIL) 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos 4. 1600 CAPRO (1995a). 3500 (Blench 2003) in five
group: group c villages
Refs. Shimizu (1968, 1980, 1982) Source(s) Blench & Nengel (2003)
*Boze Refs
49
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 220. Jimi
Ethnographic: CAPRO (1995a) 3. Bauchi State, Darazo LGA
Jeriyawa = Ribina: see the Jere cluster 4. 250 (LA 1971); 400 (1973 SIL)
Jeriyawa = Jereawa ‘North of Bauchi Emirate’ 5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Zaar group
perhaps also at Ako in Gombe, population 1,470: Jimo = Zumu: see the Bata cluster
Temple (1922: 171): never reported again Jinda = Cinda: see the Cinda-Regi-Rogo-Kuki cluster
Jetko – dialect of Kanuri Jinleri = Shoo–Minda–Nye
Jessi – see Shoo–Minda–Nye cluster Jipal – member of the Pan cluster
Jessu – dialect of Longuda Jirai – dialect of Bata
Jezhu – dialect of Gbari Jiriya = Ziriya
Jibu – member of the Jukun cluster 221. Jiru
Jibyal = Jipal: see the Pan cluster 1.A Zhiru
Jidda – see Bu-Ningkada 2.B Atak, Wiyap, Kir
Jiir – see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us– 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA
Zuksun cluster 5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid:
217. Jijili Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo: Wurbo cluster
1.B Tanjijili Jiwafa = Jiwapa – Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA,
1.C Ujijili pl. aJijili Kono village: Temple (1922: 62,576); Gunn (1956:
2.C Koro Funtu of Kafin Koro, Koro of Shakoyi 60)
3. Niger State, Chanchaga and Suleija LGAs, north 222. Jju
the road from Minna to Suleja around Kafin Koro 1.B Kәjju
4. About eight settlements and probably some 8000 1.C Baju, Bajju
speakers (1999) 2.B Kaje, Kajji, Kache
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Southern: Jili group 3. Kaduna State, Kachia and Jema’a LGAs
Source(s) Blench 1980, 1999) 4. 26,600 (NAT 1949); possibly 200,000 (1984 SIL)
Refs 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Central
Wordlist: Blench (2016) 7. Literacy programme in progress, trial primers
218. Jilbe 1974–5, Kaje alphabet book 1972, Proverbs 1985;
1.C Jilbe Official Orthography
3. Borno State, a single village on the Nigeria 8. Bible stories 1972; New Testament 1983
Cameroun border, south of Dikwa Source(s)
4. ? 100 speakers (Tourneux p.c. 1999) Refs
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara B: Mandage group Grammars: McKinney (1979), McKinney (1990)
Source(s) Tourneux (1997) Pedagogic: Mindat (2015)
Jilbu = Zizilivakan Ethnographic: McKinney (1983, 1985)
219. Jili Johode = Dghweɗe
1.A Megili, Migili (orthographic form) Jompre (not recommended) = Kuteb
1.B Lijili 223. Joole
1.C Jijili (singular), Mijili (plural) 1.B èèʒìì
2.B Koro of Lafia 1.C nwá èèʒìì
3. Plateau State, Lafia and Awe LGAs 3.Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA and Adamawa
4. 50,000 (1985 UBS) State, Numan LGA. Along the Benue River.
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Southern group; Jilic 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Jen group
7. Reading and Writing book 1975, Folk Tales 1976 Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1995)
8. New Testament 1987. Project became moribund for
decades bu has recently revived.
Refs:
Phonology: Stofberg (1978a)
Grammar: Stofberg (1978b)
Dictionary: Blench (2016)
Orthography: Dogo (2017)
Jilvu (Fali of Jilvu) = Zizilivakan
Jimbin = Zumbun
50
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
224. Jorto 7b. Takum: Primers 1–7 1966–1975, 6 post primers,
3. Plateau State, Shendam LGA, at Dokan Kasuwa Jukun grammar and Jukun–Hausa wordlist, English–
4. 4,876 (1934 Ames) Jukun wordlist 1966–1967. Literacy programme in
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major progress
group: A3 8a. Donga: Luke 1919
NB. There is some doubt this language really exists. 8b. Takum: New Testament 1980, Scripture portions
No data has ever been circulated. since 1969, liturgy 1966, hymnbook 1961–1965,
catechism, Bible stories, tracts
Jos = Ịjọ Refs:
Jos–Zarazon – dialect of Izere Wordlists: Dayrell (1908), Fraser (1908)
Ju (Ju Norĩ = Nor Grammars: Welmers (1949, 1968), Shimizu (1980)
*Wase Tofa
225. Ju 3. Plateau State, Shendam and Langtang LGAs
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
4. 150 (LA 1971) Jukun of Wukari – see: Wapan, a dialect of Kororofa
5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Zaar group: Guruntum Jukun of Wurkum – former map no 181 (area
subgroup uncertain): Gospel portions 1927, 1950
Jumu = Ijùmú: a dialect of Yoruba
Jukun – commonly used for both the Jukun and Ju–Nọri = Nor
Kororofa clusters Kaama = Kaiama: Busa cluster
Kaama = Oruma
226. Jukun cluster Kạạmạ (Tugbeni Kạạmạ) = Oruma
1.A Njuku
2.A Njikun 227. Kaan
3. Taraba State, Wukari, Takum, Bali and Sardauna 2.A Libo
LGAs; Nasarawa State, Awe, Shendam, Langtang and 3. Adamawa State, Guyuk LGA
Lafia LGAs; Benue State, Makurdi LGA; and in 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Yungur group
Furu-Awa subdivision, Cameroon
4. 35,000 (1971 Welmers); 1700 in Cameroun (1976) Ka–Ban – dialect of Baan
5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid: Kaban = Kadim–Kaban: see Cakfem–Mushere
Refs. Kabari – dialect of Kanembu: Kanuri–Kanembu
Overviews: Shimizu (1980); Breton (1993) Kabila = Lubila
Grammar: Storch 1997); Kabire = Lubila
Wordlist: Fraser (1908); Dayrell (1908) Kabo = Kabụ: see Ịzọn: the Ịjọ cluster
Kabou = Kabụ: see Ịzọn: the Ijo cluster
*Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo group Kabri – dialect of Nor
**Jibu Kabụ – North–Western dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster
3. Taraba State, Gashaka LGA Kaceccereere – dialect of Fulfulde
4. 25,000 (1987 SIL) Kache = Jju
6. Gayam, Garbabi Kacicere – member of the Katab cluster
7. Pre–primer 1973, 3 primers 1975, Jibu–Hausa–
English wordlist 1974, 1990 folktale book 1971, 228. Kadara cluster
Primer 1991, literacy programme halted in 1976, Language cluster: Eda- Edra-Enezhe
resumed in 1987 *Eda
8. Scripture portions and Bible stories from 1971. 1.A Adara
Genesis 1–IV, 1989. Luke, 1992. Bible translation in 1.B Ànda pl. Àda
progress 1.C Èdà
Source(s) Priest (p.c.) 2.A Kadara
Refs 3. Kaduna State, Kachia LGA; Niger State, Paikoro
Phonology: Van Dyken (1974) LGA
Grammars: Bradley (1971), 4. 22,000 (NAT 1949); 40,000 (1972 Barrett). Towns;
**Takum-Donga Adunu, Amale, Dakalo, Ishau, Kurmin Iya, Kateri,
2.B Jibu Bishini, Doka (Kaduna road)
3. Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna and Bali LGAs 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northern group
4. Second language speakers only 40,000 (1979 UBS) 7. Reading and Writing Book (2006); Counting and
6. Takum, Donga Numbering (2006)
7a. Donga: Primer 1915 8. NT extracts (2006)
12. Request programme, Zuma FM Radio
51
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Source(s) Maikarfi (2011) 2.C Kukum Wipsi–Ni (cLela name)
Refs. 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, around Kukum town
Wordlist: Blench (2009)
Smith (1953); *Jiәr
Survey: Hon et al. (2011) 1.B tJiәr
*Edra 1.C sg. wauJiәr, pl. aJiәr
1.B Àndara pl. Àdara 2.B Gelanci Serim
1.C Èdrà 2.C Gelawa, Geeri–ni
2.A Kadara 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, around Bajidda; Rijau
3. Kaduna State, Kachia, Kajuru LGAs LGA, Niger State
4. Towns; Maru, Kufana, Rimau, Kasuwan Magani &
Iri *Kәr
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northern group 1.B tKәr
Source(s) Maikarfi (2007) 1.C sg. wauKәr, pl. Kәrne
Refs. Smith (1953); Hon et al. (2011) 2.B Kela, Adoma Kelanci Kilinci
*Enezhe 2.C Keri–Ni Kelawa
1.B Àndara pl. Àdara 3. Kebbi State, Zuru and Wasagu LGAs, north of
1.C Èdrà Mahuta but south of the Kag river
2.A Kadara
3. Kaduna State, Kachia, Kajuru LGAs *Koor
4. Towns; Maru, Kufana, Rimau, Kasuwan Magani & 1.B t–ma–Koor
Iri 1.C sg. wauKoor, pl. aKoor
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northern group 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, around Bakara
Source(s)
Refs. Hon et al. (2011) *Ror
1.B ǝt–ma–Ror
Kadun = Vaghat 1.C sg. wauRor, pl. aRor
Kaduna – dialect of Gbagyi 2.C Tudawa d–Gwan
Kaɗo = Hausa 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA around Birnin Tudu
Kafanchan = Kafancan – member of the Katab cluster 6. Dialect used for language development
Kafarati – dialect of Kwaami 7. Many documents in draft but not yet published.
Kafugu = Gbiri–Nirago Refs:
Grammar: Smith (2007)
229. Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–[Us]–Zuksun
cluster *Us
2.A The name ut-Main has been adopted by various 1.B tUs
member of this cluster as a cover term for these 1.C sg. wauUs, pl. aUs, asUs
languages, but whether it will be widely adopted 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, west of Fakai
remains to be seen. 6. Us have no specific dialect but speak like the Ror
2.B Fakanci, Fakkanci
3. Kebbi State, Zuru and Wasagu LGAs, west of *Zuksun
Dabai 1.B tZuksun
4. 12,300 (1949 G&C) 1.C sg. wauZuksun, pl. aZuksun
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Northern 2.C Zusu Wipsi–ni
group 3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA around Tungan Kuka,
Source(s) Blench 1989); Regnier (1992) south of Fakai
Refs. Rowlands (1962);
Kaga – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
*Kag Kagama – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
1.B tKag Kagarko = Ashe–Begbere
1.C sg. woo Kag, pl. Kagne Kagne = Kag: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–
2.B Faka, Fakai (town name), Fakanci, Fakkanci Us–Zuksun cluster
2.C Pәku–Nu (cLela name) Kagoro – member of the Katab cluster
3. Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, Mahuta and Fakai areas Kagu = Gbiri–Nirago
Kahugu = Gbiri–Nirago
*Fer Kaiama – member of the Busa cluster
1.B tFer Kaibi = Kaivi
1.C sg. wasFer, pl. asFer Kaibre = Lubila
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
230. Kaivi Kaltungo – dialect of Tangale
1.A Kaibi 233. Kam
3. Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA 1.C Nyimwom
4. 650 (NAT 1949) 3. Taraba State, Bali LGA. Mayo Kam and Kamijim
5. no data. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: villages only
Kauru subgroup 4. 583 (1922 Temple); estimate more than 1000
(1987)
Kaiyorawa = Geji: see the Geji cluster 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Kam group
Kaje = Jju Source(s) Blench (1987)
Kajji = Jju
Kajuru – dialect of Kadara 234. Kamantan
Kaka = Yamba 1.A Kamanton = Kamantan
Kakaba = Mbongno 1.C Angan
3. Kaduna State, Kachia LGA
231. Kakanda cluster 4. 3,600 (NAT 1949); 10,000 (1972 Barrett)
1.A Akanda 5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Western group: Gyongic
2.B Hyabe, Adyaktye
3. Kwara State, Kogi LGA; Niger state, Agaie and Kamantam = Kamantan
Lapai LGAs; Kamanton = Kamantan
communities along the Niger centered on Buda)
4. 4,500 (1931); 20,000 (1989 Blench) 235. Kambari I cluster
5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Nupe group 1.A Kamberi
Source(s) Blench 1986/1989) 3. Niger State, Magama and Mariga LGAs; Kebbi
Refs State, Zuru and Yauri LGAs; Niger State, Borgu LGA
Phonology: Oyebade (1988) 4. with Kambari II: 67,000 (1952 W&B); 100,000
(1973 SIL)
*Kakanda–Budon 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Kambari
*Kakanda–Gbanmi/Sokun group
Source(s) Blench (2008)
Kakihum – dialect area of Kambari I Refs.
Kakumo – dialect of Ukaan *Agaɗi
Kal – dialect of Zaar: see the Guus-Zaar cluster 1.B Tsɨgaɗi
Kalaḅarị – member of KOIN: see Ịjọ cluster 2.A Kakihum
3. Niger State, Mariga LGA
232. Kalaḅarị *Avaɗi
1.B Kalaḅarị 1.A Abadi, Evadi
1.C Kalaḅarị 1.B Tsɨvaɗi
2.A New Calabar 2.A Ibeto
3. Rivers State, Degema and Asari–Toru LGAs; 3 3. Niger State, Magama LGA
major towns and 24 villages 7. Primer I,II (2005)
4. 200,000 (1987, UBS) Refs
5. Niger-Congo: Ijoid: KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika– Wordlist: Lovelace (n.d.); Blench (2007)
Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ) Grammar: Lovelace (1992);
7. Primer 1949, 1962, booklet 1953, Shell booklet *Baangi
1957, Rivers Readers Project Book 1 1971, Reading 1.A Baangi
and Writing book 1971, English–Kalabari phrase 1.B ciBaangi
book; Official Orthography 1.C sg. vuBaangi, pl. aBaangi
8. Gospel of Mark 1981, Bible translation in progress, 2.B Bangawa (Hausa)
Christian handbook (Scripture passages and hymns), 3. Niger State, Kontagora LGA, Ukata town and
prayer and hymnbook 1951 nearby villages; probably also into adjacent Kebbi
Refs State, Yauri LGA
Dictionary: Blench (2008) 4. estimate more than 5,000 (1989)
Grammars: Jenewari (1977, 1980) Source(s) Blench 1989)
*Tsishingini
Kaleri – erroneous name for Horom and Mabo– 1.B Cishingini, Tsishingini
Barkul, which are adjacent to Kulere 1.C Mashingini pl. Ashingini
Kalla–Kalla = Lela 2.A Salka
53
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 8. Manuscript of the Gospels and Acts, 1967. Luke,
3. Niger State, Magama LGA Mark, Act of Apostles, Genesis, Life of Moses
7. Primer I, II, III (1999-2000), Transition Primer (2000s). New Testament
(2001), Maths Book (2004), English Textbook (2004)
8. Luke, Mark, Act of Apostles, Genesis, Life of 12. Gospel of Mark on cassette
Moses (2000s). New Testament for typesetting Refs
12. Gospel of Mark on cassette Dictionary: Stark et al. (2004)
13. Formerly broadcasts in Salka from Radio
Kontagora, now halted. Kamberi = Kambari
Refs Kamberi = Kanuri
Wordlist: Hoffmann (1965) Kamburwama – Dialect of Wandala. Formerly living
Grammar: Hoffmann (1963, 1972); Crozier (1984) in Lakwa Disa south–west of Gwoza: Westermann
Dictionaries: Stark et al (2004a) and Bryan (1952); Wolff (1971).
*Yumu
1.B Yumu, Osisi 237. Kami
3. Niger State, Borgu LGA, at Yumu and Osisi 3. Niger State, Lapai LGA, Ebo town & 11 villages
Source(s) Blench (2008); Washbrook 4. more than 5000 (Blench 1989 est.)
5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Nupe
236. Kambari II cluster Source(s) Blench (1989)
1.A Kamberi
3. Niger State, Magama LGA; Kebbi State, Zuru and Kamino – dialect of Batu
Yauri LGAs; Kwara State, Borgu LGA Kamkam = Mbongno
4. with Kambari I: 67,000 (1952 W&B); 100,000 Kamo = Ma
(1973 SIL) Kamu = Kamo
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: Kambari Kamuku – cluster including Cinda-Regi-Rogo-Kuki,
group Rogo,
Refs. Sagamuk and Hungwǝryǝ: population for all these
*Agaushi groups 17,800 (1952 HDG)
1.B Cishingini
2.A Auna 238. Kamwe
3. Niger State, Magama LGA; Kebbi State, Yauri 1.B Vәcәmwe
LGA 2.C Higi, Hiji, Kapsiki
7. No language development 3. Adamawa State, Michika LGA and into Cameroon
*Akimba 4. 64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) est. 23,000 in
1.B Tsɨkimba Cameroon
1.C Akimba 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bura–Higi
2.A Auna, Wara major group: Higi group
3. Niger State, Rijau, Magama LGA; Kebbi State, 6. Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte,
Yauri LGA Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) in Cameroon
7. Primer I, II, III (1999-2000), Transition Primer 7. Folk Tales 1970, Reading Book, 1970, Primer 1
(2001), Maths Book (2004), English Textbook (2004) 1974, Primer 2 1976
8. Luke, Mark, Act of Apostles, Genesis, Life of 8. New Testament 1975; New Testament in Psikyɛ
Moses (2000s). New Testament Kapsiki (1988 UBS)
12. Gospel of Mark on cassette Source(s)
Refs Refs.
Dictionary; Stark et al. (2004) Phonology: Mohrlang (1972)
Grammar: Smith (1969)
*Cishingini, Nwanci Ethnographic: Baker & Yola (1955), Van Beek
1.A Cishingini, Ngwәci (1978, 1981, 1987)
1.B Cishingini, Tsɨwәnci
1.C Mawunci sg. Ŋwәnci pl.
2.A Agwara
2.B Agara’iwa
3. Niger State, Borgu, Magama LGA; Kebbi State,
Yauri LGA
7. Primer series 1967, unused. Primer I, II, III (1999-
2000), Transition Primer (2001), Maths Book
(2004), English Textbook (2004)
54
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
239. Kana 7. Primers before 1938, other books, texts and scripts
1.A Khana 1951–1976, Official Orthography
2.A Ogoni (ethnic and political term includes Gokana) 8. Scripture portions 1853 in
3. Rivers State, Khana/Oyigbo and Gokana–Tai– Kanuri/English/Arabic/Hausa, John 1949 and 1965,
Eleme LGAs John in Ajami script 1965, Old Testament stories,
4. 76,713 (1926 Talbot); 90,000 (SIL) various booklets and tracts, Pilgrim’s Progress.
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Ogoni: Translation in progress in Yerwa and Manga dialects.
Kegboid: East group 9. Source(s) Jarrett (n.d.)
6. Yeghe, Norkhana, Ken–Khana, Boúe Refs.
7. Rivers Readers Project Reader 1 1971, Khana Wordlist: Adelung & Vater (1812), Ellero (1947),
Pocket Diary Spaulding (1973 [1672])
8. Complete Bible 1968, New Testament 1961, Overview: Migeod (1924) [Manga]; Jarrett (1988) ;
Scripture portions from 1930, hymnbook 1938, Bulakarima (1996), Löhr (2009)
Methodist Book of Offices 1963, Catechism 1932, Grammars: Norris (1853), Duisburg (1913), Benton
Catholic Mass Baptism and Funeral Services, (1917 [1968]), Noel (1923), Lukas (1937), Cyffer
Watchtower booklet (1974, 1983, 1996, 1997, 1998a,b, 2000, 2007, 2009),
Refs: Hutchinson (1976, 1981); Jarrett (1981); Rothmaler
Overview: Wolff (1964) (2011); Fannami & Mu’azu (2011);
Grammar: Ikoro (1994, 1996) Dictionaries: Kanuri-English dictionary (Hutchinson
& Cyffer 1990); English-Kanuri dictionary (Cyffer
Kanakuru = Dera 199x)
Kanam – member of the Jar cluster Orthography: Löhr (1997);
Kanam = Koenoem Pedagogic: Peace Corps, Niger (1993)
Kanembu = Kanuri–Kanembu Bibliography: Hutchinson (1983)
Kaningkwom = Kaningkon Ethnographic: Seetzen (1810)
Kaninkon = Kaningkon *Kanembu
Kaninkwom = Kaningkon 3. Borno State, LGAs on the edge of Lake Chad; and
Kanna = Baɗa: see the Jar cluster in the Republics of Niger, Cameroun and Chad.
Kano – E. dialect of Hausa 6. Sugurti, Kuburi (Kabari, Kuvuri)
Kano – dialect of Fulfulde Refs
Kantana – dialect of Baɗa: see the Jar cluster Grammar: Bondarev (2005, 2010, 2013)
Kantana = Mama
Kapsiki – dialect of Kamwe
240. Kanuri–Kanembu cluster Kapugu = Gure–Kahugu
3. Borno State, Nguru, Geidam, Kukawa, Damaturu,
Kaga, Konduga, Maiduguri, Mongumo, Fune, Gujba, 241. Kapya
Ngala, Bama, Fika and Gwoza LGAs; Jigawa State, 3. Taraba State, Takum LGA, at Kapya
Hadejia LGA; and in the Republics of Niger, 5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Yukuben–Kutep
Cameroon and Chad. Diaspora communities occur in Refs. Koops (1973); Shimizu (1980a)
Sudan and Eritrea
4. 1,300,000 (1952); 3,500,000 (1987 UBS) Karaikarai = Karekare
5. Nilo–Saharan: West Saharan Kàràkara – see Guruntum–Mbaaru
*Kanuri Karashi – dialect of Gwandara
1.A Kanouri
1.B Kànùrí 242. Karekare
1.C Kànúrí 1.A Kәrekәre, Kerekere, Karaikarai, Kerikeri
2.A Borno, Bornu 3. Bauchi State, Gamawa and Misau LGAs, Yobe
2.C Beriberi, Kamberi; also Kanembu (a separate State, Fika LGA
ethnic group speaking Kanuri) 4. 39,000 (1952 W&B)
4. 3,000,000 in Nigeria, 100,000 in Chad, 56,500 in 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
Cameroon; isolated populations in Sudan and Eritrea group: Bole group
6. Yerwa, Badawai, Koyam (Kwayam), Lere (Lare), 6. Western Jalalum, northern Pakaro and eastern
Mober, (mostly in Niger Republic), Jetko (pastoral Ngwajum
nomads near Geidam and in Niger Republic). (These 8. Some tracts in dialect of Jelaselum
other names have been associated with Kanuri Source(s); Adive (n.d.)
dialects: Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Ngazar, Guvja, Refs
Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Movar (Mobber, Mavar)) Wordlist: Maxine Schuh (n.d.)
Dictionaries: Gambo et al. (2004)
55
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Grammars: Schuh (2008b) Kela = next
Texts: Lukas (1966) Kelanci = Kar: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–
Us–Zuksun cluster
Karenjo = Como–Karim? Kelawa = Kar: see the Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–
Us–Zuksun cluster
243. Karfa Ken–Khana – dialect of Kana
1.A Kerifa Kenga = Kyenga
4. 800 (SIL 1973) Kenkera = Kyan Kyar a dialect of Gwandara
3. Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA Kente – dialect of Kpan
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Ron group Kentin – dialect of Kuteb
Kentu – extinct dialect of Etkywan
Karim = Como–Karim Kentu = Icen
Kenyi = Zhire
244. Kariya Kerang = Ngas
1.A Kauyawa, Keriya Kere = Ziriya
1.B Vinahә Kerekere = Karekare
1.C Wihә Kerifa = Karfa
2.C Lipkawa (see also Mburku) Kerikeri = Kɛrekɛre
3. Bauchi State, Darazo LGA. At Kariya Wuro, 30 Keri–Ni = Kar: see the
S.E. of Ningi. Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us–Zuksun cluster
4. 2,200 (LA 1971); 3,000 (1977 Skinner) Keriya = Kariya
5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Bade–Warji major Kesari – dialect of Baan
group: Warji group Ketuen = Mbe
6. Two dialects Kétú – dialect of Yoruba
Source(s) Blench (1986) Kәdupaxa = Gava and Guduf: Guduf–Gava
Refs. Kәjju = JJu
Overview: Skinner (1977) Kәlela = Lela
Ethnographic: Blench (1994, 2012) Kәrekәre = Karekare
Kәrine = Kar: see the
Karshi = Kanufi Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us–Zuksun cluster
Karu – dialect of Gbagyi Khana = Kana
Kasa (Jaracin Kasa) = the Jar cluster
Kasaa – dialect of Mumuye 245. Kholok
Kataf = Tyap 2.A Kode, Koode, Kwoode,Widala, Pia, Wurkum,
Katagum – Eastern dialect of Hausa Pitiko
Katanga – Nitecki (1972) 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, near Didango
Katanza = Gbǝtsu 4. 2,500 (1977 Voegelin & Voegelin)
Katap = Katab 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
Katarawa – Godabawa District, Sokoto Province: group: Bole group
Temple (1922: 223) Source(s) Leger (1992)
Katsina – dialect of Fulfulde Refs
Katsina – northern dialect of Hausa Sociolinguistics: Leger (2000)
Kaunari – less than 10,000 Nasarawa State: Lafia
LGA Kiballo = Vono
Kaura – unclassified language of Kaduna State, Kibbo = Berom
Jema’a LGA: Temple (1922: 223,522). Likely to be a Kibbun = Berom
place name and apply to an East Kainji language Kibo = Berom
Kauru = Si: Lere cluster Kibolo = Vono
Kauyawa = Kariya Kibyen = Berom
Kayauri = Kaiyorawa: see Geji: the Geji cluster Kikuk = Cibak
Keana – dialect of Alago Kila = Somyev
Kebbawa – dialect of Hausa Kilba = Huba
Kecherda = Teda Kilinci = Kar: see the
Kecwan – dialect of Bokyi Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us–Zuksun cluster
Kediya = Kariya Kindyo = Dijim: Dijim–Bwilim
Kegboid = cover term proposed by S. Ikoro for the Kinugu = Nu
Ogoni group (Kana–Eleme–Gokana–Baan acronym Kinuka = Nu
plus –oid suffix) Kinuku = Nu
56
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Wordlist: Kraft (1981)
Ethnographic: Meek (1931)
246. Kiọng Dictionary: Blench & Ndamsai (2007)
2.B Akoiyang, Äkäyöñ, Okoyong, Okonyong Grammar: Blench & Ndamsai (2009)
3. Cross River State, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs *Kirya
4. Spoken only by old people, younger generation 1.B myá Kákíryà
speak Efik 1.C ndá Kákìryà pl. Kákìryà
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper 2.C Fali of Kiriya
Cross group 4. 7,000 est. 2007. Kirya 13 villages
Refs: *Konzәl
Wordlists: Amess (1917), 1.B myá Kónzә̀l
247. Kir–Balar 1.C ndá Kónzә̀l pl. Kónzә̀l
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA 2.C Fali of Mijilu
4. 360 (LA 1971) (Kir only) 4. 9000 est. 2007. Konzәl 15 villages
5. No data. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Zaar group: Kitimi = Tumi
Boghom subgroup Kitsipki = Ashuku: see the Mbembe Tigong cluster
*Kir Kitta = Tsobo
*Balar Kivọnọ = Vono
2C. Larbawa Kiwollo = Vono
4. 50 CAPRO (1995a) Kiyu = Como–Karim
Refs Kɔŋa = Fam
Ethnographic: CAPRO (1995a) Kobo = Mom Jango
Kir = Jiru Kobo = Momi
Kirawa – member of the Wandala cluster Koboci – dialect of Bata
Kirdi Mora = Mura: see the Wandala cluster Kobotschi = Koboci: see Bata
Kirfi = Giiwo Koda = Kholok
Kiria (Fali of Kiria) – dialect of Kamwe 250. Koenoem
Kirifi = Giiwo 1.A Kanam
Kirika = Nkọrọ: member of KOIN: see Ịjọ cluster 3. Plateau State, Shendam LGA
Kirika (Opu Kirika) = Nkọrọ 4. 1,898 (1934 Ames); 3,000 (SIL)
248. Kịrịkẹ 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
1.B group: A3
1.C Sources: Blench (2016)
2.A Okrika Refs
3. Rivers State, Okrika LGA Wordlist: Blench (2016)
4. Okrika town Grammars: Oparemi (2011)
5. Niger-Congo: Ijoid: KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika– 251. Kofa – also Kota: Adamawa State, Song LGA,
Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ) north of Belel road; a Chadic language of the Bura
7. Rivers group; linguistic status not certain but locally said to
Refs be a separate language
Wordlist: Orupabo & Williamson (1980) Source(s) Blench (1987)
Dictionary: Sika (2005) Refs. Hoffmann (1971)
Grammars: Kogi (Jarawan Kogi is a name used for several
Ethnographic: Williamson (1962) language groups in the northwest of Plateau State,
Kịrịkẹnị – member of KOIN: see Ịjọ cluster south of Bauchi State and adjacent areas of Taraba
Kirikjir = Rop State). see Baɗa; Jar cluster; a dialect group of Izere is
Kirim = Como–Karim also called Jarawan Kogi
249. Kirya-Konzәl
2.C Fali 57
3. Adamawa State, Michika LGA.
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bura–Higi
major group: Higi group
Source(s) Blench & Ndemsai (2007)
Refs:
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 6. The correspondences between the Cameroonian
252. Kohumono and Nigerian names are uncertain
1.B KoHumono *Gomme
1.C BaHumono, sg. Òhúmónò 1.A Gәmme
2.A Ediba (under Ekurĩ (Thomas) 2.B Damti, Koma Kampana, Panbe
2.B Ekumuru, Ìkúmúrú, Ìkúmóró (Igbo name); Àtàm *Gomnome
(Efik name) 1.A Gọmnọme
3. Cross River State, Obubra LGA 2.B Mbeya, Gimbe, Koma Kadam, Laame, Youtubo
4. 11,870 (1952) *Ndera
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper 2.B Vomni, Doome, Doobe
Cross group: Central: North–South Source(s) Blench fieldnotes
Refs. Refs.
Wordlist: Cook (1969) Ethnographic: Eboreime & Ekpere (1988)
Grammar: Sterk (1976)
*KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika–Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ) [see under Koma Kadam = Gọmnọme: see the Koma cluster
individual languages] Koma Kampana = Gomme: see the Koma cluster
3. Rivers State, Asari–Toru, Degema, Bonny, Okrika, Koma Ndera = Ndera: see the Koma cluster
and Port Harcourt LGAs Komawa – Tangale, Kwaami
6. A cluster consisting of the closely related dialects Komo – dialect of Panseng
Kalaḅarị, Kịrịkẹ (Okrika) and Ịḅanị and the isolated Komo = Basa–Kwomo: see the Basa cluster
lect Nkọrọ Kona – member of Kororofa cluster
Kokura (Bura Kokura) – member of Tera Cluster Konge – dialect of Gbari
Kola – dialect of Longuda 255. Kono
253. Kolo cluster 1.A Konu, Kwono
2.A Ọgbia, Ogbinya 3. Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA
3. Rivers State, Brass LGA 4. 1,550 (NAT 1949)
4. 100,000 (1987 UBS) 5. no data. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji:
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Central Northern Jos group: Kauru subgroup
Delta Refs.
7. Rivers Readers Project Reader 1 (1971), Reading Grammar: Babatunde (2011)
and Writing Book Kontagora (Basa Kontagora) – member of Basa
8. First draft of New Testament complete cluster
*Kolo Konu = Kono
1.A Agholo Koode = Kholok
7. Primer 1950 Kopti = Zari: see the Zari cluster
Source(s) Koring = the Oring cluster
Grammar: Isukul (n.d.) Koro – name used for a number of different ethnic
*Oloiḅiri and language groups in Kaduna State, Kachia LGA;
7. Rivers Readers Project Nasarawa State, Keffi LGA; Niger State, Suleija and
Refs. Chanchaga LGAs and in Federal Capital Territory.
Grammar: Williamson (1972) See Tinor-Myamya,
*Anyama Koro Ache – Begbere: see Begbere–Ejar
5. no data Koro Afiki = Koro Ija
Kolokuma – dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster Koro Agwe = Begbere–Ejar
Koluama – dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster Koro Ala – Ashe
254. Koma cluster Koro Funtu of Kafin Koro = Jijili
1.A Kuma, Koma (A Fulfulde cover term for the Koro Funtu of Minna = Jijili
languages below; ALCAM treats them as separate Koro Funtu of Yeskwa – thought to be Gwandara or
though closely related languages) Gbari speakers
3. Adamawa State, Ganye and Fufore LGAs, in the Koro Ganagana – speak Dibo
Alantika Mountains; also in Cameroon Koro Gwandara of Wuse – dialect of Gwandara
4. 3,000 (1982 SIL); majority in Cameroon Koro Huntu = Koro Funtu above
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Vere Group
58
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 *Wapan
256. Koro Ija 1.B Wapan
3. Federal Capital Territory. Near Lambata 2.A Wukari and Abinsi
4. One village 3. Taraba State, Wukari LGA; Nasarawa State, Awe,
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Jili group Shendam, Lafia and Langtang LGAs (precise areas
Source(s) Blench (1992, 1999) uncertain)
Refs 4. 60,000 (1973 SIL)
Grammars: Obatoye (2011) 7. Primer 1915, primers 1–3 (recent), literacy
programme in progress
Koro of Lafia = Migili 8. Bible translation in progress, Scripture portions
Koro Makama – term for the Kagarko Koro: Ashe, the since 1914
Tinor-Myamya cluster Refs
Koro Miamia = Ejar: see the Tinor-Myamya cluster Grammar: Welmers (1949, 1968); Shimizu (1980)
Koro Myamya = Ejar: see the Tinor-Myamya cluster *Hone
Koro Nulu = Koro Ija 2.A Kona
Koro N’ja = Koro Ija 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA; Plateau State,
Koro Panda – a dialect of Nyankpa Wase LGA. Villages north and west of Jalingo
Koro Phonare – speak Gbari 4. 2,000 (1977 Voegelin & Voegelin)
Koro Phoware of Abuja – speak Gbari? 8. Mark 1927
Koro of Shakoyi = Jijili Source(s)
Koro Waje – term used by the Koro Lafia to refer to Grammars: Storch (1997, 1999, 2009)
other Koro groups Sociolinguistics: Dinslage & Storch 1996)
Koro Zane – a general term for the Koro *Dampar
3. Taraba State, Wukari LGA, at Dampar
257. Koro Zuba Source(s) Blench (1984)
3. Federal Capital Territory. near Zuba.
4. One village
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Jili group
Source(s) Blench (1992)
Korom Ɓoye = Kulere Kota = Kofa
Koron – see Koro Kotokori = Panda and Igu – dialects of Ebira
Kotopo (Also Potopo, Potopore, Pataporĩ North
258. Kọrọp Volta–Congo:
1.B Durop, Kurop Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Leko group Formerly
2.A Kòṛ óp̣ Adamawa State, Ganye LGA; now all are in
2.C Ododop Cameroon since the creation of Gashaka Reserve in
3. Cross River State, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs; 1974:
and in Cameroon Koyam – dialect of Kanuri
4. 12,500 total (1982 SIL)
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper 260. Kpan
Cross group 1.A Kpanten, Ikpan, Akpanzhi, Kpanzon, Abakan
Refs 2.B Kpwate, Hwaye, Hwaso, Nyatso, Nyonyo, Yorda,
Grammar: Kastelein (1994) Ibukwo
Dictionary: Inyang (2013) 3. Taraba State, Wukari, Takum and Sardaunda LGAs
5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid:
259. Kororofa cluster Kpan–Icen group
2.A Jukun 6. Western and Eastern groups:
4. more than 62,000 (SIL) Western: 1 Kumbo–Takum Group: Kumbo
5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid: (Kpanzon), Takum; 2 Donga (Akpanzhĩ; 3 Bissaula
Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo (extinct) Eastern: Apa (per Kilham), Kente, Eregba
Refs. (per Koelle)
Comparative: Shimizu (1980) Refs.
Wordlist: Koelle (1854);
*Abinsi Grammar: Shimizu (1970, 1971–72)
1.C Wapan
2.A River Jukun Kpanten = Kpan
3. Taraba State, Wukari LGA, at Sufa and Kwantan Kpanzon = Kpan
Sufa; Benue State, Makurdi LGA, at Abinsi
59
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 1.A Kugamma, Gengle
261. Kpasam 2.A Wegam
1.A Passam, Kpasham 2.B Wegele
2.B Nyisam 3. Adamawa State, Fufore LGA
3. Adamawa State, Numan LGA, 1 village only, 4. Small
South of Jalingo 5. no data. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Mumuye–
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Mumuye–Yendang Yendang group: Yendang subgroup
group: Yendang subgroup Kugamma = Kugama-Gengle
Refs
Wordlist: Meek (1931)
Kpasham = Kpasam 265. Kụgbọ
Kpashan = Kafancan: see the Katab cluster 3. Rivers State, Brass LGA
Kpati – an extinct Grasslands language probably 4. 2,000 (1973 SIL)
spoken by a Cameroon immigrant. Reported only by 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Central
Meek ms. Delta group
Kporo = Nama: see the Mbembe Tigong cluster Source(s)
Kpugbong – dialect group of South–Western Refs
Mumuye: Mumuye Wordlist: Wolff (1969)
Kpwate = Kpan
Kpwee – an unclassified blacksmith’s language near Kugong – dialect of Mumuye
Mapeo. Blench 1983)
Kuba = Kubi 266. Kukele
1.A Ukele, Ukelle
262. Kubi 1.B Kukele
1.A Kuba 1.C Bakele
3. Bauchi State, Darazo LGA, 40 km. N.E. of Bauchi 3. Cross River State, Ogoja LGA; Anambra State,
town Abakaliki LGA; Benue State, Okpokwu and Oju
4. 1,090 (1922 Temple); 500 (1973 SIL) LGAs; and in Cameroon
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major 4. 31,700 (1953); 40,000 (1980 UBS)
group: Bole group 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
Refs. Cross group Central: North–South
Wordlist: Gowers (1907); 6. 4 dialects in north, 3 in south, Ugbala, Mtezi and
Grammar: Schuh (1978) Mtezi–Iteeji in Anambra State, Abakaliki LGA
7. Primer in 5 parts, post–primer books drafted.
Kuburi – dialect of Kanembu: Kanuri–Kanembu Literacy programme in progress
Kuche = Rukuba 8. Scripture Portions from (1974), New Testament
Kuda = Kudu: see the Kudu–Camo cluster (1979)
Refs
263. Kudu–Camo cluster Comparative: Sterk (n.d.)
3. Bauchi State, Ningi LGA
4. Language moribund, perhaps extinct Kuki see Cinda-Regi-Rogo-Kuki cluster
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos Kukuluŋ (Kúkùlúŋ) = Kulung
group: Ningi cluster Kukum = Fer: see the
6. Basa said to be a sub–group Kag–Fer–Jiir–Kar–Koor–Ror–Us–Zuksun cluster
Source(s) Maddieson (1988) Kukuruku (not recommended) = Etsakọ = Yẹkhee
*Kudu
1.A Kuda 267. Kulere
4. Probably extinct 1.B Akande (Kamwaĩ, Àkàndí (Tof), Kande (Richa)
9. 2.A Tof, Richa, Kamwai
Refs. 2.B Korom Ɓoye
Wordlist: Shimizu (1982) 3. Plateau State, Bokkos LGA
*Camo 4. 6,500 (1925 Meek); 4,933 (1943 Ames); 8,000
1.A Chamo (1973 SIL)
4. Probably extinct 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Ron Group
Refs 6. Tof, Richa, Kamwai: the latter includes Marahai
Wordlist: BCCW (Marhai)
Source(s) Seibert (2001)
264. Kugama-Gengle Refs.
60
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Kumap = Amo
Survey: LDF 271. Kumba
Comparative: Jungraithmayr (1968); Blench (2001, 2.A Sate, Yofo
2016); Ibrahim (2005) 3. Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa LGA
Grammars: Jungraithmayr (1970) 5. no data. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Mumuye–
Ethnographic: Ames (1934); Fievet & Fievet (1955); Yendang group: Yendang sub–group
Frank (1981) Kumbo – dialect of Kpan
Kumbo = Kumbowei – dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster
268. Kulu Kumbowei – dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster
1.A Ikolu, Ikulu Kumbo–Takum – a dialect group of Kpan
1.B Ankulu Kunabe – dialect of Kuteb
1.C Bekulu Kun–Ɓille = Ɓile
3. Kaduna State, Kachia LGA Kunibum = Emai–Iuleha–Ora
4. 6,000 (NAT 1949) Kunini = Nye: member of Shoo–Minda–Nye
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Northwestern Kunshenu – see the Piya–Kwonci
Source(s) Shimizu (n.d.); Moser (n.d.)
Wordlists: Blench (2016)
Grammars: Seitz (1993), Shimizu (1996)
269. Kulung 272. Kupa
1.B Kúkùlúŋ 3. Kwara State, Kogi LGA, around Abugi (52
1.C Bákùlúng villages)
2.A Bambur, Wurkum 5. Benue–Congo: Nupoid: Nupe group
3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, at Balasa, Source(s) Blench (1987)
Bambur and Kirim; Wukari LGA, at Gada Mayo
4. 15,000 (SIL) Kupto = Kutto
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan Bantu
7. Primer 1924 273. Kurama
8. Scripture portions from 1926 to 1950, Prayers and 1.B Tikurumi
hymns 1926 1.C Akurumi
9. Dictionary: McBride (ined.) 2.B Bagwama (also refers to Ruma)
10. Hausa is the main second language 3. Kaduna State, Saminaka and Ikara LGAs; Kano
11. Kulung is currently being passed to the next State, Tudun Wada LGA
generation and being learned by neighbouring peoples 4. 11,300 (NAT 1949)
in contact with the Kulung. 5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos
13. In: a survey in 2007, the very oldest generation group: Kauru subgroup
included some who could read and write Kulung quite 8. Scripture project in progress
fluently, dating from the McBride era. However, this Sources: Harley (2016)
skill has not been passed on the present generation. Refs
Source(s) Adelberger (2008) Wordlist: BCCW
Refs.
Survey: Rueck et al. (2007) Kuri – dialect of Yedina
Comparative: Maddieson and Williamson (1975); Kuru (Gyell–Kuru–Vwang) – dialect of Berom
Blench (2016) Kuseki – dialect of Yandang
Dictionary: Blench et al. (2016) Kushe = Goji
Ethnographic: Kushi = Goji
Kushi = Baushi
270. Kulung (Chadic) Kuta – dialect of Gbagyi
1.B Kulung [NB speakers consider themselves
Kulung i.e. Jarawan Bantu, although their language is 274. Kuteb
Chadic and related to Piya) 1.A Kutev, Kutep
2.A Wurkum 2.A Ati (Adminstrative name in Cameroun)
3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA 2.B Mbarike, Zumper (Jompre) (not recommended)
4. ?2000 3. Taraba State, Takum LGA and in Cameroon, Furu
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major Awa subdivision
group: Bole group 4. 15,592 (1952 W&B); 30,000 (1986 UBS); 1400 in
Source(s) Blench (2019) Cameroun (1976)
5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Yukuben–Kutep
Kuma = Koma
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
6. Lissam, Fikyu, Jenuwa, Kunabe, Kentin: Fikyu has Grammar: Leger (1994)
sub–dialects Texts: Leger (1991, 1994)
7. Literacy programme in progress, dictionary in Ethnographic: Temple (1922); Adelberger (2014)
preparation, primers, folktales
8. Bible translation programme in progress, Kwabzak = Tal
hymnbooks, New Testament (1990) Kwagallak – member of the Pan cluster
9. Dictionary draft: Koops (n.d.). Grammar Koops Kwaji – dialect of Mumuye
(n.d.) Kwakwi = Firan:
Source(s) Koops (2016) Kwal = Irigwe
Refs. Kwale = Ụkwuanị: see the Ụkwuanị–Aboh–Ndọnị
Grammar: Koops (2007) cluster
Ethnographic: Pfeffer (1929) Kwali – dialect of Gbari
Kwalla = Kwagallak: see the Pan cluster
Kutep = Kuteb Kwami = Kwaami
Kutev = Kuteb Kwan = Irigwe
Kutin = Pere – Adamawa: Vere group. Formerly in Kwange – dialect of Gbari
Adamawa State, Ganye LGA. Now only in Kwanka = Vaghat cluster
Cameroon. Blench 1984) Kwapm = Kopti: see the Zari; Zari cluster
Kwarra = Mama
275. Kutto Kwasu – dialect of Ninzam
1.A Kupto Kwato = Panda and Igu, dialects of Ebira
1.B Kúttò Kwayam = Koyam: see Kanuri
1.C Kúttò Kwaya Maya – Member of Katagum Barebari clan.
3. Bauchi State, Bajoga LGA, Yobe State, Gujba Abraham (1962)
LGA Kwojeffa = Bura
4. Two villages. 3000 (1990 est.) Kwoll = Irigwe
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major Kwolla = Kwagallak: see the Pan cluster
group: Bole group Kwom = Kwaami
Source(s) Kwomo (Basa Kwomu) – Basa–Benue
Refs Kwonci – Piya
Grammar: Leger (1990) Kwong = Doemak
Texts: Leger (1991) Kwono = Kono
Ethnographic: Adelberger (2014) Kwoode = Widala
Kworko – see Ajanci
Kụtụle = Tula Kwotto = Panda and Igu, dialects of Ebira
Kuturmi = Obiro, Ikryo Kwyeny – member of the Hyam cluster
Kuukù – see Guruntum–Mbaaru
Kuvoko = the Lamang cluster 277. Kyak
Kuvuri – dialect of Kanembu: Kanuri–Kanembu 1.B Kyãk
Kuzamani = Shuwa–Zamani 1.C Kyãk
Kwa = Baa 2.A Bambuka
Kwa = Ekin: see the Ejagham cluster 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, Bambuka
Kwaa Bwaare = Bacama: see the Bata cluster 4. 10,000 (SIL)
Kwaa–Ɓwaare = Bacama: see the Bata cluster 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group
Kwa’alang = Kwagallak: see the Pan cluster
Kyan Kyar – dialect of Gwandara
276. Kwaami Kyãtõ = Etkywan
1.A Kwami, Kwom Kyanton = Etkywan
1.B Kwáámì
1.C Kwáámì
2.A Komawa
3. Bauchi State, Kwami LGA
4. 10,000 (1990)
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
group: Bole–Tangale group
6. Kafarati, Ɗolli
Source(s)
Refs.
62
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
278. Kyenga 281. Lala cluster
1.B Kyangganya 1.C Ɓәna
1.C Kyanggani pl. Kyanggana 3. Adamawa State, Guyuk, Song and Gombi LGAs
2.A Kenga, Tyenga 4. 30,000 (SIL); 44,300 with Ɓәna (1963)
3. Niger State, Borgu LGA, north of Illo; also in 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Yungur group
Benin and Niger Republics *Yang
4. five villages on Nigeria side which speak the 1.A Yan
language; 7,591 (1925 Meek); 10,000 including 2.B Lalla
Shanga (1973 SIL) Refs. Temple (1922: 255)
5. Niger–Congo: Mande: Southeast Mande *Roba
Source(s) Blench (1987) 2.A Gworam
Refs: *Ebode
Wordlist: Bertho (1951) 1.A Ẹbode
Grammar: Platiel (1982)
Ethnographic: Nicholson (1927) Lalawa = Lela
Lalla = Yang: see the Lala cluster
Kyentu = Kentu: see Icen
Kyibaku = Cibak 282. Lamang cluster
1.A Laamang
L. 2.A Waha
4. 15,000 (TR 1970), 40,000 (1963)
laa Fyandigere = Gera 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A:
Laamang = Lamang Mandara/Mafa/Sukur major group: Mandara Group
Laame = Gọmnọme: see the Koma cluster *Zaladva
1.A Zәlәdvә
279. Labɨr 2.A Lamang North
1.A Láb ŕ 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA
2.A Jaku, Jaaku 6. Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuuɓa (Dzuuba), Lәghva
2.B Jakanci (Lughva), Gwózà Wakane (Gwozo)
3. Bauchi State, south of the Bauchi-Gombe Road, *Ghumbagha
from the Gongola River at Kanyallo, in Bauchi 2.A Lamang Central
LGA, to Gar in Alkaleri LGA 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State,
4. Spoken in around ten villages, perhaps 5000 Michika LGA;
speakers (2019 est.) 6. Hә̀ɗkàlà (Xәdkala, Hidkala, Hitkala), Waga
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan (Wagga, Woga, Waha)
11. Thriving 8. Mark in first draft, 1991. Bible translation in
Source(s) Blench (2019) progress
Refs. Source(s) Roettger (p.c.)
Overview: Shimizu (1983) *Ghudavan
Survey: Rueck et al. (2009) 1.A Ghudeven, Ghudәvәn
2.A Lamang South
Lafia (Koro of Lafia) = Migili 3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State,
Laka – group of Kamuku, west of Zaria, now Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
speaking only Hausa. 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Mandara–
Mafa–Sukur major group: Mandara Group
280. Laka Refs.
2.A Lau, Lao Habe Overview: Wolff (2008-2009)
3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, at Lau; Yola Grammar: Lukas (1964); Wolff (1971,1974/75,
LGA; and mainly in Cameroon 1983, 2014b)
4. 460 (1952); 500 (1973 SIL) Texts: Wolff (1989, 2006)
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Mbum group Sociolinguistics: Wolff (2008-9)
Ethnographic: White (1941)
Lala – used both for the the Lala cluster and as a
cover term for Ɓena, Roba and other groups in 283. Lame cluster
Adamawa State, Guyuk, Gombi and Song LGAs, not 3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA, Lame district
all of which are clearly defined, e.g. Shere, Tenna: 4. 2,000 (1973 SIL)
Temple (1922) 5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan
Refs. Shimizu (1983)
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*Ruhu Lao Habe = Laka
1.A Rufu, Rùhû Lardang = Larr: offset of Mernyang: Pan cluster
2.C Rufawa Lare – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
4. There were said to be no speakers remaining in Laro = Shen
1987 Larr – see Mernyang: Pan cluster
Source(s) Blench (1987) Laru = Shen
*Mbaru Laruwa = Shen
1.A Mbárù, Bambaro, Bamburo, Bambara, Bombaro, Latәghwa = Guduf: Guduf–Gava
Bomboro, Bamboro Lau = Laka
2.C Bomborawa, Bunborawa Laxaya (Ney Laxaya) = Gava: Guduf–Gava
4. 3500-4500 (CAPRO 1995a). Tulu town, Toro lee Maghdi = Maghdi
LGA, Bauchi State LeeMak = Mak
Refs Leekɔ = Samba Leko
Ethnographic: CAPRO (1995a)
*Gura 286. Leelạu
1.B Tu–Gura 1.A Lelo
1.C sg. Ba–Gura, pl. Mo–Gura 2.A Munga
2.B Agari, Agbiri 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. East of
Karim Lamido town.
284. Lamja-Deŋsa-Tola cluster 4. One village and an associated hamlet
1.C Lamjavu, Deŋsavu, Tolavu 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group
3. Taraba State, Mayo Belwa LGAs Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992)
4. There are 13 villages of Lamja and Deŋsa. The
central town of the Lamja is Ganglamja. The Deŋsa Leere (Gambar Leere) – dialect of Zaar: see the Guus-
live south of the Lamja. Zaar cluster
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: Dakoid
6. These dialects are intercomprehensible with each 287. Legbo
other. They may not be sufficiently distinct from the 1.A Gbo
Samba Daka cluster (q.v.) to form a separate head- 1.B Legbo
entry. 1.C Agbo
Source(s) Blench 1987) 2.A Itigidi
Refs. 2.B Igbo Imaban
Ethnographic: CAPRO (1992) 3. Cross River State, Obubra LGA; Abia State,
Afikpo LGA
Lam–Nsaw = Lam–Nsọ 4 18,500 (1963); 30,000 (1973 SIL)
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
285. LamNsọ Cross group Central: East–West
1.A Lam–Nsaw, Lam–Nsọ 7. Writing book, 1966
1.B Lam–Nsọ’ Refs:
1.C Nsọ, Nsaw Grammar: Spreda & Spreda (1966); Bendor-Samuel
3. Taraba State, Sarduana LGA, at Gembu and nearby & Spreda (1969); Hyman et al. (2002); Paster (2003);
towns; Takum LGA at Manya; mainly spoken in Hyman & Udoh (2006); Udoh (2007); Hyman (2009)
Cameroon Dictionary: Udoh (2004)
4. 125,000 in Cameroon (1987 SIL)
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Legeri – member of the Vaghat cluster
Grasslands Bantu Leko = Samba Leko
7. Literacy programme in Cameroon Lela = Lelna
8. New Testament (1989)
Refs: 288. cLela
Phonology: Anderson (2015) 1.B cLela (Clela, C–Lela), Lelna
Grammar: Grebe (1975, 1976); Ndzenyuy (1997); 1.C Kәlela sg., Lelna pl.
Mbiydzenyuy (1999) 2.B Chilala Dakarci
Dictionary: Grebe et al. (2016) 2.C Lalawa, Dakarkari, Dakkarkari, Kalla–Kalla,
Cala–Cala
Langas – member of the Polci cluster 3. Kebbi State, Zuru, Sakaba and Wasagu LGAs;
Languda = Longuda Niger State, Rijau LGA. Around Zuru town
Lankaviri = dialect of South–Western Mumuye 4. 47,000 (1949 G&C); 69,000 (1971 Welmers)
Lankoviri = dialect of South–Western Mumuye
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5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Western Kainji: 4. 3,150 (1953)
Northwestern 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
6. Zuru, Ribah Cross group Central: East–West
7. Reader, 1934, Primer, 1974 Refs
8. Scripture portions 1931–4, Mark, 1934, hymnbook Comparative: Blench (2016)
1947, Scripture portions from 1974
Source(s) Blench 1990); Regnier (1992); Lәghva = Zaladva: see the Lamang cluster
Refs. Libo=Kaan
Dictionary: Rikoto (2002) Libyan Arabic – see Arabic cluster
Grammars: Hoffmann (1967), Aliero (2013), Ligili = Mijili
Dettweiler (2015) Ligri – member of the Jar cluster
Ethnographic: Harris (1938); Lijili = Mijili
Lila = dialect of Lela
Lelo = Leelạu
293. Limbum
289. Lemoro 1.B Limbum
1.A Limorro 1.C Wimbum
1.B Emoro 3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Mambila uplands,
1.C Anemoro mainly in Cameroon
2.A Anowuru 4. few in Nigeria; 73,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)
3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Bauchi State, Toro LGA 5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid:
4. 2,950 (1936 HDG) Grasslands Bantu
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos 7. Literacy programme in Cameroon
group: North–central cluster 8. Bible translation programme in Cameroon
Refs Refs:
Wordlist: Shimizu (1979) Phonology: Fiore (1987)
Grammar: Mpoche (1993); Fransen (1995); Tabah
290. Lenyima (2004)
1.C Anyima Dictionary: Ndi (2015)
2.C Inyima
3. Cross River State, Obubra LGA Limorro = Lemoro
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper Lindiri = Nungu
Cross group Central: East–West Likpawa = Mburku and Kariya
Linggava = Gava: Guduf–Gava
Lere – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu Lipedeke = Guduf: Guduf–Gava
Lìsháù = Shau
291. Lere cluster [†]
3. Bauchi State, Toro LGA Lissa – Taraba State, Takum LGA, around Bariki:
4. 765 (NAT 1949); 1,000 (1973 SIL); languages Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Yukuben–Kutep:
extinct possibly the same as Lissam
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Northern Jos Source(s) Blench 1986) citing: P. Gray
group
*Si Lissam – dialect of Kuteb
1.C Rishuwa
2.A Kauru 294. Lokәә
2.B Kuzamani 1.A Lokә, Lokö
*Gana [†] 1.C Yakạ, Yakә, Yakurr, Yakö
4. Extinct 2.A Ugep
*Takaya [†] 3. Cross River State, Obubra LGA
2.B Taura 4. 38,200 (1953); 100,000 (1973 SIL)
4. Extinct 5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
Refs. Cross group Central: East–West
Wordlists: Gowers (1907); Shimizu (1982) 6. Ugep, Nkpam
7. Primer 1 1973, Reading and Writing book 1967
292. Leyigha and 1973, post–primer 1972
1.C Ayiga, Yigha 8. New Testament in first draft 1974, Scripture
2.B Asiga portions from 1967, Catholic catechism 1959
3. Cross River State, Obubra LGA Source(s)
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Lovi – dialect of Nzanyi
Refs. Lughva = Lәghva; a dialect of Zaladva: see the
Grammar: Winston (1962, 1964–5); Bendor-Samuel Lamang cluster
(1969); Iwara (1982, 1989); Baker (2005) Lukshi = Lushi: see the Zeem cluster
Lokә = Lokәә Lukshi – member of the Das cluster
Lokö = Lokәә Lundur = Langas: see the Polci cluster
Lokukoli = Nkukoli Lungu = Idun
Longo – in old Eastern Nigeria. Winston (1964–5) Lupa = Rop
295. Longuda Luri = member of the Polci cluster
1.A Languda, Nunguda, Nungura, Nunguraba Lusa – dialect of Zaar: see the Guus-Zaar cluster
1.B nyà núngúrá Guyuk, Nungurama Nyuar Lushi – member of the Zeem cluster
1.C Núngúráyábá Guyuk, Nùngùrábà Jessu, Luwa – dialect of Huba
Lóngúrábá Kola Lyase, Lyase–ne = Gwamhi–Wuri
3. Adamawa State, Guyuk LGA; Gombe State,
Balanga LGA M.
4. 13,700 (1952: Numan Division); 32,000 (1973 SIL) 298. Ma
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Longuda group 1.B Ma sg. nụbá Ma pl.
6. Nya Guyuwa (Guyuk plains), Nya Ceriya 1.C nyii Ma
(Banjiram=Cirimba/Gerembe hill), Nya Tariya 2.A Kamo, Kamu
(Kola=Taraba), Nya Dele (Jessu=Delebe), Nya 3. Gombe State, Kaltungo and Akko LGAs
Gwanda (Nyuar=Gwandaba) 4. 3000 (SIL)
7. Literacy programme in progress, Primer 1975 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Waja group
Folktales 1975 7. Reading and Writing Book (2006)
8. New Testament 1979, Mark 1954 and 1975 8. NT extracts (2007)
Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992) Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1991); Blench (2007)
Refs. Ma Giiwo = Giiwo
Survey: Newman & Newman (1977a,b) Maagwaram – west dialect of Bade
Grammar: Newman (1978) 299. Maaka
Lóngúrábá = Longuda 1.A Magha, Maga, Maha
296. Loo 3. Yobe State, Gujba LGA. Gulani and Bara towns
1.B Shúŋ̣ ó ̣ and associated hamlets. NE of Dadin Kowa Reservoir.
1.C Shúŋ̣ ó–̣ North, Shúŋ̣ ó–̣ South 4. More than 4,000 (1990)
3. Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State, Taraba State, Karim 5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major
Lamido LGA. 30 km. North of Karim Lamido town. group: Bole group
Lo village and associated hamlets. 6. Two dialects; Maaka (at Gulani) and Maha (at
4. 8,000 (1992 est.) Vara)
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group Source(s) Blench (1990);
Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992) Refs:
Lopa = Rop, Tsupamini Grammar: Newman (1965); Suzzi-Valli & Coly
Lopawa = Rop (2013); Storch (2014, 2015)
Loro = Ribina: see the Jera cluster Phonology: Suzzi-Valli (2013)
Lotsu–Piri = Tsobo Texts: Suzzi Valli (2014)
Louome – dialect of Gbagyi Ethnographic: Harnischfeger (2014)
297. Lubila Maás = Mangas
1.C Kabila Mabas – see Vemgo–Mabas
2.B Ojor, Kabila, Kaibre, Kabire Maci – member of the Iceve cluster
3. Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, at Ojo Nkomba,
and Ojo Akangba
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper
Cross group Central: East–West
Refs
Comparative: Blench (2016)
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Magwaram – W. dialect of Bade
300. Mada Maha=Maaka
1.C Mәda Maiha – dialect of Nzanyi
2.B Yidda Majinda = Cinda: see the Cinda-Regi-Rogo-Kuki
3. Nasarawa State, Akwanga, Kokona and Keffi cluster
LGAs; Kaduna State, Jema’a LGA 303. Mak
4. 25,628 (1922 Temple); 15,145 (1934 Ames); 1.B Mak
30,000 (1973 SIL) 1.C LeeMak
5. Benue–Congo: Plateau: Ninzic 2.A Panya, Panyam (From Poonya, the name of a
6. Northern and Western clusters. Dialect survey founding hero) Zoo
results in Price 1991). 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. north of
7. Literacy work in progress Karim Lamido town.
8. New Testament (2000) 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group
Refs. 6. Panya, Zo
Phonology: Price (1989) Source(s) Blench (1987); Kleinewillinghöfer (1992)
Dictionary: Blench & Kato (2016) Makama (Koro–Makama) = Ashe, the Tinor-Myamya
Mada Eggon = Eggon cluster
Madaka = Ndәkә Makurdi (Basa–Makurdĩ – see the Basa cluster
Madzarin – member of the Fali cluster 304. Mala
301. Mafa 2.A Rumaya, Rumaiya
1.A Mofa 1.B Tumala
2.C Matakam (not recommended) 1.C Amala
3. Borno State, Gwoza LGA; mainly in Cameroon 3. Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA
4. 2,000 (1963), 136,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) 4. 1,800 (NAT 1948)
5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: 5. no data. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji:
Mandara/Mafa/Sukur major group: Mafa group: Northern Jos group: Kauru subgroup
South Source(s) Blench (1986)
6. Mafa (Mofa) in Nigeria. Cameroon dialects divided Malabu – dialect of Bata
into West, Central and Eastern. Maleni = Shagawu
8. Scripture portions from 1958, New Testament 1965 Malgo = Malgwa – member of the Wandala cluster
[Cameroon], Concordance 1972, Complete Bible, Malgwa – member of the Wandala cluster
1989 Mama – Marhai
Sources: Kosack (2000) 305. Mama
Refs. 2.B Kwarra, Kantana
Overview: Rossing (1978); Dieu and Renaud (1983); 3. Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA
Dictionary: Barreteau & Bleis (1990) 4. 7,891 (1922 Temple); 6,155 (1934 Ames); 20,000
Grammar: Eichenberger & Eichenberger (1978) (1973 SIL)
Ethnographic: Lavergne (1944, 1949); Hinderling 5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan
(1969); Martin (1970); Müller-Kosack (2001) Source(s)
Maga = Maaka
Magara – dialect of Nzanyi
Magha = Maaka
302. Maghdi Mambere = Mambila: see Nor
1.B Mághdì Mambila = Nor
1.C Mághdì sg., lee Mághdì pl. Mambilla = Nor
2.B Widala also applies to Kholok Mandara = Wandala
3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. A section of the Mang – dialect of Mumuye
Widala Manga – dialect of Kanuri
4. less than 2,000 (1992) Mangar – dialect of Daffo–Butura: see the Ron cluster
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group
Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992) 306. Mambila
1.B Ju Nɔri
Magongo = Ọsayẹn: member of the Ọkọ–Eni–Ọsayẹn 1.C Nɔr
cluster 2.A Mambila, Mambilla, Mambere
Magu = Mvanọ
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3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA. Mambila Plateau. 3. Borno State, Askira–Uba and Damboa LGAs;
Cameroon. Adamawa State, Madagali, Mubi and Michika LGAs
4 18,000 (1952); 60,000 (1973 SIL); 10,000 in 4. For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955);
Cameroun 200,000 (1987 UBS)
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bura–Higi
Mambiloid: Mambila major group: Bura group
6. Almost every village has a separate dialect forming 6. Central: Margi babal = ‘Margi of the Plain’ around
a dialect chain. Dialect centres are: Bang, Dorofi, Lasa,
Gembu, Hainari, Kabri, Mayo Ndaga, Mbamnga, Margi Dzәrŋu = ‘Margi near the Hill u’ around
Tamien, Warwar. At least four dialects in Cameroon. Gulak;
7. Gembu dialect: Primer in 3 parts 1973, pre–primer Gwàrà; Məl̀ gwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà
1974, 5 post–primer books; Reading and writing book (Urga);
1973. Cameroon dialect 2 post–primer books in a South Margi is counted as a separate language and
1969–70. Reading and writing book 1973. Literacy is more closely related to Huba
programme in progress. 7. Pre–primer, primer in 3 parts, 1941
8. i. Gembu: Genesis stories 1973, New Testament 8. Scripture portions from 1940–46, Old Testament
1975, stories, song and worship book 1956, Good Manhood
ii. Cameroon: New Testament (19xx) 1940/52, New Testament (1984)
Source(s) Blench 1983–1999); Connell (1994-1999) Refs.
Refs: Wordlist: Reutt & Kogan (1973); Kraft (1981)
Phonology: Connell (2007) Grammar: Hoffmann (1963); Wolff (1974–75);
Williams (1976); Tranel (1992-94)
307. Mangas
1.A Maás Margi babal – dialect of Margi
3. Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA Margi Dzәrŋu – dialect of Margi
4 180 (LA 1971) Margi Putai = Putai
5. no data. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Zaar group:
Boghom subgroup 310. Margi South
2.C Margi ti ntәm
Mangu – dialect of Mwaghavul 3. Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; Adamawa State,
Mao – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu Mubi and Michika LGAs
4. For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955)
308. Map 5. Chadic: Biu–Mandara sub–branch A: Bura–Higi
1.A Amon, Among major group: Bura group1
1.B Timap 6. Wamdiu, Hildi
1.C Kumap pl. Amap
2.B Ba Margi of Minthla = Putai
3. Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Kaduna State, Saminaka Margi ti ntәm = Margi South
LGA Margi West = Putai
4. 3,550 (NAT 1950) Marhai = Marahai: a Kamwai dialect of Kulere
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: Eastern Kainji: Amic Maroa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster
7. Three reading and writing books Maruwa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster
11. Vigorous (Jirgi 2016) Marwa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster
Sources: Jirgi (2016)
Refs. 311. Mashi
Grammar: Di Luzio (1972/3); Anderson (1980) 3. Taraba State, near Takum
4. One village
Mapan – part of Mwaghavul cluster 5. Benue–Congo: South Bantoid: Beboid
Mapeo (Samba of Mapeo) – dialect of Samba Daka Source(s) Koops (1971)
Mapodi = Guɗe
Mapuda = Guɗe Matakam = Mafa
Marahai – a Kamwai dialect of Kulere Matchi = Maci: see Iceve cluster
Marawa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster Mavar = Mober: a dialect of Kanuri: see Kanuri–
Kanembu
309. Margi
1.A Marghi, Margyi
1.B Màrgí 1 Hoffmann (1963) relates the language of Margi
1.C Màrgí South to Huba rather than to Margi.
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Mawa – Small in Bauchi State, Toro LGA: possibly 8. New Testament 1985 (Adun dialect) Hymnbook
Mara village – language extinct according to Shimizu 1975, Scripture portions from 1967 in Adun and
(ed.) Temple (1922) 271,430; Shimizu (1982) Apiapum
Mawunci = Kambari II Source(s)
Máyá = Bali Refs.
Maya (Kwaya Maya) = Koyam – a dialect of Kanuri Grammar: Barnwell (1966, 1969a,b, 1974)
Mayo Ndaga – a dialect of Nor Dictionary: Barnwell (n.d.)
Mazgarwa = Bade
Mbaarù = Guruntum–Mbaaru 314. Mbembe Tigong cluster
Mbada = Baɗa: see the Jar cluster 1.C Noale
Mbadawa = Baɗa: see the Jar cluster 2.A Tigong, Tigun, Tugun, Tukun, Tigum
Mbamnga – a dialect of Nor 2.B Akonto, Nzare
Mbamu – dialect of Eloyi 3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA; mainly in Cameroon
Mbaram = Baram: see the Polci cluster 4. 2,900 in Nigeria (1973 SIL)
Mbarike = Kuteb 5. Benue–Congo: Benue: Jukunoid: Central Jukunoid:
Mbarmi = Zul: see the Polci cluster Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo group
Mbaru (Mbárù) = Guruntum–Mbaaru Refs. Koops (1990)
Mbat = Bada: see the Jar cluster *Ashuku
1.A Ashaku
312. Mbe 1.C Ákә́tsә̀kpә,́ Ákúcùkpú
1.B Mbe 2.B Kitsipki
1.C M̀ bè *Nama
2.B Ketuen, Mbube (Western) 1.A Dama, Namu
3. Cross River State, Ogoja LGA 1.B Kporo
4. 9,874 (1963); 14,300 (1973 SIL); 20-30,000 (2008 2.B Nzare ‘I say so’; Eneeme
est.). Seven villages (Bansan, Benkpe, Egbe, Ikumtak, Source(s)
Idibi, Idum, Odajie) Refs.
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Southern Bantoid: Ekoid- Overview: Shimizu (1971)
Mbe group Grammar: Richter (2014)
6. Idum, Ikumtale, Odaje Dictionary: Eyoh (2010)
7. Orthography 1983;
8. RC Catechism 1962 in Mbube; John’s Gospel Mbenkpe = Nde
(2001); Liturgy (2007) Mbeya = Gọmnọme Koma
Source(s) Paul Schroeder (2008) Mbofon = Nde and Bakor
Refs.
Grammar: Bamgboṣe (1966a,b; 1967) 315. Mboi cluster
Dictionary: Pohlig (2006) 1.A Mboire, Mboyi
3. Adamawa State, Song LGA
Mbe Afal = Obe cluster 4. 3,200 (1973 SIL)
Mbeci – dialect of Eloyi 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Yungur group
Mbem = Yamba *Gana
1.A Gәna
313. Mbembe 2.A Mboire, Mboyi
2.B Okam, Oderiga, Wakande, Ifunubwa, Ekokoma, 3. Adamawa State, Song LGA, northwest of Song.
Ofunobwan (per Thomas) Livo village and associated hamlets
3. Cross River State, Obubra and Ikom LGAs; 4. 1,800 (LA 1971)
Anambra State, Abakaliki LGA Source(s)
4. 35,600 (1953); 100,000 (1982 UBS) *Banga
5. Benue–Congo: Cross River: Delta–Cross: Upper 3. Adamawa State, Song LGA, west of Loko. Banga
Cross group Central: East–West village and associated hamlets
6. Adun, Okom (Eghom) (sub–dialects: Apiapum, *Haanda
Ohana, Onyen), Osopong (Ezopong), Ofombonga 1.A Handa
(Ewumbonga), Ofonokpan, Okorogbana, Ekama 3. Adamawa State, Song LGA, west of Loko. Handa
(Akam) in Ikom LGA, Oferikpe in Abakaliki LGA village and associated hamlets
7. Reading and writing book 1966, revised ed. 1985, 4. 1,370 (LA 1971)
Primers 1 and 2 1973–4, folk tales
Mboire = Mboi: see Mboi
Mbol = Bwol: the Pan cluster
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Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019
Mbon = Itu Mbon Uzo Mbute = Vute
Mbutere = Vute
316. Mbɔŋnɔ Mbuzo (Itu Mbuzo) = Itu Mbon Uzo
1.A Bungnu Meeka – dialect of Mumuye
1.B Mbọngnọ Megili = Mijili
1.C Mbọngnọ Megong = Eggon
2.A Kamkam Mein – a north–western dialect of Ịzọn: Ịjọ cluster
2.B Kakaba, Bunu Mendong–Mufons – Bauchi Province: Temple (1922)
3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Kakara town Mernyang – member of the Pan cluster
4. 800 (1952 W&B); 3000 est. Blench and Connell Mesaka = Iceve
(1999) Mәda = Mada
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: Mәgang = Bolu: see the Geji cluster
Mambiloid Mәlgwa = Malgwa: a member of the Wandala cluster
Sources: Connell (1995); M’әlgwí – dialect of Margi
Refs. Mәngàng (ŋwai Mәngang) = Mingang Doso
Mgbakpa = Hausa
Mboyi = Mboi: see the Mboi cluster Mgbo – member of the Izi–Ẹzaa–Ikwo–Mgbo cluster
Mbube Eastern = Obe cluster Mgbu = Akpọ–Mgbu–Tolu – dialects of Ikwere
Mbube Western = the Mbe Mi (Vәne Mĩ) = Miya
Miamia = Ejar: see the Tinor-Myamya cluster
317. Mbula cluster Miango = Irigwe
3. Adamawa State, Numan, Shelleng and Song LGAs Migili = Mijili
4. 7,900 (1952); 25,000 (1972 Barrett); 23,447 (1977) Mijilu (Fali of Mijilu) – dialect of Kamwe
Blench: not clear as to whether for Mbula or both Mikiet – offset of Mernyang: see the Pan cluster
Mbula and Bwazza.) Minda = Shoo–Minda–Nye
5. Benue–Congo: Bantu: Jarawan
Source(s) Blench (2008); 319. Mingang Doso
Survey: Rueck et al 2009) 1.A Munga
*Mbula 1.B ŋwai Mәngàn
12. Radio broadcasts in Mbula 1.C Mingang Doso
*Tambo 2.A Dosọ
12. Radio and television broadcasts in Tambo 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. 15 km. East of
*Bwazza Karim Lamido town. One village and associated
1.B Ɓwà Ɓwàzà pl. àɓwàzà hamlets.
1.C Ɓwázà 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Jen group
2.A Bare, Bere [name of a town] Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992)
3. Adamawa State, Demsa, Numan, Shelleng and
Song LGAs. Twenty-six villages. Mini = Abureni
6. No dialects Minna – South dialect of Kadara
7. Reading and Writing Ɓwazza (2007) Minna (Koro Funtu of Minna) = Ujijili
8. Luke Gospel ready for printing, other scripture Mirriam = Mernyang: see the Pan cluster
portions in draft
12. Jesus film 320. Miship
1.A Ship, Chip, Cip
Mbuma = Bendeghe: see the Ejagham cluster 3. Plateau State, Mangu and Shendam LGAs
Mburkanci = Mburku 4. 10,127 (Ames 1934), 6,000 (SIL)
5. Chadic: West A3
318. Mburku 6. Longmaar, Jiɓaam
1.A Barko, Barke Refs.
1.B Vә Mvәran Wordlist: Jungraithmayr (1965)
2.B Mburkanci Grammar: Mu’azu & Katwal (2010)
2.C Burkunawa, Lipkawa (see also Kariya)
3. Bauchi State, Darazo LGA 321. Miya
4. 210 (1949–50); 4,000 (1977 Skinner) 1.A Muya
5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Warji group 1.C Vәne Mi
Refs. 2.C Miyawa
Comparative: Skinner (1977) 3. Bauchi State, Darazo LGA, Ganjuwa district. Miya
town and associated hamlets
70
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 Monkin – dialect group of South-Western Mumuye:
4. 5,200 (LA 1971) see Mumuye cluster
5. Chadic: West sub–branch B: Warji group Montoil = Montol
7. Reading and Writing Book (2006) Montol = Tel
8. NT extracts (2007) 325. Mɔɔ
Refs. 1.B ŋwaa Mɔ́ɔ̀
Comparative: Skinner (1977); 1.C yáá Mɔ̀ɔ̀
Grammar: Schuh (1989a,b,1998, 2001a) 2.A Gwomo, Gwom, Gwomu, Gomu
Dictionary: Schuh (n.d.) 3. Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA
Text: Townsend (1976) 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Bikwin group
Miyamiya = Ejar: see the Tinor-Myamya cluster Source(s) Kleinewillinghöfer (1992)
Miyango – a dialect of Irigwe Mora = Mura: see Wandala
Miyawa = Miya Moroa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster
322. Mɨn Morwa = Sholio: see the Katab cluster
1.B Tiimɨn Motchekin – a dialect of Guɗe
1.C Vʷinyi Mɨn pl. Ayi Mɨn Movar – dialect of Kanuri: Kanuri–Kanembu
2.A Bauchi Guda, Kukoki (name of largest town) Mtezi – a dialect of Kukele
3. Niger State, Rafi LGA, twenty-seven villages in Mtezi–Iteji – dialect of Kukele
eight chiefships Mubako = Mumbake
5. Benue–Congo: Kainji: West: Baushi cluster Mubi = Guɗe
Source(s) Blench (2010) Mubi (Fali of Mubĩ = Mucella (Fali of Mucella) – Fali
Mo Egon = Eggon cluster
Mo Gura = Gura: see Lame cluster Mucella (Fali of Mucella) – Fali cluster
Mobber = Mober – a dialect of Kanuri Mudaye – a dialect of Guɗe
Mober – a dialect of Kanuri Mufons = Mendong–Mufons
Mocigin – a dialect of Guɗe Mulgwe – dialect of Margi
Mofa = Mafa Mulyen – dialect of Bacama: see the Bata cluster
Mokar = Ga’anda 326. Mukta
Molgheu – dialect of Margi 1.A Mukta
323. Mom Jango 3. Adamawa State
1.B Mom Jango 4. Mukta village
2.A Vere (see also Momĩ, Were, Verre, Kobo (in 5. Central Chadic. Kamwe ckuster. A dialect cluster
Cameroon) with Hya in Cameroun
3. Adamawa State, Fufore LGA Source(s): Blench and Ndemsai (2007);
4. 20,000 total (including Momĩ, 4,000 in Cameroon Refs:
(1982 SIL) Survey: Rueck et al. (2011)
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Vere group Mumbake = Nyong
Source(s) Blench (1987)
324. Momi 327. Mumuye cluster
1.B Ziri 3. Taraba State, Jalingo, Zing, Yorro and Mayo Belwa
2.A Vere (this also includes Mom Jango, q.v.), Were, LGAs
Verre, Kobo (in Cameroon) 4. 103,000 (1952); 400,000 (1980 UBS)
3. Adamawa State, Yola and Fufore LGAs; and in 5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Mumuye–Yendang
Cameroon group:
4. 20,000 total (including Mom Jango), 4,000 in Mumuye subgroup
Cameroon (1982 SIL) *North–Eastern Mumuye
5. Adamawa–Ubangi: Adamawa: Vere group 1.A Zing group
Source(s) Blench (1986/7) 3. Taraba State, Zing, Yorro and Mayo Belwa LGAs
Refs. 6. Bajama (Gnoore) and Jeng, Zing (Zinna, Zeng) and
Dictionary: Blench et al. (2016) Mang, Kwaji and Meeka, Yaa, also Yakoko
(according to Meek)
Monguna – dialect of Daffo–Butura: see the Ron 7. Primer in Zinna before 1925, folk tales 1974
cluster 8. In: Zinna: Mark 1938, hymnbook before 1925
9. Grammar: Shimizu (1983)
71
Atlas of Nigerian Languages Edition IV. 2019 1915 and 1930 Hymns and Prayers Kwop naan shi
*South–Western Mumuye kook mo 1981, New Testament 1992; Old Testament
3. Taraba State, Jalingo LGA in progress
6. Monkin group: Kugong, Shaari, Sagbee; Kpugbong Source(s) Jacob Bess, Raymond Dawum (2019)
group: Kasaa, Yɔrɔ, Lankoviri (Lankavirĩ, Saawa, Ref(s)
Nyaaja, and Jaalingo Orthography: Nyang et al. (2nd ed. 2019)
7. Primer in 2 parts 1974 in Lankoviri Grammar: Blench & Dawum (2019)
8. New Testament translation in progress Dictionary: Blench, Dawum, Daapya & Bess (2019)
Source(s): Danujma Gambo (p.c.) Historical: Dahip (2011)
Refs. *Mupun
Comparative: Shimizu (1979) 1A Mapan
Grammar: Shimizu (1983) Source(s) Blench (2012)
Ethnographic: Meek (1931,I:446–531); Ref(s)
Dictionary: Frajzyngier (1992)
328. Mundat Grammar: Frajzyngier (1993)
3. Plateau State, Mangu LGA
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Ron group
Mundu: see Dulumi *Takas
Munga = Leelәu 1.A Toos
Munga = Mingang Doso Source(s) Blench (2012)
Munshi (not recommended) = Tiv Mwahavul = Mwaghavul
Mupun = Mwaghavul Mwana – Cam–Mwana
Mura – a dialect of Wandala Mwona = Cam–Mwana
Mushere = Cakfem–Mushere Mwulyin – dialect of Bacama: see the Bata cluster
Mutidi – a dialect of Nzanyi Myamya – see the Tinor-Myamya cluster
Mùùn – see Jar cluster Myet = Tapshin
Muya = Miya Nafunfia = Shagawu
Mvanɔ = Mvanɨp Nakanyare – dialect of Samba Daka
329. Mvanɨp Nakare = Jidda–Abu
1.C Mvanɔ 331. Naki
2.A Magu 1.C Bunaki
3. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA. A single quarter of 3. Taraba State, ca. 6°57N, 10°13E, Furu-Awa and
Zongo Ajiya town in the northwest of the Mambila other subdivisions in Cameroun
Plateau. 4. 1 village (Belogo=Tosso 2) in Nigeria; 3000 in
4. 100 (Blench 1999) Cameroun (1976)
5. Benue–Congo: Bantoid: Northern Bantoid: 5. Benue-Congo: South Bantoid: Beboid
Mambiloid: Mambila Refs.
Source: Blench & Connell (1999) Survey: Breton (1993)
Refs: Nama = see the Mbembe Tigong cluster
Wordlist: Meek (1931) Namu = Nama: see the Mbembe Tigong cluster
Mvәran (Vә Mvәvran) = Mburku Narabuna = Ribina: see the Jera cluster
nnwa’ Dza = Dza Naraguta = Iguta
330. Mwaghavul cluster Nda Dia = Dadiya
*Mwaghavul Nda Zora = Izora
1.A Mwahavul Ndaga = Mayo Ndaga: see Nor
2.B Sura Ndaghan = Ngoshe Ndhang: see Gvoko
2.C Sura Ndangshi – see Jar cluster
3. Plateau State, Barkin Ladi and Mangu LGAs Ndara = Wandala cluster
4. 20,000 (1952 W&B); 40,000 (1973 SIL); current Nde – a member of the Bakor cluster
informal estimates suggest around 200,000 speakers Ndele – dialect of Ikwere
5. Chadic: West sub–branch A: Bole–Ngas major Ndem = Nnam: see Bakor
group: A3 Ndera = Koma Ndera: see Koma
7. Primers 1912, 1915, 1950s
8. Scripture portions 1915–1966, Genesis 1920, Old 72
Testament stories 1927/29, hymnbook, catechism
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